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BOTANICAL CLASS-BOOK 



FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA 



3>E3ieST£D F03 



Seminaries of Learning and Private Classes. 



IN TWO PARTS. 

PART I.— STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY, 
PART XL — SYSTEMATIC BOTANY, 

SOMPHISIJTQ A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE LINN JEAN AND IATUB1I SYS<* 

TEMS OP BOTANY ; A GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS ; 

ANALYTICAL TABLES, AND THE 



NATURAL ORDERS, 



ILLUSTRATED BY A FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA, WHICH EMBBACE3 

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEARLY NINE-TENTHS OF THE INDIGENOUS^ 

ILOWERXNG PLANTS OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES? 



By HENRY R/N.OLL. 



O.N. WOBDEN, PRINTER-;, 

..... 
..... 

1852., 






Entered according to Act of Congress by 

HENRY R. NOLL, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Western Pennsylvania 



preface; 



This volume has been prepared expressly as a Class Book 
I Botany for beginners, designed chiefly for students in our 
eminaries of learning and private classes, as well as a conve- 
nient manual for those more advanced in the science. The 
first part of the work contains an introduction to Structural 
and Physiological Botany, in which I have briefly described 
the organic elements or tissues of plants, and their compound 
organs — such as the structure, growth, theoretical nature 
and office of the roots, stems, buds, leaves, flowers, fruit and 
teeds ) together with the nature and results of germination, 
and a short treatise on the food and nutrition of plants* 
The second part of the volume is devoted, to • Systematic 
Botany, and comprises a brief sketch of the Artificial System 
of Linnaeus, together with its classes, orders, &e. ; and of the 
Natural System of Jussieu as modified by De Candolle and 
others, together with its divisions, classes, orders, &c. ; and a 
Glossary of Botanic Terms. The whole is accompanied with 
a Flora of Pennsylvania, in which are described all, or nearly 
all, the indigenous and naturalised flowering and filicoid 
plants of our State, together with some of the more commonly 
cultivated exotics of our gardens; arranged according to the 
Natural System now so generally adopted in works of this 
kind. But, in order to secure all the advantages of the 
Linnaean System, and to render analysis as simple as 
possible to the beginner, I have given a synopsis of the 
genera, arranged under their respective classes and order?, 
describing the more prominent characteristics of each, with a 
reference to the page 'where the genus and species are fully 
described in their respective orders. 



PREFACE, 



In compiling and preparing that part of the work whieh 
relates to Physiological and Structural Botany, I have chiefly 
relied on the " Botanical Text Book " of Doctor Asa Gray, 
Fisher Professor of Natural History in Harvard University 
— an American work of the highest merit. In regard to the 
names, characteristics and arrangement of the Natural Orders, 
my principal authorities have been the work above mentioned, 
and a work by the same author entitled " Botany of the 
Northern United States." 

With few exceptions, I have adopted the nomenclature of 
the North American Flora of Torrey and Gray, for our native 
and naturalized plants, (so far as that flora at present 
extends,) and for our cultivated exotics, the nomenclature of 
the a Prodromus " of De Candolle, regarding these, as they 
truly are, standard works. 

In describing the genera and species together with their 
locality, I have consulted Beck's " Botany of the United 
States north of Virginia" Doctor Darlington's "Flora 
C-estriea" Wood's u Class Book of Botany," Gray's " Botany 
of the Northern United States" and "Barton's Botany and 
Flora." 

Such as my work is, I now submit it to the public. That 
it will be found free from errors, I hardly expect. I have, 
however, prepared it with much care and study, having devoted 
untiringly to the study of botany, for several years, and to 
the preparation of this work, all the hours of leisure which 
my occupation as a mechanic permitted me to enjoy. In 
conclusion, I have only to ask of those who may discover 
special imperfections in the work, or who may be able to 
suggest additions important to be made, with descriptions of 
genera and species indigenous to our State not described* in 
the present work, to communicate their suggestions to me, 
and should another edition be called for, I shall endeavor to 
rectify its imperfections to the best of my ability. 

* H. R. NOLL. 

Lewisburg, January, 1851, 



INTRODUCTION. 



BRIEF SURVEY OF THE SCIENCE- 

The science of Botany has recently attracted considerable 
attention in our country, so much so, that it is becoming a 
popular study in our seminaries of learning. By tie labors 
of Be Candolle and Lindley, in Europe, and of l>r&, Torrey 
and Gray, of our own country, it has been established on t&e 
basis of inductive philosophy, and elevated nearly Id the 
rank of an exact science. 

It is a science which, though it can not be cendderad as 
greatly advancing our pecuniary interests, affords more 
enjoyment than wealth or honor can bestow, It effectually 
combines pleasure with improvement, and ia calculated to 
lead the pious mind to greater reverence for the Deity, 

The objects of its investigation are beautiful beyond 
description ; adapted to please the eye, refine the taste an/1 
improve the heart ; leading to vigorous exercise in the open 
air, which is conducive to health and cheerfulness. It 
conducts the student into the fields and forests, amid the 
verdure of spring and the bloom of summer, It -leads him 
to the charming retreats of Nature in her wild luxuriance, 
along winding streams ; to the borders of craggy rocks; and 
where she patiently smiles under the improving hand of 
cultivation. This study imparts a taste for the beautiful in 
nature, fills the soul with ravishing emotions, and opens before 
us the enchanted avenues of a world full of wonders. 

The study of Botany affords a pleasure which can be- 
equally enjoyed in youth, when the affections are warm and 
the imagination is vivid * in more advanced life, when sober 
judgment assumes the reins ; in the sunshine of fortune, and 
in the obscurity of poverty. The opening buds of spring, 
the warm, luxuriant blossoms of full blown summer, the 
yellow bowers of autumn, and the leafless, desolate groves of 
winter, alike afford amusement and gratification to the 
botanist, 

A* 



VI INTRODUCTION. 



DEFINITION OF A PLANT. 

Philosephers and Naturalists have distinguished the 
natural world into three great departments, commonly called 
the Mineral. Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms. 

Plants are intermediate between minerals and animals. 
They are distinct from the former by their organization and 
living principle ; and differ- from the latter by the absence of 
instinct and intelligence. 

A mineral is an inorganic mass of matter, the result of mere 
aggregation, and due to external common forces. The separa- 
tion of the organs of a plant destroys its identity as a species;; 
but a stone may be broken into any number of fragments,. 
each of which will retain the characteristics of the original 
body. 

Plants are organized living bodies, deriving their nourish- 
ment from the earth and air, endowed with vitality, (though- 
not with sensation,) and composed of distinct parts, each of 
which is essential to the completeness of their being. 

Animals, like plants, are organized living bodies, endowed 
with vitality, and composed of distinct parts, but they are 
superior to plants by possessing the faculty of perception. 

Plants being closely connected to the mineral kingdom are 
fixed to the. earth or other substance on which they grow, 
and derive their nourishment from it by absorbing into their 
systems mineral food, which is assimilated to their own 
substance under the influence of light in organs exposed to. 
the atmosphere. Animals on the contrary possess the faculty 
of locomotion and the endowment of sensation ; subsist on 
organized matter and have the power of selecting the food 
ready prepared for their nourishment which is received into 
and assimilated by an internal reservoir or stomach. Thus 
minerals, by the beautiful economy of nature, contribute 
towards the support of animals through the medium of plants. 

Plants, lik-3 animals, are destined to perform their functions 
for a limited period only ; some live for one season, others 
twice that period ; the apple-tree flourishes through a century, 
and the cedar is supposed to brave the tempests of a 
thousand years; but the hand of time sooner or later presses 
upon them all, and without the aid of external injury, their 
vegetating powers cease ; and sharing the fate of all organized 
beings, they submit to decomposition; and crumble into their 
primeval elements. 



B OTA NY, 
PART L 

GENERAL DIVISIONS OF THE SCIENCE. 

1. The English word Botany Is derived from the Greek 
hotane, a plant. 

2. Botany is that branch of natural history which 
teaches the knowledge of the vegetable kingdom. It 
comprehends every scientific inquiry that can be made 
respecting plants, their structure, habits, properties, the laws 
which govern them, and their office in the general economy 
of the world ; together with their nomenclature and classifi- 
cation. 

3. Botany, like its kindred sciences, is resolved into 
distinct departments, according to the nature of the subject 
they treat. That department which investigates the organic 
structure of plants, the kind of life which they possess, the 
organisation through which this life is manifested, in other 
words, that part which informs us how plants live and grow, 
and fulfil the conditions of their existence, is called Physio- 
logical Botany. It comprises a knowledge, 1st, of the 
structure of plants, and of the minut3 and admirable 
machinery through which their forces operate ; this is the 
special field of Vegetable Anatomy; 2d, of the external 
conformations, the forms and arrangement of the several 
organs of which they are composed, the laws of symmetry 
which regulate them, and the various modifications they 
undergo in the successive stages of their development; this 
branch is called Organography, (i. e. the scienoe of the 
organs of plants,) and nearly corresponds with Comparative 
Anatomy in the animal kingdom. It remains only to 
contemplate this operation in action ; endowed with life, and 
fulfilling the purposes for which it was eonstraoted ) this ip 
the province of Vegetable Physiology. 



8 GENERAL DIVISIONS OP TH® SCIENCE. 

4. A second department of Botany Is founded upon the 
relation which plants sustain to each other; upon their 

' affinities and endless diversities. The vegetable creation is 
composed of many thousand species, ail of which are 
constructed upon the same general plan, but variously 
modified according to their relative rank and the circumstan- 
ces of their position. To describe these belongs to the 
province of Systematic Botany, or the study of plants, as 
composing the Vegetable Kingdom; as embracing an immense 
number of species, differing in some respects, but agreeing 
in others, and therefore capable of being grouped into kinds 
or genera, into orders, classes, &c. This department compri- 
ses, 1st, Classification, or the arrangement of % plants in a 
systematic order, according to their relationship; 2d, special 
Descriptive Botany; or, an orderly account of all known 
plants, designated by names, and distinguished by clear and 
exact description. 

[Necessarily connected with these departments is Termi- 
nology or Glossology, which relates to the application of 
distinctive names or terms to the several organs of plants, 
and to their various modifications. The current words of 
our language being insufficient for the purposes of the 
botanist, many new terms have been introduced in order to 
express a eurately the great variety of facts which a close 
examination of the plants acquaints us. Thus Botany 
possesses a technical language which enables us to describe 
the subjects Oi this study with a precision and brevity not 
otherwise attainable.] 

5. Under a third department, plants may be contemplated 
with regard to their relations to other parts of the creation. 
This forms a series of interesting inquiries, which variously 
connect the science of Botany with Chemistry, Geology, 
Physical Geography, &c. Among these are inquiries as to 
what influence vegetation exerts upon the air; what it 
receives from the soil, and what it imparts to it ; what it 
derives from the atmosphere and what it returns to it ; also, 
what are the relations of the vegetable to the animal kingdom, 
considered with reference to the sustenance it furnishes the 
latter; and how plants and animals are mutually subservient 
in the general economy of the world ; these inquiries belong 
partly to chemistry, and partly to vegetable physiology, and 
the practical deductions which they afford lay the foundations 
of scientific Agriculture, &c. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY. 

VEGETABLE ANATOMY. 

SIMPLE OR ELEMENTARY ORGANS. 

6. The principal substance of which plants are composed, 
is known by the general name of tissue, of which there are 
three distinct kinds, distinguished as cellular, woody and 
vascular, which are analagous to the flesh, bones and blood 
vessels of animals. 

CELLULAR TISSUE. 

7. Cellular Tissue is the fleshy or succulent part of 
plants, of which the pulp of leaves and fruits afford familiar 
examples. It consists of a great number of cells, or little 
bladders, of organic membrane, aggregated together and 
cohering more or less intimately by their contiguous surfaces, 
constituting the honey-comb-like texture that vegetable matter 
displays under the microscope, 

1. 2. 



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8. Their form is at first globular and egg-shaped, but 
afterward, being flattened by their mutual pressure, they 
become cubical, (Fig. 1) or twelve-sided, (Fig. 2) the cross 
section being six-sided, each cell assuming a form more or 
less regular, according to the degree of pressure exerted upon 
it by those adjacent. 

9. Of this all plants, at their earliest (embryo) state, are 
entirely composed. Indeed, the plant may be traced back 
by observation, nearly or quite to a single cell; which cell, 
endowed with the power of propagation equally with the full 
developed plant, give3 rise to other cells possessed of the 
same powers, and so forms the whole mass of the vegetable. 
The delicate walls of the cells, although not visibly 
perforated, (except sometimes as a secondary result,) are 
like all organic membrane, permeable to fluids. Through 



10 WOODY TISSUE. 



them the food of the plant is imbibed, whether directly from 
the atmosphere in the form of air or vapor, or in a liquid 
form by the roots, and transmitted throughout the vegetable ; 
hence, plants receive their food in a fluid state only. The 
cells contain the juices and the products of the plant, whether 
liquid or solid. 

10. The cells vary greatly in size, not only in different 
plants, but in different parts of the same plant. The largest 
are found in aquatics, and such plants as the gourd, where 
some oHhem are as much as l-30th of an inch in diameter. 
Their ordinary diameter is about the l-400th of an inch. 
In the common pint, it has been computed that more than 
5000 cells are contained in the space of half a cubic line, 
which is equivalent to almost 3,000,000 in a cubic inch. 
Although this tissue is usually soft and spongy, it sometimes 
acquires considerable hardness by the deposition of solid 
instead of fluid matter. They are also sometimes drawn out 
to a considerable length, as in hairs and fibres of cotton, 
which are long and attenuated cells. 

11. Besides the cellular tissue, all Flowering Plants 
contain more or less of two other kinds of tissue, viz : the 
woody and the vascular. These begin to be introduced 
when the plant developes from the seed, and serve to give 
greater strength and toughness, and to facilitate the trans- 
mission of fluids. Both of them arise, however, in all their 
forms from the transformation of cells, of which they are 
only modifications. 

WOODY TISSUE. 
3. 




12. Woody Tissue, (Fig. 3) called a!so v /$re, consists of 
slender, transparent, membranous tubes, tapering to a point 
each way, and adhering by their sides, the end of one tube 
extending beyond that of another, so as to form continuous 
threads. It differs from cellular tissue, in the greater tenuity 



VASCULAR TISSUE. 



11 



of its membrane. This tissue is not confined to the wood 
alone, but abounds in the inner bark, where it is usually 
more tough and flexible, and therefore well adapted for 
cloths, cordage, &c. Thus linen is made of the woody fibres 
of the bark of flax. It also abounds in leaves, forming the 
frame-work or fibrous skeleton, which gives the leaf the 
requisite firmness. 

VASCULAR TISSUE. 

4. 




IS. Vascular Tissue consists essentially of spiral ves- 
sels with their modifications. The true spiral vessel much 
resembles the woody fibre, consisting of slender tubes, of 
various lengths, tapering each way, but are thinner and 
weaker, to the inside of which a spirally-coiled fibre is adhe- 
rent. The fibre uncoils elastically when the vessel is pulled 
asunder. In their unrolled state they are readily examined 
by breaking almost any young shoot or leaf-stalk, and gently 
separating, when the uncoiled fibres appear to the naked eye 
like a fine cobweb. In their perfect state they contain air, 
which they transmit from one to another. The spire is 
commonly formed of a single fibre, as in Fig. 4 ; it rarely 
consists of two fibres ; but not uncommonly a considerable 
number, forming a band, as in Fig. 5. The turns of the 
coil, although generally in contact, are, sometimes, widely 
separated. In size spiral vessels are variable, generally their 
diameter is about l-1000th of an inch ; often not more than 
l-3000th. 

14. Ducts differ from spiral vessels in the thread being 
incapable of uncoiling without breaking, consisting of 
membranous tubes, with conical or rounded extremities, their 
sides being marked with transverse bars, rings or coils. In 
this modification of spiral vessels the tube is much lengthened, 
and the coil within is either closed, that is, will not unroll, 
as in the ferns, or it is annular, that is broken into distinct 



12 THE EPIDERMIS AND ITS APPENDAGES. 




rings, as in the garden balsam, Impatiens, (Fig. 6) or it is 
reticulated, that is, branching, the branches crossing so as to 
form a net-work. The office of all these ducts is the same, 
that of conveying fluid. 

15. Dotted Ducts, called also Pitted, or Vasiform 

7. Tissue, consists of large 

tubes which are formed 
of cylindrical cells being 
marked with dots or pita 
(Fig. 7). They are the 
largest tubes in plants, 
and their orifices are con- 
spicuous in the cross sections of most kinds of wood, such 
as the oak, chestnut, reed, &c. 

16. Lactiferous Tissue consists of a series of branching 
vessels which freely anastomose (pass to and fro), or unite, 
so as to form a kind of net-work with each other, crossing 
and re-crossing the other tissues, and spreading from the 
inner parts, ramify upon the outer surface, and upon the 
hairs, forming meshes of inconceivable fineness. These 
vessels serve for the passage of the nutritious sap or proper 
juice of the plant. Their sides are very delicate, and their 
average diameter is about 1-1400 th of an inch. They are 
remarkable for their irregular contractions and expansions. 

THE EPIDERMIS AND ITS APPENDAGES. 

17. Epidermis. The whole surface of the plant exposed 
to the air (except the stigma of the fiower and some parts 
of the root) is covered with a cuticle or skin, called epidermis, 
which consists of layers of cellular tissue in which the cells 
are much flattened and in close contact with each other. 
Their form is various, sometimes they are oblong and 
regular, whilst at others they are very dissimilar, and appear 

. to interlock with each other. 

18. Usually there is but one layer of cells, but sometimes 
there are two or three, especially in tropical plants. Its 
office in the economy of the plant is to check the evaporation 
of moisture. 

19. Stomato. The epidermis is provided with small 
apertures usually of an oval form, and bounded by two or 
more reniform (kidney-shaped) cells placed side by sid«, by 
the contraction of which the opening is increased or dimin- 



ORGANOGRAPHY. 13 

ishecL These apertures are called stomato, and appear to 
subserve the functions of respiration and evaporation. They 
are found in the soft green tissue of leaves and young 
shoots, but may also be detected in the flowers. 

20. Glands are organs designed to elaborate peculiar 
secretions from the vegetable fluids, such as the fragrant 
volatile oil of the sweet briar, and the acrid, colorless fluid 
of the nettle. They are found in all parts of plants, and 
are of various forms and composition. Some being composed 
merely of cellular tissue, while others contain, in addition, 
a, number of vessels of different kinds. 

21. Hairs are minute expansions of the epidermis, 
consisting of single elongated cells, or a row of cells, placed 
end to end, simple or branched, containing air. 

22. Prickles are larger expansions of the epidermis, 
composed of indurated cellular tissue. They have no 
connection with the wood, being appended to the cuticle 
alone, and are stripped off with it. Example, rose, raspberry, 
&c. 

23. Receptacles of Secretion are analagous to 
glands, being cavities formed in the cellular tissue. They 
abound in the rind of the lemon and orange, containing 
minute drops of a fragrant volatile oil. 



ORGANOGRAPHY. 

COMPOUND ORGANS OF PLANTS. 

24. A plant, in its early rudimentary state, is an embry? 
contained in the seed. The form of this initial plantlet 
varies greatly in different species. It is often an oblong or 
cylindrical body simple at one extremity and notched or 
lobed at another. Upon this so simple and often minu'e- 
body, all the laws of vegetable life are impressed, and its 
first effort when it germinates, is to give expression to the. 
most universal of these laws. The two extremities of the 
embryo are differently affected by the same external agents, 
and exhibit exactly opposite tendencies. The one end is 
absolutely stem, the other root. 

25. The plant, therefore, possesses a kind of polarity, 
jomposed of two counterpart systems, namely ; an ascending 

B 



14 COMPOUND ORGANS OF PLANTS. 

axis, to produce and continue the stem, and a descending 
axis, to form the root. The former is generally serial, the 
latter subterranean. Both the stem and root branch; but 
these branches are only repetitions of the axis from which 
they spring, and obey its laws. The branches of the former 
ascend, those of the latter descend. The branches of the 
stem are produced at definite points, and with a predeter- 
mined arrangement, while those of the roots are given giT 
without any particular order. The extremity of the embryo 
which gives birth to the stem consists of several rudimentary 
organs, which develope as it devclopes. It is from the first 
a bud, or growing point containing the undeveloped rudiments 
of leaves. As the bud expands, and the stem lengthens, 
the leaves are successively developed in regular order. The 
first leaf, or the pair of leaves are termed cotyledons, or seed 
leaves. 

26. The root , stem and leaves pre-existing in. the embryo, 
in a more or less rudimentary condition, and being the organs 
concerned in growth, by which the plant takes in nourish- 
ment from the earth and air, on which it lives, and elaborates 
them into the materials of its own organised substance are, 
therefore, properly termed the Fundamental organs of 
plan- s. or the organs of vkg&tation. 

27. Plants of the highest organisation, such as trees, 
shrubs, &c, are here assumed as exhibiting the typical plan 
of vegetation. But this plan is greatly modified, and in 
meet respects simplified, as we descend towards the confines 
of the vegetable kingdom* Before the tribe of ferns is 
reached, proper flowers disappear, and consequently seeds 
containing a ready-formed embryo-plant are no longer found. 
The mosses, and all below them in the series, are composed 
of simple cellular tissue. In some hepaticse mouses, lichens, 
fungi and algae or seaweeds the distinction between stem and 
leaves are entirely lost, and even the distinction between 
stem and root eventually disappears, as in those lichens 
Which present a flat, expanded crust, and adhere to rocks or 
the trunks of trees by the whole lower surface which answers 
to a root, while the upper surface presented to the light 
fulfills the office of leaf. Thus, the type of vegetation, 
obscurely shadowed forth in its most reduced form by the 
fungi, lichens, and sea-weeds, but more plainly sketched in 
the mosses and ferns, is completely realized in the higher oc 
Flowering Plants. 



ORGANS OF VEGETATIONS. 



IS 



ORGANS OF VEGETATION. 

28. The organs of vegetation are the Root, Stem, and 

Leaves. 

TIIE ROOT. 

29. The root is the decending axis, which, avoiding the - 
light grows downward, fixing the plant to the soil and absorb 
nig nourishment from it. The different parts of roots consist 
of the caudex (main root) and fibrils, (the finer branches which 
are sent off from the main stock.) 

The so called spongtoles or spongelets which were formerly 
supposed to be the proper growing points, and the organs 
through which absorbtion takes place, according to Prof. Gray 
have no existence.* 

30. The form of the root is much diveieified in different 
plants, but the following are the principal varieties which have 
received distinctive names : 

31. Ramose (branching) Fig. 8. Divided into numerous 
ramifications, sent off from the main body like the limbs of a 
tree, but in no determined order. This is the most common 
form of the roots of trees and shrubs. 

8. 9. 10. 




32. Fusiform (Spindle-shaped) Fig. 9. This root 
consists of a thick fleshy stalk (caudex) tapering downwards, 

* Gray's Botanlccl Tost Bock ; Third Edition, page 82.. 



16 



THE ROOT. 



and also for a short space upwards. It sends off from the 
sides and extremity, thread-like fibrils, which are its true roots* 
Example Parsnip, Carrot and Radish. 

33. Napiform (Turnip-shaped.) This is a variety of 
the fusiform, where the upper portion swells out, so that the 
diameter is greater than the length. Ex. Turnip, 
. 34. Premorse (form prcemorsis bitten) Fig. 10. This 
root terminates as though it had been bitten off under the 
ground. This is due to the fact that the lower extremities 
perish after the first year. Ex. Viola pedata T Scabiosa f 
succisa and Primrose. 

35. Fibrous Root, Fig. 11. "This consists of numerous 
small fibres, sent off directly from the base, sometimes so close 
together as to form tufts of a $owny resemblance. Such are 
the roots of most grasses, which multiply their fibres exceed- 
ingly in a light sandy soil. 



11. 



12. 





38. Fasciculated Root, Fig. 12. This is a variety of 
the fibrous root with some of its fibres thickened, as in the 
Crowfoot (Ranunculus,') Peonia, &c. 

37. Tuberous Root, Fig. 13. This consists of a number 
of fleshy knobs or tubers, situated at the base among 
the fibres. Ex. Orchis. Tubers which bear buds, such as 
the Potatoe and Artichoke, were formerly classed among 
tuberous roots, but are now classed among stems. 

38. Granulated Root, Fig. 14. This is a variety of 
the tubsrous root, consisting of small tubers or knots growing 



AERIAL ROOTS. 17 



in dusters, connected by fibres. This variety is sometimea 
©ailed moniliform from mantle a necklace. Ex. Wood sorrel, 
and some of the Grasses. 

13. 14. 





39. Palmate Root, (Hand-Shaped.) This root is ako 
a variety of the tuberous, where the knob is seperated below 
into oblong tubers, somewhat resembling the hand. Ex, 
Dahlia and several species of the Orchis. 

40. Floating Roots. This root is peeuliar to plant* 
which float loosely upon the water. The Lemna (Duckmeat) 
is an example, it consists of little flat oval green scales, floating 
on the surface of the water of ditches and stagnant ponds. 
From the under sides of these proceed the roots hanging like 
threads of several inches in length. The Calitriche (Water 
starwort) is another example, it floats upon the surface only 
until flowering, after which it sinks to the bottom, and ripens 
its seed. 

AERIAL ROOTS. 

41. Thus far, the primitive root, that which originated 
in germination, has alone been considered. But roots often 
spring from different parts of growing stems of plants, and 
when formed, they follow the ordinary course, avoiding the 
light and seek to bury themselves in the soil. Of these roots 
several varieties are remarkable. 1st. Those which are sent 
forth from the joints of creeping or climbing plants. The 
ground Ivy, (Nepeta glechoma,) and Twin flower (Linncea) 
are examples of the former, and the Ivy (Hedera helix,) 

B* 



18 AERIAL ROOTS- 



Poison Ivy (Rhus toxicodendron,) and Bignonia or Trumpet 
creeper, are good examples ef the latter. Such plants derive 
their nourishment from their ordinary reels imbedded in the 
soil, their copious renal reel lets merely serving fcr mechanical 
support. 2nd. The roots of certain erect plants of the endoge- 
nous structure, originating from high up the si < in in the cpe-n 
air, descend to the ground and cstal ikh the rm elves in the soil. 
This may be rcen on a fcnrallscale en the stem of Indian corn, 
where the lower joints oil-en produce. roots of several inches in 
length before they reach the' soil. The Panelanus cr Screw- 
pine, a native of the tropical regions (often cultivated in our 
conservatories,) affords a well known instance. The strong 
serial roots emitted from the lower parts of the trunk are often 
several feet in length before reaching tt id, giving the 

tree the appearance of being partially raised out of the ground. 
The famous" Banyan-tree affords a ^'.nl mrvc striking example. 
Here the. venal roots strike from the horizontal branches of the 
tree, often at a great height, and swing in the air, like pendent 
cords, but they finally reach and establish themselves in the 
ground/ whore they increase in diameter, forming numerous- 
accessory (ranks, which help to support the viae spread canopy 
of branches and foliage. 

42. Another class of aerial roots is peculiar to the epi- 
phytei or Air-plants; wfaere the roots not only strike in 
the free air, but throughout their existence have no connection 
with the soil. They generally grow upon the trunks and 
branches of trees; their roots merely adhering 'to the bark 
sufficient to fix the plant in its position, or else hang loose in 
the air, from which such plants draw all their nourishment. 
Of this class area large portion of the gorgeous Orchidaceous 
plan's of very warm and humid climes, which in their flowers 
and general aspect, exhibit such fantastic and infinitely varied 
form 3. Some of the flowers resombl) butterflies or strange 
insects, in shape as well as ^audy coloring 

43. Parailtdy or Paras:- tic Plants not o:ily strike root 
upon other vegetables, but live at their expense, which Epi- 
phytes do not. The Missietoo is a good example, its roots are 
at no period connected with the earth, but the seeel germinates 
upon the trunk or branches of the tree where it happens to- 
fall, and the root penetrates the bark and young wood, just aa 
the roots of ordinary plants penetrate the soil ; and thus draws 
the crude sap which the tree has absorbed from the soil; and 



functions or THE BOO^S. 19 

digests it in its own foliage. . is the Beach-drops 

(Orobanckc) and Bodder (Cuseiii Ii draw their food 

from other plants have no ceca ire organs of their 

own, and are therefore, a] of green foliage, 

They ma| be reduced to? a k flower or cluster 

of flowers, as in tl - or, even 

a single flower directly parasitic. A. taa-lj instance 

of this kin I isfurnishefl in th^ R ii[;^a, Sumatra. 

This gigantic floT nit, when 

expanded is nine feeiin ci:\ .. growing 

directly parasitic on a spec . Dicur is a 
light orange, mottled with 

punch :s. 

44. The functions of ' \ioft x and the 

fixation of the, p ant i n its posture. 

By absorption the roo! < iortiom of that 

faod and moisture wh ; wth of the 

plant. The i activity of 

exhalation \ presence 

of light and heat, it fo era! more 
powerful by day ; 

4'5. The s ortner Bota- 
nists according to- Pi • ecent 7 have no 
existence, but th that bathes 
them by endoamosis, thjou rmed sur- 
face, and tfspe'eiafty 1 7 fctions of the 
exterior layer of c .;-rmed, which 
are borne by ail youn \ r< ats Tin I ubes, of great 
tenuity and with y delical a sly increase 
the surface which the rootfei exp y a more im- 
portant part in ai sed, for they 
appear to have attracted little attention*/' 

46. TI13 use of tbsorptioi* b frtsnot merely to 
introduce a cer-'tau qua Hie plant, but to 
obtain those minerifl substa ices heh tmn by the water, 
which constitutes an impc -;iar:t jed. 

the a Mttro mm on stem. 

47. The stem is that ^artion of the plant which grows ia 
an opposite direction from the root, seeking the light and air ? 



20 THE ASCENDING AXIS OR STEM. 

and supports the leaves and organs of reproduction. All 
flowering plants have stems, but in some cases they are so short 
and concealed under the ground as to appear stemless (acaules- 
cent.) Although stems generally take an ascending direction 
at first, they do not always retain it but sometimes trail along 
the ground, or burrow beneath it, sending up branches, leaves, 
and flowers into the air. In regard to duration, the stem 
like the root is called annual when it lives but one season, 
and perennial when it lives an indefinite number of years. 

48. From the size and duration of stems plants are 
divided into, herbs, shrubs and trees. 

49. Herbs are plants producing stems, which do not be- 
conme woody or hard, but die down to the ground at the end 
of the growing season, or after fructification ; as the Grasses, 
Corn and Cucumber. 

50. Shrubs are plants with woody perennial stems, divi- 
ding into branches at or near the ground ; and not exceeding 
thirty feet in height. Ex. Alder, Sumach and Lilac. Shrubs 
of a diminutive size are called undershrubs, such as the 
Whortleberry, Currant, Gooseberry, &c. 

51. Trees are plants with woody, perennial stems or 
trunks, which do not divide into branches at or near the ground, 
and attain to a much greater age and size than shrubs. Ex. 
Oak, Elm, Pine, &c. 

52. Stems that are too weak to stand erect, are termed 
decumbent, or if trailing procumbent, prostrate or running, and 
if they strike root at certain intervals, they arc called creeping. 

53. Climbing Stems, are such as cling to surrounding 
objects for support, whether by tendrils, as the Vine and 
Passion flower ; by the leafstalks, as the Virgins Bower, or 
by serial rootlets, as the Poison-oak. 

54. Twining or Voluble Stems, are such as elevate 
themselves by coiling spirally around stems or other objects, 
as the Morning Glory, Cypress vine, and Hop. 

55. A Stolon is a branch which descends from an eleva- 
ted part of the stem to the ground, there takes root, sends up 
new shoots and at length becomes a new plant, drawing 
nourishment directly from the soil. Plants which multiply 
in this way are called stoloniferous. Ex. Currant, Gooseberry, 
Raspberry, &c. 

56. A Sucker is a branch proceeding from a subterranean 
stem or root, producing leaves, flowers, &c. ; and throwing 



SUBTERRANEAN STEMS 21 

out roots from its own base, at length becoming an independ- 
ent plant. The Rose and Mint afford familiar illustations. 

57. A Runner is a prostrate, slender branch sent off 
from the base of the parent stem, extending itself along the 
surface of the ground, and throwing out roots and leaves at 
its extremity, which become an independent plant, capable of 
putting forth new runners in its turn. Ex. Strawberry, 

58. An Offset is a short lateral branch, with a tuft of 
leaves at the end, capable of taking root when separated from 
the parent plant; as the Houseleck. 

59. A Spine or Thorn is a short and imperfectly devel- 
oped branch of a woody plant, contracted into a sharp, rigid 
point, either simple, as in the Thorn, or compound, as in the 
Honey Locust. In some species of the Thorn (Crsetagus,) 
and Crab Apple (Pyrus coronaria,) they often bear leaves ; 
and in cultivated trees frequently disappear ; as in the Apple, 
and Pear. 

6Q. A Tendril is commonly a leafless thread-like branch 
capable of coiling itself around contiguous objects, so as to 
afford support to the stem ; a fine example of this beautiful 
appendage is seen in the Grape Vine and Gourd. But some- 
times tendrils belong to the leaves, being a continuation of 
the midrib of the leaf, as in the Pea Family. 

SUBTERRANEAN STEMS. 

61. The form of stems when subterranean, is nearly as 
various as when serial, but they may all be reduced to a few 
principal types. They may be distinguished from roots by 
having regular buds, by scars indicating the insertion of former 
leaves, or by scales which are the rudiments of those organs. 
All the scaly roots of the older Botanists are therefore forms 
of the stem or branches, with which they agree in every essen- 
tial respect : '-growing likewise, in the opposite direction from 
roots. The principal modifications are the bulb, corm } tuber ^ 
rhizoma and creeper. 

62. A Bulb, Fig. 15, is a thickened subterranean bud, 
generally of a globular form, and mostly furnished with fleshy 
scales which are the bases of former leaves ; producing roots 
from its base and a flower stem its centre. The scales are 
sometimes separate, thick, and arranged in several distinct 
rows overlaying each other, as in the scaly bulb of the lily ? 
sometimes they are broad and thin, or even in the outer mem- 



22 



SUBTERRANEAN STEMS. 



branaceous , and investing each other, in concentric layers, a* 
in the tunicated hvlb of the Onion. 

63. Bulblets are small serial bulbs borne in the axil* 
of the leaves, which fall to to ground and produce new plants. 
The Tiger l^ily (Lilium bulbiferurn) and several species of 
the Onion are good examples. Such plants are called bulbi 
ferous. 

15. 1G. 






m h> 





64. A Coum, Pig. 16, is a solid fleshy subteraneon stem 
composed of l mass, resembling the bulb in 

form, but without distinction of layers and scales, as in the 
Indian Turnip, (Arum triphyllura,) Cyclamen Crocus, &o. 

17. 




A Tu 



- 






and 
iffoi 

'"- '.-'■" resting on 




-~ - - 

_ _ _ - : 



-- : ; 






: 



phtsi : ; 

ion of 

woe i 

69. I 
of the -^; 

iesarere | "an ts, which 

ricwering 



24 



EXOGENOUS STEMS. 



70. The difference between the two, as to the structure 
of their stems, is briefly this. Those of Exogenous plants 
increase in diameter by the annual formation of a new layer 
of wood, which is deposited between the preceding layer and 
the bark ; in other words the wood increases by annual addi- 
tions to the outside. Flowering plants whose stems grow in 
this way are called Exogenous Plaints orExogens { outside 
growers.) 

71. In stems of the Endogenous structure the new woody 
matter is deposited within the old, and towards the centre, 
which becoming more and more occupied with woody fibres 
as the stem grows older, causes a gradual distention of the 
whole, thereby increasing its diameter, the new wood pushing 
the old outward. Accordingly the plants of this division are 
called Endogens (inside i rowers.) 



EXOGENOUS STEMS. 



19. 



20. 





72. The stem of an Exogen, Fig. 19, is composed of three 
separate parts, the pith, wood/and bark. The pith (medulla,) 
occupies the centre of the plant, consisting of spongy cellular 
tissue, at first abounding with nutritive matter for the nour- 
ishment of the terminating buds, but as the plant advances 
in age it becomes dry and much reduced in volume. It is 
surrounded by a narrow zone of vascular tissue, called the 



EXOGENOUS STEMS. 25 



medullary sheathing, which is composed of woody fibre 
and spiral vessels and is the only part of the stem in which 
these latter occur. 

73. The Wood consists of ligneous fibre ; vasiforin tissue 
and ducts, arranged in concentric rows or layers, pervaded by 
thin, firm, plates of condensed cellular tissue passing from 
the pith through the medullary sheath to the bark, denomi- 
nated medullary rays, Fig. 19, which are quite conspicuous 
in vertical sections of the oak, or the maple, where they are 
sometimes called Silver grain. The number of zones or layers 
in a stem is in proportion to its age ; the first or inner layer 
of wood, together with the pith and medullary sheath, is the 
product of the first year ; after which one new layer is formed 
each successive year during the life of the plant, hence the 
exact age of a tree can be correctly ascertained by counting 
the layers at the base of a stem. 

In the spring when trees ore about to recommence their 
growth, a kind of mucilage appears between the then readily 
separable bark and wood, which is called the cambium, and 
is supposed to be the nourishment of the forming wood, which 
becomes organized into cells, and forms a new layer upon the 
wood and likewise to the. inside of the liber. 

74. The woody portion is also divided into two parts, the 
Alburnum (sap wood,) and Duramen (heart wood.) The 
first is exterior, new, colorless, and permeable to the circu- 
lating fluids ; it is usually of a soft structure, and lighter 
color than the heart wood, and through the vessels of its layers 
alone the sap ascends. The other is central, denser, imper- 
meable to the fluids, and usually of a darker color, and is by 
far the most useful in the arts. 

75. The Bark is the external covering of the stem, and 
at first consists of simple cellular tissue, or parenchyma 
undistinguishable from the pith, except that it assumes a green 
color when exposed to the light, from the production of 
chlorophyll in its cells. As the stem increases by external 
accretions, analogous layers are deposited on the inside of the 
bark, in the form of tough woody fibre which constitutes the 
inner fibrous bark, or liber. This rests directly on the wood* 
The next cellular portion which covers the liber, occupying 
the space between it and the epidermis or outside skin, i'3 
called the cellular integument, and is distinguished into two 
parts. 1st. The green layer or cdlidur envelope, which is the 

C 



ENDOGENOUS STEMS. 



odIj part of the bark that assumes a green color. 2nd. The 
corky envelope, which lies next to the epidermic, and is gener- 
ally of a brownish or ash color. It is sometimes very thick 
as in the Cork-oak (Quercus suber) forming that useful sub- 
3e ealiea Cork. The epidermis or outside cuticle, though 
smooth and entire at first, at length becomes shaggy and rough, 
: .ptudinal ridges, which are sometimes cut oft, as in 
the H-nuoek, TVaiuat, Hickory. e:c. Sometimes however, 
ih§ older layers are extended in horizontal grains, or fibres, 
ei sirciing the stem, as in the White Birch (Betula papyr- 
acca.) 

V 8. The peculiar virtues or medical properties of trees reside 
in the bark rather than in the wood, and is therefore the part 
clreSy used for dying, tanning, medicine, &c. 

ENDOGENOUS STEMS. 

77. The stem of an endogenous plant, (Fig. 20,) presents 
ho distinct separation into pith, wood and bark ; nor does a 
cross-section exhibit any concentric arrangement of layers. 

#oody portion consists of cellular tissue, existing equally 
in ail parts of the stem, in which is imbedded woody fibre, 
spiral T essels, and ducts, in the form of threads or bundles. 

2 Sbr ras bundles arise frem the leaves and pass downward 
tow v ' the centre of the stem, and gradually force on- wards 
t 039 which were first formed. In this way the external 

of the ste.ii becomes extremely dense and hard, even so 
i . re.sist the stroke of an axe, as in the Palms. Aceord- 
i , contrary to the exogenous stem the newest and softest 
v. . ad is formed towards the centre, while the oldest and hardest 
occupies the circumference. The age of most endogenous 
treeaj such as the Palms, are therefore limited by th is peculiar 
nr> Le of growth, the stem increasing in diameter as long as 
thjg rind is capable of distention, further increase being impos- 
sible. 

73. Palms, &c, generally grow from the terminal bud 
ttkmc, and perish if this bud be destroyed; the foliage is also 
bo:-_:.c ar, the summit of the trunk; which consequently forms 
a r. ; i.)le cylindrical column. 

The Green-Wiair affords a good illustration of a woody 
Stem o* the endogetitius structure, and is the only one indige- 
no'.s to che Northern United States. An Aspr-ragus shoot 
&nd a stalk of IaclianCorn furnish fine herbaceous illustrations- 



BUDS. 27 

80. The hollow steins (culm) of grasses are orir Ina • iy solid 
and of the ordinary endogenous structure 5 but they 
become hollow- by the surface growing faster tfefi the cent] 
except at the closed nodes, where the woody threads are 
complicately entangled so as to form a solid joint. 

BUDS. 

SI. Buds are undeveloped branches or terminations of 
stems, enveloped in dry closely packed scales, being the rudi- 
mentary leaves of the preceding year, formed late in the 
season, and arrested in their growth by the frosts and £C;:^{; 
nutriment, which in this form serves for protection from the 
effects of moisture and sudden changes of temperature during 
their dormant state.* 

82. Biids arc of two kinds, namely, the leaf-bud, eonfcaiifc 
ing the rudiments of a leafy branch : and the Jlower-bitd< 
containing the same elements transformed into the crgdi:- g£ 
a flower for the purpose of reproduction. 

ALL CUDS ARE EITHEH TERMINAL OH 
AXILLARY. 

83. Terminal Buds arc those wbic-h appear at the apes : 
the stem when i t has completed its growth for t he season. Th < 
often exhibit in miniature the whole plan and amount of the 
next year's growth ; the nodes and even the leaves they Ice; 
being already formed, and only requiring the elofigation of 
the internodes for their full expansion. As the stem is 

a bud, so, at the close of the season, it is again tetmin 
with a similar one, which repeats the same process. 

84. The Lateral or axillary Buds are now axis 
growth ; when they grow, they give rise to branches; \.b 
are repetitions, as it were from the main stem, growing ae 
did from the seed. The branches thus produced are in 
provided with similar buds in the axils of their leaves 



* That the hud scale*? are of tin nature of leaves will appear very evident 
one who attentively observes the expanding buds of the Horse Chestnut, - 
L : lac. Buds are only furnished with scales in wintry climates. In the 1 
Zone, or in hot hous s wlrre thj temperature is equalized thfquj b e yes 
deveiope their buds into foliage after /their formation without clothing in 
scales. In annual plants, the buds are likewise deft. tar',, t 
d.^stiaed to survive the winter. In pome trees the scales r 
with a thick down, in others, as in the Horse Chestnut., Balm e. 3 
species of the Poplar, the buds are covered with a viscid arid arojaoMie twin, 
resembling a coat of varnish- 



28 VERNATION. 



occupy the same relation to the primary branch, that they do 
to the main stem, and are capable of developing into branches 
of a third order, and so on indefinitely, producing the whole 
ramification of the plant. The whole is merely a series of 
repetitions, from new starting points, of what took place in 
the evolution of the first axis, prexistant in the seed. 

85. The arrangement of axillary buds depends upon that 
of the leaves, which, in all young plants are arranged with 
great symmetry and order. When the leaves are opposite, 
the buds in their axils are consequently opposite, as in the 
Horse Chestnut. W hen the leaves are alternate, the branches 
will be alternate, as in the Oak, Poplar, &c. 

86. It is a fixed lav*/ in the arrangement of the leaves, and 
•all other appendages, that they are disposed spirally, that 
is in a line which winds around the axis. This spiral line is 
formed by the union of two motions, the circular and the 
longitudinal, caused by the advancement in length and increase 
in diameter of the axis while in a growing state. When a 
single leaf arises at a node the arrangement is more obviously 
spiral, and is said to be alternate. When two arise at each 
node they are placed opposite to each other, and at right 
angles to the adjacent pair. When more than two arise at 
each node, they are said to be verticellate or whorled. So 
likewise the arrangement of the branches (when not interfered 
with by some disturbing causes) is found to be spiral ; that 
is, alternate in most plants, opposite in the Ash, Dogwood, &c, 
or verticellate in the Pine, &c. 

87. Buds may be removed and attached to the trunk 
of another individual of the same, or even of a different, but 
nearly related species, where they will grow equally well. This 
is directly accomplished in budding and in grafting ,m the latter 
however a portion of the shoot on which it grows is transferred 
with it. Buds may even be made to strike root, by plunging 
them into the soil, from which they immediately draw their 
nourishment, instead of the parent plant. In this way 
Horticulturists propagate plants, with all their varieties and 
individual peculiarities, many of which would doubtless be 
lost in raising from the seed, 

VEKNATION. 

88. The peculiar manner in which the young leaves are 
folded in the bud, is called vernation, which varies consid- 



LEAVES. 



29 



erably in different species and is exhibited in a most interest- 
ing manner by making a cross section of a bud with a sharp 
instrument while in a swollen state, before expansion. 
Some of the principal forms of vernation are the following : 

1. Equitant, overlapping each other 
in the form of angles, the folds of each side 

/i YP^>> b em g parallel with each other, as in the 
leaves of the Iris. 

2. Obvolute^ (embracing each other) 
where one of the margins of each leaf is 
interior and the other exterior to the margin 
of the opposite leaf, as in the Vallerian &c. 

3. Involute, having tha edges rolled 
inward, as in the Apple, Violet, &e. 




4. He volute, having the margins 
rolled outwards or backwards, as in the 
Willow, Rosemary, &c. 



5. Convolute, when the leaf is wholly 
rolled up from one of its sides, as in the 
Cherry, and most of the grasses. 



6. Plaited, where each leaf is folded 
like a fan. Ex., Vine, Birch, and Palm- 
tree. 



7. Circinate, when rolled downwards 
from the apex. Ex., Sundew, Ferns, &c* 



leaves. 

89. Leaves are by far the most conspicuous portion o: 
plants, and are of the highest importance to the vegetable 
fabric ; being the organs of resph^atwn and assimilation. They 

C* 




30 LEAVES. 

generally consist of thin membraneous expansions of various 
forms, growing from the stem or 'branches situated immedi* 
ately below the bud. They may be considered as an expan* 
sion of the skin or cuticle of the plant, supported by a net- 
work of fibres and vessels derived from the medullary sheath 
presenting the largest possible surface to the action of the air 
and light, which is indispensable to the life and increase of 
the plant. 

90. Leaves are almost universally green, which of all 
colors is the most agreeable to the eye, the intensity of which 
varies by an infinite variety of shades, which form a beautiful 
contrast with the more delicate tints of the flowers. The 
coloring matter of the leaves consists of innumerable rounded 
globules of a waxy nature, called chlorophyll, adhering to the 
inside of the cells upon which the light has its peculiar ac- 
tion. 

ARRANGEMENT. 

91. The point of attachment of leaves, (or other organs) 
with the stem is termed their insertion ; simply the point of 
adhesion. 

92. In regard to the position on the stein, leaves are said 
to be radical, when they are inserted into the stem at or be- 
low the surface of the ground as in in the Cowslip, Primrose, 
and some of the Violets. Those that arise along the main 
stem are termed cauline, and those that belong to the branches 
are called ramcal. 

93. As to their situation with respect to each other, they 
are said to be 

1. Alternate, when they arise one above another at 
regular distances around the stem. They are seldom placed 
one above the other on exactly opposite points of the stem, 
but the second leaf will be found to arise a little to the right 
m loft of tlic opposite point, and the third a little on one side 
of the perpendicular of the first, and it is only when we reach 
ibe sixth leaf, that we find one placed exactly over the first. 
Ex. Apple, Pear tree, &c. 

"2. Opposite, when placed in pairs on opposite sides of 
the stem. Ex. Ash. 

8. Veuticellate, or Wiiorled, when more than two 
arise from the same node? forming a icliorl or verticel, around 
tlto stem as in fJv T — *>■■ ■-' <*^t~ jj '£!anai*ctow?> -nr 1 



VENATION 31 



4. Fasciculate, or tufted, when in several crowded 
whorls forming a spire (fascicle). Ex. Calitriehe. 

CONFORMATION OF LEAVES. 

94. The various forms which leaves assume in different 
species are almost infinite ; affording some of the readiest as 
well as the most certain marks for distinguishing one species 
from another. 

95. Leaves consist of an expanded surface called the 
Lamina, Limb, or Blade, and an unexpanded part, or stalk 
called the Petiole. But when the leaves expand immedi- 
ately on leaving the stem, the petiole of course is wanting,, 
they are then said to be sessile. 

96. Leaves are clasping (amplrxicaul,) when the base 
embraces or nearly encircles the stem ; perfoliate, when the 
encircling base unites around on the opposite side so as to ap- 
pear as if perforated by the stem, as in Uvalaria perfora- 
tum; connate when the bases of two opposite leaves are uni- 
ted, as in Bonesett ; sheathing when the lower part enwraps 
the stem, as in the Grasses, and decurrent when a portion of 
the blade of a sessile leaf appears to run down along the stem 
below the point of insertion. 

97. A leaf is simple when it consists of a single pieee> 
however incised, cut or divided ; and compound when com* 
posed of two or niore separate portions or small blades, in 
other words, when the petiole is branched. In a truly com- 
pound leaf the separate blades or leaflets are generally articu- 
lated, (jointed) with the main petiole, and fall off separately 
just as the petiole separates from the stem, as in the Walnut, 
while the divisions of a simple leaf, however deep they may 
be, never fall off separately.. 

VENATION. 

98. The projecting lines on the under surface of a leaf are 
termed veins, and their distribution Venation. The veins are 
distributed through the blade in two principal modes, called 
the parallel- veined, and the reticulated or net-veined. In 
parallel-veined leaves (Fig. 21.) the veins divide at once where 
they enter the blade and run parallel with each other to the 
apex, connected only by simple transverse veinlets ; or the 
petiole is continued into the blade in the form of one or more 
principal or coarser veins, which ^end off smaller veins on both 



32 



FORM OF LEAVES. 



sides, running parallel with each other ; connected by simple 
transverse veinlets, (Fig. 22.) 

22. 23. 24. 



21. 




99. Parallel-veined or nerved leaves are characteristic 
of Endogenous Plants; while reticulated leaves are almost 
universal in Exogenous Plants. 

In reticulated leaves the petiole is prolonged into the leaf 
in the form of the midvein or several primary branches, 
dividing and subdividing into branchlets, which unite again, 
and, by their frequent inosculations, form a kind of network, 
as in Fig. 23. 

100. There are two varieties of reticulated leaves that 
deserve particular attention, the feather-veined and radiate- 
veined. In the feather-veined leaf, (Fig. 24) a single strong 
rib forming a continuation of the petiole runs directly through 
the middle of the blade to the apex, giving off at intervals 
lateral veinlets, as in the Beech, Chestnut, &c. In radiate- 
veined leaves (Fig. 23) the vessels divide at the apex of the 
petiole into three or more portions or ribs of nearly equal size, 
which are usually divergent, each giving off veins and 
veinlets like the single rib of a feather-veined leaf. Ex. 
Maple. 

FORM OF LEAVES. 

101. The form of leaves may be considered to depend 
upon the distribution of the veins, and the quantity of 
parenchyma. Since it is through the veins alone that the 
-nutriment is conveyed for the development and extension of 






FOKM OF LEAVES. 



33 



the leaf, it follows that there will be the greatest extension 
of outline where the veins are largest and most numerous. 

FEATHER-VEINED LEAVES. 

102. If the principal vein of a feather-veined leaf are 
not greatly" prolonged, and are somewhat equal in length, the 
blade will have a more or less elongated form. 



25. 



Middle veinlets longest. 

26. 27. 



28. 





i. Orbicular (roundish, Fig. 25) having the longitudinal 
and cross diameters nearly equal. It is very rare, if ever, 
that precise examples of this leaf occur in nature. Pyrola 
rotundifolia and Anagalis (Pimpernel) afford tolerable exam- 
ples. 

2. Eltptical (oval, Fig. 26) having the length greater 
than the breadth, with the curvature equal at both ends. 
Ex. Lespedeza prostrata. 

3. Oblong (narrow oval, Fig, 27) having the length 
several times more than the breadth, with the curvature nearly 
equal at both ends. Ex. Solomon's seal, Side-flowering sand- 
wort. 

4. Lanceolate (lance-shaped, Fig. 28) having the 
length three or four times longer than the width, tapering 
towards both extremities, and eroding in a sharp point. Ex, 
Peach, 

Veins next the base longest, 

1. Ovate (egg-shaped, Fig. 29) having the form of an 
egg divided lengthwise. The length is no more than the width, 
and the base is broader than the apex, Ex, Chequerberry 
(Mitchella repens,) Pear. 



34 



FORM OF LEAVES. 



30. 





2. Rhomboid or Deltoid (Pig. 30) triangular in outline 
w*th the two lateral angles rounded. Ex. Trillium, Black 
poplar. 

Veins developed Jxyond the middle of the blade. 

1. Oboyate (inversely egg-shaped, Fig. 31). 

2. Spathulate (shaped like a spatula, Fig. 32). Ex. 
Daisy. 

3. Cuneate (wedge-shaped). 

4. Panduriform (fiddle-shaped, Fig. 33) rather long, 
broad at the two extremities, and narrow towards the middle. 
Ex. Bniweed (Convolvulus pancluratus). 

81. 32. 33. 34. 35. 




Lowest veinlets longest sending off ve inlets bacJavards. 

1. Cordate (heart shaped, Fig.34) where the length is 
greater than the width, with an ovate form, and hollowed at 
the base. Ex. Morning Glory, Lilac. 

2. Auriculate (Fig. 35) where the form is oblong with 
two opposite lob:s at the base. Ex. Sage. 

3. Hastate (halbert-shaped, Fig. 36) when the formes 
triangular the base spreading and ending in two opposite 
points, with the sides a little hollowed. Ex. Bittersweet. 



FORM OF LEAVES. 



35 



4 ■ Sagittate (arrow-shaped, Fig. 37) where the leaf is 
j-riancrufar in outline with pointed descending lobes at the 
base. Ex. Seraph-grass (l\)iyganuni eagittatuni,) Arrow- 

e 5.' Reniform (kidney-shaped, Fig. 88). ' A broad leaf 
rounded at the apex, and hollowed out at the base. Ex, 
Coltsfoot ( Asarum), Gill-over-the-ground (Glechoma). 
86. 37. 38. 




Yeinlets nearly of an equal length, icith an imperfect devehjoe- 
mentnf the tissues between them. 

1. Eukcinate (lion-toothed, Fig. 39) having the mar- 
gins cut into transverse acute segments, which turn backwards. 
Ex. Dandelion. 

2. Lyrate (lyre-shaped, Fig. 40) when the sides ar3 cut 
into several lobes or segments of which those next the petiole 
arc the smallest. Ex. Lyre-leaved Sage, White mustard 
(Sinapis alba). 

39. 40. 41. 






3. Sinuate, cut into rounded lobes, or wide open rings be- 
tw-en the veinlets, with the margin bending in. and out. Ex. 
Black and White oak. 



86 



FORM OF LEAVES. 



4. Pinnatifid, (feather cleft, Fig. 41) where each mar- 
gin of the leaf is variously divided into oblong parallel seg- 
ments. Ex. Cardamine hirsuta. 

KADIATE VEINED LEAVES. 

103. Radiate or palmate veined leaves assume various 
forms, which depend upon the number of the veins, their 
direction, and the quantity of intervening tissue. 

1. Laciniate (gashed, Fig. 42) cut into numerous, ir- 
regular portions or lobes ; which are again subdivided. Ex. 
Crowfoot ; Cranesbill. 

42. 43. 





2. Palmate (palm-shaped, Fig. 43) divided nearly to the 
insertion of the petiole into five oblong lobes of similar sizes/ 
so as to resemble the palm of the hand with the fingers. Ex. 
Passion flower (Passi-flora coerulia,) Castor oil plant. 

3. Digitate (finger-shaped, Fig. 44) divided into deeper 
and narrower segments than the palmate. Ex. Horse chest- 
nut. Hemp. 

44. 45. 





4. PedATe (foot-shaped, Fig. 45) similar to the palmate 
except that the two lateral lobes are again divided. Ex. 
Viola pedata. 



FORM OF LEAVES. 87 



5. Peltate (shield-shaped, Fig. 46) where the petiole is 
Inserted near the middle of the leaf, and the veins radiate from 
it in every direction, connected by intervening tissue. This 
form is generally orbicular in outline. Ex, Nasturtion (Tro- 
peilum), Podophyllum, 

46. 47. 




6. Lobed (Fig. 47) divided into segments, the margins of 
which are rounded. Ex. Liverleaf, (Hepatica). 

104. PARALLEL VEINED OR NERVED LEAVES, 

Veins parallel fr vm the base to the apex. 

1. Linear, straight, and narrow, when the edges are par- 
allel, as in the Grasses. This form also occurs in feather- 
veined leaves by an equal developement of all the veinlets as 
in Linaria vulgaris (Toad Flax.) 

2. En si form (sword-shaped) as in the Flag (Iris versicok r.) 

3. Acerose, (needle-shaped) as in the Pines. 

105. When the veins diverge from the middle, the leaf 
becomes Lanceolate as in the Orchis. Oblong as in the Cypri- 
pedium. 

Curvincrved Leaves. 

106. When the simple parallel veins or nerves arise from 
a prolongation of the petiole in the form of a thickened mid- 
rib, they are called curvinerved ', as in the Pontederia an i 
Ethiopian Lily (Calla). 

COMPOUND LEAVES. 

107. A compound leaf consists of several loaves or leaflets 
attached to the common petiole by articulation, distinct from 
each ether and falling away separately. 

Feather-veined Corn-pound leaves. 

108. When a feather-veined leaf becomes comDound. a 

D 



38 



FORM OF LEATES. 



pinnate (winged) leaf (Fig. 48) is produced. The petiole 
bearing a row of leaflets on each side ; generally equal in 
n,uinber and opposite. 

1. Unequally pinnate, (Fig. 48) when a pinnate leaf is 
terminated "by an odd leaflet. Ex. Hose, Ash, Walnut. 
When it is terminated by a tendril it is called cirrhose as in 
the Pea. 

48. 49. 50. 





2. Abruptly pinnate, (Fig. 49) when the petiole of a 
pinnate leaf ends without an odd leaflet or tendril. Ex. 
Senna, (Cassia Marilandica.) 

3. Alternately pinnate, (Fig. 50) when the leaflets 
alternate with each other on opposite sides of the petiole. 
Examples rare, Wood Vetch. 

4. Interruptedly pinnate, (Fig. 51) when the leaflets 
are alternately large and small. Ex. Agrimony, Avens. 

51. A 52. 









FORM OF LEATES. 



39 



A pinnate leaf sometimes consists of as many as twenty 
or even fifty leaflets, as in the Acacia. 

5. Bipinnate, (doubly pinnate, Fig. 52) when a common 
petiole bears pinnate leaves on both of its sides. Ex. : Wild 
Elder (Aralia hispida.) 

6. Tripinnate, (triply pinnate, Fig. 53,) when the com- 
mon petiole bears bipinnate leaves on each side. Ex. : An- 
gelica tree, (Aralia spinosa). 

53. 




109. Sometimes the number of leaflets is but three, and 
the leaf becomes pinnately trifoliate, (Fig. 54,) and is readily 
distinguished by having the two lateral leaflets attached 
to the petiole at some distance below its apex, as in the 
common Garden Bean. Such a leaf may even be reduced 
to a single leaflet, as in the Orange. 

54 . 55. 





40 



MARGIN. 



= 



Radiate veined Compound leaves. 
110. When a radiate veined leaf becomes compound, the 
leaflets are necessarily all attached to the apex of the common 
petiole, forming a ternate or palmately trifoliate leaf, as in 
Clover, (Fig. 54,) or a digitate leaf,* as in the Horse chestnut, 
(Fig. 44). 

1. Biternate, (twice ternate, Fig. 55,) when the leaflets 
of a ternate leaf become themselves ternate. Ex. : Squirrel 
corn (Dicentra Canadensis.) 

2. Tritehnate, (three times three ternate, Fig. 56,) 
when the leaflets of a biternate leaf become again ternate. 
Sjx. : Columbine (Aquilegia Canadensis.) 

8, Digitate leaves, of five, seven, or any definite number 
of leaflets, are termed Quinate } Septinate, &c. ; or digitately 
five foliate j seven foliate, &c. By this iiomendature, the dis- 
tinction between pinnate and digitate leaves is readily under- 
stood, 

56; 57 y 58 




MARGIN 

111. The margin of a leaf may be entire, indented, bor- 
dered, or rolled ; and is modified chiefly by the same causes 
which effect tjie form ; being, 

1, Dentate, (toothed, Fig. 57,) when the margin is beset with projecting, hori- 
zontal, distant teeth. Ex. • Centaury, Enchanter'3 Nightshade. Denticulate, when 
the teeth are very fine ; and doubly dentate, when the teeth are themselves toothed 

2. Sb&rate, (Fig. 58,) when the margin is beset with sharp teeth, pointing toward 
the apex of the leaf, liKe the teeth of a saw. Ex. : Rose, Beach. Serrulate, when 
the scrratures are very em&Il; and doubly iertvtte when they are themselves 
serrate. 



APEX. 



41 



1. Entire, (even edged, Fig. 57,) when the line of the margin is uninterrupted. 
Ex. : Lily, Lilac. 

2. Crenate, (Fig. 58,) when the indentations are blunt and rounded, and do not 
incline to either extremity of the leaf. Ex. : Ground Iry, (Glechoma.) Cbenulati, 
whan such notches are rery small, as in the Sage. 

59. 60. 





i. "Erose (gnawed,) when the margin has the appearance of being bitten by in 
sects, though not so in reality. Ex. : Fireweed. 

6. Spinose (armed,) when the marginal denticulations, whatever form they 
assume, are terminated with sharp, rigid spines. Ex. : Thistle, Argemone. 

7. Undulate (wavy,) when the margin rises and falls like waves. Ex. : Amv 
ranthus. 

8. Laciniate (torn,) divided by deep and irregular gashes. 

9. Crisped, when the margin is variously curled and twisted. Ex.: Crisped 
Mallows. 

10. Revolute, when the margin is rolled backward, or upon the under surface 
Ex. : Rosemary, Thyme. Involute, when rolled forward, or upon the upper side. 

APEX. 

112. The apex of a leaf is that part which is opposite to 
the base or footstalk. It varies considerably in shape in 
different leaves. It is said to be — 



lu Acute, when it terminates with an acute angle. 

2. Acuminate, (Fig. 61.) when it ends with a long tapering point. 

61. 62. 63, 64. 



65. 




A 



cm 



3. Cuspidate, when it runs out gradually into a small, awl shaped, rigid spin? 

4. MuCPvONATE (Fig. 62,) when it ends abruptly in a short, lard, crusty point. 

5. Emarginate (Fig. 63,) having a small notch in the end. 



42 SURFACE. 



6. Retuse, terminating with a round end, having the centre depressed. 

7. Obtuse, when it is rounded. 

8. Truncate (Fig. 64,) when it appears as if cut across in nearly straight lines, 
as in the Tulip, Poplar. 

9. Cirrhose (Fig. 65,) when it is terminated by a kind of tendril. 

SURFACE. 

118. The surface of a leaf comprehends both the upper 
and the under side. The upper surface is generally the 
smoothest, although the veins can be traced in the form of 
white or colored lines ; yet they very rarely produce those 
elevated ridges which are generally so prominent on the under 
surface. In treating of the different characters that distin- 
guish the surfaces of leaves, the upper disk only is alluded 
to. The greater number of the following terms are equally 
applicable to the surface of the stem as to that of the leaf, 
when the contrary is not expressed. 

114. The different forms which are exhibited by the 
transverse sections of leaves are said to be — 

1. Chanmsled, wh^ n an oblong or linear leaf is longitudinally hollowed, and a 
transverse section of it is a semi circle. 

2. Cabin ate (keeled,) when a transverse section is angular, and the midrib on 
the under surface resembles the keel of a boat. 

3. Sulo te (furrcw d.) when instead of one longitudinal hollow there are several 
linear depressions. 

4. Stri ' te «Vtr aked.) when the depressions are superficial, very narrow, and in 
parallel lines. 

5. Plic.t (fold d.) when the surface rises and falls alternately, in straight 
angular furrows, like the folds of a fan. 

6. Bug >SE (wrinkled.) when the tissue between the reticulated veins rises up- 
wards in a conv x form as in the Sage, Cowslip. 

7. Fitted, when en tbe contrary the fulness between the veins produces depres- 
sion. 

115. The different proh^rances with which some leaves 
are covered, are said to be — 

1. {Scab us when they are small, hard tubercles, more easily distinguished by 
the fm • r t n th 

2. Vl uc se (wai ty,) when tbe tubercles are much larger and more solid. 

3. T'Pii, ( ,) b n tb.-y are evidently elevations of the cuticle, filled 
with hq leous fluid, as in tha Ice plant. 

4.* Ma .; c,T f ; when the surface is studded with short, herbaceous spines, or 
point . 

116. W ion leaves arc coverad with hairs, or down, they 

are s e — 

1. Hop r>, if ?, u witl short, stiff hrhv. 

2* Sjeto .. v\ th y sti singly, and resemble bristles. 

?. Si- : firm, . : .n.i My on email prominences. 

4. Hirsut wlieu the hairs are longer and le c s rt'jid. 



GLANDS AND PETIOLE. 43 

b. Pilose, when the hairs are soft, distinct, and somewhat long and bent, 
f . Yillose (velvety.) when they are soft, nearly erect, and parallel. 

7. Pubescent, covered with soft hairs or down, 

8. Hoary, white, with very short dense hair3. (Gnaphalium.) 

9. ToJffENTOSE, when they are very soft and matted together, so that the indi- 
vidual hairs are not distinguishable. 

10. Woolly, when they are also matted together, but yet individually distin- 
guishable. (Mullein.) 

GLANDS. 

117. When the surface of a leaf is furnished with visible 
glands, they are said to he — 

1. Glandttlose, when they are elevated or on p?dicols. 

2. Punctate (dotted.) when a leaf is covered with pellucid spots which cither 
penetrate the substance, or are merly superficial. 

3. Viscid, when a leaf is covered with a moist, tenacious, glandular secretion, v.s 
in the Cuphea viscosissima. 

4. Farinose, when it is covered with a very fine, dry, mealy powder, devoid of 
gloss,, and easily wiped off. 

PETIOLE. 

118. The form of the petiole is rarely round, hut is usually 
half cylindrical, and channeled on the upper side. It is said 
to he — 

1. Compressed, when it is strongly flattened in a vertical direction, as in the 
Aspen Poplar, in which the leaves are put in motion by the slightest breeze. 

2. Winged, when it is expanded into a border, as in the Orange ; which not 
unfrequently extends along the stem, as in the Sweet Tea. 

3. Saccate, when the base is dilated into a broad, membranaceous, inflated 
sheath, a3 in many of the Umbeliferae. 

4. Sheathed, embracing the stem, as in many of the Grasses. In the true 
Grasses, it is furnished at the summit with a membraneous appendage called the 
ligule. 

119. The apex of the petiole sometimes terminates in a 
tendril ; as in the Pea trihe. In the Lathyrus Aphaca, the 
whole petiole hecomes a tendril, the office of the. leaf be'nj; " 
fulfilled by a pair of large stipules. 

120. In some plants, the lamina of the leaf is abortive, 
and the petiole is dilated, into a kind of nerved leaf, called 
plujllodwm, which is readily distinguished from a true lamina 
by being entire and parallel veined, while the true leaves of 
the genera in which phyllodia occur are usually compound 
and net-veined. They generally present the margins insteai 
of their surfaces to the earth and sky ; as in the Australian 
Acacia, in which they sometimes bear a true compound leaf 
at the apex. 



44 



CAULINER AND FOLIAR APPENDAGES. 



CAULINER AND FOLIAR APPENDAOES 

ASCIDIA. 

121. The most remarkable of all cauliner and foliar ap- 
pendages, are those which are hollowed out into the form of 
pitchers or ascidia, 

122. The Side-saddle Flower (Sarrecenia purpuria, Fig. 66,) a North American 
plant, found growing in peat bogs, bears pitchers which are evidently formed by 
the very deep channelling of the petiole, and the union of the involute edges of ita 
winged margin, so as to form a complete vase, with a broad expansien at the tip, 
which may be regarded as the true leaf. These pitchers are always full of watery 
making an ocean in which many aquatic insects take up their abode. These are 
often visited by flies and other insects, who would gladly retreat from their prison, 
but are prevented by the deflexed hairs at the mouth. 

66. 67. 




CAULINER ASCIDIUM: 



123, The Cephalotus folliculaf.13, an Australasian plant, bears pitchers, which 
grow entanglet with the leaves of the plant, forming a circle around the base of 
each footstalk. It hangs on a curved, projecting petiole; but supported in such a 
manner that its cavity is upright. The pitcher itself (Fig. 67,) is nearly egg-shaped, 
an inch in length, and furnished with a lid. The outside is ornamented with three 
doulle costce (a) proceeding from a crested lip. These costas are projecting, with 
acute pilose margins, and extend downwards below the bottom of the pitcher. The 
mouth consists of a ring which gives origin to a number of parallel rib-like processes, 
which are curved inwards over it by their upper extremities. The greater part of 
the inside is shining, and of a beautiful dark purple color. The lid, which is pro- 
duced from the petiole, and attached to the edge of the pitcher by a broad base, is 
slightly pubescent on the outside, smooth within, and of a green color, painted with 
broad, branching, dark purple veins, " The pitchers are generally half filled with 
a watery fluid, in which great n-amfcers of a small species of ants are frequently 



OAULINER AND FOLIAR APPENDAGES. 



45 



found drowned. This fluid, which has a slightly sweetish taste, may possibly heir, 
part a secretion of the pitcher itself, but more probably consists of rain water received 
and preserved in it. The lid, in its full grown state, is found accurately closed, or 
standing erect, therefore^ leafing it entirely open; It is not unlikely that the posi- 
tion of the lid is determined by the State df the atmosphere, or even by other 
external causes." 

„ 124. The Discfiidia, a twining plant, native Of tlte forests of India, bears cauiiner 
ascidia, presenting at the same time one of the most wonderful provisions in the 
vegetable kingdom. It is destitude of leaves except near its top, which climbs t<; 
the summit of the tallest trees, 100 feet or more in height from its roots. The pitch- 
ers (Fig. 68,) are formed of a leaf with its edges rolled toward each other, and adhe- 
rent; its mouth or upper end is open to receive whatever water may fall into it, of 
which they always contain a considerable quantity. But the most singular part is 
its absorbent fibres, resembling serial roots, which are sent out from the nearest 
parts of the stem next the pitchers — entwining them, and spreading themselves 
through the cavity, thus supplying the stem with moisture. 



68. 



69. 




FOLIAR ASCIDIA. 

125. The foliar ascidia is peculiar to the genu3 Nepenthes. In the NEPMfJSESl 
M3HLLAT0RIA (Fig. G9,) a native of the East Indias, the petiole is first dilated into a 
kind of lamina, then contracted into a tendril, and finally dilated into a pitcher, 
furnished with a leafy lid, connected to it by a ligament wliibli expands and con- 
tracts according to the state of the atmosphere, being open in damp weather, and 
closed when the weather is dry. The pitcher, in the early stage of its growth, is or' 
the same color as the leaf; but, as it advances in age, it becomes beautifully 
colored with dark, purplish-red streaks and blotches. They vary greatly in size, 
and in some species the pitchers are capable of holding more than a pint of fluid, 
with which they are generally filled. 

126; One of the most extraordinary productions of the vegetable kingdom, is 
found in the Tenus Fly-trap (Dionsea muscipula,) a native of South Carolina. The 
leaves of this plant (Fig. 70,) are radical, sessile, and nearly spatulEte in form ; the 
midrib, however, is produced beyond the apex of the leaf, and supports an append- 
age which has some reseniblarlce to a steel trap. It consists of twd lobes', b<3rdcr*d 



46 



CATJLINER AND FOLIAR APPENDAGES. 



with bristly spiues resembling teeth. The superior disk of each lobe is studded 
with minute glands, and furnished with three erect little spines, placed so as to 
form an equilateral triangle with the apex, pointing toward the midrib which 
unites the lobes. This appendage is endowed with so much irritability, that as soon 
as a fly or other insect touches any of the glands, the lobes immediately close upon 
it, and the spines either impale it, or the teeth on the edges of the lobes, fcrosainjr 
cacli other, prevent its escape. 

70. 



&% 














rxffi 



127. Stipules (Fig. 71,) are foliaceous appendages 
which in some instances accompany the proper leaves, yet are 
distinct from them ; and in others, they are attached to the 
base of the petiole. They are not universal, but their pres- 
ence or absence is commonly uniform throughout each Natural 
Order. They usually have the texture and color of leaves, 
are subject to the same laws, of venation, and perform the 
same functions. Like leaves, they are sometimes membra- 
naceous, leathery, or spiny. When they are adherent to the 
petiole, one on each side, they are said to be adnate, as in 



CATJLINER AND FOLIAR APPENDAGES. 



the Rose, Strawberry, and Clover. Sometimes they are free 
from the petiole, but adhere by their outer margins, so as to 
form an apparently single stipule opposite the leaf, as in the 
Platanus or Button-wood. In other cases, both margins 
unite, forming a sheath around the stem (called Ochrca.) as 
in the Polygonaceae or Buckwheat family. 

128. In some instances, they are fugacious, accompanying 
the leaves in the bud, and falling away when they expand, 
as in the Magnolia and Oak families \ in others, dccidious, 
falling with the leaves, which is the most common occurrence ; 
and in others, again, they are persistent, remaining after the 
fall of the leaves, as in the Cocoloba pubcscens. 

129. Leaves that are furnished with stipules, are said to 
be stipulate ) and when destitute of them, they are exstipulat'. 
T\ hen the leaflets of compound leaves are provided with 
small stipules, they are said to be stipellate, as in the Bean. 

71. 72. 





130. Bracts (Fig. T2,)are foliaceous appendages, inter- 
mediate between leaves and the floral organs ; they appear in 
the vicinity of the flower, distinct from the perianth, and in 
some instances exactly resembling leaves, but in others differ- 
ing from them, both in form and color. In some instances, 
the gradation from the proper leaves to bracts is scarcely per- 
ceptible, as in the Purple-topped Clarry (Salvia Hominum.) 
Painted Cup (Castilleja coccinnia,) &c. ; but the bract may be 
truly foliaceous, and yet differ considerable in figure from the 
leaves of the plant to which it belongs. In the Linden 
(Tilia Americana,) the leaves are heart-shaped, while the 



48 DURATION OF LEAVES. 

bracts are linear-oblong, attached to the base of the pedun- 
cle, and of a yellowish color. 

131. When bracts are arranged in a whorl, surrounding 
several flowers, they constitute an involucre, which is gener- 
ally green, as in the Phlox, but sometimes is colored, as in 
the Cornus Florida, and Canadense. When it is situated at 
the base of a compound umbel, (Fig. 81,) it is called a gm» 
era! involucre, and at the base of a partial umbel, a partial 
involucre or involucel, both of which are seen in the Umhelii- 
feiTe, 

132. In compound flowers, the involucre consists of im- 
bricated bracts, often in several whorls surrounding the base 
of the heads, as the calyx surrounds a simple flower. In the 
Grass family (embracing Wheat, Rye, Oats, &c.) the bracts 
are called husks, or chaff, to which is attached the cnm, or 
heard. The bracts situated at the base of a spikelet of flow- 
ers, are called the glume, corresponding to the involucre. 

DURATION OF LEAVES. 

133. In view of their duration, leaves are said to be — 

1. Fugacious, -rvlien they fall off soon after their frst appearance. 

2. Drcirsuoos, when they last for a single season, and fall in aninmn, as the Oak, 
Maple. 

3. Persistent, or Eveegheen, when they remain through the cold season, and 
until after the appearance of #ew leaves, so that the stem is never leafless, as the 
Pine, Laurel. Accordingly with the last two distinctions, leaves are said to 1e 
Deciduous or Ecergrccn. 

134. Defoliation, or the fall of leaves, is owing to the 
formation of an articulation, or joint between the base of the 
petiole, and the stem on which it rests. During the latter 
part of the summer, the tissue of the leaves become gradually 
choked by the deposition of earthy matter, which obstructs 
the exhalation, and finally unfits them for the performance 
of their functions, consequently they lose their vitality, dry 
up. and are finally cast off. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF LEAVES. 

135.' The organs of leaves are in general composed of three 
distinct parts : one part firm, and apparently ligneous, con- 
stituting the frame work or skeleton of the leaf, another, 
succulent and pulpy, fills up the intermediate spaces, or mesh- 
es, of this frame work ; and a third, a thin, cuticular expan- 
sion, inclosing the other two, forming the epidermis, or 
covering: for both surfaces of the leaf. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF LEAVES. 



49 



136. The frame work or vascular portion of the leaf 
(Fig. 24,) is composed of vascular tissue and spiral vessels, 
which fulfil the same office in the leaf as in the stem, not 
only giving firmness and support to the delicate cellular ap- 
paratus, but also serving for the conveyance and distribution 
of the sap. These veins divide and subdivide far beyond the 
limits of unassisted vision, until the threads of woody tissue 
are reduced to separate fibres ramified throughout the green 
pulp, so as to supply every portion with the sap they contain, 
which, having reached the utmost limits of the edge of the 
leaf, double bads: upon themselves, pervade the lower surface, 
and are again collected into the petiole, through which they 
are finally returned into the bark, constituting the vessels of 
the latex. 



73. 



74. 



«"^3S5^' IZ "^7^ a ■■'■ ■■'-'■ 





137. The cellular portion, or parenchyma, exists in 
two layers, arranged upon a regular plan, which varies in 
different parts of the leaf, according to the different condi- 
tions in which it is placed. In all those leaves which expand 
horizontally, one surface being turned upwards and the other 
downwards, these two layers are dissimilar in structure; but 
in those leaves where the lamina is vertical, as in the Iris, 
they do not materially differ. The upper stratum is composed 
of one or more compact layers of oblong cells, placed in such 
a position that their long diameter is perpendicular to the 
upper surface, (Fig. 73, b. b.) while the lower stratum is com* 
posed of oblong cells arranged longitudinally, and so loosely 
compacted as to leave numerous vacant spaces between the 
cells (c. c), which communicate with the air by means of the 
jtfomato or breathing pores, (Fig. 74, a. £>.). 
E 



60 PHYSIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF LEAVES. 

138. The epidermis of the upper surface, consists of 
flattened cells, arranged in a single layer (Fig. 73,- a. a.), 
except in plauts of hot and arid regions, in which case it is 
often double, and \ery compact; and in the Oleander, a na- 
tive of Barbary, it consists of three layers of very thick sided 
cells. The ceils of the epidermis of the lower surface, are 
also arranged in a single layer, provided with stomato (Fig. 
73, d. d. d.) y opening into air chambers. 

139. Within all the vescicles of the parenchyma, are seen 
adhering to the walls, the green globules called chlorophyll 
(green leaf,) which give color to tSe parenchyma, dark green 
above, where it is more compact, but pale beneath, where tha 
cells are more loose and separate. 

140. The stomato (Fig. 74, a. &.), are generally found 
on the lower surface, except in leaves that have their lower 
side in contact with the surface of the water, as in the Nym- 
phass (White Pond Lily,) in which case they are found upon 
the upper surface ; and in those leaves whose position is natur- 
ally vertical instead of horizontal, they are found equally on 
both sides. Through the stomato, exhalation principally 
takes place; they are situated so as to open directly into the 
hollow chambers, or air cavities, which pervade the parencby-* 
ma, so as to afford free communication between the external 
air and the whole interior of the leaf. The orifice is guarded 
by two oblong cells, firmly fixed at their ends, which, when 
the air is moist becoma turgid, and in elongating, diverge or 
curve outwardly in the middle, so as to allow a free commu- 
nication between the outer air and the interior of the leaf. 
When the atmosphere is dry, they incline to shorten and 
etraighten, so as to bring the sides into contact, and close the 
orifice completely. The action and use of this machinery 
will be readily understood. So long as the leaf is supplied 
with a sufficiency of moisture, the cells that guard the orifice 
are expanded, and allow the free escape of moisture by evap- 
oration. But when the supply fails, and the parenchyma 
begins to be exhausted, the guardian cells quickly collapse, 
and by closing those thousands of apertures check the drain 
the moment it becomes injurious to the plant. 

141. The number of stomal o varies in different leaves, 
from 800 to about 17,000 on the square inch. The leaf of 
the Apple is said to contain about 24,000 to the square inch, 
so that each leaf would present about 100 ; 000 of these orifices. 



FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES, 51 

From their great number, they are doubtless adequate to the 
office that is attributed to them, notwithstanding their minute 
eize. 

. FUNCTIONS OF LEAVES, 

142. The functions of leaves are absorption, exhalation, 
respiration , and assimilation: By the combined action of 
these functions, cnude sap, absorbed from the soil by the 
roots, is prepared for the nourishment of the plant; carbonic 
acid — absorbed from the atmosphere and from the soil — is 
decomposed; solid carbon becomes fixed in the substance of 
the plant, and oxygen gas is evolved. 

143. Absorption is primarily the office of the root, but 
is carried on to some extent by the leaves. A plant or a part 
of a plant, exposed in a humid atmosphere, will absorb mois- 
ture, and increase its weight, until it dies. In like manner, 
plants, parched by the droughts of summer, are revived by 
the showers which moisten their leaves, but do not reach 
their roots. This is further evinced by the fact that plants 
having thick and succulent leaves (as the Aloes and Cactus, 
natives of hot climates, and growing in dry, arid soils,) per- 
epire very little, while they absorb powerfully by the whole 
surface of their leaves. 

144. Exhalation in plants, in some respects is anal- 
ogous to insensible perspiration in animals. In this process, 
the sap becomes concentrated, giving off its superabundant 
water to the atmosphere, and containing in consequence a 
greater proportion of solid matter. 

Exhalation evidently takes place through the stomato alone ; and since these ara 
opened by the influence of the light and closed in the "absence, it follows thatexha 
lation can proceed only in the presence of the light. 

During active vegetation leaves exhale much water ; the quantity varies, however, 
■with the degree of warmth and exposure to the light. A plate of glass, held near 
%he under surface of an active leaf of the Hydrangea, when the atmosphere is still, 
U presently covered with moisture, but it remains dry if the gla$g be held over the 
upper surface. When light is suddenly excluded from a plant in a state of activa 
growth, it immediately ceases to exhale, whatever may be the temperature of the 
atmosphere surrounding it. The stomato will then, on examination, be found 
elo&ed. 

145. Hesitation in plants consists, essentially, in tho 
absorption of carbonic acid gas from the air, and the evolu- 
tion of oxygen. It is, however, only by a metaphor that this 
function of leaves can be called respiration, for the evolution 
$f oxygen is a necessary x(*"h of assimilation, or the forma* 



52 FUNCTIONS Of LEAVES. 

tion of organic matter, while the respiration of animals is 
part of the process of decomposition of organic matter.* 

The absorption of carbonic acid from the atmosphere, is as necessary to the exist- 
ence of plants, as is respiration to the support of animal lite. Formerly, respiration 
m plants was considered analogous to respiration in animals, and that plants in 
yespiring, absorb and retain oxygen and evolve carbonic acid, or like them vitiate 
the atmosphere by their respiration, while they purify it bv their digestion. Re- 
cent experiments and observations, however, prove this theory to be unfounded. 
This error arose from the circumstance that plants can* only decompose carbonic 
acid under the influence of light; oxygen is therefore not exhaled during the nigM y 
but on the contrary a small quantity of carbonic acid may escape, and oxygen be 
absorbed, but this process is very different from the respiration of animals ; that of 
plants is mechanical, while that of animals is chemical, both totally unconnected 
with the assimilation of food. When the soil, abounds in carbonic acid and mois- 
ture, the roots must continue constantly absorbing that moisture, mixed with the 
earbonie acid ; and this acid, rising into the leaves, may escape in its original state,, 
when light is not present to decompose it. The absorption of oxygen is a chemical 
process, which appears to go on when the process of assimilation has ceased opera* 
ting, in dead plants as well as in living ones. 

146. Assimilation or Digestion in plants consists, 
properly, in rendering the crude sap fit for the purpose of 
nutrition, the decomposition of carbonic acid by the green tissue 
of the leaves under the stinndus of light, and the fixation of 
s&fitl carbon. 

147. The sap in its crude state, as imbibe I by the roots, is more or les3 changed 
in its ascent, by dissolving the soluble, organized matter, with which it comes in 
contact ; thus becoming sweet in the May Apple, and acquiring different sensible 
properties in different species. By this change, the sap becomes elaborated, and 
fitted to be consumed in vegetable growth. Sap in a crude state is mere unorga- 
nized mineral substance, and thus incapable of composing a part of the living; 
structure. 

148. The crude sap is, however, soon converted into an organized substance by 
the solar light, under whose wonderful influence the vegetable fabric is constructed, 
and the chlorophyll, or green matter of plants, is developed. Plants growing where 
the ligh,t is insufficient, do not develope chlorophyll, as may be seen in the shoots 
of Potatoes growing in cellars. It will be seen, therefore, that light exerts an im- 
portant influence on vegetable digestion. 

149. Light has also an agency in the essential process of vegetable digestion, by 
its action upon the sap concentrated in the leaf, and upon the air absorbed in re- 
spiration. This agency is exercised, 1st, in the chemical decomposition ef on» or 
more of the substances contained in the sap which contain oxygen gas, as well as 
of the carbonic acid in the air ; and by the liberation of the oxygen contained in 



* There is a characteristic difference between vegetables and animals: "The tissue 
of the latter continues to live and act during the life-time of the animal, and there- 
fore require constant interstitial renews 1 by nutrition, new particles replacing the 
old, which are removed and restored to the mineral world by respiration ; while in 
plants thore is no such renewal, but the fabric once completed, remains unchanged, 
ceases to be nourished, and consequently soon loses its vitality ; while new parts 
are continually found further on to take their places, to be in turn ayain aband- 
oned." Plants, therefore, having no decomposition and recomposit : on of any com- 
pleted fabric, can not have a function of respiration like that of animals., 






ORGANS Off REritODUCTION. 53 

the sap and in the air, at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere. This agency 
la exercised, 2nd, by the fixation of this carbonic acid in the forra of solid carbon » 
mnd by the transformation of this inorganic matter into the organized living sub- 
jtance of plants. 

150. Carbonic acid gas, which is prejudicial to animal life, is indispensable to 
the nourishment and growth of plants. Hence, while plants are absorbing their 
own peculiar nutriment from the atmosphere, they are at the same time purifying 
it, and fitting it for the support of animal life. This they accomplish both by pre* 
Tenting a constant increase of carbonic acid gas in the atmosphere, arising from the 
decomposition of vegetable and animal substance, and from combustion, as well a* 
by restoring to the atmosphere oxygen gas, an element indispensable to animal 
life. Thus by a beautiful arrangement of Providence, the two organic kingdoms of 
nature materially sustain each other, "being so adapted, the one to the other, thafc 
.each removes from the atmosphere what were noxious to the other, and each yield.? 
to it what is essential to the ether's continued existence. This is but one of a 
thousand instances in nature of reciprocal adaptations of moans and ends, affording 
us the clearest proof ©f wisdom and design, 

ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION. 

151. The organs of reproduction are those designed for 
the continuation of the species. Every plant in its natural 
state posesses some means of reproducing its kind, but these 
differ very much in the various tribes, from the simple evolu- 
tion of new cells in the Cryptogamia, to the more complicated 
apparatus in the Pha3nogamia. They consist of the Flower, 
and the parts developed from it, namely the Fruit and the 
Seed. 

152. Flowers, like branches, are evolved from buds. 
Flower-buds are formed in the same situation as leaf-bud;?, 
at the apex of the stem or branches, and in the axils of thu 
leaves. 

INFLORESCENCE. 

153. The term inflorescence is used to designate the ar*- 
rangement of flowers upon the stem or branches. 

154. The simplest kind of inflorescence is that of a solitary 
flower, cither terminating the stem, as in the Tulip and 
Erythronium, or when it arises from the axil of a leaf repre- 
senting an axillary bud, as in the Brassenia and leafy-stemmed 
Violet. These two simple cases exhibit the two types, to the 
one or the other of which all the forms of inflorescence be- 
long.^ 

155. If the flower is supported by a naked stalk, it is 
called pedunrled, but when it rests directly in the axil of tho 
Itaf, or is not raised on a proper stalk, it is said to be **wt7#. 

156. The Pedvncle may be either simpk, or brmdml] 

E* 



54 INFLORESCENCE. 



when it is divided into branches, each of which bears a single 
flower, these branches are called pedicels. 

157. A Scape is a flower-stalk which springs directly 
from the root, or a subterranean stem, as in the Dande- 
lion, Sarrecenia, and Hyacinth. Like the peduncle, it is 
leafless, or with bracts only, and may be either simple or 
branched. 

158. The Rachis is that part of the general peduncle 
along which the flowers are generally borne, sometimes called 
the axis of inflorescence. 

159. In centripetal inflorescence, the blossoming or expan- 
sion of the flowers commences with those of the base, and 
proceeds towards the summit, or from the circumference to the 
centre, as in the Cruciferae and Umbelliferaa families. It will 
be readily understood that the circumference of a flattened or 
depressed inflorescence corresponds to the base of an oblonga- 
ted one; the centre of the former answering to the summit of 
the latter. 

160. In centrifugal inflorescence, the blossoming commen- 
ces with the terminal and central flowers, and proceeds towards 
the outside, or those of the circumference, as in the Hydran- 
gea and Elder. This mode of inflorescence is generally indi- 
cated by the presence of a solitary flower, situated in the axils 
of the forked branches, as in the Pink tribe. 

161. "These two modes of inflorescence are sometimes 
combined in the same plant, the general axis developing in 
the one way. Thus the heads of all the Composite are cen- 
tripetal, the flowers expanding regularly from the margin or 
circumference to the centre ; while the branches that bear the 
heads are developed in the centrifugal mode, the terminal or 
central heads first coming into flower. This is exactly rever- 
sed in all the Labiatse (plants of the mint tribe,) where the 
stem developes in the centripetal mode, and the axillary clus- 
ters of the flowers being produced in the form of a general 
raceme or spike, which blossoms from below upwards; while 
the flowers from each cluster form a cyme, and expand in the 
centrifugal manner." — Gray. 

162. The following are the principal varieties of centri- 
petal inflorescence — the spike, raceme, corymb, umbel, head, 
spadix, ament, panicle, and thyrse. 

163. Spike (Fig. 75,) is an inflorescence, where the ses- 
sile flowers in the axils of the bracts are arranged along an 



INFLORESCENCE. 



55 



elongated commom peduncle, as in the Plantain, Vervein, 
Mullein. 

75. 76. 





164. The Raceme (Fig. 76,) is the same as the spike, 
except that the flowers are raised on pedicels; as in the Wild 
Cherry, Hyacinth, Pyrola. 

165. The Corymb (Fig. 77,) is the same as the raeeme 
with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to elevate all the 
flowers to nearly or quite the same level, as in the Hawthorn, 
Crab- Apple. 



77. 







t£» 




166. The Umbel (Fig. 78,) only differs from a corymb 



56 



INFLORESCENCE. 



in having all the pedicels arising from the same point, and 
are mostly equal in length, as in the Asclepias, Cowslip, 
Primrose, and the Umbelliferse generally. 

167. A Head (or Capitulum, Fig. 79,) is the same as an 
nmbel with the pedicels all shortened, so as to bring the 
flowers all into a close rounded head ; as in the Clover, Button- 
bush, Teasel. 

The axis or rachis of a head is called the receptacle. Fre- 
quently, instead of being at all prolongated, it is flat and dila- 
ted longitudinally, so as to allow a large number of flowers 
to stand on its level surface, as in the Sunflower, and th* 
Composite (compound flowers) generally. 





168. The Spadix (Fig. 80,) is merely a fleshy spike, 
enveloped by a large bract, called Spathe, as is seen in th* 
Ethiopean Calla, Indian Turnip (Arum triphyllum.) 

169. The Ament or Catkin (Fig. 81,) is merely a par- 
ticular kind of spike with a scaly bract, crowded together, 
usually falling off in one piece after flowering, as in the Birch, 
Poplar, Willow, Alder. 

170. The Panicle (Fig. 82,) is a compound inflorescence, 
formed by the irregular branching of the lower pedicels of 
4he raceme, as in the Oats, Spear grass, and many other 
Grasses. 

171. The Thyrse (Fig. 83,) is the same as the panicle, 
<fc*ring the lofrer branches shorter than those in the middle, 



INFLORESCENCE. 



57 



and all of them very compact, as in the Lilac, Horse Chest- 
nut, 



81, 





172. Of the Centrifugal inflorescence, the following are 
the principal varieties : the cyme, fascicle, and vertical, 

83. 84. 




173. The Cyme (Fig. 84,) has the general appearance of 
the Corymb, but is remarkably distinguished by its centrifu- 
gal evolution, and by its branches being repeatedly 2 or 3 
forked, as in the Hydrangea, Viburnum. This mode of inflo- 
rescence is only found in plants with opposite leaves, and h 
developed in the following manner : 



58 



THE FLOWER. 



The terminal flower, which expands first, is borne upon a 
peduncle of two or more nodes; from these nodes, pairs of 
Becondary opposite peduncles arise, each terminated by a 
flower, each of which, like the first, may a,gain have two or 
more nodes, and terminated by a flower, 

174. The Cyme as exemplified in the Arcnaria strict* 
(Fig. 84,) enables us to study this mode of inflorescence to 
advantage. 

175, The Fascicle (Fig. 85,) is a modification of the 
Cyme, in which the flowers are crowded, and nearly sessile, 
as is seen in the Sweet William, and Wild Pink, (Dianthua 
armerius.) 

85. 86, 







176. The Vertical, or Verficillaster (Fig. 86,) is a mod* 
ification of the Cyme, peculiar to Labiate plants, where two 
such reduced Cymes occupy the opposite axils of each pair of 
leaves, as in the Horehound, Catnip, Mint. 

177. Verticillate flowers are sometimes said to be whorled, 
which is not really the case- True whorled flowers occur 
only in plants with whorled leaves, as in the Ilippurus. 

THE FLOWER. 

178. A complete flower (Fig. 87,) consists of the follow- 
ing members : 1st, the floral envelopes, called, collectively, 
the perianth. 2nd, the stamens. 3rd, the pistils; and 
4th, the RECEPTACLE, or TOIIUS. 

179. The floral envelopes consist of one or more circles cr 
whorls of leaves surrounding the essential organs, namely, 
the stamens and pistils. The outer envelope is called the 
ealyx, and its leaves arc termed sepals. The inner is called 
corolla, and its leaves petah. 



CALYX AND COROLLA. 59 



87; 88. 



UPrP 



(F!g. 8S ; ) idaal plan of a flower like that shotrn in (Fig. 87) ; the different rets of 
ofgans separated to some distance from each other, to fehow the relative situation 
iti the parts; one of each, namely, a. a sepal, b. a petal, c. a stamen, and d. a pistiL 

CALYX. 

180: The Calyx (from the Greek Jcalix, a cup,) consist* 
eff a wiibrl of leaves with their edges distinct, or united, gen- 
erally green, but sometimes highly colored. When the sepals 
are united so as to form a more or less perfect tube) it is said 
to be monoscpalous or gamosepalous. The lower part is called 
a tube. When the sepals are separate and distinct, itisjpo^- 
sepalous. When it adheres to the ovary, and invests it, it is 
Baid to be superior, and when no such combination takes place, 
it is said to be inferior. 

181. In respect to duration, it is caducuous when it falls 
off as scon as the flower is expanded; deciduous, when it falls 
off as the iawer decays; and persistent, when it remains after 
the corolla has fallen. 

182. The calyx is sometimes reduced to a whorl of mere 
hair-like processes, called pappus, or down. This kind of 
calyx is peculiar to the Composite (compound flowers.) If 
the pappus consists of simple hairs, it is said to he pilose) if 
the hairs are feathery, plumose) if bristly, setose j and if chaffy, 
foliacuous. 

COROLLA. 

183. The Corolla, (Lat. corolla, diminutive of coront^ 



00 



COROLLA. 



a crown,) the interior envelope of the flower, consists of one 
or more circles of leaves, either distinct or united, usually of 
some other color than green, and of a much more delicate 
structure than the calyx. When the petals are united into 
a tube, it is said to be monopetalous or gamopctalous ; when 
not united, poly patulous. 

184. A petal consists of two parts ; the claw and the lami- 
na or limb. The claw is the narrow part at the base, cor- 
responding with the stalk of a leaf. It is sometimes very 
long, as in the Pink and Saponaria, and often is wanting, as 
in the Rose and Poppy. The lamina is the expanded portion, 
supported by the claw, and corresponds with the blade of a 
leaf. 

185. A monopetalous corolla may be regular or irregular. 
It is regular when all the parts correspond to each other in 
shape, size, and cohesion. The regular monopetalous corolla 
assumes various forms, which have received the following 
names : 

1. CoMrANULATE (bell-shaped, Fig. 89,) when the tube 
of the corolla is wide and swelling abrubtly at the base, as in 
the Canterbcrry bell, and Harebell. 

2. Infundibuliform (funnel-form, Fig. 90,) when tubu- 
lar at the base, but gradually enlarging towards the border, 
as in the Morning Glory and Four-o'clock* 



89. 



90. 



91. 



*&? 



■1/ 7 




3. Hypercrateriform (salver form, Fig. 91,) when the 
tube ends abruptly in a border spreading horizontally, as in 
the Phlox and Primrose. 



COROLLA. 



61 



4. Rotate (wheel-form, Fig. 92,) when the limb is regu- 
lar, or nearly so, spreading with a very short tube, as in the 
Mullein and Lysimachia. 

186. It is irregular when the incisions are not uniform, 
and the opposite sides are not arranged on the same axis. The 
irregular corolla is — 

1. Labiate (lipped, Fig. 93,) when the limb is deeply 
cleft into two irregular segments, called the upper and lower 
lips. When the lip3 are widely separated, and the throat 
open, it is called ringent or gaping, as in the Monkey flower. 
When there is an appendage between the lips like a palate, 
so as to hide the interior, it is called personate from persona, a 
mask, as in the Snap-dragon and Toad-flax. If the upper i? 
arched, it is termed the galea or helmet, as in the Sage, Laven- 
der, and Catmint. This form of the corolla is characteristic 
of plants of the Labiatae, (Mint Family.) 




94. 




187. A polypetalous corolla also may be regular or irr ov- 
ular. The lower part of the petal is called the clam, und 
when this is well marked, they are said to be unguiculat? ; 
the upper and spreading portion is termed the lamina or 
border. 

Regular polypetalous corollas have received the following 
names : 

1. Cruciform, (Fig. 94,) when there are four petals 
spreading at right angles to each other in the form of across, 
as in the Mustard, Radish, Turaip. Plants with this corolla 
constitute the Natural Order Cruciferae, corresponding to the 
class Tetradynamia in the Linnean arrangement. 

2. Rosaceous (like the rose. Fig. 95, '? when the ccrolls 

F 



62 



COROLLA. 



is regular, consisting of five or more petals, attached to the 
receptacle with little or no claws, as in the Rose, Apple, and 
Cherry. 

95. 96. 












^J 




3. Caryophyllaceous, (like the pink, Pig. 96,) when 
the corolla consists of five petals, having long claws which are 
inserted into a tubular calyx, as in the Pink, Catchfiy, and 
Rose campion. 

4. Liliaceous, (like the lily, Fig. 97,) when the perianth 
consists. of six parts, each of which curve outwards in the 
form of a bell, as in the Lily, Tulip, and Erythronium. 

188. The irregular polypetalous corolla is — 

97. 98, 



it,, )d/fP§ / 







\< 



^ 



1. Papilionaceous (butterfly-shaped, Fig. 98,) when it 
consists of five dissimilar petals, the upper end is called the 
hanner (vexilluM) ; the two middle and lateral ones beneath 
the banner, the wings (alae); and two lower ones, also parallel 



STAMENS. 



68 



and cohering by their margins, the heel (carina) ; as in the 
Locust, Pea, and Bean. 

189. Petals are sometimes furnished with appendages on 
their inner surface, such as the croicn and the scale. The 
crown is situated generally at the summit of the claws, as in 
the Silene, Saponaria, and Lychnis. The scale is generally 
found on monope talons corollas, as in the Comfrey, Myosotis. 

190. " The bodies termed nectaries by the older Botanists, 
are either petals of unusual form, such as the spur of the 
Columbine, or petals passing into stamens, such as the fringe 
of the Passion-flower and of Parnassia, or else abortive and 
transformed stamens, as in Canna. 

The so called nectary of Orchidaceous plants is merely one* 
of the petals, which, being constantly of a different shape 
from the others, is termed the labellum or lip." — Gray, 

STAMENS. 

191. The Stamens, (Fig. 99,) are those slender organs, 
(b.) situated next within the floral, envelopes and around 
the pistils (c). They vary in number from one to fifty, or 
one hundred. Their office is the fertilization of the seed. 
They are collectively called the Andrjecium (from andres 
the plural of aner a man, stamen, and oilcos a house). They 
consist of two parts, the filament and anther. 

99. 





Stamens, pistils, Ac, — a, stigma; panthers; c, style; d, filament; e, ovary ; 
/, calyx aud receptacle. Form of antliws — 1, Lily; 2, Ginger; 3 3 Sage; 4 ; Berber- 
ry ; 5, Cucumber ; 6, Magnolia; 7, *V<lygonum ;" 8, Lemiia. 



64 STAMENS. 



192. The Filament, (L&t.jilum, a thread, Fig. 99, d.,) 
is a long slender body which supports the anther, containing 
numerous spiral vessels. It is called prominent when it pro- 
jects beyond the anther, petaloid when it is broad and thin; 
when it is wanting the anther is said to be sessile. 

193. The Anther, (Fig. 99, b.) is generally situated at 
the summit of the filament; it is the essential part of the 
stamen, and contains the pollen. It usually consists of two 
lobes or cells, connected to each other and to the filament by 
the connectile. 

It is attached to the filament in three principal ways ; and 
is said to be — Adnate, when attached by its back, so as to 
^appear lateral, as in the Nymphaea, and Anemone. Innate, 
when it is attached by its base, as in the Menispermum. 
Versatile, when it is attached by a single point, from which 
they hang loosely, as in the White Lily, and most of the 
Grasses. 

When the filament is on the outside of the anther, so that 
the latter faces the pistil, it is called introrse, as in the Vio- 
let; when, on the contrary, the filament is attached to the 
inside of the anther so that it faces the pistils, it is said to be 
extrone, as in the Larkspur. 

194. The cells of the anthers usually open by a longitu- 
dinal fissure, called the dehiscence ; but they also open by other 
modes. Some open by an aperture in the summit, as in the 
Potato, and Heath family ; others open by valves, as in the 
Berberry, when the whole side of the cell is detached and 
turns back, as on a hinge. 

195. The Pollen is a very fine powder, contained in the 
cells of the anthers, usually of a yellowish color. It cDnsists 
of small vescicles, of various forms, usually spherical, but 
occasionally cylindrical, and sometimes polygonal, always 
being of the same form in the same species. The pollen 
grains, are generally distinct from each other, but are some- 
times connected by cellular threads, as in the CEnothera; 
coherent in small masses, as in the Mimosa; and are some- 
times collected into one or more groups, called pollinia, as in 
the Orchidacese. When, ripe, the pollen grains burst, and the 
inner membrane protrudes, constituting a channel for the 
transmission of a mucous fluid called the fovilla, to the 
ovule. 

^ 196. The Fovilla consists of minute particles of mole- 









PISTIL. 



65 



eules of a spherical or oblong form, suspended in a fluid pos- 
sessed of tremulous motion. 

197. The Disk is a ring, either entire orlobed, or a row 
of fleshy bodies, situated between the bases of the stamens 
and pistils: It is said to be hypogynous, when it surrounds 
the base of the ovary, as in the Peony ) when it adheres to 
and lines the tube of the calyx, perigynouSj as in Rosaceous 
plants ; and when it appears at the top of the ovary, where 
the calyx is superior, it is cpigynoits, as in the Cornus, Arabia ; 
in this case, when confluent with the base of the style, it is 
called the styhpodium. 

PISTIL. 

198. The Pistils (Fig. 100, c.) occupy the centre of the 
flower, sometimes numerous, but often only one; collectively, 
they are called Gynaceum, (guna, a woman, pistil, and 
oi/cos, a house). 

A pistil is composed of three parts — the stigma, the style, 
and the ovary. 

100. 101. 102. 103, 




Fig. 100. Plstd of a Whortleberry ; e, the stigma; b. ih.? ?tyle; G,tln epigynous 
disk; e, perpendicular section of the orary, combined with the adherent (superior) 
calyx; cZ, the placentae with the ovules. Fig. 101. the gynrecium of a flower with 5 
pistils showing the carpels and styles distinct ; e, cress section of the sanie ; Fig. 10: , 
the carpels united and the styles distinct; /, cross section of the same; Fig. IOC, 
both carpels and styles united; g, cross section of the same. 

199. The Stigma (Fig. 100, c), is the upper portion, or 
extremity of the style, usually globular, but varies consider- 
able in different species. It is of a glandular nature, usually 
covered with a viscid fluid, and is destitude of a cuticle; being 



PISTIL. 

an essential organ in reproduction; and it exercises- a peculiar 
id on the fecundatory pollen. It is called sessile when 
; •anting; in which case it rests immediately on 
vary. 
200. The Style (Fig. 100, b.) is the long cylindrical col- 
arising from the ovary, and is terminated by the stigma. 
The number of styles, always equals the number of the 
carpels, but where the carpels are closely united, the styles 
be united, also, into a single compound column. 
o number of distinct styles (or of stigmas, where the 
style is absent) constitutes the basis of the Linnsean artificial 
orders, into which the first thirteen classes are divided. — [See 
Classification.] 

1 . The Ovary (Lat. ovarium, a depository, Fig. 100, e.) 
e hollow portion of the pistil, situated at its base, con- 
bhe ovules, or young seeds, within its cavities. 

202. The ovary is either simple or compound. When 
pie, it consists of a single sac or cell called the carpel, 

(karpos, fruit) , When compound, it consists of two or more 
carpels, united together more or less closely. Some- 
times the division {dissepiments) formed by their contiguous 
sides are very evident, (Fig. 101,) being but slightly connec- 
while in other eases all external marks of them disappear. 
g, 103.) 

203. In a whorl of simple ovaries, the line which reprc- 
: the united margins of the carpels is on the inner side, 
ext the axis. This line is called the inner or ventral 

). A similar line down the back or. out side, h 
3d the dorsal suture. 

204. The line or ridge formed by the union of the margin 
3 carpels, to which the ovules are attached, often project- 
ing more or less into the cavity of the ovary, is called the 

lertioe. Each placenta) necessarily consists of two parts, 
one belonging to each of the confluent margins of the carpels. 

205. The placentae is central, when the carpels are de- 
pod around a central axis ; and parietal, when the dessep- 

iments are contracted so as to bring the ovules near or on the 

of the compound ovary. 

a. When the bases of the stamens are inserted into the 
of the receptacle, and the ovary forms no adhesion to the 
a of the calyx, it is said to be svperior, and the stamens 

calyx are inferior or hgpogynom ; but when the ovary 



FERTILIZATION. 67 



adheres to the'side of the calyx, and the stamens and corolla 
are inserted into it or into a disk above the ovary, it is said 
to be inferior, and the stamens and corolla superior or epigy- 
nous. 

207. The Ovules (Fig. 100, £), are the rudiments of 
the future seed; they are of a globular form, attached to the 
placentae, either immediately, or by a short stalk ; they vary 
in number. When there is one, it is said to be solitary ; 
where their number is uniform and not numerous, definite ; and 
where they are very numerous, indefinite. They also vary as 
Id situation and direction, with respect to the cavity on which 
they are contained ; they are said to be ascending, when fixed 
to the placentae above the base and directed upwards; hori- 
zontal, when they project from the side of the cell; pendidov.s, 
when their direction is downwards, and suspended, wh*n they 
are affixed to the top of the ovary, and hang perpendicularly. 

208. The ovules are almost always enclosed in the ovary. 
la the Mignionettc, they are partially naked, and in the 
Conifers (Pine family) they are entirely so, the carpels being 
open or wanting, as is seen in the cones of the pines. 

209. The ovule consists of a nucleus enclosed within two 
sacs called the primine and secundine. Each of these sacs 
have open mouths; that of the primine is termed exostome, 
and that of the secundine, endostome; they are at first lanre 
and separate, but contract as the ovule becomes a seed, and 
are brought into contact ; when the small aperture, or a scar 
indicating its position is still perceptible, it is called the 
foramen or micropyle. The eoats of the ovules are distinct 
and unconnected, except at the base or point of attachment, 
to the funiculus (the stalk by which the ovary is attached to 
the placentae,) where they are all perfectly confluent. This 
point of union is called the chalaxa. Through the funiculus 
and chalaza, the ovule derives its nourishment from the pla- 
centas. 

FEETILIZATION. 

210. In flowering plants, fertilization or fecundation takes 
place by the action of the pollen of the anthers on the pis- 
tils. This appears to -be affected in the following manner : 
when the anthers discharge the pollen contained in their 
cavities, through their dehiscence, into the air, the pollen 
grains come in contact with the stigma of the pistil, adhere 



68 SYMMETRY OF THE FLORAL ORGANS. 

to it by the glutinous secretion it exudes, and in a short time 
affects a remarkable change ; the outer coat of the pollen-cell 
opening and allowing the inner coat to protrude in the form 
of a tube of extreme tenuity, filled with the fovilla; this 
passes between the ceils of the stigma, and the loose texture 
of the style, until it reaches the ovary; in the meantime, a 
cavity, or sac, called the sac of the amnios, filled with fluid, 
makes its appearance in the nucleus of the ovule ; and the 
foramen being brought into contact with the placenta), or in 
orthotropous ovules carried up to the summit of the cell, a 
pollen-tube enters the orifice, and the granules thus reach the 
nucleus. What further takes place is not known, but it is 
known that in a short time the embryo appears in the amni- 
otic sac. 

RECEPTACLE. 

211. The Receptacle or torus is the summit of the 
flower-stalk, out of which the floral organs grow, or on which 
they are inserted, (in botanical language,) upon which they 
stand arranged in concentric whorls; the calyx at its very 
base, the petals just within or above the calyx; the stamens 
(andrsecium) next within the petals,and the pistils (gynrecium) 
within or above the stamens, occupying the centre. 

212. The receptacle varies considerably in different plants. 
In the Neiumbo it is dilated into a large, top-shaped body 
nearly enclosing the pistils in separate cavities. In the Rose, 
it forms a lining to the urn-shaped tube of the calyx, and 
bears the numerous pistils on its concave surface. Sometimes 
the receptacle which elevates the ovary is prolonged more or 
less above them, and coheres with their styles, as in the 
Geranium and many allied plants. Sometimes two internodes 
are conspicuously developed, one between the petals and the 
stamens, the other between the latter and the pistils ; so that 
the stamens appear to grow out of a long stalk which supports 
the ovary, as in the Spiderwcrt (Gynandropsis.) 

SYMMETRY OF THE FLORAL ORGANS. 

213. A perfect symmetrical flower is composed of four 
sets of organs, arranged in concentric whorls. The number of 
sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils being the same, or multi- 
plies of the same, throughout, and the size and form of the 
members of each set being likewise uniform ; £0 that, if the 






SYMMETRY OF THE FLORAL ORGANS. 69 



sepals be 5, there should be 5 petals, 5 or 10 stamens, and 
as many pistils. The Flax and Crassula, afford good exam- 
ples of a perfectly symmetrical flower. In this case, we 
have a calyx of 5 sepals, a corolla of 5 petals, an andraecium 
of 5 stamens, and a gynsecium of 5 pistils, and all the parts 
are regular and symmetrical, and in the former, also, distinct 
and free from each other. 

214. But this plan is very much disguised and complica- 
cated in different plants. The principal causes which proba- 
bly interfere with and more or less disguise the typical plan 
of the flowers are — 

1. The production of one or more additional whorls or sets of some of the floral 
organs. 

2. The union of the parts of the same set by the cohesion of the contiguous 
margins. 

3. The cohesion of the adjacent parts of different sets. 

4. The non-production (suppression) of some of the sets altogether. 

5. The non-production or abortion of some of the parts of one or more sets of 
organs. 

6. The unequal developement, or unequal union, of different parts. 

7. The deyiations or changes in the form of the receptacle or axis of the 
flower. 

215. Several of these deviations from the typical state of 
the flower, do not interfere with its symmetry, a flower being 
termed symmetrical, when there are an equal number of parts 
in each series. — Gray. 

216. In the typical or normal symmetrical plan, the 
organs of each set successively alternate with each other, that 
is, the sepals alternate with the petals, the petals with the 
stamens, and the stamens with the pistils. This regular 
alternation is taken for granted in botanical descriptions, un- 
less otherwise expressed. When any exceptions to this plan 
occur, they almost universally run uniformly through the 
family ; as in Rhamnaceae, where the stamens stand opposite 
the petals, and in Primulaceae, where they are opposite the 
lobes of the corolla. 

217. The number of component parts of the whole flower, 
or of any set, is designated by the terms binary (in twos) ; 
trinary (in threes), as in most Endogenous plants; quater- 
nary (in fours ; quinary (in fives), the most prevalent mode 
in plants of the Exogenous structure. Sometimes they 
are designated by the following : bimerous in 2, trimerous 
in 3, tetramerous in 4, pentamerous in 5, and hexamerous 
in 6. 



TO 



JESTTVATION. 



ESTIVATION. 

218. Aestivation (cestivus, the summer state,) is the term 
used to denote the manner in which the several parts of the 
-flower, especially the calyx and corolla, are arranged and 
envelope each other, while yet in the bud. By some authors, 
it is also called perforation. The plan of perforation is best 
seen in a transverse section of a flower bud, made by cutting 
it in a horizontal direction. 

219. There are two principal plans of aestivation, the 
imbricated, or spiral, and the valvate. 

220. The Imbricated is by far the most common, and 
its varieties have received the following names : 

104. 105. 106. 107. 




108. 




4 



i 

9 



Q^=^L> 



do 





m. 



1. Quincunical (Fig. 204,) when the petals or sepals are five in number, two of 
which are exterior, two interior, and the remaining fifth enveloping one of the 
inner by one margin, and has its other margin covered by the exterior, as in the 
Eose. 

2. 'Vbxillary (Fig. 105) when one part, called the vexiilum, is wrapped around 
the other petals, they being arranged face to face, as in the Papilionaceous flowers. 

3. Convolute, also called contorted t>r twisted, (Fig. 106.) where each. piece is as 
it were slightly twisted on its axis, so as to have one margin interior and the other 
exterior, successively overlapping each other, as in the petals of the Wall-flowe?, 
the lobes of the corolla of the Phlox, av.d the petals of Hypericum. 

4. Plicate or plaited, (Fig. 107,) where a mOnopetalous corolla is thrown into 
plaits and fold?, as in the Slr.imonia, aati the Campanula. Inthc mpcrvolute., th« 
plaits are twisted, as in the Morning Olc ry. 

221. In the Valvular mode of [•estivation,, the sepals 
and petals are disposed in a true circle, and their edges are 
consequently brought into contact in the bud without over- 
lapping; its several varieties have received the following 
names : 



THE FRUIT. 71 



1. Yaltate (Fig. 108,) as in the Mallow tribe and Urnheliferfe. 

2. Indcpl:cate (Fig. 1C9,) this is a modification of the valvule, when the margins 
are bent abruptly inwards, and the external face of these applied without any 
twisting, as in the sepals of Clematis. 

3. Involute (Fig. 110,) when the margins are rolled inwards until they meet, aa 
in the petals of Lysamachia. 

4. Reduplicate (Fig. Ill,) when the edges are turned outwards instead of in- 
wards, as in the Potato. 

222. The aestivation of the two sets of floral envelopes, 
frequently varies in the same plant. Thus in Malvaceae, the 
aestivation of the calyx is valvate, that of the corolla contorted. 
In the Morning Glory and the Wallflower, the calyx is im- 
bricated, the corolla contorted. In the Cistaceee, the calyx 
and corolla are both twisted, but in opposite directions. 

THE FKUIT. 

223. The fruit is composed of the ovary and its contents, 
arrived at maturity, and is the provision made by nature for 
the reproduction of the species, so that it may be justly 
styled " the termination of the old plant, and the beginning 
of the new." The fruit is therefore the most important part 
of the plant, its perfection being the ultimate object and aim 

' of the whole vegetable organization. Although it does not 
possess the beauty of form and various tints of color o£ the 
flower; yet, besides its peculiar office of perpetuating vegeta- 
ble life, it affords one of the principal means of subsistence 
to the animal kingdom. 

224. Sometimes it is dry and membranaceous, crusta- 
ceous, and even woody, or else gradually changing to fleshy, 
pulpy, or juicy masses, but these are sometimes made up of 
the other organs, such as an adherent calyx, which, in the 
Apple and Pear, becoming greatly thickened and fleshy, 
forms the principal bulk of the fruit. Sometimes the mass 
is made up of other organs, as in the Strawberry, in which 
the pulp is an enveloped and fleshy receptacle, bearing the 
numerous seeds upon its surface. The Pine apple is composed 
of a whole head or spike of flow T ers, w r ith their bracts and re- 
ceptacle all consolidated into a solid mass. The Fig bears 
its seed in a very singular manner, enclosed in a fleshy recep- 
tacle which is hollow and nearly closed at tfae top, resembling 
a curved cone in form. 

225. The fruit consists of two parts, the covering called 
the pericarp [peri around, karpos fruit,) or seed vessel, and 
the seeds. 



72 



PERICARP. 



PERICARP. 

226. The pericarp consists of three different parts, the 
epicarp, the outer integument or skin ; the endocarp, or shell, 
and the sarcocarp, the intermediate fleshy or pulpy mass. 
Thus, in the Peach, Plumb, and Cherry, the outer skin is the 
epicarp, the hard shell which contains the seed is the endocarp, 
and the pulpy, fleshy mass between the two, the sarcocarp. 

227. The fruit, when mature, often remains closed, as in 
the Acorn, Apple, Grape, &c, when it is said to be indehiscent. 
In other cases it seperates wholly or partially into several 
pieces, and discharges the seed, when it is said to be dehiscent. 

228. Regular dehiscence always takes place in a vertical 
direction, by the opening of one or both sutures, or by the 
disunion of confluent parts. The pieces into which a distinct 
pericarp separates, are called its valves. The several varieties 
of dehiscence have received the following names : 



112. 



113. 



114. 




1. Locclicidal (Fig. 112,) when the pericarp bursts vertically, the dorsal suture 
opening directly into the cell, the parietal placentae in this case being borne direct- 
ly in the middle of each valve, as in the Lily and Rockrcse (Helianthamum). 

2. Septicidal (Fig. 113,) when the pericarp opens longitudinally through the 
dissepiments, the placenta) occupying the margins of the valves, as in the Mallows, 

3. Septipragal (Fig. 114,) when the dessepiments remain coherent to the axis, 
and separate from the valves,, as in the Morning Glory. 

4. The pericarp may also open at one or both sutures of a single carpel, when it 
is called sutured, as in the Pea ; or it may be porous at the apex, as in the Chick- 
weed, Tobacco, and Primrose ; and occasionally by mere points or pores, as in the 
Poppy. 

229. An irregular dehiscence, called circumscissile, occurs 
in such fruits where the pericarp divides transversely, so that 
the upper part falls off like a lid, as in the Verbena, Plantain, 
and Purslane. 

230. The pericarp is of various forms, which have been 






PERICARP. v 73 



studied by Botanists with great attention, and minutely 
classified. The principal varieties are the following : 

1. Capsule (Casket, Figs. 115, 116, 117,) is a general 
term for all dry and dehiscent fruits resulting from a com- 
pound ovary, opening at the sides, or top, by valves, as in 
the Hypericum, or bursting irregularly, as in Lobelia, or 
shedding the seeds through chinks or pores, as in the Poppy. 

It may be 1-celled, as in the Hippuris (Fig. 115) ; 2-celled, 
as in the Tobacco (Fig. 116) \ 4-celled, as in thePolomonium 
and Phlox; 3-eelled, as in the Epilobium; 5-celled, as in 
the Flax ; and 6-celled, as in the Wild Ginger, (Asarum 
Oanadense), 

115. 116. xm. 






2. A Foliclb (Fig. 117,) is a fruit formed of a single 
carpel, with one valve and one cell, opening by a sutural 
dehiscence on the inner side, and leaving the seeds at the base 
or along the suture, as in the Larkspur, Columbine, and 
Peony. 

3. Legume or Pod (Fig. 118,) is a fruit formed of a 
single carpel and dehiscent by both the dorsal and ventral 
suture, so as to separate into two valves, having its seeds at- 
tached to the margin of each valve alternately, as in 'the Pea, 
Locust, and Plants of the Natural Order LeguminosiB, gener- 
ally. 

4. Loment orLoMENTACEOUS legume, where the legume 
is divided into two or more one-sided joints, and falling to 
pieces at maturity, as in the Desm odium. 

5. Silique (pod, Fig. 119,) is a long, narrow pericarp 
of two valves, divided into two cells by a false dissepiment, 
formed by the extended placentae, to the edges of which the 
seeds are attached, alternately, with its opposite sides, as in 
the Mustard, Wallflower, and Cabbage. 'This constitutes 
the 2nd Order, called SUiquosa, of the Linnaen class Tetnv 
dynamia. 

a 



74 



PERICARP. 



6. Silicle (a little pod,) differs from the Silique in be- 
ing shorter, and nearly oval, as in the Pepper Grass, and 
Shepherd's purse (Capsella). On this distinction is founded 
the first order Siliadosa, of the Linnaen class Tetradynamia, 

118. 119, 120, 





7. A Drupe or stone fruit (Fig. 120,) is a one-celled, one 
or two-seeded simple fruit, indehiscent, with a hard and long 
endocarp, covered with the fleshy sarcocarp, which is also 
covered with the epicarp, as in the Peach, Plum, and Cherry. 
This name, though strictly applicable only to fruits of this 
kind, is extended to all fruits of similar texture resulting from 
a compound ovary, as in the Walnut, and even to those of 
several bony cells enclosed in pulp, as in the Buck-thorn ; 
the latter, however, are generally called drupaceous. 

8. A Nut is a hard, indehiscent fruit, produced from an 
ovary of two or more cells, with one or more ovules in each, 
all but a single ovule and cell having disappeared during its 

' growth. It differs from the drupe in being seated in a kind- 
of persistent involucre called a cupule, as in the Chestnut, Oak, 
Hazle, and Beach. 

9. An Achenium (Fig. 121,) is a small, dry, indehiscent, 
'one-seeded pericarp, as in the Ranunculus. It is sometimes 

terminated by a plumose and persistent style, in the form of 
a feathery tail, as in the Anemone and Clematis. In the 
Rose, the achenimm are seated on the hollow expansion of the 
receptacle, while in the Strawberry they are seated on the 
surface of the pulpy receptacle. In the Blackberry and 
Raspberry, the achenium are changed to little drupes. The 
name achenium is also applied to all similar one-seeded fruits 
resulting from a one-celled ovary, formed of more than one 



PERICARP. 



(0 



carpel, and invested by the calyx-tube, as in the Composite 
or Syngenesious plants. 

10. A Cremocarp (Fig. 122,) consists of a pair of ache- 
nia placed face to face, and invested by the calyx-tube, which 
when ripe separate from each other, or from a central axis, 
called the carpophore, as in the TJmbellifera to which the 
name is restricted. Each separate or half fruit, or carpel is 
called a hemicarp or merkarp, and its inner face the coramis- 
sure. 



121. 



122. 






11. A Caryopsis is a thin, membranaceous, one-celled 
pericarp, inseparable from the seed which it encloses, as in 
Wheat, Indian Corn, and most Grasses. 

12. A Utricle is a caryopsis which does not adhere to 
the seed, as in the Chenopodium. 

13. A Samara (Fig. 123,) is a nut or achenium with o 
winged apex or margin, as in the Birch, Elm, and Maple. 

14. A Pyxidium or Pyxis (box), is a capsule which de 
hisces transversely, so as to appear like a little cup with a lid 
as in the Plantain, Purslane, and Bartonia. 

15. A Berry is an indehiscent, fleshy or pulpy fruit, 
containing the seeds loosely within, as in the Grape, Goose- 
berry, and Currant. A Thesperidiwm or Orange is merely a 
berry with a leathery rind. 

16. A Pome (Apple, Fig. 124,) is a fruit composed of 
two or mora cartaleginous or long carpels, which enclose the 
seeds more or less enveloped in the pulpy expansion of the 
receptacle or disk, and the whole invested by the succulent 
tube of the calyx, as in the Apple, Pear, and Quince. 

17. A Pepo (gourd,) is an indehiscent, fleshy, or inter- 
nally pulpy fruit, usually composed of three carpels, invested 
by the calyx, and a firm rind, as in the Cucumber ; Melon, 
and Gourd. 



76 SEED. 

18. A Strobile or Cone (Fig. 125,) is an aggregated 
fruit, consisting of scale-like carpels spread open, each bear- 
ing one or more naked seeds, as in the Fir tribe (Coniferse), 
The cones of the Tulip, Poplar (Liriodendron,) are, however, 
entirely different, consisting of numerous aggregated carpels 
of a single flower, attenuated at the apex into a scale, crowded 
on the elongated receptacle, 

124. 125; 





231. Antho-carpous fruits, are those multiplex or col- 
lective fruits which result from the combination of several 
flowers into an aggregated body or mass, as in the Pine Ap- 
ple and Mulberry. The Fig results from a multitude of 
flowers concealed in a hollow receptacle or flower-stalk, which 
becomes pulpy and edible. Thus the fruit seems to grow 
directly from the branch without being preceded by a flower. 
In the Mitehella, and some species of Lonicera, the ovaries 
of two flowers are uniformly united, so as to form a double 
berry . . 

SEED. 

232. The seed is the matured ovule, containing the rudi- 
ments of a new plant, similar in every respect to the original 
It consists of a nucleus usually enclosed within two integu- 
ments. 

233. The Integuments or external coverings, consist 
of several membranes, to which appropriate names have been 
applied. The first or outer membrane is called the testa, or 
episperm. It varies greatly in texture ; sometimes it is mem- 
branaceous (papery,) coriaceous (leathery,) bony, fleshy, or 
woody. Its surface is generally smooth, sometimes beautifully 
polished, as in the Indian Shot (Canna) or Columbine, and 
often highly colored, as in varieties of the Bean, &c. It is 



SEED. / i 

sometimes expanded into wings, as in the Catalpa and Trumpet 
flower, which renders the seeds buoyant, and facilitates their 
dispersion by the wind. The testa is sometimes provided 
with a tuft of hairs at one end called the coma, as in the 
Epilohium, Aselepias, and Apocynum. In the seeds of the 
Cotton plant the whole testa is covered with wool. 

The inner integument, corresponding to or resulting from 
iha secundine of the ovule, is called the terpnen. Although 
often yqtj obvious, it is sometimes undistinguishable, or en- 
tirely wanting. 

234. Seeds are sometimes furnished with a complete or 
partial covering, exterior to the proper integuments, arising 
from an expansion of the apex to the seed-stalk or funiculus, 
(or from the placenta) itself when the funiculus is wanting), 
called the aril. It forms a complete pulpy envelope in 
Euonymus and Celastrus, or a mere scale on the one side of 
the seed in Fumaria, and a tough gashed covering called 
mace in the Nutmeg. 

235. The hi/um or scar is that point or mark left on the 
coats of the seed, by its separation from the funiculus. It is 
commonly called the eye, as is seen in the Pea, Bean, &c. 

236. The Nucleus, or kernel, consists of the albumen 
(when it is present in the seed,) and the embryo. 

237. The Albumen" consists chiefly of starch. It con- 
stitutes the chief bulk of some seeds, as Corn,. Wheat, Eye, 
&e., and serves to nourish the embryo in its latent state. .It 
w farinaceous or meaty in all the grasses, especially in the. 
grains used for food. Cornaceous, or bony, in Leontice, Coffee, 
&e. ; oily in the Poppy and Flax; and fleshy in the greater 
number of seeds. The albumen not being an essential part 
is sometimes entirely wanting, as in the Pea, Bean, &c. 

238. The Embryo is the initial plant or new individual, 
and is the most important part of the seed ; to its growth 
and protection all the other parts are made subservient. 

239. The embryo possesses in a rudimentary or unde- 
veloped state, all the essential organs of vegetation, such as 
root, stem, and leaves. In some seeds these several parts are 
distinctly visible, as in the Linden, Bean, and Convolvulus. 
The embryo is divided into three parts, the Radicle, Plumule, 
and Cotyledons. 

240. The Radicle (Fig. 126, a.) is the lower part, or 
descending portion, destined to form the root. 

G* 



78 



SEED. 



241. The Plumule (Fig. 126, b.) is the terminal bud, 
or ascending part of th"$. embryo. 

242. The Cotyledons (Fig. 126, c.) are the two lobes, 
or rudiments of the first pair of leaves, usually called seed 
leaves. They are very conspicuous in some plants, such as 
the Bean, Squash, Cucumber, &c. 

248. The number of cotyledons is variable; and in this 
difference is founded one of the most important distinctions 
of the first Grand Division of the Vegetable Kingdom .called 
Phsenagamia or Flowering Plants, 



126. 



127, 





244. Dicotyledons (Fig. 126,) are those plants which 
bear seeds with two or more Cotyledons. They are also called 
Exogens, (outside growers,) because the stem increases by 
external accretions, and beai s reticulate- veined leaves. 

245. Dicotyledonous Plants constitute the first class of 
the Natural System, which embraces all the forest trees, and 
a greater part of the herbaceous plants of the Northern Uni- 
ted States. 

246. Monocotyledons (Fig. 127.,) are those plants 
whose seeds have but one cotyledon. They ase likewise called 
Endogens (inside growers,) because their stems increase by 
internal accretions; and bear parallel- veined leaves, as the 
Lily,. Indian Corn, Palms and Grasses. Monocotyl'edouous 
Plants compose the second class of the Natural System. 

247. In some very rare cases the embryo is destitute of 
cotyledons; such plants are called acotyhdonouS) as in the 
Cu scuta. 



GERMINATION. 79 



GERMINATION. 

248. Germination is the developement of the embryo 
from the seed, and its establishment as an independent indi- 
vidual plant. 

249. The conditions requisite to germination are heat, 
moisture, darkness, and a free communication with the air. 
Heat is an essential agent in all vital action, whether it be 
ia the sprouting of a seed, or the hatching of an egg. The 
degree of heat necessary to excite the latent vitality is nearly 
uniform in the same species, but widely different in different 
plants, while some seeds germinate at a very low temperature, 
such as the common Chickweed, the seeds of many tropical 
plants require a heat of 90 to 100 degrees, and those of tem- 
perate climates from 50 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit. 

250. Darkness is favorable to germination, from the cir- 
cumstance that during its process a destruction of a portion 
of organized matter takes place, and carbonic acid is evolved. 
The reason why light on the contrary impedes germination, 
becomes evident when we remember that it incites the decom- 
position of carbonic acid, and the fixation of carbon by the 
plant ) which would_, therefore, tend to increase the quantity 
of carbon rather than to diminish it. 

251. Air is necessary in germination, because the oxygen- 
contained in it, together with the water absorbed from the 
soil, produce a chemical change in the starch contained in the 
albumen, or cotyledons, dissolving it, a portion of which is 
decomposed and converted into carbonic acid and water with 
the evolution of heat, while the remainder is generally brought 
into the more soluble form of dextrine sugar, &c, for the 
nourishment of the young plant. 

252. When seeds are planted at too great a depth they 
remain torpid, from not receiving the stimulus of air ; and 
when they have not a proper covering of earth, they do not 
germinate, from not obtaining, an equal and sufficient degree 
of moisture. 

253. Water is also necessary to soften the different parts. 
of the seed, bring them into a fit state to be absorbed by the 
embryo, and convey in solution nutritive particles from other 
sources. It also by its decomposition affords two of the most 
important ingredients of vegetable bodies. The water which 
is slowly absorbed swells the cotyledons, the inclosing embryo 
bursts its envelopes, the radicle protrudes, and taking a 



80 LONGEVITY AND DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS. 

downward direction, fixes itself in the soil; while the bud- 
ding end elongates in the opposite direction to elevate the 
plumule above the surface, when the leaves expand in the air 
and light. Its establishment as an independent individual 
plant, completes the cycle of vegetable life, and brings us 
round to the point where we commenced its account. 

LONGEVITY OF SEEDS. 

254. Seeds retain' their vitality for periods ranging much 
in different species of plants, if placed in circumstances which 
will neither cause them to germinate nor decay, such as a 
moderate temperature, with the absence of moisture. While 
some seeds lose their vitality in a few months, others retain 
it for centuries. Thus the seeds of Corn have been known 
to grcfw when thirty years old, Rye forty, Kidney-Beans one 
hundred, and grains of Wheat taken from ancient mummies 
under circumstances of their high antiquity have been made 
to germinate ; but in such cases there is a possibility of being 
deceived. The following remarkable case, related by Dr. 
Line] ley, leaves but little room to doubt. " I have before 
me/' says he " three plants of Raspberries raised in the garden 
of the Horticultural Society, from seeds taken from the 

* stomach of a man whose skeleton was found thirty feet be 
low the surface of the earth, at the bottom of a barrow whicl 
was opened near Dorchester. He had been buried with some 
coins of the Emperor Hadrian; and it is therefore probahl 
that the seeds icere sixteen or seventeen hundred years old." 

DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS. 

255. The dissemmination of seeds is a subject highly in- 
teresting to the student of nature, and at the same time illus- 
trates the wisdom and design of the great Author of Nature. 
The air, winds, rivers, seas, and animals all assist more or 
less in the dispersion of seeds. 

Many s:eds of grrs - and grains are provided with a stiff; hairy-like awn or berrd. 
This is so much affected by moisture that it lengthens in damp and shortens again 
in dry weather. The under side is thickly eet with short prickles inclining towards 
the point of the long beard, like the teeth of a saw. When the seed is ripe it drops 
from the ear and lies thickly strewed upon the ground around .the bottom of the 
stem. Were they all to take root in this situation they would choke each other, 
and very few if any could come to perfection. The first damp that falls, however, 
lengthens the awn, the next morning sun shortens it only in one direction, and by 
this expanding and drying, its place i3 changed, and soon the seed is dragged away 
from the foot of its parent stalk. 



CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 81 

256. Seeds are also furnished with wings, as in the Maple, pappus, as in the 
Thistle, and coma, as in the Epilohium, by means of which they are wafted by 
winds to great distances across rivers, mountains, and e^en the ocean itself. Others 
are provided with hooks, by which they lay hold of men and animals, and are thus 
scattered far and wide. Some seeds are thrown to considerable distances by the 
bursting of the elastic pericarp, as in the Impatiens and Oxalis. 

257. Some seeds have been known to perform long voyages without injury. Thua 
the seeds of the Mahogany tree, a native of the southern shore?, have been found 
on the coasts of Norway. The Cocoa nut when it falls into the water does not sink, 
but is floated to some distant shore, germinates, and becomes a lofty tree. A re- 
markable provision for the dissemination of its seeds is found in the Rose of Jericho, 
( Anastatica hierochuntina,) of Arabia and Palestine. It is generally found growing 
on sandy wastes, about three or four inches high, with very small white flowers. 
When the flowers decay they are succeeded by a little pod, divided into two cells- 
each containing one or two seeds. When the seeds are ripe the leaves fall off, the 
branches curl up, and all unite together forming a rounded ball, about the size of 
a man's fist, which is torn from the earth and rolled by winds over the sandy plains, 
until it reaches some moist spot, where it opens and parts with its seeds. 

258. The most remarkable case is found in the Mangrove tree, (Ehizophora 
Mangle) which inhabits the deep muddy shore of the vast rivers and seas of tropical 
regions, and is even occasionally met with on the coasts of Florida and Louisiana, 
Created thus to stand on a surface of mud in order to prevent its sinking, or th« 
winds from overthrowing it in an instant. The base of its stem is divided into & 
number of arching branches, or aerial rcots, which spread out in all directions and 
dive into the mud at a considerable distance from the tree so as to secure it in its 
place, like the moorings or fastenings of a ship. Above this arch of aerial roots, 
the trunk of the tree rises to the height of fifteen feet or more. 

But how is the seed of the Mangrove to reach the solid bottom of the swampy 
that other trees may be produced ? If it falls only on the surface of the mud, it 
will be floated away by the current and borne to the ocean. If not swept away it 
will rot on the stagnant surface of the mud. But means have been provided to 
prevent both these evils. The embryo begins to germinate while the pod is yet at- 
tached to the parent branch ; the radicle or root end of the embryo elongates into 
a club-like mass of wood about fourteen inches long, pointed at the end and almost 
as heavy as iron. This continues to grow suspended from the lower side of the 
branch until the stalk of the seed vessel can no longer bear its weight ; then by & 
singular contrivance the stalk separates from the branch without injury to the 
embryo. The club thus loosened with its point downwards, and the embryo at the 
top, falls with the swiftness of an arrow ; it pierces through the mud until it reaches 
the solid bottom. Here it becomes fixed and the new plant in due time rise* 
aboYO the surface of the mud to establish itself by degrees like its parent tree. 



CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS, 

259. Having traced the physiological structure of the Phse- 
nogamia or Flowering Plants through the successive stages from 
their first developement from the seed, until we have arrived 
at that point in the cycle of vegetable existence where we 
commenced, and having assumed them as the exponents of 



82 ACROGENS. 



the general plan of vegetables, we shall now briefly consider 
the series of simplifications of the plan assumed, which occur 
in the Cryptogamia. In framing our brief account in accord- 
ance with this view, we shall commence with the highest 
grade, and trace the progress of simplification downwards. 
The lower orders of Flowering Plants exhibit the greatest 
simplification compatible with the existence of proper flowers, 
as we approach the confines of the Phsenogamia. In the 
Conifene and Cycadaceous plants the staminate flowers are 
often reduced to a single anther, and the pistilate are uniform- 
ly reduced to one or more ovules, borne on an open earpella- 
ry leaf, which answers to the pistils, and therefore receiving 
the influence of the pollen in the most direct manner. These 
are accordingly placed at the very close of the Exogens. 

260. The next step in the descending series, brings us to an 
order of plants of comparatively recent discovery, which in all 
probability forms the connecting link between the Flowering 
and Flowerless plants, containing apart of the characteristics 
of each. They possess a cellular structure, developing flowers 
immediately from the root while the ovary is filled with spores 
instead of seeds, hence they are called Sporogens or Rhizanths. 
The Raiflesia Arnoldii is an example. 

261. The Cryptogamia are divided into three great Classes, 
called Acrogens, Anophytes and Thattophytes. 

ACROGENS. 

262. Acrogens (from ahros the summit or point,) have a 
regular stein or axis which grows by the extension of the point 
or apex only without increasing at all in diameter, generally 
furnished with leaves and composed of woody and vascular 
tissue. They embrace the following regular descending se- 
ries of orders, called EQUiSETACEiE, Felices, (with three sub- 
orders Polypodinece., Qsmundtnecc and Ophyoghssece,) Lyco- 
PODiACEiE, and Hydropteiudes (with two sub-orders, Mar- 
silece and Scdvmeas). 

263. The Order Equisetaceje (Horsetail Family,) has 
been placed at the head of the series on account of the resemb- 
lance which the organs of vegetation and the spikes of fructi- 
fication bear to many Coniferae. Equisetum, (Fig. 128,) ex- 
hibits hollow jointed stems, either simple or bearing whorled 
branches, and having the joints furnished with a toothed 
sheath instead of leaves. The fructification is a cone or *pi fej 






ACROGENS. 



83 



consisting of peltate scales which are attached around the axis, 
(Fig. 128, a.) each with several thecse attached to its lower 
surface, longitudinally dehiscent. Spores numerous, with four 
elastic club-shaped bodies (of unknown use, called elators) 
wrapped around them. 



128, 



129, 





Pig. 128. Summit of the stem of Equisetum sylvaticum ; a, part of the axis of 
the cone of fructification ; b, some of the fn it bearing organs, magnified; c, a 
separate the ex, more magnified. 

Fig. 129. Polyi odium vulgare : a, a diyisicn (pinna) of Schizasa pusilla, showing 
the sessile sporangia occupying its lower surface; b, one ol the sporangia more 
magnified. 

264. The large Order Filices (Ferns, Fig. 129,) is remark- 
able for bearing the fructification upon the leaves, or as they 
are technically termed fronds. The fronds usually rise from 
subterranean root-stalks, separately rolled up, or circinate in 
the»budin a spiral form, and bearing the Sporangia upon 
the back or lower surface of the fronds, in the form of dots, 
which open in various ways and discharge the numerous min- 
ute spores. 

265. The Order LYCOPODiAOEiE( Club-moss Family,) con- 
sists of plants such as the Club-moss and Ground Pine, (Fig. 
130,) with creeping or leafy stems, mostly branching. The fruit 
consists of sessile thecce in the axils of the leaves, sometimes 
all collected at the summit under leaves which are changed 



84 



ANOPHYTES. 



into bracts, and crowded into a kind of ament, 1 to 3 celled, 
dehiscent, containing either minute grains, appearing like fine 
powder, or a few rather large sporules; both kinds being 
often found in the same plant. 

266. The Order Hydropterides consists of aquatic cryp- 
togamous plants of diverse habits, with the fructification borne 
at the bases of the leaves, or on submerged branches, consisting 
of two kinds of organs, of dubious nature, contained in inde- 
hiscent, or irregularly bursting involucres, (sporocarjos). 

ANOPHYTES. 

267. Anophytes. Vegetables composed of parenchyma 
alone, with acrogenous growth, usually with distinct foliage, 
sometimes the stem and foliage is confluent into, a frond. 
They embrace the following orders : Musci and Hepatice^e, 
(with four sub-orders Ricciacece, Anthocerotece, Merchantiace<e 
and Jungermanniacece.} 

130. 131. 




Fig. 130. Lycopodium, nearly of the natural size ; a, a leaf from the spike of 
fructification, with the sporecases in its axils, and spores falling out; b, a group of 
lour spores magnified ; c, the same separated. 

Fig. 131. A Moss (Polytrichium) of the natural size; a, a magnified theca, from 
which the lid or operculem, b, has been removed, showing the peristome ; c, a por- 
tion of the outer and inner peristome highly magnified. 



THALLOPHYTES. 



85 



268. The Order Musci (Mosses, Fig 131,) consist * of low 
tufted plants, always with a stem and distinct (sessile) leaves, 
producing sporecases which mostly open by a terminal lid, 
and contain simple spores alone. 

269. The Order HepaticjE (Liverworts, Fig. 132,) con- 
sists of frondose or Moss-like plants, of a loose cellular texture, 
usually procumbent, and emitting rootlets from beneath j the 
calyptra not separating from the base, but usually rupturing 
at the apex ; the capsule not opening by a lid, containing 
spores, usually mixed with elaters which consist of thin thread- 
like cells, containing one or two spiral fibres, uncoiling elasti- 
caliy at maturity. 

THALLOPHYTES. 

270. Vegetables composed of parenchyma alone, or of con- 
geries of cells or even of separate cells, often vaguely combined 
in a ihallusy never exhibiting a marked distinction into root, 
stem, and foliage, or into axis and leaves. Fructification of 
the most simple kinds consisting of sporules or sporidia. 

132, 133. 




Fig-. 13"*. Fruit-stalk, with a portion of the foliage of Jungermannia, magnified 
to phow its entire cellu'ar structure; a, one of the tubular spirally-marked c Us 
from the fru'.t; b, the spiral threads which result from .4* d sruptio^. 

ffte: IS?, a. a stone upon which a Lchen (Pormellia con' p r.«aMa growing; &. 
Cladon'aooccinnea, bearing its fructificat.on in founded red masses on the edges of 
a raised cup. 

271. The Order Lichenes (Lichens, Fig. 133,) form the 
highest grade of this lower series. They consist of flat expan- 
sions, which are rather crustaceous than foliaceous, growing 
on the bark of trees, on the surface of rocks, and on the 
ground, to which they cling by their lower surface. The 
II 



86 



THALLOPHYTES. 



fructification is in cups, or shields (apothecia) resting on 
the surface of the thallus, or more or less immersed in its 
substance ; or else in powdery spots scattered over the surface. 

135. 



134. 







Fig. 134. Agaricus campestres, Edible Mushroom in its various stages ; a, Asei, 
from the interior of Sphseria roselia, containing sporules highly magnified. Fig. 
135. A Mould (Pennicillum glaucum); b, Bread-mould (Mucor), both highly mag- 
nified. 

272. The Order Fungi (Mushrooms, Moulds &c, Fig. 
133, 134,) consists of parasitic flowerless plants, either living 
upon and drawing their nourishment from living, though more 
commonly from languishing, plants and animals, or else ap- 
propriate the organized matter of dead and decaying animal 
and vegetable bodies. Rust, Smut and Mildew, (Fig. 135,) 
are examples of the, former, and Mushrooms, Puff balls, &c, 
of the latter. Fun L i (Fig. 134,) are entirely destitute of 
foliage and green matter, (chlorophyll,) which appears to bo 
essential to the formation of organic out of inorganic matter. 

273. The Order Ciiarace^e (Chara Family,) consists of a 
few aquatic plants, which have all the simplicity of the lower 
Algae, in cellular structure, being composed of simple tubular 
cells, placed end to end, and often with a set of smaller tubes 
applied to the surface of the main one. Their fructification 
consists of two kinds of bodies (shown in Fig. 136,) of which 
the smaller is problably a mass of antheridese, of curious 
structure, while the upper and larger is a sporocarp formed 
of a budding cluster of leaves, wrapped around a nucleus 
which is a spore or sporangium. 

274. The next vast Order or rather class, Alg^e, consists 
mostly of aquatic plants. Although they rise to forms more 
simultating the higher grades of vegetation, and therefore 



THALLOPHYTES. 



should have been placed before the Fungi, yet, as they de- 
scend to the very lowest points of the scale, they have been 
placed the last in the series. 



136. 



137, 





Fig. 136. Branch of the common Chara, nearly the natural size ; a, a portion 
magnified, shoeing the lateral tubes inclosing a central one ; also a spore, invested 
by a set of tubes twisted spirally around it, and with an antheridium borne at its 
base ; b, a portion of the lateral tubes more highly magnified. 

Fig. 137. «, summit of the frond of Fucus vesiculosus; &, one of the contained, 
globules; c, spores and jointed filaments of which the globules are composed; d, 
Gonium glaucum, of Ehrenberg, who thinks it a congeries of animalcules, while it 
is described as an Algae by Meyen ; e, Euastrum Crux-Melitensis ; /, Meridion ch> 
eularc ; g, Echinella rlabellata, perhaps a group of animalcules. 

275. The highest forms of the Algae are the proper Sea- 
weeds, (i some of which have stems of enormous lengths, and 
fronds that rival in expansion the leaves of the Palm/' 
a Others again are so minute as to be invisible, except in 
masses, to the naked eye." From those we descend by suc- 
cessive gradations to simple or branching cells placed end to 
end, such as the green Confervus of our ponds, and many 
marine forms, in which the organs of vegetation and fructi- 
fication become at length perfectly identical, both reduced 
to mere cells, and finally as the lowest term of possible vege- 
tation we have the plant reduced to a single cell, containing 
granular matter which gives rise to new ones, each of which 
at the destruction of its mother cell becomes an independent 
minium plant, and repeats in turn the same process," 

276. " The lowest group of the Algaa, called Diatomac^e, 
presents peculiarities of the most striking resemblance to 
those of animals, so that they are claimed at the same time 
by the Zoologist as well as the Botanist. We see not how 
they are to be separated from the vegetable kingdom, espe- 



88 FOOD AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS. 

cially if they evolve oxygen gas as tbey are said to do. But, 
wherever the line be drawn, in reaching the borders of the 
vegetable kingdom, we make the closest possible approach 
to the lowest confines of the animal creation !" 

FOOD AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS. 

277. The essential and ultimate constituents of plants are 
Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. These element 
are always present in plants, and produce by their union the 
various proximate principles of which they consist. They aFO 
Indispensable to vegetation, and compose at least from eigh- 
ty-^ight to ninety-nine per cent, of every vegetable substance, 

278. Cxr^jon (faii'.li^rlj known a? chircoal ) "s an elementary substance en I0W3J. 
with a considerable range of affinity. W.th oxygen it unites in two proportions, 
forming carbonic acid and carbonic oxide. Carton enters so largely into the com- 
position of plants, that it retains the exact form and texture cf the wood, after 
the other ingredients hare been expelled by heat. Its proportion is from 40 to 60 
per cent. 

279. Hydrogen is a very important constituent of vegetable mattr. It pes. e ses 
a special affinity for oxygen, with which it unites and forms water. Thj whole 
phenomena of the decay cf organized matter depends upon the exercse of this 
affinity, and many of the processes engaged in the nutrition of plants originate in 
the attempt to gratify it. Water is the most common combination in which it ift 
presented; and it may b3 separated by various processes from the oxygen, with 
which it is united in this body. 

280. Nitrogen is quite opposed in its chemical characteristics to the bodies just 
described. Its principal characteristic is an indifference to all other substances, 
and an apparent reluctance to enter into combination with them. When forced 
"by peculiar circumstances to do so, it seems to ramain in the combination by a 
vis inertia; and very slight forces effect the disunion of these feeble compounds. 

Yet nitrogen is an invariable constituent of plants, and during their life is sub- 
ject to the control of the vital powers. But when the mysterious principle of life 
has ceased to exercise its influence, this element resumes its chemical character, 
and materially assists the decay of vegetable matter by escaping from the com- 
pounds of which it formed a constituent, 

281. Oxygen, the only remaining constituent of organic matter, is the most 
generally diffused substance on the surface of the earth ; for, besides constituting 
the principal part of the atmosphere which surrounds us, it is a component of 
almost all the earths and minerals found on its surface. It is slightly soluble in 
water, and hence it is usually found dissolved in rain and snow, as well as in the 
water of running streams. 

282. Such are the principal characters of the elements which compose organic 
matter. Besides these four universal elements, many other substances, earthy and 
mineral, are found in quantities greater or less in different species. Thus, forest 
trees and most inland plants yield potassa ; marine plants, soda, iodine, &c, ; the- 
Grasses, silex and phosphate of lime ; Rhubarb and Sorrel, oxalate of lime ; Legumi- 
nous plant*, carbonate of lime. These substances form th« ashes which are left on 
burning a leaf or a piece of wood. 



283, These four elements carbon ; hydrogen ; nitrogen^ 






FOOD AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS. 89 

and oxygen, must be furnished by the food upon which the 
vegetable lives, and must be obtained from sources without. 
These sources are obviously air, earth and water. 

284.. The composition of the atmosphere has been carefully examined by many 
chemists, and the result of their researches has shown, that its principal constitu- 
ants are always present in the same proportion. One hundred parts by weight, of 
atmospheric air, contain 23.1 parts of oxygen, and 76.9 parts of nitrogen ; or 100 
volumes of air contain nearly 21 volumes of oxygen gas. 

285. Although oxygen and nitrogen are the principal constituants of the at- 
mosphere, they are not the only substances found in it. Watery vapor, carbonic 
acid, and ammonia, materially modify its properties. The former of these falls 
upon the earth as rain, and brings with it whatever soluble matter it meets in its 
passage through the atmosphere. Carbonic acid is contained by the atmosphere 
in the proportion of 1 to 1000, diffused throughout the whole extent; and as this 
gas is the principal food of plant?, (for it contains 27 per cent of carbon), it may be 
demonstrated that the whole atmosphere contains at least 3306 billion pounds, 
besides the vast quantity derived from other sources, such as the combustion and 
decay of organic matter. It is likewise discharged in immense quantities from the 
active volcanoes of South America, and mineral springs which abound in various 
parts of Europe — affording an amount fully adequate to the vast and ceaseless 
drain made upon it by the vegetable kingdom. 

286. Ammonia — which is generated in the atmosphere, during thunder storms,- 
by the flashes of the electric fluid, and likewise arises from the decomr 03iticn of 
organic matter — 13 composed of 100 volumes of nitrogen united with 300 volumes 
of hydrogen. In its gaseous form it is capable of entering into combination with 
carbonic acid and forming a volatile salt. Ammonia in all its volatile compounds 
as well as its gaseous form, is of extreme solubility in water. It can not, therefore, 
long remain in the atmosphere, as every shower of rain must condense it, and con- 
vey it to the surface of the earth. Hence rain-water must at all times contain 
more or less ammonia. The rain of a thunder storm, after a long-protracted 
drought, ought for thi3 reason to contain the greatest quantity which is conveyed 
to the earth at one time, which accounts for the luxuriant growth of plants immc= 
diately after a thunder shower. 

287. S.il consists of two classes of materials ; namely, mineral and organic. The 
former, called earth, consists of disintegrated and decomposed rocks, containing 
potassa, soda, silica, lime, &c, all of which are more or less soluble in water, and 
enter into the composition of plants. The organic materials consist of the remains 
of former tribes of animals and vegetables, mingled with the earth, which, after 
having access to the air are decomposed, evolving carbonic acid and ammonia both 
to the air and the water. • 

288. Virgin soil in the form of vegetable mould or humus, appears to play such 
an important part in the phenomena of vegetation, that vegetable physiologists 
have been induced to ascribe the fertility of every scil to its presence. It being the 
product of the decay of vegetable matter, must, therefore, contain many of the 
constituents which are found in plants during their life. 

289. Water The remaining source of vegetable food, is composed of oxygen and 
hydrogen, nearly in the proportion of 8 to 1 ; or, 100 parts of pure water consists of 
88.9 parts of oxygen and 11.1 of hydrogen. Water, besides supplying these two 
essential elements, serves another important office, that of conveying to the roots 
the requisite supply of nitrogen, either separately or in the form of ammonia, and 
of carbon in the form of carbonic acid, as well as various mineral substances which 
it holds in solution after percolating through the soil. 

H* 



90 FOOD AND NUTRITION OF PLANTS. 

290. While most plants are dependent on water, earth, 
and air, for their nourishment, absorbed by the roots and 
leaves, yet, the essential elements, the whole proper food of 
plants, may be absorbed by the leaves directly from the air, 
as in the state of gas or vapor. A vigorous branch of the 
common Live-for-ever (Sedum telphinem,) or of many such 
plants, will live and grow for a whole summer when pinned 
to a dry, bare wall; and the Epiphytes, or Air-plants must 
derive their whole sustenance immediately from the air; for 
they have no communication with the ground. Although 
leaves in some cases absorb nourishment directly from the 
air, as a general thing, their peculiar office is something quite 
different. 

291. The aqueous vapor, condensed into rain or dew, and 
bringing with it to the ground a portion of carbonic acid, and 
nitrogen or ammonia, dec, supplies the appropriate food of 
the plant to the rootlets. Imbibed by these, it is conveyed 
through the stem and into the leaves, where the now super* 
fluous water is restored to the atmosphere by exhalation, 
while the residue is converted into the proper nourishment 
and substance of the vegetable. 

292. After all these materials have been supplied to the 
plant, still two other agents are requisite, without which the- 
great work of \egetation can not proceed. These life-giving 
principles are light and heat, both of which cmenatein floods 
from the sun. Under their influence the raw material ia 
received into the vessels of the plant, and assimilated to its 
own substance. 

293. Under the influence of light, the leaves imbibe car- 
bonic acid, decompose it, retain the carbon and return pure 
oxygen to the air. ISext, chlorophyll is developed, clothing 
the plant in living green. Meanwhile Vignen is produced, 
the peculiar principle of tissue, whether cellular, vascular, 
or woody, consisting of carbon with the exact elements of 
water. 

294. A portion of the plant's food instead of being imme- 
diately converted into new cells, new branches, kc, is accu- 
mulated in an elaborated state for future use, in the form of 
gum, mucilage, or dextrine, and is usually stored up in the 
form of starch, either in the root, or in the subterranean por- 
tion of the stem, or in the wood &c, as in the root of the 
beet, tuber of the potato, and in the fruit of almost all plants 



SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 



PART II. 



295. Systematic Botany is the " science -of arranging 
plants in such a manner that their names may be ascertained, 
their affinities determined, their true place in the natural 
system fixed, their sensible properties judged of, and their 
whole history elucidated with certainty and accuracy/ ' All 
botanists, whatever may be their views as to the mode and 
order in which the mev«.bers of the vegetable kingdom are to 
be arranged, agree in dividing into Species, Genera, Orders, 
and Classes. 

296. A Spectes, or particular sort, embraces all thosa 
individuals, which, although they may differ slightly in size 
and color or such unimportant respects, are identical in their 
real characteristics, resembling each other more nearly than 
they resemble any other plant, and produce from their seeda 
other plants wholly resembling the parent. Individuals 
from the same parent often bear flowers differing in color, or 
fruit differing in flavor, or leaves differing in form, such as- 
the different varieties of apples, which all belong to the ge- 
nus Ptjrus, species mains', such differences are called varieties. 
They are never permanent, but exhibit a constant tendency 
to revert to their own original type. 

297. A Genus is an assemblage of nearly related species, 
agreeing with each other in general structure and appearanoe 
more closely than they accord with any different species. 
Thus, the White Oak, Black Oak, Scarlet Oak, and others, 
constitute the genus Quereus ; the various species of Roses 
compose the genus Rosa; so the different Poplars, Wil- 
lows, Pines, &c. ; form so many separate genera. These 



92 SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. 

genera are arranged into still higher, therefore fewer groups. 
In the natural system these groups are formed by the union 
of related genera, just as genera are formed by the union 
of related species and are called Families or Orders. Thus 
the Rose, Raspberry and Strawberry, with the Apple, Thorn, 
Plum, Cherry, &c, all agreeing in their general plan of 
structure are brought together into one order, or family, and 
called Rosacea, that is, rose-like plants. When certain 
minor groups exist they are termed Suborders or Tribes. 
Thus the Plum, Cherry, Peach, &c, form one suborder of 
Rosacea ; the Raspberry, Strawberry, Cinquefoil, Rose, &c, 
constitute another suborder; and the Apple, Quince, Thorn, 
&c, a third. 

298. Classes are groups of orders having certain marked 
characters in common, but in a higher point of view. These 
in like manner with the other divisions are separated in sub- 
classes. 

299. An enumeration of the points of difference, or marks 
of distinction of any one of these groups, whether of higher 
or lower order, is denominated its character. Thus the 
character of a class describes only those important points of 
structure on which it is founded ; that of orders notices the. 
general structure of the plants embraced in it, especially of 
the fruits and flowers; the generic character, the particular 
modification of the ordinal character in a given genus ; and 
lastly, the specific character gives those of less importance, 
of form, color, &c, which mark it as distinct from its kindred. 

300. There are two independent and widely different 
systems of classifying the genera, which have been followed ; 
one the Artificial founded by Linnaeus, and at one time 
almost universally followed by botanists; the other, the 
Natural, originally sketched out by Jussieu. The former 
has for its basis those characters which are derived from the 
organs of fructification, leaving all the affinities out of view. 
Its arrangement is truly ingenious and beautiful, and furnishes 
perhaps the readiest mode of determining the names of plants 
which has ever been devised, but this must be regarded as 
its principal use. The latter on the contrary is founded upon 
all those natural affinities and resemblances of plants by which 
the God of Nature has distinguished them into groups and 
families. In acquiring a thorough knowledge of the vege- 
table kingdom, the Natural System is not only the best, but 



LINNiEAN SYSTEM. 98 



most accurate method which can be relied upon for the pur- 
pose. By the labors of De Candolle and Lindley in Europe, 
and Drs. Torrey and Gray of our own country, the miscon- 
ceptions and obscurity that formerly embarrassed the science 
have been so far removed, that it is now brought within the 
scope of the ordinary mind, and is shown to be founded in 
true Philosophy. 

301. Yet the difficulty attending analysis by the Natural 
System is too great to be successfully encountered by the 
young student in the science. On this account I have thought 
it best to arrange the genera under the Linnaean classes and 
orders, describe the most prominent characters of each, and 
refer to the page where, and in what Natural Order, his 
specimen is to be found. 

LINN^AN SYSTEM. 

302. By the Linnaean System the Vegetable Kingdom is 
divided into twenty-four classes, (twenty-one of which, are 
now in general use). These are distinguished from each other 
by the number, situation, connection, proportion, presence or 
absence of the stamens, so that the arrangement is founded 
entirely on the flower of the plant. 

303. The Classes are divided into Orders ; these are 
founded either on the number of styles or pistils, (in some 
instances on the number of stamens,) situation of the fruit, 
the kind of pericarps, or on some other circumstance which 
will be explained in its proper place. The names of the 
classes and orders are derived from the Greek, designating 
their modifications and expressing their characters as follows i 

CLASS 1. Monandria, (monos, one, and andria, from aner, which is used metstr 

phorieally for stamens,) includes all such plants with one stamea 

to the flower. 
" 2. Diandria, those with two stamens, 
" 3. Triandria, those with three stamens. 
" 4. Tetrandria, those with four stamens. 
" 5. Pentrandria, those with five stamens, 
" 6. Hexandria, those with six stamens. 
* 7. Heptaxdria, those with seven stamens. 
" 8. Octandria, those with eight stamens. 
" 9. Enneandria, those with nine stamens. 
" 10. Decandria, those with ten stamens. 
** 11. Dodecandria, those with twelve to nineteen stamens. 
" 12. Icosandria, those with more than ten stamens inserted on the ealjz 

(perigynous). 
f< 13. Poltandria, those with more than twenty stamens situated on the 

receptacle (hypogynous), 



94 LINNjEAN SYSTEM. 



" 14. Didynamia, those with two long and two short stamens. 

" 15. Tetradynamia, those with four long and two short stamens. 

" 16. Monodelphia, (a single fraternity) with the filaments united into a 
single set, tube, or column. 

" 17. Diadelphia, (two fraternities,) with the filaments united into two sets 
or parcels. 

" 18. Polydelphia, (many fraternities.) with the filaments united in more 
than two sets or parcels. 

" 19. Syngenesia, (to grow together) with the anthers united into a ring or 
tube. 

" 20. Gynandria, (union of stamens and styles) with the stamens and styles 
consolidated. 

" 21. Mokgecia, (one house-hold) includes plants, where the stamens and pis- 
tils are in separate flowers on the same plant. 

" 22. Dicecia, (two house-holds) where they occupy separate flowers on differ- 
ent individuals. 

u 23. Polygamia, (many marriages) where the stamens and pistils are separate 
in some flowers and united in others, either on the same or two or 
three different plants. 

" 24. Cryptcg amia, (concealed stamens and pistils.) includes those genera of 
plants where the stamens and pistils are wanting, or at least in- 
visible, and embraces the Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, &c, which are 
now called Cryptogamous, or Elowcrless plants. 

804. The Orders in the first thirteen classes of the Lin- 
nsean artificial system, depend on the number of styles, or 
of the stigmas in the absence of styles ; and are likewise 
named by having Greek numerals prefixed to the word gynia^ 
used metaphorically for pistils, as follows. 

ORDER 1, Monogynia, embraces all plants of any of the first thirteen classes^ 
with one style to the flower. 

" 2. Digynia, those with two styles. 

" 3. Trigynia, those with three styles. 

w 4. Tetragynia, those with four styles. 

" 5. Pentagynia, those with five styles. 

« 6. Hexagynia, those with six styles. 

" 7. Heptagynia, those with seven styles. 

" 8. Octagynia, those with eight styles. 

" 9. Enneagynia, those with nine styles. 

" 10. Decagynia, those with ten styles. 

r< 11. Dodecagynia, those with elcyen or twelve styles, 

" 12. Polygynia, those with more than twelve styles, 

305. The Orders of the remaining classes are founded 
upon characters not depending upon the number of styles, as 
follows : The Orders of Glass 14, Didynamia, are only two, 
namely : 

1. Gymnospermia, (seeds naked) the achenia-like fruits appear like naked 

seeds. 
% Angiospermu, with the seeds evidently in a seed vessel, 



THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 95 

The 15th Class is likewise divided into two orders which 
are distinguished by the form of the pod : 

1. Siliculosa, bearing seeds in a silicle or short pod. 

2. Siliquosa, fruit a silique or long pod. 

The orders of the 10th Class Monodelphia, 17th Diadd- 
phia, 18th Polydelphia^ 20th Gynandria, 21st Monoecia y 
and 22d Dicecia, depend merely on the number of stamens ; 
that is on the character of the first thirteen classes, whose 
names they likewise bear; thus— 

ORDER 1. MONANDItIA, 

" 2. Diandria, and so on. 

The orders of the 19th Class, Syngenesia, are six, namely l 

1. Polygamia Aequalii, where the flowers are in heads (compound,) and 

all perfect. 

2. Polygamia Superflua, the same as the last, except that the rays or 

marginal flowers of the head are pistillate only. 

3. Polygamia Frustranea, those with the marginal neutral, the others 

perfect. 

4. Polygamia Necessaria, where the marginal flowers are pistillate, and 

fertile, and the central st&rninate and sterile. 

5. Polygamia Sigregata, where each flower of the head has its own proper 

involucre. 

6. Monogamia, when solitary flowers (not united into a head) have uni- 

ted anthers, as in Lobelia. This order was abolished by succeed- 
ing botanists, but upon insufficient grounds. 

The 23rd Class Polygamia, has three orders, founded on 
the characters of the two preceding classes, namely : 

1. Moncecia, when both separate, and perfect flowers are found in the 

same individual. 

2. Dkecia, when the different flowers occupy different individuals. 

3. TitioaciA. where one individual has the perfect, another the staminate, 

and a third the pistillate flowers. 

The orders of the 24th Class, Cryptogamia, are natural, 
^and therefore indefinable by a single character. They are, 

1. Filicis, the Ferns. 

2. Musci, ths Mosses. 

3. Alg^e, which as left by Linnaeus, comprised the Hepatica?, Lichens, 

&c, as well as Seaweeds. 

4. Fungi, Mushrooms, &c. 

THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 

306. The great object of the Natural System is to ar- 
range and bring together into groups such plants which most 
nearly resemble each other, in all essential particulars, and 



96 PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 

to combine the subordinate groups into larger natural assem- 
blages, and these into still more comprehensive divisions so 
as to embrace the whole vegetable kingdom within the limits 
of a systematic arrangement, 

307. Numerous systems have been devised, and proposed 
by different authors, founded on the peculiar views of the 
devisers. Some writers, as Jussieu, &c, commence their 
exposition with the lowest order, and gradually ascend to the 
highest ; whilst others, as De Candolle, Torrey and Gray, 
&c, begin with the highest and most perfect organization, 
and descend to the lowest or least organized. This system 
has been adopted in the following pages, being the most 
generally known and followed . 

PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 

308. The Vegetable Kingdom taken as a whole is pri- 
marily divided into two great natural divisions, namely : 
Ph^snogamia or Flowering plants, and Cryptogamia, 
or Plowerless plants. 

309o The PHiENOGAMIA, 

1. C.nsist of a rejular axis of growth with leafy appen* 

dages. 

2. They possess a woody and vascular structure. 

3. They produce flowers, essentially with itamens and 

pistils, and — 

4. They produce seeds. 

310. The Cryptogamia, 

1. Are destitute of a regular axis of growth and of true 

leaves. 

2. They generally possess a czllular structure only. 

3. 2 hey do not develope flowers, and — 

4. They produce spores instead of seeds. 

311. The Phamogamia are again naturally divided into 
two sub-divisions, depending upon their manner of growth, 
termed Exogens and Endogens, whose leading distinctions 
are as follows : 

Class I. Exogens — 

1. Stems increasing by external accretions. 

2. Leaves usually articulated with the branches, and having 

reticulate I re'rr. 

3. Embryo with two crmore cotyledons, or dycotyledonous. 






PRIMARY DIVISIONS OP THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 97 

Class II. Endogens — 

1. Stems increasing by internal accretions. 

2. Leaves seldom articulated, usually sheathed at tlie last? 

with simple parallel veins, 

3. Embryo with one cotyledon, or monocotyledonous. 

312. The two groups or classes above mentioned, em- 
bracing all the Phaenoganiia, are again divided into sub- 
classes. The first are formed from the sub-division Exogens, 
and are founded upon the presence or absence of the p>ericarp, 
namely : 

Sub- Class I. Angiosperms— 

1. Ouides, produced in a closed ovary. 

2. Fertilized by the action of the pollen through the stigma. 

3. Embryo with two opposite cotyledons. 

Sub- Class II. Gymxosperms — 

1. Ovules produced beneath a scale-Hie carpel. 

2. Fertilized by the direct action of the pollen without "the 

stigma, becoming seeds destitute of a pericarp. 

3. Embryo generally with several whorled cotyledons. 

313. The next two sub-classes a-re formed from the sub- 
divisions of Endogens, and depend upon the presence and 
-absence of glumes or husks, namely : 

Sub- Class III. AGLUMACE^E ; or AglumaceousEndogens- 

Pkmts rf the endogenous structure, loit.'i flowers construc- 
ted on the usual plain ; p- rianih verticellat]. consisting ofiyr<6 
or more whorls qfpetaloid organs, or wanting. 

Sub- Class IV. Gltjmace^e, or Glumaceous Endogens-- 

Plants of the endogenous structure, with the flowers in- 
vested in an im'yricuted perianth of glumes instead of a 
culyx. 

■ 314. The third Class* forms the connecting link between 
the Flowering and Flowerless plants, combining a part of 
the characters of each. They possess a cellular structure, 
develope flowers immediately from ike roots, and the peri carp 
contains spores instead of seeds ; hence they are called 
Khizantjxs or Sporogens. Ex. : Rafiesia. As we have 
no representative of this class in our country, I shall take no 
further notice of it in the regular series of classes. 

315. The Cryptogamia are separated into three great clas- 
hes, ealled Acrogens, Anophytes ; and Thallophytes, 
jl 



98 NOMENCLATURE. 



Class III. Acrogens — 



Plants with a distinct stem or axis, growing by the estm* 
sion of the point, or apex only, containing woody Jibre and 
vessels, and usually with distinct foliage, 

Class IV. Anophytes — 

Acrogenous plants, growing upwards by an axis or stem? 
usually furnished with distinct leaves (sometimes the stem 
and foliage confluent into a frond,) composed of ceUukur 
tissue alone. 

Class V. Thallophytes — 

Consisting of cellular tissue, with a tendency to grow into 
a flat expansion, called thallus, out having no distinction of 
root, stem, leaves, or flowers. 

316. The general plan may be analytically expressed by 
the diagram on the following page. 

317. Divisions. The classes and sub-classes are next 
to be broken up into smaller divisions, groups, and alliances, 
for convenience of analysis. For this purpose, the great 
class of Exogenous plants Ts usually broken up into three 
very convenient divisions, founded on the presence, absence, 
or union of the petals, namely : 

1. Polypetal^!, the Polypetalous Exogens ; where the calyx and corolla 

are both present, and the latter composed of distinct petals. 

2. Monopetal^:, the Monopetalous Exogens ; flowers with united petals. 

3. Apetalze, the Apetalous Exogens ; flowers with no floral envelopes, or 

with a calyx only. 

318. These divisions, as well as the other classes, aro 
variously subdivided by different authors, which is nofc 
necessary to specify, since it is only the classes and the orders 
that are considered to be founded on a firm basis. 

319. Orders or Families, are the most important of 
all the natural associations. On the accuracy and distinct- 
ness of their characters, botanists have bestowed the highest 
degree of attention. The orders differ very widely in regard 
to their extent; while some consist of a single genus, as 
Sarreceniacese, others embrace hundreds of genera, as Com- 
positse. For the sake of convenience, the larger orders aro 
divided into sub-orders or tribes, 

NOMENCLATURE. 

320. The names of orders are always plural, and some- 
times are founded on some characteristic feature of the group ) 



CLASSIFICATION. 



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100 NOMENCLATURE. 



as, for instance Leguminosce, or the Leguminous plants, such 
as the Pea, Bean, &c. ; Crucifcrcc, plants which have the 
four petals somewhat in the form of a cross, such as the 
Radish, Turnip, &c. But more frequently, as a general 
rule, the name is formed from that of a leading genus, which 
is prolonged in the adjective termination, acece. Thus the 
plants of the order which comprises the rose (Rosci), are 
called Rosaceae, that is Plantce Rosacea?, or Rosaceous plants ;~ 
those of which the Lily is the representative, are IAliaceae, 
or Liliaceous plants, &c. 

321. Generic names are Latin substantives, in the singu- 
lar number, and mostly of Greek or Latin derivation. Those 
which were knowdB^the ancients, generally preserve their 
classical appellationi: (Ex. : Fagus, Primus, Myrtus, Viola, 
<&c.) Some are formed from some medicinal virtue, either 
supposed or real 5 others from the native country of the 
plants, or from the name of some distinguished Botanist, or 
patron of botany, to whom the genus is thus said to be dedi- 
cated. 

322. Specific names, as a general rule, are Latin adjec- 
tives, written after those of ilie genera, and established on 
similar principles ; as Magnolia grandiflora, the large flowered 
Magnolia; M... macropliylla, the large leaved Magnolia.. 
Specific names sometimes distinguish the country which a 
plant inhabits, or where first discovered, as Viola Canadense, 
&c. ; or the place where it naturally grows, as Viola palus- 
tris, which grows in swamps, &c. '; arvensis, in fields, &c. ; or 
they express some obvious character of the species, as Viola 
ratundifolia, with round leaves, &c. Frequently, the species 
is named after some other genus, which in some respect it 
resembles, as Viola primula? folia. Primrose-leaved VioleK 
Gerardia quercifolia, Oak-leaved Gerardia, &c. 

323. Species, like genera, are also sometimes named in 
commemoration of distinguished persons. When it bears 
the name of the discoverer or describer, it takes the genitive 
form, as Lobelia Kalmii ; Viola Muhlenbergii ; V NuttaUii, 
&c. When such names are merely given in compliment to 
persons to whom they are dedicated, unconnected with the 
history or discovery of the plant, the adjective form is adop- 
ted; as Qarex Torreyana ; C. Ilooheriana, &c. Specific 
names are sometimes substantives, as Hypericum, Sorothra, 
Ranunculus, Flammula, (See. ; when they do not necessarily 



BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 101 

accord with the genus in gender. These, as well as all spe- 
cific names derived from those of persons or countries, should 
always be written with a capital initial letter. The generic 
&nd specific names, taken together, constitute the proper 
scientific appellation of the plant. 

BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 

824. u The application of the rules of Systematic Botany 
to the natural plant, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, 
name, &c, is called botanical analysis. 

325. In order to be in a proper state for this kind of ex- 
amination, plants should be in full blossom, and fresh, that 
is, not withered or decayed. A good lens is requisite for the 
examination of the minute parts of the structure, or of the 
flower. 

326. The analysis of plants is a constant object of pursuit 
with the practical botanist. Without this exercise, the 
study of authors will be of little avail. A more accurate and 
useful knowledge of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes, 
by a careful examination of the living specimen, or even of 
the dried, than by committing to memory the most elaborate 
descriptions found in books. During the flowering month, 
the learner will often in his walks meet with plants in blos- 
som, with which he is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly 
interested in his pursuit, will by no means fail to seize and 
analyze each specimen while the short hour of its bloom may 
last, and to store his memory with the knowledge of its names, 
habits, and uses. Thus, in a few seasons, or even in one, he 
will have grown familiar with nearly, or quite, every species 
of plants in hi^ vicinity. 

327. Let us now suppose the pupil in possession of a 
specimen of an. unknown plant in full blossom. In order to 
etudy it by the aid of authors., a point immediately requisite 
is its name. Now, having learned by examination the organ- 
ic and physiological structure of the flower, leaves, stems, &c, 
the experienced botanist, who has at his command the char- 
acters of all the Natural Families, will at once determine to 
which of them the plant belongs." 

328. But this is not to be expected of the pupil who is 
supposed to be yet, in a measure, unacquainted with the char- 
acters of the orders. He must be guided to the place which 
las specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course 

I* 



102 OF COLLECTING AND PRESERVING PLANTS. 

of inquirj and comparison. For the assistance of the learner,, 
therefore, and for the convenience of all, I have added a fall 
series of Analytical Tables, in which the genera described in 
this work are arranged under the Classes and Orders of the 
Linnaean Artificial System* 

OF COLLECTING ANI> PBESEBVIN& PLANTS. 

329. Students in botany should give an early and per* 
severing attention to the collection and preservation of a* 
many species of plants as they can procure. The advantages 
to be derived from such collections are great, and will afford 
an abundant compensation for all the labor required, either 
in refreshing the memory by reviewing them, or in institu- 
ting a more thorough examination at one's leisure.. 

830. Such a collection of specimens of plants, preserved 1 
by drying under pressure between folds of paper, is termed 
a Herbarium, or by the more significant title JBortus Siccus 
(dry garden). 

331. A complete specimen consists of one or more shoots^ 
bearing the leaves, flowers, and fruit, and in some cases, as in 
herbaceous plants, a portion of the root should also be preserved. 

332. Specimens intended for the herbarium, should be 
gathered, if possible, in a dry day, and carried either in a 
close tin box, about 20 inches long and 3 or 4 in diameter, 
or in a strong portfolio, containing a quire or more of firm 
paper, with a few sheets of blotting paper to receive the 
delicate plants. They must be dried under a strong pres- 
sure, but not so as to crush the parts, between dryers com- 
posed of 6 to 10 thicknesses of paper, that will absorb 
moisture, which should be changed once or twice a day, un- 
til all the moisture is extracted from the plants — a period 
which varies from 3 to 10 days. All delicate specimens 
should be laid in folded sheets of thin and smooth bibulous 
paper, and placed between the dryers, and so transfered en- 
tire, from time to time without being disturbed, until per- 
fectly dry. 

333. Many plants prepared by the above method, will in- 
most instances retain their colors almost as perfect as when 
first gathered, yet some plants, especially those of the en- 
dogenous structure, such as the Narcissus, Iris, &c, are 
very hard to dry so as to retain their coloring. I have 
found the following method to answer a very good purpose : 






ABBREYIATION8. 



103 



treat the specimens as above directed, and leave them in the 
papers for 1 or 2 days, then place them between several 
thicknesses of dry blotting paper, and pass over them with a 
hot iron, at intervals from 1 to 5 minutes, until dry, taking 
eare to shift them into dry paper as soon as the paper around 
them becomes moist. 

334. The dried specimens are next to be arranged in 
their respective genera, orders, and classes, properly labelled 
with the names, locality, &c, and laid either in separate car 
double sheets, or each species fastened with glue, or other- 
wise on a half sheet of good white paper.* These can bo 
collected in folios sufficiently large to contain each natural 
order, or artificial class, and labelled accordingly on the ouV 
side, received into the compartment of a cabinet, with cloeo 
doors, and kept in a sufficiently dry place. 



* I have found the following mixture to answer a very good purpose for farffgftr 
log plants. Take of Gum Arabic 1 ounce, Izinglass 1 ounce, dissolve them to 
% pint of water by boiling over a gentle heat, after which add 1 ounce Tinctui* 
of Camphor, incorporatiug them well by shaking; then spread some of it on a 
plate of glass large enough to receive the specimen intended to be fastened, lay 
it on the glass, pressing it down so as to receive a coating all over the under ra>- 
face, then transfer it to the paper where it is to be fastened, cover with 1 or 2 
thicknesses of dry paper and pass over it with a hot iron until dry. 

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS OP THE NAMES 
OF AUTHORS. 



Adans. Adanson* 
Agh. Agardh. 
Ait. Aiton. 
Am. Amott. 
Bart. Barton. 
Benth. Bentham. 
Berl. Berlandier. 
Bernh. Bernhardi. 
Brongn. Brongniart- 
Bigl. or Bw. Bigelow. 
Boehm. Boehmer. 
Bong. Bongard. 
Br. Brown. 
Cass. Cassini. 
Cav. Cavanilles. 
Chav. Chaviennea. 
Darl. Darlington. 
DC De Candolle. 
Deaf. Desfontaines. 
Desv. Desvaux. 
Dew. Dewey. 
Dill. Billenius. 
Duh. Duhamel. 
Endl. Endlicher. 
Ehrh. Ehrhart. 
Ell. Elliot. 
Engel. Engelman. 
Porsk. EorskahL 
EroeL Froelieh. 



Gaert. Gsertner. 
Ging. Gingins. 
Gmcl. Gmelin. 
Good. Goodenougtu 
Grev. Greville. 
Grise. Grisebach. 
Gron. Gronovious- 
Hedw. Hedwig. 
Hoffm. Hoffman, 
Hook. Hooker. 
Huds. Hudson- 
Jacq. Jacquin. 
Juss. Jussieu. 
Lam. Lamarck- 
Lamb. Lambert. 
Lee. Le Conte, 
Lindl. Lindley. 
L'Her. L'Heritier. 
Linn. Linnaeus, 
Lk. Link. 
Lehm. Lehman- 
Mart. Martins. 
Mentz. MentzeL 
Michx. Michaux. 
Mill. Miller. 
Mirb. Mirbel. 
Mitch. Mitchell. 
Moench. Moonchauseth 
MuhL Muhlenberg, 



Nees. Nees von Eseabeclt*. 

Nutt. NuttalL 

Pall. Pallas. 

Pav. Pavon. 

Pers. Persoon. 

roir. Poirefc. 

Ph. Pursh. 

Raem. Bremer. 

Raf. Rafinesqu©. 

Rich. Richard. 

R. Br. Robert Brown* 

Salisb. Salisbury. 

Schw. Schwenita, 

Schk. Schkuhr. 

Scop. Scopoli. 

Ser. Seringe, 

Sm. Smith. 

Spr. SprengeL 

Sulliv. Sullivaxrt. 

8w. Swartz. 

Tayl. Taylor. 

T. & G. Torrey & Gray, 

Torr. Torrey. 

Tourn. Tournefort, 

Traut. TrautvettCT. 

Vaill. Vaillent. 

Wahl. Wahlenberg. 

Walt. Walter. 

Willd- WUldonoPir. 



GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS, 

COMBINED WITH AN 

INDEX 

TO THE FIRST PART OF THE WORE. 
(The numbers refer to the paragraphs in the preceding part.) 



A, and ana, in composition ; destitute of; Angulate ; having angles or corners. 

as Apetalous, without petals. Annual ; living or enduring hut on© 

Abnormal ; different from the customary year. 

structure. Annular ; having the form of a ring. 

Abortion ; an imperfect developement of Anomolous ; not according to rule or sys- 

any organ. tern. 

Abortive; not arriving at perfection. Anophytes; vegetables composed of pa- 

Abrupt ; terminating suddenly. renchyma alone, 267. 

Abruptly-pinnate. Fig. 49. Anterior; same as inferior; applied to Fe~ 

Acaule scent; stemless, apparently with- pals, petals, or other organs which in 

out a stem. axillary flowers lie next the bract, or 

Accessary ; additional, or supernumerary. outward. 
Accunibent; lying against any thing ; ap- Anther; the knob-like body, mostly borne 

plied to the radicle when it lies against on the filament, 193. 

the edge of the cotyledons. Antheridia ; applied to minute cylindrical 

Acerose ; needle-shaped. * sacs or sterile flowers, of cryptogamoua 

Achenium ; a small dry indehiscent peri- plants. 

carp. Fig. 121. Apetalous ; destitute of petals. 

Achlamydeous ; without calyx and corolla. Apex ; the summit end, or point. 
Ataeular; bristle-shaped. Aphyllous; without leaves. 

Acine, (Acinus) ; each separate grain of a Apocarpous ; having the carpels distinct- 
collective fruit, like the raspberry. Appendiculate ; furnished with appends 
Acotyledonous ; destitute of cotyledons. ges. 
Acrogens; growing by the extension of Appressed; lying flat against. 

the point; 262. Approximate; growing, or situated near 

Aculeate; prickly. each other. 

Acuminate ; ending in a curved, tapering Aquatic ; growing naturally in water, or 

point. Fig. 61. wet places. 

Acute ; sharp, not rounded. Arachnoid ; resembling a spider's web. 

Adelphia ; a fraternity. Arborescent ; tree-like. 

Adherent ; sticking fast, or growing fast Arcuate ; curved or bent like a bow. 

to, as adnate, ^ Areolae; little spaces, cireumscrib*d by 

Albumen ; 230. meshes. 

Alburnum ; sap-wood ; 74. Arid ; dry or parched. 

Alternate; not opposite. Aril, or Arillus ; a loose coating of pom* 

Alveolate; having cells like a honey-comb. kinds of seed, as the mace cf the nu|- 
Ament; Fig. 81. meg. 

Amentaceous ; having aments. Avistate; having awns. I 

Amorphous ; having no definite form. Armed ; having thorns or prickle*. 
Amplexicaul ; clasping the stem. Arrow-shaped ; Fig. 37. 

Anastomose; applied to branching vessels Articulated; jointed. 

which inosculate, or unite again like Ascending; rising from the ground oh- 

net-work. liquefy. 

Anatropous; inverted. Assimilation; 146. 

Ancipial; 2-edged. Assurgent; rising in a curve from a 6+ 

Andraecium ; 191. clined base. 

Androgynous ; having staminate and pis- Attenuate ; tapering gradually until II 

tillate flowers distinct. - becomes slender. 

Androus ; refers to stamens. Auriculate ; having rounded appendage! 

Angkupermous; the seeds in a pod. at base, like ears. Fig. 35. 



GLOSSARY. 



105 



Awn ; a slender bristle-like process, com- 
mon on the chaff of grasses. 

Axil ; the angle between a branch and a 
stem or leaf & branch, on the upper side. 

Axis ; a central stem, or any centre 
around which parts are arranged. 

Baccate ; berry-like. 

Banner ; the vexillum or upper petal in 

a papilionaceous flower. 
Barbs ; stiff hooked hairs. 
Bark ; the external, covering of the 

stem, 75. 
Beaked ; tipped with a terminal process, 

like a bird's bill. 
Bearded ; beset with bristly hairs. 
Bell-shaped ; companulate, Fig. 89. 
Berry; a pulpy valveless fruit, in which 

the seeds are imbedded. 
Bi ; in composition, twice, as — 
Bicarinate ; 2 keeled. 
Biennials : 2 yearly. 
Bifid ; 2 cleft. 
Bifarious; 2ranked- 
Bif urcate ; 2 forked. 
Bilabiate ; 2 lipped. 
Binate ; in twos, twin. 
Bladdery ; thin and inflated. 
Blade ; the expanded surface of a leaf. 
Bloom : a fine powdery coating on certain 

fruits, &c, as the plum. 
Brachiate , pairs of branches, spreading 

nearly at right angles. 
Bracts ; floral leaves, 130, Fig. 72. 
Bracted, or Bracteate ; having bracts. 
Branchlets ; small branches or subdivi- 
sions of branches. 
Breathing pores ; stomato, 140. 
Bristles ; stiff hairs, straight or hooked. 
Bulb ; a subterranean bud, 62. 
Bulbous; bulb-bearing, or bulb-like. 
Bullate; as if blistered. 

Caducous ; falling off very early. 

Caespitose ; growing in turf or tuft. 

Calcarate ; spurred. 

Calyciform; cup-like. 

Calyculate; with an accessary outer ca- 
lyx. 

Calyptra ; the cap or hood of the sporan- 
gia in mosses. 

Calyx ; the outer floral envelope, 180. 

Cambium; the soft layer between the 
bark and the wood. 

Campanulate ; bell-shaped, Fig. 89. 

Campylotropous ; a curved ovule. 

Canescent ; becoming white or hoary. 

Capillary or Capillaeeous ; shaped like 
a slender thread or strong hair. 

Capitate; in heads. 

Capitulum ; a head, Fig. 79.. 

Capsule ; a dry and inslehiscent pericarp, 
usually opening by valves. 

Carina; a keel. 

Carinate; keeled. 

Carpel; a little fruit, usually a partial 
pistil, or element of a compound pistil. 



Carpophore ; the central axis supporting 
the fruit in the umbelliferce. 

Cartalaginous ; hard and tough. 

Caruncle ; a protuberance or appendage 
at the hilum of a seed. 

Caryophylaceous ; a flower like the pink, 
Fig. 96. 

Caryopsis : a grain, as wheat, rye, &c. 

Catkin; see Ament, Fig. 81. 

Caudate ; having a tail-like appendage,. 

Caudex : a stem or trunk. 

Caulescent ; having a stem. 

Cauline; attached to the stem. 

Cell ; a hollow cavity. The cavity of an 
ovary or pericarp. 

Cellular tissue; a tissue composed of 
small bladders or vesicles, 7. 

Centrifugal Inflorescence ; the flowering 
of .a cyme, 160. 

Centripetal Inflorescence ; the flowering 
of a corymb, 159. 

Cephalous ; headed, or head-bearing. 

Cernuous ; drooping or bending down. 

Chaff; the thin covering of the seeds of 
grasses, &c, or the flower bracts in 
compound flowers. 

Chalaza ; the points of union of the coats 
and nucleus of a seed, 209. 

Channelled ; hollowed out like a gutter. 

Chartaceous ; with the texture of wri- 
ting paper. 

Chlorophyll ; the colored parenchyma of 
leaves. 

Cilia; hair-shaped appendages. 

Ciliate ; fringed with hairs on the mar- 

Cinereus; ash-gray. [gin. 

Circinate ; coiled or rolled up into a ring. 

Circumeissile; cut round, opening trans- 
versely. 

Circumspection; the general outline. 

Cirrhous ; having tendrils, 60, Fig. 65. 

Clasping ; where the base of a leaf part- 
ly surrounds a stem. 

Class ; the highest division of plants in 
a system. 

Clavate ; club-shaped, larger at one end. 

Claw ; the lower narrow end of a petal, 
by which it is affixed. 

Cleft ; partially split or divided. 

Climbing; ascending by means of ten- 
drils, leaves or aerial roots. 

Coadunate; having united bases. 

Coarctate ; pressed together. 

Coccus; a separable carpel of a com- 
pound carpel. 

Cochleate ; coiled spirally, like a snail- 
Collateral ; side by side. [shelL 

Colored ; any hue but green. 

Columella ; a solid axis of a pod. 

Column ; the stamens or stamens and 
pistils combined. 

Coma ; a full tuft of hairs. 

Commissure ; the faee by which 2 car- 
pels cohere. 

Complete flower ; having both floral en« 

velopes. 
Complicate ; folded up upon itself.. 



106 



GLOSSARY. 



Compound; a whole formed of similar 
parts. 

Compressed ; flattened lengthwise. 

Conduplicate ; folded together so that 
the sides are applied face to face. 

Cone ; a collective fruit. See Strobile, 
Fig. 125. 

Confluent ; running together. 

Cc n glomerate ; clustered into a mass. 

Conjugate ; in pairs. 

Connate ; united at base. 

Connectile ; the prolong^ ion of a fTament 
supporting the lobes of an anther. 

Connivent ; converging together. 

Contorted; twisted. 

Convolute ; rolled up into a cylinder. 

Cordate ; heart-shaped, Fig. 34. 

Coriaceous ; leathery or parchment-like. 

Cormophytes ; stem growing plants. 

Gorm ; a solid bulb, 64. 

Corneous ; horn-like in texture. 

Corniculate ; bearing a small horn. 

Cornate ; horned. 

Corolla; the inner floral envelope. 

Coronate ; crowned. 

Corrugated ; wrinkled. 

Cortex; the bark, 17. [the bark. 

Cortical; having bark or arising from 

Corymb ; an umbel-shaped raceme. 

Costate ; ribbed. 

Cotyledons ; seed-leaves. 

Creeping ; running along the surface, or 
just under the surface of the ground. 

Cremocarp ; the seed-like double fruit of 
Unibelliferae, Fig. 122. 

Crenate ; having round notches or teeth. 

Cr?nulate ; finely crenate. [Fig. 59. 

Crested or Cristate; having an appen- 
dage like the comb of a cock. 

Crown ; the pappus or coma on seeds. 

Cruciform , in the shape of a cross. 

Cryptogamia ; flowerless plants, 259. 

Cuccullate ; hooded. 

Cucurbitaceous ; gourd or melon-like. 

Culm ; the stem of the grasses. 

Cuneate or Cuneaform; wedge-shaped. 

Cupule ; the cup of an acorn. 

Curvinerved; leaf-nerves arising from a 
prolongation of the petiole, instead of 
the base, 98. 

Cuspidate ; with a sharp rigid point. 

Cyathiform ; cup-shaped, top-shaped and 

Cymbiform; boat-shaped. [hollow. 

Cyme; an umbel-like centrifugal inflo- 
rescence. 

Decandrous ; with ten stamens. 
Deciduous ; falling off. 
Declinate; turned to one side. 
Decompound ; several times divided. 
Decumbent ; lying on the ground. 
Decurrent ; prolonged below the insertion. 
Decussate; crossed, in pairs alternately 
Deflected; bent back. [crossing. 

Dehiscence; natural opening of capsules. 
Deltoid ; having a triangular outline. 
Dentate ; toothed. Fig. 57. [Fig. 30. 

Denticulate ; with small testh. 



Depressed ; flattened from above. 
Dextrine ; a soluble form of starch. 
Di, in composition ; two, as — 
Diadelphous ; having the filaments in two 

parcels. 
Diandrous ; having two stamens. 
Dichlamydeus ; having both calyx and 
Dichotomous; 2-forked. [corolla- 

Diclinous; when the stamens and pistils 

are in separate flowers. 
Dicotyledonous ; having two cotyledons. 

Fig. 126. 
Didymous ; double or twinned. 
Didynamous ; 2 long and 2 short stamens. 
Diffuse ; spreading widely and loosely. 
Digitate ; finger-shaped. Fig. 44. 
Digynous ; having 2 pistils. 
Dimerous ; in twos. 
Dioecious; having the stamens on ono 

plant, and the pistils on another. 
Dipetalous ; of 2 petals. 
Diphyllous ; of 2 leaves. 
Discoid ; resembling a disk. 
Disk ; the whole surface of a leaf, or cen* 

tre of a compound flower. 
Dissected ; deeply gashed. 
Dissepiment ; a partition. 
Distichous ; in two opposite rows. 
Distinct; unconnected. 
Divaricate ; widely spreading. 
Diverging ; spreading out. 
Divided; severed in two or more parts. 
Dodocandrous ; with 12 stamens. 
Dorsal; borne on the back. 
Dorsal suture ; outer seam of a carpel. 
Downy ; having short, soft hairs. 
Drupe; a pericarp, with a hard stons 

covered by a sarcocarp, as the Plum, 

Cherry, &c. Fig. 120. 
Drupaceous ; bearing drupes. 
Ducts; membraneous vessels or tubes, 

which do not unroll spirally, 14. 
Duplicate; doubly. 
Duramen ; heart-wood. 

E, Ex, in composition ; destitute of, as — ■ 
Ebracteatc ; destitute of bracts. 
Eared; having lobe-like appendages. 
Echinate ; beset with rigid prickles. 
Elators; spiral threads in the theca) of 

Liverworts, 269. 
Elliptical ; longer than wide, rounded at 

each end. Fig. 25. 
Elongated; longer than usual. 
Emarginate ; with a notch at the apex. 

Fig. 63. 
Embryo ; the future plant, contained in 

the seed, 238. 
Emersed ; rising out of the water. 
Endocarp ; the inner coat of a fruit. 
Endogen, Endogenous; inside grower*, 

increasing by internal accretions, 77. 

Fig. 20. 
Endostome; orifice of the outer coat of 

the nucleus. 
Enneandrous; having nine stamens. 
Ensiform ; sword-shaped. 
Entire; even-edged. 







GLOSSARY. 107 



Ephemeral ; lasting but a day. Fruit ; the seed with its enclosing peri- 

Epicarp ; the outer skin of a fruit. carp. 

Epidermis; cuticle, outer skin, 17. Frutescent; woody, or becoming woody. 

Epigynous ; growing on the apex of the Fugacious ; falling away very early. 

ovary. Funiculus; foot-stalk of the ovary op 

Epipetalous ; growing on petals. seed. 

Epiphytes; plants growing on other Funnel-shaped; a corolla with a tube, 

plants. Air plants, 42. and a gradually expanding limb. 

Episperm; Testa, outer coat of seed. Furcate; forked. 

Equitant ; opposite leaves infolding each Furrowed ; marked with longitudinal 
other, so as to alternately overlap each channels. . 

other's edges. 88. Fusiform ; spindle-shaped, like the Ra£- 

Ercse ; unequally sinuate, as if gnawed. isb, 32. 

Etiolated; blanched. j> - 

Exalbuminous; seed without albumen. Galea; a helmet, the upper lip of a la et* 
Exogens ; outside growers, increasing by ate corolla. 

external accretions, 12. Fig. 19. Gamopetalous ; having one petal. 

Exostome ; orifice of the inner coat of the Gamosepalous ; having one sepal. 

nucleus. Geminate ; in pairs. 

Exotic; plants belonging to a foreign Genera, genus; ideal assemblages of near* 

country. ly related species. 

Exsertcd; projecting out beyond the ori- Geniculate ; bent at a very obtuse angle* 

fi ce> Germ ; the growing point of a bud. 

Exstipulate ; destitute of stipules. Germination ; the swelling of a seed and 

Extrorse ; turned outwards. the evolution of its embryo. 

Gibbous ; swollen or enlarged at one side. 
Falcate; shared like a scythe or sickle. Glabrous; smooth. 

Farinaceour; mealy. Gland; a small collection of tissue prodte- 

Fascicle; a contracted cyme. Fir*. 85. cing a secretion, 20. 

Fasciculated ; in bundles or fascicles. Glandular ; furnished with glands. 

Fastigiate ; fiat-topped, applied to a clus- Glaucous ; covered with a whitish, fine 
Favose ; honey-combed. [ter. powder, or bloom that rubs off. 

Feather ; the plumose crown of seeds. Globose ; globular, round like a ball. 
Feather-veined; with the veins like a Glomerate ; densely clustered. 

feather , 99. Glomerule ; small heads forming a glume. 

Fertile; applied to pistillate flowers. Glume; the scales or bracts surrounding 

Fibre ; any thread-like part. the stamens and pistils in the graee«s. 

Filament; that part of a stamen that sup- Gluten; a tenaceous principle found ia 

ports the anther. some seeds. 

Filiform ; thread-like. - Granulate ; in the form of grains. 

Fimbriate; fringed. Gymuospermous; naked-seeded plants. 

Fissure; a cleft, or split. Gymnospermia ; an order of Didynamia. 

Fistulous; hollow'likc arced. Gynaxiuin: the pistillate system of a 

Flabelliform ; fan-shaped. flower, 198. 

luaccid ; lax, or limber. Gynandrous ; when stamens are seated 

Flagelliform ; whip-like. on the pistil. 

Fleshy ; thick, and containing a firm Gynaphore ; a special stalk of the ovary. 

pulp. 
Flexuous ; bent or curved right and left Habitat ; the situation where a plant na» 

alternately. turally grows. 

Floccose ; covered with loose cottony tufts. Hairs ; hair-like appendages to plants, 21 , 
Floral ; relating to a flower. llalbert-shaped. hastate. Fig. 36. 

Florets; the separate small flowers of a Hastate; shaped like a halbert. 

cluster or head. Head ; flowers collected in a rounded 

Floriferous; bearing flowers. form. 

Flower: the stamens and pistils, and Heart-shaped; cordate. Fig. 34. 

their envelopes, 187. Fig. 87. Heart-wood; duramen, iho inner layers 

Foliaceous; leaf-like in texture. of a stem. 

Foliate ; with leaves. Helmet ; the upper lip of a labiate Sower. 

Follicle; a one-valved pericarp, dehiscing Hemicarp; half a cremocarp. 

longitudinally. Fig. 117. Heptandrous ; having seven stamens. 

Foramen ; the small aperture in the coats Heptagynous ; having seven styles. 

of a seed. Herb ; any plant not having a woody 

Foveolate; pitted. stem. 

Fovilla ; the fine dust in the pollen grains. Herbaceous ; not woody. 
Free-; not adherent to any other organ. Herbarium ; a collection of dried plante. 
Frond ; stem and leaf confluent together, Hesperidium ; an orange, or similar fruH. 
peculiar to cryptogamous plants, 264. Heterogamous ; a compound flower, witu 



108 GLOSSARY. 



the disk flowers perfect, and the rays Jointed; separating across by an articu- 

ligulate and pistillate, or neutral. lation. 

ITeterotropous ; see amphitropous. Juga; pairs. 

Hexamerous ; a whorl of six parts. 

Hexandrous ; haying six stamens. Keel; the lower petal of a papilionaceous 

Hexagynous; haying six styles. corolla. 

Hilum ; the scar or mark on a seed, left Keeled; furnished with a projecting ridge 

by the detachment of the funiculus. along the under side, like the keel of a 

Hirsute ; clothed with soft hairs. boat. 

Hispid ; bristly, beset with stiff hairs. Kidney-shaped ; reniform, much hollowed 

Hoary ; whitish from a scaly mealiness. at one side, and rounded at the ends. 
Homogamous; all the flowers of ahead Fig. 38. 

alike. Knot ; a node or swelling joint. 

Homotropous; having the same direction 

as the body to which it is attached. Labellum ; the lip-formed petal in orchi- 

Hooded ; curved suddenly at the point. dous flowers. 

Hybrids; crosses between allied species. Labiate; having lips. Fig. 93. 
Hypocrateriform ; salver-shaped. Fig. 90. Lacerated ; torn, cut into irregular seg- 
Hypogynous ; stamens arising from be- ments. 

lowthe ovary. Laciniate ; slashed, deeply and irregu* 

larly cut. 
Icosandrous ; having more than ten sta- Lactescent ; milky. 

mens inserted on the calyx. Lamella; a thin plate. 

Imbricated: lying over each other with Lamina; a broad plate or expansion. 

regularity, so as to break joints. Lanate, Lanaginous ; woolly. 

Imperfect; wanting stamen or pistil. Lanceolate; shaped like the head of a 

Incised; irregularly and sharply cut. spear. Fig. 24. 

Incumbent; leaning upon, the radicle Latex; the proper juices of plants. 

resting against the back of one cotyle- Lactiferous tissue; the series of vessel* 

don. ' carrying the latex, 16. 

Incurved; bent inwards. Lateral; at the side. 

Indefinite ; too numerous to be counted. Leaflet ; one of the small 1< aTe i of a com- 
Indehiscent; not opening naturally. Leafstalk; petiole. [pound leaf. 

Indigenous; being a native. Legume; apod, a twc-valved pericarp. 

Induplicate; having the edges bent X)r Fig. 118. 

rolled inwards. Lenticular ; resembling a double convex 

Indusium ; a thin membraneous cover- lens. . 

ing, applied to the scale on the thecse Liber; the innermost layer of bark. 

in ferns. Lignin ; a vegetable principle found in 

Inferior; towards the base or root. woody fibre. 

Inflated ; enlarged, as if dilated by air. Ligule ; an appendage shaped like a strap. 
Infiexed; incurved. Ligulate; strap-shaped, long and narrow-. 

Inflorescence; the mode in which flowers Liliaceous; having a corolla like a lily. 

are arranged on a branch. Fig. 97. 

Infracted; bent at g@ acute an angle as Limb; the spreading part of a petal of a 

to appear broken. monopetalous corolla. 

Infundibuliform; funnel-shaped. Fig. 90. Line; the twelfth port of an inch. 
Innate; when an anther is firmly at- Linear; narrow and long. 

tached to the apex of a filament. Lineate; marked with lines. 

Insertion; the point of attachment or Lifs; the pieces of a 2-labiate (2-lipred) 

un'on. corolla. 

Interfoliaceous; between the insertion of Lobes, Lobed; rounded division?. 

leaves. Loculic'dal; the cWLi cence of the conv 

Inierncde; the space between nodes or ponent carpels of a compound fruit, by 

joints. the dorsal suture. Fig. 112. 

Interrupted ; when organs of a different Loment; a jointed legume. 

size are interposed in a series. Lunate ; -crescent-shaped. 

interval; the channel on a cremocarp Lurid; of a dull, deathly hue. 

b< tw;en the ridges. Lyrate; pinnatifitl. having the upper e-eg- 

Introduoed ; not originally a native. ments largest. Fig. 40. 

Introrse ; turned outward. 
Inverted; when a part is in an opposite Mammilar; conical, with a rounded apex. 

direction to other similar parts. Marescent ; withering — persistent. 

Involucel ; a partial involucre. Margin; the circumference or edge. 

Involucre; a whorl of bracts to an umbel Mealy; covered with a white powder. 

or head. Medullary rays ; the silver-grain of wocd* 

Ieomerous; eexual in the number of Membranous, or Membranaceous; the 

parts. texture or thinness of membrane. 



GLOSSARY. 109 



Mericarp ; half a cremocarp, a fruit of Nucules ; little nuts, or nut-like fruits. 

an umbelliferous plant. Nut ; a one-celled, and one-seeded fruit, 

Micropyle; foraman or scar of an ovule, arising from a two or more celled and 
Midrib; the main rib of a leaf, extending seeded ovule. 

from the base to the apex. Nutant; nodding, partially drooping. 

Mi triform; having two terminal divisions, 

like a mitre. Ob ; a particle, which, when prefixed to 

Monadelphous ; stamens united in one any other term, denotes the inversion 

set. of the usual position. 

Monandrous ; having one stamen. Obconic ; conic, with the apex downward. 

Moniliform; necklace-shaped. Obccrdate; reversed heart-shaped. 

Monocarpous; bearing but one fruit, Or Oblanccol ate; with the widest part above 

bearing but once. the middle, and tapering gradually to 

Monochlamydeous; when the calyx only the base. 

is present. Oblique ; not symmetrical, one side as it 

Monoclinous; having the stamens and were cut off obliquely. 

pistils in the same flower. Oblong ; much longer than broad. 

Monocotyledonous ; having but one coty- Obovate ; ovate, with the narrowest pcr- 

ledon. tion at base. 

Monoecious ; having stamens and pistils Obovoid; inversely ovoid. 

in different flowers, but on the same Obsolete ; when a part is obscure, and as 

plant. if worn away. 

Monogynous; having but one style. Obtuse ; blunt, rounded. 

Monopetalous; where the corolla is of Obsolute; where one margin of a leaf in 

one piece, the bud is exterior, the other interior. 

Monophyllous ; one-leafed. Ochrea; a cylindrical stipule. 

Monosepalous ; calyx in one piece. Ochroleucous ; whitish-yellow, cream.- 

Monospermous; one-seeded. color. 

Mucronate; having a rounded end. Octandrou3 ; having eight stamens. 

Multifid; many-cleft. Octogynous; having eight styles. 

Multipartite ; many-parted. Offset; a lateral branch, terminated by a 

Multiple ; a number containing another cluster of leaves, and capable of taking 

number several times without a re- root. 

mainder ; as 9 is a multiple of 3. Oleaginous ; oily, affording oil. 

Muricate; havingshort rigid excrescences. Opercular; opening by a lid fixed at cue 
Muticous or Mutic; pointless, awnless. side. 

Mutilated; not produced in a perfect Operculum; the lid or covering of the 

form. theca in mosses. 

Opposite ; standing directly against each 
Naked ; wanting a covering analogous to other on opposite sides of the stem, 

that of other species. Orbicular; having a circular outline, 

Napiform; turnip-shaped. Orthotropous ; where an ovule is turned 

Natant; swimming, floating. from its original direction. 

Navicular; boat-shaped. Oval ; longer than broad, the sides curv- 

Neck; the ciown of a root; the upper ing regularly from end to end. 

part of the tube of the corolla. Ovary; the germ or base of the pistil; 

Necteriferous ; bearing honey. the young state of a pericarp. 

Nectary; the part of a flower secreting Ovate; egg-shaped. [egg. 

honey. Ovoid ; having the outline Of an entire 

Needle-shaped ; linear, rigid, tapering to Ovule ; the incipient form of a seed, eon- 

a point. tained in an ovary. 

Nerved ; having rib-like fibres. 
Nerves; parallel veins or rib-like fibres Palate; a large obtuse projection which 

extending from above the base to the closes the throat of a personate flower. 

apex. Palese ; a chaffy bract to a floret in some 

Netted ; having reticulated fibres. compound flowers. 

Neuter or Neutral; having neither sta- Palleaceous; chaffy. 

mens nor pistils. Palmate ; divided so a3 to resemble tho 

Node ; a knot or joint, the projection from hand and fingers. 

which leaves arise. Panduriform ; fiddle-shaped. 

Nodding; inclining to one side, partly Panicle; an irregularly-branched raceme, 

drooping. Panicled or Paniculate; arranged in the 

Nodi ; nodes, knots, joints. form of a panicle. 

Nodose; having many nodi or joints. Papiilionaceous; butterfly-shaped; a form 
Normal; regular in structure. of an irregular polypetalous corolla. 

Nucamentaceous; producing nuts. Papillose; pimpled, having fleshy protu- 

Nucleus ; kernel, the substance of a seed berances. [flowers, 

or ovule. Pappus; the seed down in coaipouml 

j 



110 GLOSSARY. 



Parasitic; drawing support from another Pinnatifid; cut-winded, where the lamina 

plant. on each side of a petiole is deeply cleft. 

Parenchyma; common cellular tissue in Pinnules; the leaflets or subdivisions of 

a soft state. a bi tri or multi-pinnate leaf. 

Parietal; arising from the inner wall of Pisiform; formed like a pear. 

an organ. Pistil ; the central organ of flowers coxa- 

Parted ; divided almost to the base. posed of style, stigma and ovary. 

Partial ; particular, not general. Pistillate; having pistils only. 

Partition ; a dissepiment. Pith; the central spongy substance in 

Pectinate ; divided like the teeth of a the centre of plants, composed of eel- 
comb, lular tissue. 
Pedate; finely palmate, like the foot of Placentae; the line or body to which the 

a bird. ovules are attached. 

Pedicel; a partial or secondary flower- Plaited; folded in regular layers. 

stalk. Plane; flat. 

Pedicillate orpedicelled : having or being Plicate; folded like a fan. 

supported on a pedicel. Plumose ; resembling a feather, fringed 

Peduncle; a flower-stalk. [duncle. with hairs. 

Peduncled or pedunculate ; having a pe- Plumule ; the incipient ascending axis. 
Pellicle: a very thin stratum or coat. Poculirorm ; cup-shaped. 
Pellucid ; transparent, pervious to light. Pod ; a pericarp of two valves; it may be 
Pellucid-punctate; having punctures ad- a Legume or Silique. [ovary. 

mitting the passage of light. Podos'perm; funiculus, footstalk of an 

Peltate; "shield-like, having a stalk or Pollen; the granules or dust contained 

support in the water. in anthers. 

Pencilled or pencillate; ending alike a Pollen-tube; a minute tube projected 

painters pencil or brush. from a pollen grain. 

Pendulous; hanging down. Pollinia; masses of pollen. 

Pentagonal; having five corners or angles. Polydelphous ; having stamens united 
Pen tagy nous; having five styles. in more than two sets. 

Pentandrous ; having five stamens. Polyandrous ; having many stamens at- 

Pentamerous ; a whorl of five parts. tached to the receptacle. 

Pepo; an indehiscent fleshy, or internal- Po^ygamo-dioecious; having perfect and 

ly pulpy fruit, formed of three united imperfect flowers on distinct plants. 

carpels. Polygamous; having perfectorstaminate 

Perennial ; lasting from year to year. and pistillate fiowers,or ali these kinds. 

Perfoliate ; where a stem perforates a leaf. Pol ygy nous ; having many styles. 
Perforate; having holes and dots, as if Polymorphous; changeable, assuming a 

pricked. * variety of forms. 

Perianth ; floral envelopes. Polypetalous ; having many petals. 

Pcrieai*p; the fruit seed case. Polypbyllous; having many leaves, cp- 

Peridium: a spore-case, plied to the calyx. 

Perigonitxm; a perianth. Polysepalous; having many sepals. 

Perigynium; a sac cnclo.-ing the ovrry. Polyspermous; having many speds. 
Perigjnous; inserted around the ovary. Pome ; a pulpy or juicy fruit, formed of 
Perisperm; the albumen. a juicy or fleshy calyx; enclosing the 

Peristome ; the fringed border of the carpels. 

theca in mosses. Porrected ; extended forward. 

Permanent, persistent; remaining for a Proe foliation ; vernation, the arrange- 
long ttme. ment of a leaf in a bud. 
Personate; marked ; a form for a labiate Pra Aeration; aestivation, the arrange- 

flower, ment of the floral envelopes in a bud. 

Petal ; the colored leaf of a flower. Prcemorse ; as if bitten off. 

Fetaloid; resembling a petal. Prickle; a sharp appendage of the bark, 

Petio'e ; the foot-stalk of a leaf. not connected with the wood. 

Ft t : o'ed or petiolate ; with a petiole, not Primine ; outer coat of ovule. 

sessile. Prismatic; having several parallel flat 

Petiolule; the foot-stalk of a leaflet. sides. 

Phanognmous or phanerogamous; hav- Process; a protuberance or projecting 

ing visible stamens aud pistils. part. 

Phyilcdium; a leaf formed of a dilated Procumbent; lying on the ground. 

pet ; o!e. Proliferous ; where leaves or flowers arise 

Pilose; hairv, having s'ender hairs. from others. 

Pinna! ; the- leaflets or divisions of a pin- Prostrate ; lying on the ground. 

nate leaf. Protruded; projecting out, exserted. 

Pinnate; a leaf is pinnate when the leaf- Pruinose ; covered with a frost-like 

let* are arranged in two rows on the meal. 

jsidti of a common petiole ; winged. Pseudapinnate; falsely or imperfectly pit 



GLOSSARY. 



Ill 



nate, not resolving at any time into 
separate leaflets, as the Pea, Vetch. 

Puberulent; covered with a minute pu- 
bescence. 

Pubescence ; a general term for the hairy 
covering of plants. 

Pubescent; hairy, having hairs of any 
kind. 

Pulp; the soft juicy cellular substance, 
found in berries and similar fruits. 

Pulverulent; powdery. 

Pulvinate ; cushion-like. 

Punctate; dotted. 

Puncticulate ; having minute dots. 

Pungent; sharp-pointed, or prickly at 
the apex, acrid. 

Putamen ; a nut-shell. 

Pyramidal; tapering upwards. 

Pyriform ; pear-shaped. 

Pyridium; a capsule with a transverse 
dehiscence. 

Quadrangular ; four-cornered. 
Quadrifarious ; in four rows or directions, 

pointing or facing four ways. 
Quadrifid; four-cleft. 
Quaternate ; four together. 
Quinate; arranged in fives. 

Raceme; an inflorescence having the 

fiowers supported on pedicels along a 

rachis. 
Racemose ; flowering in raceme?. 
Rachis; the axis of inflorescence, or the 

general petiole in pinnate leaves. 
Radiant, or Radiate; diverging from a 

common centre furnished with rays. 
Radical; proceeding directly from tho 

root. 
Radicle; secondary roots, rootlets. 
Radicating; sending out roots at the 

nodes or joints of the stem. 
Rameal ; belonging to the branches. 
Ramenta; the scales or persistent remains 

of leaves or other parts of the plant. 
Ramentaccous; covered with ramenta. 
Ramose ; branched, branching. 
Kaphe; the ridge or part connecting the 

hilum and chaiaza. 
Rapbides ; minute crystals in the cellu- 
lar tissue. 
Exy; the outer florets of a compound 

flower. 
Receptacle; the base on which the parts 

of fructification are seated. 
Reclined, or Reeiinate ; inclined down- 
Recurved; bent downwards. [wards. 
Reduplicate; with the edges folded or 

turned outwards. 
Roflexed ; bent backwards. 
Regular; having the parts pqual and 

uniform ; as the divisions of the calyx 

or corolla. 
Remote; distant. 
Reniform ; kidney-shaped. 
Ropand ; spread, having a curved or 

sinuous margin. 
JUplicatoj bent back on itself. 



Replum; a persistent placentae, or mar- 
gin in certain seeds. 

Resupinate; inverted. 

Reticulate ; netted. 

Retroflex ; lending in various directions. 

Retrorse or Retrorsely; turned backwards 

Retuse ; when an apex is slightly inden- 
ted or hollowed out. 

Reversed; bent back towards the base. 

Revolute; rolled backwards. 

Rhoizoma; a horizontal subterranean 
stem. 

Rhomboidal; oval, but somewhat angu- 
lar at the middle. 

Rhomboid; when the midrib of a leaf 
sends o:f marked lateral ones. 

Ribs ; parallel ridges or nerves extend- 
ing from near the base to the apex. 

Rigid ; stiff, inflexible. 

Rimose; full of chinks or clefts. 

Ringent ; grinning ; applied to a form of 
labiate flowers. 

Root; the descending axis of a plant. 

Rooting; sending out lateral roots. 

Rootlet; a secondary root or fibre. 

Rosaceous; having a corolla like a rose. 

Rostrate ; beaked. 

Rostellate , with a small beak. 

Rosulate ; arranged in the form of a ro- 

Rotate; wheel shaped. [sette. 

Rugged, or Rough; covered with small 
asperities. 

Rudiment; a term applied to an organ 
that is imperfectly developed. 

Rufesecnt; becoming reddish-orange or 
rusty. 

Rulou^; reddish-brown or rust-colored. 

Rugose: wrinkled, having small folds or 
elevations. 

Rugolose; finely wrinkled. 

Ruminated; when the albumen has a 
wrinkled or folded appearance. 

Runeinate; pinnati fid, with the divisions 
pointing backwards. 

Runner ; a shoot producing leaves and 
roots at the end. 

Saccate; having or resembling a small 
Sagittate ; arrow-headed. [sac. 

Salver-shared; a monopetalou3 corolla, 

with a flat spreading limb. 
Samara; an indehiseent winged periearn. 
Sap; the watery fluid absorbed by the 

spongioles of a plant, and affording it 

nourishment. 
Sapwood; albumen, the outer layer. 
Sarcocarp ; the fleshy or pulpy coat of a 

pericarp, between the epicarp and exo- 

carp. 
Sarmentose ; a running shoot, rooting at 

its joints. 
Scabrous; rough. 

Scales ; thin membraneous processes at- 
tached to the cuticle, &c. 
Scandant; climbing usually by teudrilp. 
Scape; a radical peduncle, or fiewtr 

stem. 
Searious; dry and membraneous. 



112 



GLOSSARY. 



Scattered; irregularly and thinly ar- 
ranged. 

Scions ; lateral shoots or offsets from the 

root. 
Scorpoid; an unilateral raceme, which 

is revolute "before expansion. 
Scrobiculate ; pitted. 
Scutellate ; shaped like a target or shield. 
Secund ; turned to one side, one-sided. 
Secundine ; the second coat of the ovule. 
iSeed ; the matured result of fecundation, 

and designed to reproduce the species. 
Segments; the parts, into which a corol- 
la, calyx, &c, are divided. 
Semi; half. 
£emi-bivalved; half divided into two 

valves. 
Bepalcid ; like sepals, not petal-like. 
Sepals : the leaves of a calyx. 
$epticiclal ; when a pericarp opens by 

the opening of the ventral sutures, 

and a division of the dissepiments. 
Septiferous ; bearing a septum. 
Septifragal ; when the disseppirnents re- 
main attached to the axis, separated 

from the valves, as in the lopulicidal 

dehiscence. 
Septum; a partition. 
Sericeous ; silky, covered with soft short 

hairs. 
Serrate; having teeth like those of a saw. 
lierrulate ; when serrate teeth are again 

serrated, it also means finely serrate. 
Sessile; where any organ is destitute of 

a stalk or support. 
Seta ; a bristle. 
SeT^ceous; bristle-like. 
Setiform ; formed like a bristle. 
Setose; bristly, having bristles or stiff 

hairs. 
Sheaths; the prolongation of a leaf, 

bract, &c, down a stem, so as to en- 
close it. 
Sheathed ; embraced by a sheath. 
Sheathing ; surrounding by a convolute 

base . 
Shield-shaped; shaped like an ancient 

shield. . 
Shining; glossy, smooth and polished. 
Shrub ; a small plant with a woody stem. 
Sickle-formed; much curved, vith sharp 

edges.. 
Silicle ; the pod of a plant of the order 

siliculosa. 
Siliculosa; an order of Tetradynamia, 

having pods almost as broad as long. 
Siiique; the pod of a plant of the order 

siliquosa. 
Sillquoea; an order of Tetradynamia; 

having the pods much longer than 

Inroad. 
Silky ; clothed with soft and shining ap- 

pressed hairs. 
Single; undivided. [sions. 

Sinuate; having rounded shallow inci- 
Sinus; a rounded incision in the margin. 
Smooth ; having an even surface. 
Solitary ; single. 



Sorus ; a cluster or sporangia in ferns. 

Spadix ; an elongated spike, covered by 
a spathe or modified bract. 

Span (measures) ; 9 inches. 

Sparse ; scattered. 

Spathe; a kind of sheathing bract, ft 
spadix or single flower. 

Spatulate ; shaped like a spatula. 

Species ; the lowest division of plants. 

Spermoderm ; testa, outer coat of seed. 

Spike ; flowers arranged in an elongated 
rachis, with very short or no pedicels. 

Spikelet; a division of a spike. 

Spindle shaped ; fusiform. 

Spine ; a thorn, connected with the wood. 

Spinose ; bearing spines. 

Spiral vessels ; membraneous tubes, hav-- 
ing internally a spiral fibre or fibres. 

Spongioles; the extremeties of root fibreSc 

Sporangium ; the case containing spores. 

Spores ; sporules ; the organs serving as 
seeds in Cryptogamous plants. 

Sporidia ; membraneous cases containing, 
spores in the Fungi. 

Spo'rogens; parasitic plants, having flow- 
ers, but propagated by spores. 

Spur; a process from the calyx or corol- 
la resembling a cock's spur. 

Squamose; scaly. [scales. 

Squamellate ; bearing small narrow. 

Squarrose ; ragged scales or leaves stand- 
ing out from a common axis. 

Stamens; the fecundating organ of. 
plants. 

Staminate ; having stamens only. 

Standard ; banner, the upper petal of a 
papillionaceous flower. 

Stellate ; star-like, spreading out in a 
radiate manner. 

Stem ; the ascending axis of a plant. 

Stemless ; unprovided with a stem. 

Sterile ; a staminate flower. 

Stigma; the terminating organ on a. 
pistil. 

Stipe; the stalk of a fern, fungus, or of 

Stipellate; having stipelles. [apod. 

Stipelles ; a stipule of a leaflet. 

Stipitate ; having a stipe. 

Stipulate; furnished with stipules. 

Stipule; a leafy appendage or leaflet, at 
or near the insertion of the petiole. 

Stolon ; a rooting branch or shoot. 

Stomato; pores in the epidermis. 

Striate ; streaked with longitudinal lines. 

Strigose; clothed with short, rigid, ap- 
pressed hairs. 

Strobile; a cone, a kind of ament with 
woody scales, each of which is an open 
carpel. 

Strophiole ; an appendage at the hilum 
of some seeds. 

Struma ; a cushion-like swelling, a pro- 
tuberance at the base of the carpel of 
some Mosses. 

Style ; that part of a pistil between tho 
ovary and stigma ; it is often absent. 

Stylopodium; the thickened base of some 
gtyles. 



GLOSSARY. lie 



Snberose; cork-like. Tridentate; 3-toothetf. 

Sub-; a qualifying prefix, signifying Trifid; 3-cleft. 

somewhat; as Trifoliate; 3 leaves together. 

5W>-cordate ; somewhat heart-shaped; Trifoliolate ; 3 leaflets together.. 

swfr-rotund, somewhat rounded. Trigonous; 3-angled, 3-sided. 

Submersed ; under water. Trigynous ; having 3 styles. 

Subterraneus; growing beneath the earth. Trimerous; a whorl of 3 parts. 
Subulate; awl-shaped, tapering to a Triquitrous; sharply 3-angled, the 3 side* 
Succulent; juicy, pulpy. [sharp point. concave. 
Sucker; a shoot. Tripinnate; 3 times pinnate. 

Suffruticose : slightly shrubby, smaller Tnternate; 3 times ternate. 

than a shrub. Trophosperm ; a synonyme for the pla~ 

Bulcate; grooved, marked with deep lines. centoe. 

Superior; a calyx or corolla is superior Trumpet-shaped; tubular, dilated at the 
when it is inserted on the upper part apex. 

of an ovary. Truncate ; as if cut off tranversely. 

Supici- axillary ; appearing above an axil. Tube ; the united part of a calyx or cc- 
Surcuiose; producing suckers. rolla. 

Suspended; an- ovule hanging directly Tuber; a thick and fleshy subterranean 

downwards. stem of no regular form. 

Sutural; belonging to a carpel. Tubercles; small knobs or tubers. 

Suture; a seam at the meeting of two Tuberculate; warty. 

parts, the line of dehiscence of a carpel. Tunicated ; coated. 
Symmetrical; when parts are in their Turbinate; top-shaped, 
"normal proportions. Turgid ; swollen, thick. 

Syncarpous; several carpels uniting in Twinirfg; ascending spirally. 

'one ovary. Two-ranked; rows on opposite sides. 

Syngenesious; anthers united in a tube. 

Synonymes ; names of the same meaning. Umbel; an inflorescence whore the flow- 
er-stalks diverge from the same point 
Tail; a filiform process affixed to a seed. in a radiated manner. 
Tap-root; a conical root. Umbellate; bearing umbels. 

Tegnum ; the inner covering of a seed. Umbellets; secondary or partial umbels. 
Tendril ; an appendage by which a climb- Umbilicate ; depressed in the centre. 

ing plant supports itself. Umbilicus; the hilum of a seed. 

Terete; cylindrical cr tapering, but Umbonate ; bossed. 

round . Unarmed; destitute of spines, prickles, £c. 

Terminal; proceeding from the apex. Uncinate; hooked. 

Ternate ; in threes, three-fold. Under-shrubs ; small plants with woody 

Testa; the outer coat of a seed. Undulate; wavy. [stems. 

Tetradynamous ; having 6 stamens. 4 ci Uuguiculate ; claw-like ; having a claw. 

which are longer than the ©tkws. Unguis: the claw of a petal. 

Tetragynous; having 4 styles. Unilateral; one-sided. 

Tetramerous ; in fours. Urceolate; urn shaped. 

Tetrandria; having 4 stamens. Urtlcle ; a small bag or sac, a caryopris- 

Thalamous ; a name for the receptacle of which does net adhere to the sevti.. 

the flowers. 
Thallophy tes ; stemless, leafless, flower- Tagina ; a sheath. 

less plants. Vaginate ;; sheathed. 

Thallus; the frond of Hepaticco. Yalvate ; having valves. 

Theeav, a spore-case. Valves; the pieces of a pericarp which 

Thorn; a spine or short process from seperate naturally on ripening. 

the woody part of a plant. Tariety ; a plant differing from the type 

Throat; the orifice of a calyx-tube.. of the species in minor particulars. 

Tbyrsus; a condensed panicle. Vascular plants \ plants with spiral ves- 

Tomentose; woolly with short dense hairs. sels. [sels. 

Toothed; having salient points not di- Vascular tissue; consisting of spiral ves- 

rected towards the- apex of the leaf. Vaulted ; arched as the upper lip in some 
Top-shaped ; inversely conical. labiate flowers. 

Tortuous ; irregularly bent or twisted. Veins ; the ribs of leaves 
Torus ; a receptacle. Velutinous ; velvety ,,clothed with a closoj. 

Transverse ; crosswise. soft, and dense pubescence.. 

Tree ; a large woody plant. Velvety; as velutinous. 

Triadelphous ; having stamens in three Venation; distribution of veins in a leaf 

sets. Venose ; veiny. 

Triandrous; having 3 stamens. Ventral suture; the suture opening te> 

Tribracteate ; with 3 bracts. the axis of a flower. 

Trivliotomoug ; 3- forked, Ycntricose : inflated, swelling out. 



114 



GLOSSARY. 



Vernation ; the arrangement of leaves 
in the bud. 

Verucose; warty. 

Versatile; lying horizontally. 

Vertical ; at right angles with the earth. 

Verticel ; a whorl. 

Verticellaster ; a whorled cyme. 

Verticellate ; in whorls, bearing whorls. 

Vehicular; bladdery, having bladder- 
like cavities. 

Vexillum; the standard of a papillina- 
ceous corolla. 

Villous, or Villose; clothed with long 
and soft shaggy hairs. 

Virgate; wand like. 

Viscid ; clammy, glutinous. 

Yjt&a', oil-tubes, longitudinal canals in 
the substance of the fruit of Umbel- 
liferous plants, containing aromatic oil. 



Voluble ; twining. 

"Wand ; a small twig, a long reed. 
Wedge-shaped; oboyate, with straitish 

sides. 
Wheel-shaped; when a corolla has & 

spreading limb and a very short tube. 
Whorl ; flowers or leaves surrounding 

the stem in numbers. 
Wings ; lateral appendages to leaves, &c, 

also the two side petals in a papilliona- 

ceous flower. 
Wood ; the solid part of plants, composed 

of cellular tissue, woody fibre, spiral 

vessels, &c. 
Woody tissue ; cells with firm and thick - 

ish walls, drawn out into tapering or 

slender tubes. 
Woolly ; clothed with long matted hairs- 



ANALYTICAL TABLES, 



Synopsis of the Genera described in this work, according: 
to the Linnsen Artificial System. 

WITH REFERENCES TO THE NATURAL ORDERS AND PAGE, 



CLASS I.' MONAWDKIi.— I Stamen, 
Order L MONOGYNIA.— 1 PistiZ 

* Flowers not glumaceous, 

PASS, 
Hippuris. — Perianth adherent to the ovary, the border entire. Stamens inser- 
ted on the edge of the calyx. — Aquatics, with entire leaves in who?-ls, and 
minute flowers sessile in the axils. 11S" ; 

Canna. — Perianth unequal, scarcely lip-shaped. Stamens petaloid, only one 
with half an anther on its edge. — Herbaceous tropical plants, with trans- 
verse parallel-veined leaves and showy flowers. 365 

* * Flowers glumaceous (Sedges). 

HfiMiCAHPHA,— Perianth none. Style 2-cleft. — Low tufted annuals, with 'bristle- 
like leaves at the base, and many-flowered spikes. S9T 

Species of Cyperus, Eriophorus, and Fimbristylis. in CYPERACE2E. 394 

Order II, DIGYNIA. — 2 Styles or sessile Stigmas. 

* Flowers not glumaceous. 

Callitriche. — Filaments slender. Styles 2, awl-shaped. Fruit 4-lobed, 4- 

celled, naked. — Aquatic small annuals. Leaves opposite, entire. §1£ 

Butum. — Calyx 3 to 5-parted, becoming juicy and berry-like in fruit. — Leaves 

triangular or halbert- shaped, sinuate-toothed. 29$ 



# 



* Flowers glumaceous (Grasses). 



Cinna.— Spikelets 1-flowered, in a large compound terminal panicle. Stamens 

opposite the 1-nerved upper palse. 411 

Uxiola. — Spikelets several-flowered, very fiat, eoriaceous. — Tufted, from creep- 
ing rootstocks. 421 

A*q>?,o?oao?r,--$pik9let3 1^-flowered, in pairs. Panicles silky, '4SJ 



116 CLASS II. 



CLASS II. BIAHBRIA.-2 Stamens. 
.Order I. MONOGYNIA.— 1 Style or Stigma. 

* Flowers with only a calyx ; not glumaceous. 

]?raxinus. — Calyx small, 4-cleft. Fruit a samara or key. Leaves pinnate. 295 

* * Flowers with a calyx and corolla. 

J Corolla polypetalous (of separate petals). 

CmONANTHES. — Petals 4, long and linear. Stamens very short. Style very 
short, with a notched stigma. — Shrubs with white flowers in drooping ra- 
cemes or panicles. 295 

OaucJSA. — Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens slender. — Herbs. Leaves 

opposite- Flowers whitish in racemes. 116 

J X Corolla monopetalous (one-petalled) ? regular. 

I&GUSTRUM. — Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed, funnel form. Stamens on the 
tube of the corolla. Style very short, with 2-cleft stamens. — Shrubs 
with simple entire leaves and small white flowers in thyrsoid panicles. 29& 

Sy&IKGA. — Corolla salver-form, with the limb cleft into 4 deep obtuse spreading 
segments. Stamens short, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled. — 
Oriental shrubs with simple entire leaves, and white lilac or purplish 
fragrant flowers. 295 

Jasminum. — Calyx tubular, 5 to 10-eleft. Corolla salver-form, with a long tube 
and a fiat 5 to 10-cleft limb. — Bushy or climbing shrubs, with opposite 
compound leaves, and white or yellow flowers. 294 

X X X Corolla 1-petalied, 2-lipped or irregular. 

* Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. 

Tseonica. — Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with a 4-elcft spreading 
border, the 2 lower segments mostly narrow. Capsule obcordate or ob- 
tuse. — Herbs, with blue, fleah-color , or white flowers. 242 

Leptandra. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular bell-shaped, with a 4-lobed bor- 
der. Stamens and pistils at length much exserted. — Herbs, with mostly 
whorled leaves and white flowers in terminal racemes. 243 

Qjratiola. — Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included. Style dilated or 2-lipped at 
the apex. — Low herbs, with opposite sessile leaves and axillary 1- flowered 
peduncles. 240 

Ilysantbus. — Calyx 4-parted. Upper lip of the corolla short, 2-lobed. Sterile 

stamens 2, inserted on the throat and protruded. — Small smooth herbs. 241 

Hemianthus.— Calyx 4-toothed, equal. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip very 
short. Style short. Capsule globular, 1-eelled. — A small annual, with 
crowded opposite leaves and minute flowers in their axils. 241 

Biajtthera. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped. Anthers 2 celled, the 
cells placed one lower down than the other. — Herbs, growing in water, 
with narrow entire leaves and purplish flowers-.. 224 

* * Stamens inserted on the corolla or at its base. 

Catalpa. — Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling, with an irregu- 
lar 5 cleft border. Sterile filaments 2 or 3. — Trees with large heart- 
shaped leaves, and white flowers in terminal panicles. 233 

Uteicularia. — Calyx 2-partcd. Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip 
projecting. Stigmas bilabiate. Capsule globular, 1-celled. — Immersed 
aqatics, with dissected lcayes and erect scapes, bearing yellow or purplish 
fiawersv 220 



k CLASS III. 117 



PAGE, 

tttt Corolla more or less 2-lipped. Stamens in- 
serted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-lobed at the 
apex. Fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets, surrounding the 
style in the bottom of the calyx. See Class 14. Di- 

DYNAMIA. 

* * * ]pl omers glumaceous (Sedges). 

GYPERACEiE. Species of Cyperus, Fimbristylus, Rhyncospora, and Scleria. 3$a~ 

Order II. DIGYNIA. — 2 Styles or sessile Stigmas, 

* Flowers not glumaceous. 

Blitum. — Petals none. Calyx berry-like or fleshy, 299. 

Anychia. — Petals none. Calyx of 4 sepals. Seed 1. 5-t- 

Elatine. Petals and sepals 2 or 3. Seeds several. 40 

* * Flowers glumaceous (Grasses). 

Anthoxanthum. — Lateral flowers each of 1-awned paleas, neutral; the perfect 

one 2-androus. — Panicle contracted or spike-like. 427- 

GR AMINE JE. Species of Leers ia, Brachyelytrtjm, and Glyceria. 403 

Order III. TRIGYNIA. — 3 Styles or sessile Stigmas. 

Spercularia. — Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. — 

Leaves fleshy. Flowers small, reddish. 55 

GLASS III. TRIANDRIA.— 3 Stamens. 

Order I. MONOG-YNIA.— 1 Style or sessile Stigma. • 

* Corolla 5-lobed or parted. Leaves reticulate-veined. 

S'edia . — Border of the calyx 3 to 6-toothed and persistent or obsolete. Corolla 
tubular, 5-lobed, regular. — Stems forking. Leaves opposite. Flowers 
small, ivhitish. 15 4; 

* * Perianth Q-parted. Leaves parallel-veined. 
J Flowers issuing from a spathe. 

Isi3.— Divisions of the perianth alternately reflexed. Stamens under the 3 

large petal-like stigmas. — Flowers large, blue, ivliitc, and yellow. 388, 

SiSYRiNCHiUM. — Divisions of the perianth equal, spreading. Stamens rnonodel- 

phous. Style short, with, 3 stigmas. — Leaves grassy. Flowers mostly blue. 36$ 

Fardanthus.— Perianth regular, 6-parted. Filaments thread-like. Stigma 

straight or incurved. — Flowers yellowish, spotted with red. 370 

CROCUS.— Spathe radical. Perianth funnel-form. Stigma 3-cleft, convolute, 

crested. — Bulbous exotics', with white, blue, and purplish flowers. 370 

TiORiDiA. — Perianth lobes oblong, upright-spreading, the alternate ones the 
broadest. Stamens monodelphous. Filaments united into a long tube. 
Style filiform. — Bulbous exotics, vjith yellow and red spotted flowers. 37 

IUtbrantesra. — Perianth salver-form, with a slender tube. Stamens dissimi- 
lar. — Creeping or floating herbs, with kidney-shaped leaves, and blue or 
white fiower3. 3&1. 



118 CLASS IV. 



PAGE. 

Schollera. — Perianth salver-form. Stamens similar, with arrow-shaped an- 
thers. — A water plant with linear leaves and yellow flowers. 392 



* * * p er iani1i in 2 rows, with 8 petals. 
J J Flowers not issuing from a spathe. 



Commelyna. — Calyx and corolla seperate, irregular. Stamens sometimes 6. 

Stigma single. — Flowers blue or white. 392 

Xyris. — Calyx and corolla seperate, irregular. Stigmas 3. — Flowers yellow, in 

a terminal dense head. _ 394 

Juncus, — Perianth 6-parted, entirely glumaceous, regular. 3£9 

A. NATURAL ORDER CYPERACB^E.— Proper 

perianth none, or bristle-like; the 3 stamens and 
single style invested in an imbricated perianth of 
glumes instead of * a calyx. Fruit 1-seeded. — 
Leaves parallel -veined. 895 

Order II. DIGYNIA.— 2 Pistils. 

Ajjtchia. — Calyx 5-parted, greenish. Styles very short. Urticle 1-seeded. — 

Flowers small, ^hite, in the forks of the stem. 64 

A. NATURAL ORDER GRAMINEJE.— -Grasses 
with usually hollow stems, closed at the joints, and 
alternate 2-ranked parallel-veined leaves. — Stigmas 
feather?/ or hairy. Flowers green, in small spilcelets. 408 

Order III. TRIGTNIA.— 3 Pistils. 

Stkllabia, — Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, 2-parted. Capsule 1-celled. — Herbs. 51 

Mollugo. — Calyx 6-parted. Petals none. Capsule 3 celled, 3-valved, many- 

seeded.— Low annuals, with vertieellate leaves and white fio'vers. 53 

Lechia. — Calyx 3-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals. Petals 3, inconspicu- 
ous. Styles scarcely any. Stigmas 3. — Flowers inconspicuous, greenish 
or purplish. 41 

pPvCSERriNACA. — Calyx-tube 3-sided, with a 3-partedlimb. Fruit long, 2 angled, 

3-cellcd, 3-seedcd, nut-like. — Aquatic herbs. 117 

CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA.— 4 Stame7is, equal in length. 

Order I. MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil. 

* Corolla ^-petalled. Leaves reticulate-veined. 

Cornus. — Calyx-limb minute, 4-toothed, adherent to the ovary. Petals cblong 

spreading. Drupe 2-celled, 2 seeded. — Shrubs or herbs, with white flowers. 141 

Ludwigja.— Calyx 4-lobed. Petals 4, equal, obcordate, often small or wanting. 

Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded. — Flowers often yellow or apetalous. 115 

* * Corolla 1-petalled ; i-parled or lobed. Leaves reticulate. 

* Calyx free from the ovary. 
Ba&tmoa — Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4 cleft, not gland-hearing. Stamena 



CLASS IV. 119 



PAG3. 

Bhort. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. — Leaves scale-like. Flowers small 
yellowish-white. 2S7 

Osolaf.ia.— Calyx of 2 spreading leaf- like sepals. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 
4-cleft. Stigma 2-lipped. — Plant purplish-green. Flowers whitish or 
purplish, solitary or in clusters of 3. 2S9 

Plant-ago.— Calyx 4-(rarely 3)-parted. Corolla tubular 4-cleft, with a reflexed 
border. Stamens mostly very Ion?. Capsule 2-celled, opening trans- 
versely. — Leaves radical, ribbed. Flowers whitish, in a braeted spike. 224 

EkythPwEA. — Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, with a slender tube 
and 4 or 5-parted limb. — Leaves opposite. Flowers rose-purpl e or reddish, 
cymose. 286 

* * Calyx adlterent to the ovary or its base. 

Hzdyotis. — Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver-form, or 
wheel-shaped, the limb 4-parted. Stigmas %— Flower s blue or purplish, 
single or clustered. 153 

Mitch3LLA. — Flowers united in pairs. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 
4-parted, spreading, bearded inside. Ovaries united. — Trailing herbs. 
Flowers rose-colored or white. Berries red, edible. 152 

Chphaianthus. — Calyx small, 4-cleft. Corolla tubular, slender, 4-toothed. 
Style much exserted ; stigma capitate. — Shi-ubs, with opposite leaves, 
and white flowers in a dense globoso head. 152 

Difsacts, — Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens inserted on the 
corolla. Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. — Coarse herbs, with 
opposite connate leaves, and bluish or whitish flowers in large oblong 
heads. 155 

* * * C oro H^ 4 or 5-parted or non&. Calyx 4 or 5-parted. 

Scabiosa — Involucre many-leaved. Calyx 5-parted, wiih long bristly divisions. 
Corolla tubular. Filaments much exserted. — Leaves opposite. Flowers 
dark purple pink, or whitish, in heads. 155 

LiNN-CA. — Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla narrow, bell shaped, nearly equally 5 lobed. 
Stamens unequal. — A trailing evergreen, with rose-colGred flowers in 
pairs. 148 

Saxguieoxea. — Calyx constricted at the throat, 4-lcbed, with 2 or 3 sca-es or 
bracts at the base externally. Petals none. — Leaves unequally pinnate. 
Flowers small, in close spiked heads. 101 

Lyoium. — Corolla tubular, the throat closed with the beards of the filaments. 
Stamens often 5. Berry 2-celled. — Shrubs, somewhat climbing, with 
greenish-purple flowers. 2S4 

Euoxymus. — Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base. Petals 4 or 5, rounded, spread- 
ing. Stamens ver}' short, inserted on the upper face of a fiat 4 or 5-an- 
gled disk. — Shrubs, with 4 sided branches, and greenish or purplish 
flowers. 73 

* * * * Floral envelope consisting of a single petal-like 
perianth. Leaves often parallel- veined. 

Smicactna. See. Maiaxthemum.— Perianth spreading. Stamens 4. Berry 2- 

celled. — Flowers raceme.d, white, fragrant. 375 

Oroxtium. — Flowers on a cyiindical spadix. Perianth 4 to 6-sepalled. Stamens 

4 to 6. — Flowers yellow, at the summit of the scape. Scathe radical. 347 

SyaiPLOCARPUs. — Spathe hooded, shell-form, pointed. Spadix roundish, covered 
with Sowers. Perianth deeply 4-partpd. Style 4-angled. — Foetid herbs, 
with large veiny leaves, and nearly sessile spathes. 343 

Order IT. DIGYNIA.— 2 Pistils. 

* Corolla polypeialous. 



120 CLASS V. 



TAGf. 

IlAMAMfcws.— Petals i, strap-ghaced. Stamens 8, the 1 alternate with the pe- 
tal*, fertile. Capsule nut-like, ^-colled.— Shrubs or small trees, with 
y, I Low Jlowers. 131 



* * Corolla moriopctalous. 



GAUUM.—Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corolla 4-parted, rotate. Stamens short. 
Fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded. — Slender herbs, with 4-angled stems, and email 
floWers. 151 

L, Corolla bell-shared, I or >> oleffc. Stamens 1 or 5. Capsule 2-cclkd, 
2 to 4-seeded. — Leafless, yellowish or reddish herbs* 279 

Gbhtiana.- Corolla funnel-form, l or ^ eleft, mostly with plaited folds. Calyx 
4 or 6-parted. Stamens i or 6. Capsule manjr-seeded.— Herbs, with 
opposite truces. 287 

Order IV. TET11AG YNIA.— 1 Pistil or sessile Stigma, 

* Pistils separate, free from the calyx. 

PotoMOgeton. Calyx 4-sepalled. Stamens nearly sessile. Fruit 4 nutlets. — 
Aquatic submersed herbs, with small greenish flowers on a spike, riaing 
aboye the water. 351 

TiLUBA-- Sepals, petals, stamens and pistils 3 or 4. Carpels 3 or [.—Small 

/ herbs, with opposite Leaves. 125 

* * PlitiU combined into one, free from the calyx. 

•Saoiina.- -Sepals, petals, and Distils 1 or 5. Capsule 1 celled, several-seeded. — 

Small matted herbs, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves. 53 

Ilex.— Calyx and eorolla, 1 or B-parted. Stamens and sub-sessile stiginas 4 or5. 

Trees or sh/rabs, with spinose-dentate leaves. 222 

CLASS V. PENTANDRIA.-5 Stamens. 

Order I. MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil 

* Corolla l~j)': •tailed } regular* 

A. BOIIA(1INAOU/It!. — BerbSj chiefly rowjh-hairy, 
Wlfh alternate entire tracts^ and (symmetrical flow- 
ers with a 5-partcd calyx, a jreglular 5-parted corol- 
la, the stamens Inserted on its tube, and a deeply 
4-lobed ovary, forming in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets. 2GG 

1. ECHiUM.— -Corolla obliquely Irregular, naked in the throat. Stamens un- 

equal exserted. — Flowert cyanic. 260 

2. Ltcopsis'.— Corolla regufar, funnel-form, with a curved tube, and with 5 

ODtUSe hairy scales in the throat. — Floioers blue. 2C0 

3. SVMIMFYTUM.— Cornlla e_ylindiic;il lull .-lia,|i"d, (I (cothed; the throat closed 

with awl-shaped scales. — Flowers white and pink. 2CG 

4. Ononmomum.— Corolla oblopg or ovate- tubular, With erect or converging 

lobes, and a naked throat. — Flowers yellowish-white, in spiked racemes. 2C7 

5. LlTHOSPIRMUM. — Corolla funnel form, open. Stsme&B included. — Flowers 

while or yellow, in leajy-br acted spikes or racemes. 267 

6. Mvohotih.— Corolla salver form, SXOrt, the throat half closed with obtuse 

scales. Siemens included on short lilaments.— Flowers small, Hue or 
white, in naked racemes. 208 



CLASS V. 121 



PAQXo 

7. Mertensia. — Corolla tubular-bell-form, elongated with a wide, spreading 

border; scales none. — Stnooth herbs, with showy purplish-blue or white 
flowers, in terminal racemes or clusters. 269 

8. Echtnospermum. — Corolla salver-form, Nutlets prickly-margined. — Rough 

hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue flowers and bracted racemes. 269 

9. Ctnoolossum. — Corolla funnel-form, the throat closed with 5 obtuse scales. 

Nutlets prickly all over. — Coarse herbs, with white or purplish flowers, 
mostly in panicled racemes. 26S> 

10. Boraoo. — Corolla wheel-form, with acute segments, the throat closed with 

5 rays. — Rough herbs, with blue flowers, in 1-sided clusters. 270 

11. ANCBU3A. — Corolla funnel-form, vaulted ; tube straight, orifice closed with 

5 prominent scales. Stigma einarginate — Exotic herbs, with cyanic 
flowers. 270 

12. Polmonarta. — Calyx prismatic, 5-angled. Corolla fcnnrl-form, with a cy- 

lindric tube; orifice hairy, in 5 lines, alternating with the stamens. — 
Exotic herbs, with mostly blue flowers. 271 

B. HYDROPHYLLACE JE.— Herbs, commonly hairy, 
with mostly alternate and cut-lobed or compound 
leaves, regular 5-parted and 5-androus, blue or white 
flowers, in one-sided cymes or racemes which are 
coiled from the apex when young. — Style 2-cleft. 271 

1. Hydrophyllum. — Corolla boll-shaped, the tube with 5 longitudinal appen- 
dages. Stamens exserted. Ovary bristle-hairy. — Herbs, with petioled 
pinnatcly or palmately veined leaves, and cymose clustered flowers. 271 

% Phvoelta. — Corolla opcn-bell-shaped. Capsule 4- seeded, the 2 placentas 
linear. — Hairy herbs, with divided leaves and usually pale-blue flowers 
in forked racemes. 272 

3. Coskanthus. — Corolla broadly- hell- shaped, without scales. Ovary 1-celled, 

hairy above. — Flowers white or pale blue, in long bractless racemes. 273 

4. Eutoca, — Corolla broadly-bell-shapcd, Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many- 

seeded. — Flowe»s blue or white. 273 

5. Nemophila. — Calyx 10-parted, the alternate lobes reflexed. Corolla flat-bell- 

shaped. Stamens shorter than the corolla. Capsule 4-seeded. — Flowers 
blue or while. 2,7 Z 

C. POLEMONIACE.E.— Herbs, with alternate or op- 
posite leaves, regular 5-parted flowers, a 3-celled 

oyary, and 4-lobed style. Stamens often unequal 
or unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla. 274 

1. Phlox. — Calyx somewhat prismatic, the segments erect. Corolla salver- 

form, with a curved slender tube; the stamens unequally inserted in 

its tube. — -Flowers pink, purple or while. 274 

2. Polemonium.— Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped-rotate, with 

a short tubo. — Leaves pinnate. Flowers blue or white, in nearly bract- 
less corymbs. 276 

3. Gilla. — Corolla somewhat funnel-shaped. Stamens inserted en the inner 

side of the corolla-tube. — Leaves alternate, pinnatifid. Ilowers blue, 
several-flowered, in capitate clusters or panicles. 276 

'4, Ipomopsis— Calyx tubular and membranaceous. Corolla funnel-shaped, 
the tube much exserted. Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla. 
—Leaves finely pinnatifid. Flowers orange, scarlet, or reddish, in clus- 
tered panicles. ififf 

K ^ 



122 CLASS V. 



D. CONVOLVUL ACEiE.— Twining or trailing herbs, 
with alternate entire or lobed leaves and regular 5- 
androus flowers. Flowers usually large and showy^ 
epenkig but for one day. Stamens inserted into 
the base of the corolla. 277 

1. Calystegia. — Calyx 5 -parted, enclosed in two large foliaceous "bracts. Co- 

rolla bell-shaped-funuel-form, 5-folded, the border obscurely 5-lobed or 
entire. Stigmas 3. — Leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped. Flowers 
■white or light-rose-color, on axillary solitary peduncles. 277 

2. Convolvulus. — Calyx naked. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, with a 

spreading nearly entire border. Stamens mostly included. — Flowers 
white, pink, blue, and purple. 278 

3. Quamoclit. — Sepals 5, mostly mucronate. Corolla tubular-cylindrical. 

Stamens, exserted. — Leaves often pinnatifid. Flowers white, yellow, 
orange, and scarlet, delicate. 279 

4. Cuscuta. — Plant yellow or reddish, with thread-like- naked stems and small 

scales in place of leaves. 279 

E. SOLANACEzE. — Herbaceous or rarely shrubby 
2)Iants, with alternate leaves, regular oparted flowers * 
on hractless pedicels^ and the fruit a 2-eelied (rarely 

3 to 5-celled) capsular berry. Corolla plaited or in- 
folded. Stamens mostly equally inserted on the 
corolla. Style and stigma simple. 280 

1. "Nicottaxa. — Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or 
salver-form, mostly with a long tube. Capsule 2-celled. — Acrid herbs, 
with white flowers, tinged with green or purple. 280 

1. Datura. — Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, with a large 
and spreading 5-toothed plaited border. — Hank herbs, with largo and 
showy flowers. 281 

5. Hyosoyamus. — Calyx bell-shaped or urn shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla some- 

what irregular, with a 5-lobed plaited border. Capsule 2-celled, opening 
by a lid. — -Bank herbs, with Lurid jiowers. 281 

4. Nicandr-a. — CaVx 5-parted, 5 angled^ at length bladdery and inclosing the 

3 to 5-celled dry berry, — Smooth herbs. 282 

8. Physalts. — Calyx 5-clcft, at length enlarged and bladdery, and inclosing 

the 2-celled berry. Corolla spreading bell-shaped. — Flowers greenish- 
yellow. 282 

g. Sola^um. — Calyx 5 to 10-parted, spreading in fruit. Corolla mostly wheel- 
shaped, with a very short tube. Stamens exserted, converging around 
the style. — Herbs or shrubs. 28$ 

7. Atropa. — Calyx persi-tent, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped. Berry globose, 

2 celled, situated on the calyx. — Exotics, w 'th pale blue Jiowers. 284 

5. Lyoium. — Calyx 2 to 5-cleft, short. Corolla tubular, with a mostly. 5-lobed 

spreading limb, the orifire closed with the beard of the filaments. Sta- 
mens 4 or 5, exserted. — Shrubs, somewhat climbing. 2S4 

9. Capsicum. — Corolla wheel-form, with a very short tube. Fruit a juiccless 

berry, 2 to 4-celled, many-seeded. — Herbaceous shrubby plants, pervaded 
by a hot pungent principle. 284 

10. Petunia. — Calyx-tube short, with a 5-cleft leafy limb. Corolla funnel-form, 

w ith a cyliudric tube, the limb in 5 unequal plaited lobes. — Exotic herbs, 
w vjii showy /low&rs. 285 



CLASS V. 12 & 



F. PRIMULACEiE, in part.— Herts, usually low, with 
perfect regular flowers, the stamens inserted oppo- 
site the lobes of tke corolla on its tube, and a 1- 
celled ovary, bearing several or manj seeds. 225 

I. Primula. — Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft Corolla funnel-form or salver- 
shaped. Stamens included. — Stemless he? bs, with the leaves in a cluster 
from the root. 226 

2; Dopocatheon. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions reflexed. Corolla 5-part- 
ed, reflexed. Stamens exserted, united. Style exserted. — Smooth herbs, 
with clustered radical leaves, and delicate white or purplish flowers in 
a terminal umbel. 22T 

S. Ltsimachia. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a very short tube, and 5-parted 
limb. Eilaments often united into a ring at base. — Herbs, with axillary 
or racemed yellow flowers. 22T 

4. Anagalis. — Calyx 5-parted : . Corolla wheel-shaped, with scarcely any tube, 

5-parted. Eilaments hairy. Capsule globose, the top falling off like a 
lid,, many-seeded.— Small spreading procumbent herbs. Leaves opposite 
or ivhorled. 228- 

5. Samolus. — Calyx deleft, the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Co- 

rolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with the sterile filaments in the sinuses. — 
Smooth herbs, with small white flowers in racemes. 220' 

6. Hottonia. — Calyx 5-parted, with linear divisions. Corolla salver-shaped, 

with, a short tube. — Aquatic herbs, with pectinate immersed leaves, and 
white flowers. 229- 

G. CAMPANULAGEiE.— Herds, with a milky juice, 
alternate leaves r and scattered flowers ; the regular 
5-lobed corolla hel^ghapedi. Stamens free from 
the corolla, distinct. Stigmas 2 or more. 208 : 

1. Campanula. — Corolla TieH-shaped, or rarely nearly rotate. Stamens 3 to 5.- 

Capsule 3 to 5-celled, opening by lateral valves. — Flowers spicate or axil- 
lary, blue or white. 208 

2. Specularia. — Corolla wheel si: aped, 5-lobed. Filaments hairy. Stigmas 

3. Capsule prismatic, 3-celied. — Low herbs, with blue or ivhite flowers. 202' 

* * Corolla Ipetalled, regular or irregular,. 

H. CAPKIFOLIACE^ ; in part,— Shrufe or rarely 
lierbs ) often twining with opposite leaves, no stipules, 
the calyx-tube coherent with the 2 to 5-celled 
ovary. Stigmas 1 to 4. Fruit a berry ; drupe, or 
capsule.. 145 

1. Lonicera. — Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often swelled 

at the base, irregularly or nearly regularly 5-lobed. Stigma capitate.- 
Berry several-seeded. — Climbing or erect slirubs. Leaves of ten connate . 145" 

2. Diervilla. — Corolla funnel- form, 5-lobed, nearly regular. Capsule oblong, 

2-celled, 2-valvedi — Low upright shrubs-, witfi yellowish flowers.. 14©- 

Z. Triosteum. — Calyx-lobes 5, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, swelled 
at the base, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stigma capitate, lobed. — 
Coarse hairy herbs, with the leaves connate around the stem; 147T 

4, Symphoricarpus. — Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla bell -shaped, nearly regularly 
4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted into the throat of the coroha. 
Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded — Shrubs, with small whitish flowers in shorfr " 
gnxfc.es or clusters, ,_ 143*7 



124 . CLASS V. 



I. Herbs or rarely shrubs, with opposite entire leaves. 

Tinca.— Corolla salver-form, contorted; border 5-cleft, the tube oblique; orifice 

5-angled. — Upright or trailing shrubs. 290 

ItaABiLis.— Perianth funnel-form, with a contracted tube, free from the ovary; 
limb plaited, entire, deciduous. Stigma globose. — Showy exotics, with 
opposite leaves, and white, red, yellow, and variegated flowers. 302 

Memyanthes.— Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, with a spreading 
equally 5-lobcd limb, hairy within. Stigma 1 or 2-lobed. Capsule 1- 
celled. — Leaves 3 at the summit. Flowers reddish, racemed. 28S 

IfijiYTiiRiEA. — Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Corolla funnel -form, with a slender tube, 
and 4 or 5-parted limb. Anthers after flowering spirally twisted. Cap- 
sule linear, 1 or 2-celled.— Low herbs, with rose, purple, or reddish cy- 
mose flowers. 2845 

Sabbatxa.— Calyx 5 to 12-parted. Corolla rotate, 5 to 12-parted. Stamens 5 to 
32. Anthers at length revolute. Stigmas 2, spiral. Capsule 1-celled. — 
Herbs, with slender stems and handsome flowers. 285 

Gentiana. — Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla 4 or 5-lobed, regular, with folds in the 
sinuses, or fringed on the throat or margins. Style short or none.. Stig- 
mas 2. — Flowers solitary or cymose, showy. 28T 

{SriGELiA. — Calyx 5-parted, persistent, with slender lobes. Corolla tubular- 
funnel-ibrm, 5-cleft at the summit. Style slender, hairy above. Capsule 
short, twin. — Herbs, with showy flowers in spikes or 1-sided cymes . 154 

J. Herbs or rarely shrubs, with alternate entire leaves. 

Terbascum. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobcd, open or concave, rotate, the 
lobes nearly equal. Stamens often hairy, the anterior longer. Capsule 
globose, many-seeded. — Flowers in spikes or racemes. 235 

Azalea. — Calyx 5-partcd, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly 
irregular. Filaments long, exserted, and usually declined, as well as 
the long style. — Upright shrubs, 'with showy flowers in umbelled clusters. 21$ 

Lobelia. — Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla irregular, cleft on the upper side, 2-lipped; 
lower lip 3-cleft ; upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes. Anthers cohering 
and somewhat curved. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-cclled, many-seeded. 
—Flowers blue, white, or red. 200 \ 

Clxntonia. — Calyx, corolla, and stamens nearly as in Lobelia. Capsule siliquc- 

form. — Procumbent herbs, with minute leaves and axillary solitary flowers. 20T 

** * Flowers 5-petalled, regular. 

Claytonia. — Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted. Petals emarginatc or obtuse. Sta- 
mens inserted on the claws of the petals. Style 2-cleft. — Small fleshy 
herbs, with a pair of opposite leaves and a loose raceme of white or red- 
dish flowers. S6 

Celastrus. — Calyx minute. Petals sessile. Stamens on the margin of a cup- 
shaped disk. Pistil on the disk. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, erect, en- 
closed by a pulpy scarlet aril. — Vlirnbing or twining shrubs, with alternate 
leaves and greenish flower s. 72, 

Euonymus. — Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base. Petals 4 or 5, rounded, spread- 
ing. Stamens very short. Style short or none. — Shrubs, with 4-sided 
branches, and green or dark purple flowers. 73 

Ceanothus. — Calyx 5-lobed. Petals hood-form, on slender claws. Filaments 
elongated. Fruit 3-lobed, dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. 
— Shrubby plants, with white flowers in little umbel-like clusters. 434. 

Itea.— Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals lanceolate, much 
longer than the calyx and stamens. Styles 2, united. — A sh? ub, with 
white flowers in simple spicate racemes. 129 

* * * * Flowers 4 or b-petalledj regular. Fruit a 
drupe or berry. 



CLASS v. 125 



PAGE. 

ftris. — Calyx 4 or 5-toothcd. Petals 4 or 5, cohering at the apex, deciduous. 
Stigma simple, sessile. Beery; 2-celled, 1 to 4 seeded. — Shrubs, elimbing 
by tendrils, with fragrant greeuish flowers. 74 

Ampelopsis. — Calyx nearly entire. Petals 5, concave, spreading. Stigmas 
capitate. — Shrubby creepers, with digitate or cordate leaves,- and cymose 
clusters of flowers. 75 

Rhamnus. — Calyx urn-shaped, 4 or 5-cleft. Petals 4 or 5, shorter than the 
sepals, sometimes very minute or wan tiny;. Stamens 4 or 5. Style 2 to 
4-cleft. — Small trees or shrubs, with minute flowers. 73 

Hides. — Calyx hell-shaped or tubular, 4 or 5-parted. Petals 4 or 5, small, in- 
serted into the throat of the cilyx. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 2, 
distinct or united. — Shrubs, ef j;n with prickly branches. Fruit mostly 
edible. 119 

JIldera. — Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, dilated at the base. Berry 5-seeded, sur- 
rounded by the permanent calyx. — Exotic shrubby, climbing or erect 
plants, with simple evergreen leaves, and greenish flowers.- 143 

* * * * * Flowers 2 ; 4 or b-petalledj irregular. Seeds 
in a capsule. 

Txola. — Sepals 5, auricled at their base. Petals 5, unequal, the larger one 
spurred at the base, the 2 lateral equal. Stamens approximate, fila- 
ments distinct. A.nthers connate. Capsule 1-celled 2-valved. — Low 
herbs, with pretty flowers on angular solitary peduncles. 37 ", 

Solea. — Sepals not auricled. Petals unequal, the lowest one2-lobed and some- 
what gibbous at the base- Capsule somewhat 3-seeded. — Flowers green- 
ish, in the axils of the leaves. 40 

Impatiens. — Sepals 5, the lower one spurred, the 2 upper united so as to appear 
like one. Petals 2, unequal-sided and 2-lobid. Stamens short. Stig- 
mas 5, united. Capsule bursting elastiealiy. — Herbs, with smooth suc- 
culent stems, with tumid joints. 64 

***** * Flowers with a single corolla-like perianth. 

CoMANDRA. — Perianth bell-shaped or urn-shaped, the limb §-eJeffc| persistent. 
Anthers adhering to the lobes of the perianth by a tuft of thread. — 
Herbs, with alternate oblong and sessile leaves, and greenish-white 
flowers in terminal or axillary cymes. 310 

Gomphrena. — Bracts 5, colored, the 3 outer ones keeled. Sepals 5, villous. 

Disk cylindric, 5-toothed. Utricle 1- seeded. — Flowers in globose heads. 302 

CfiLOSiA. — Sepals 3 to 5, colored. Stamens united at base by a plaited disk. 

Style 2 or 3-cleft. — Ornamental exotics. 302 : 

Order II. DIGYJNTA.— 2 Pistils or sessile Stigmas. 

* Corolla 1-pctalled. . 

Gentiaxa.— Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla 4 or^ 5-cleft, usually with intermediate 
plaited folds, appendaged at the sinuses. Style short or none ; stigmas 
2, persistent. — Bitter herbs, with -solitary or cymo.-e showy flowers. 287 7 

CUSCUTA. — Whole plant yellow or reddish, with fililorm or naked stems, and 

small scales instead of leaves. 272 

Apoctnum. — Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the base furnished 
with 5 triangular scales, alternating with the lobes. Anthers arrow- 
shaped, adhering to the stigma. — Plants, with milky acrid juice, oppo- 
site entire leaves, and small pale flowers. — ApocynacejE. 280 

A. ASCLEPIADACE^E.— .Plants with milky juice 
and opposite or wlxorled entire leaves ; regular b-an»~ 

K* 



126 CLASS V. 



PAOff. 

drovs flowers, with a singular connection of the 
anthers with the stigma, and cohesion of the pollen- 
masses into wax-like ma ( sse#. 290, 

Asclepias. — Calyx and corolla refiexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown of .5 hood- 
ed lobes, with or without an incurved horn rising from the base of each. 290 

Gonolobus. — Corolla rotate, 5-parted. Crown a small wavy^lobed ring. 
Pollen-masses 5 paks. — Twining, shrubby, or herbaceous plants, with 
greenish or purplish flowers. 2£$ ; 



* 



* Corolla 5-petalled. 



Heuchera. — Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, 5-cleffe. Petals 
5, small, entire. Capsule with 2 beaks, l-celled. — Herbs, with round 
heart-shaped radical leaves, and greenish-white or purplish flowers. 12T 

Panax. — Polygamous. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Styles 2 or 3, short. Fruit a 2 
or 3-celled and 2 or 4-seeded drupe, often fleshy. — Leaves palmately com- 
pound. Flowers white, in a single simple umbel on a long peduncle. 143 

B. TJMBELLIFER M. — Herbaceous plants, with hollow 
stems, alternate, mostly compound leaves, with their 
petioles expanded or sheathing at the base. Flow- 
ers in umbels. Fruit consisting of 2 coherent 
carpelSo 13 i 

J Inner face of the seedflat or nearly so. 

1. Hydeocotyle. — Flowers small, white, in simple-umbels or clusters. Fruit 

orbicular, flattened. — Leaves 7'oundish or kidney-form. 131 

2. Crantzia. — Flowers few, in simple involucre umbels, white. Fruit globus 

lar, with red vitee. — Leaves linear, fleshy. 132 

3. Sanicula. — Flowers in irregular or compound umbels, greenish or yellow*- 

ish. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. — Leaves palmately lobed or 
parted. 133 

4. Daucus.— Flowers in concave umbels, white. Fruit smooth, the carpels 

strongly winged on the back and on the edge. — Leaves finely 2 or ^-pin- 
nate or pinnatifid. 133 

5. Heracleum. — Flowers white, the marginal somewhat radiant, in large flat. 

umbels. Fruit broadly wing-margined. — Leaves 1 or 2, ternately com- 
pound. 134 

6. PASTiNACArf— Flowers yellow, in large flat umbels. Fruit wing-margined.—: 

Leaves pinnately compound. 134 

7. Archangelica. — Flowers greenish or white, in. perfect umbels, with a 

many-leaved involucel. Capsule 3-ridged on the back-. — Leaves I or 2 
pinnately compound. 134 

• 
3. Thaspium.— Flowers yellow or dark purple. Fruit elliptical or ovoid; 

capsule 5-winged. — Leaves 1 to ^-ternately compound. 135 

9„ Zizia. — Flowers yellow, in perfect umbels. Fruit oval or somewhat twin, 

5-ribbed. — L,eaves dissected. 136 

10., Cictjta — Flowers white, in perfect umbels. Fruit sub-globose, twin. — 

Leaves pinnately or ternately cempound. 136 

11. Sium. — Flowers white,, in perfect umbels. Fruit ovate-globose. — Leaves 

simply pinnate, with serrate leaflets. 137 

12. CRYPTOTiENiA.— Flowers white, in cempound umbels, with very unequal' 

rays. Fruit oblong.— Leaves 3-parted. 1ST, 



CLASS v. 127 



PAGE. 

13. Archemor a.— Flowers white. Fruit broadly winged.-— Leaves of Z to 9 

linear or lanceolate leaflets. 13S 

14. Bupleurum— Flowers yellow. . Fruit c void-oblong.— Leaves simple, entire. .13S* 

CULTIVATED EROTICS. 

15. Carttm. — Flowers white, in perfect-umbels, with various involucres. Fruit 

oval, laterally compressed. — Leaves dissected. *■** 

16. Apixjm.— Flowers white, in perfect umbels.. Fruit roundish, laterally oom- 
-Leaves pinnately dissected. 139 



IT. Pijipinella — Flowers white,, in compounds umbels, without involucres. 
Fruit ovat% ribbed, with convex intervals.— Leaves pinnately many- 
parted. 1°^ • 

18. Fcenictjlem. — Flowers yellow, in perfect umbels, no involucre. Fruit ellip- 

tic-oblong.— Leaves alternately dissected. 13^ ; 

J J Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or. 
the margins iny.olute, 

19. Chjerophyllum.— Flowers mostly white, in diffuse few-flowered umbel?, 

Fruit linear-obloag. — Leaves hi or tri-ternate, with incisely cleft or 
toothed segments. 140 s 

20. Osmorhiza. — Flowers white. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. Fruit 

linear oblong, angled. — Leaves large, 2 or 3-ternately divided. 140 •' 

21. Conit7M. — Flowers white. Involucre 3 to 5-leaved. Fruit ovate, flattened. 

at the sides.— -Leaves large, obcompowid* 14t" 



XXX Seeds incurved at base and apex-. 



2,2. Erigenia. — Flowers white, in a leafy-bracted compound umbel. Fruit 

twin ; carpels nearly kidney-form. — Leaves 2 or Z-ternately divided. 141 

23. Goria:\t>rtjm. — Flowers white, unilateral. Fruit globose. — Leaves bipinnate. 142" . 

* * # _pi 0lvers w {iJ v a S i n gJ e corolla-Wee perianth, 

Ghenopodium. — Perianth 5-parted, partially enveloping the fruit. Utricle 
thin, membranaceous. — Leaves petioled, triangular or rhomboid. Flow- 
ers sessile, in small clusters. ■ 293 

¥LMUS. — Perianth bell-shaped. Fruit flat, winged, 1-seeded. — Trees, with 
rough leaves, and purplish or yellowish flowers in lateral clusters pre- 
ceding the leaves. 311 

©eltiS.— -Polygamous. Perianth 5 to C-parted, persistent. Fruit a globular 
drupe, with thin flesh. — Trees or large shrubs, with pointed leaves, and 
greenish axillary flowers. 312 : 

Scleraxthus.— Utricle in the calyx-tube ; stamens on its throat.— Homely 

little weeds, with obscure greenish clustered flowers. 55 

Polygonum. — Stamens 4 to Qv- Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Achenium lenticu- 
lar. — Herbs, with jointed stems. , 3C3 

Beta. — Perianth 5-parted. Styles very short, erect, with acute stigmas. Seed 
reniform, embedded in the fleshy perianth. — Stems furrowed.. Flowers 
green in spikes Gr paniculate racemes. 300 i 

Order III. TKIGrTNIA,— 3 Styles or sessile Stigmas. 
* Corolla 5-jpetalled. 

Jteus. — Calyx small 5-parted. Petals 5, ovate, spreading. Drupe dry, hairy, 

1-cellcd, 1-seeded. — Shrubs, sometimes climbing by rooting tendrils. 67 

Staphtlea— Sepals 5, oblong. Petals 5, with short claws. Capsule inflated, 

3-celled, few-seeded. — Shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves^ 1Z i 



l£8 CLASS VI. 



PAGK. 

Sperqularia. — Capsule l-celled, m any- seeded.— Low herbs, with fleshy opposite 

leaves and small reddish flowers. 55 

Hypericum.— Capsule l-celled, membranaceous.— Herbs, with entire dotted 

leaves and yellow flowers. 44 

** Corolla 1-petallcd, 5 -parted. 

Viburnum. — Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla rotate, spreading. Fruit a 
l-celled, 1-seeded drape. — Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves and 
white flowers in flat cymes. 149 

0AMBUCUS. — Corolla urn-shaped. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, containing 3 
seeds. — Shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves and numerous white flow- 
ers in cymes. 148 

Order IV. TETR AG YNI A— 4 Styles or sessile Stigmas. 

Parnassia. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Sterile stamens clustered at the 
base of the fertile. Stigmas 4, sessile.- — Flowers solitary, terminating 
the long naked scapes. 43 

DftOSESA. — Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5.. Styles 3 to 5, each 2-parted. — Low 

aquatic herbs, with the leaves clothed with reddish gland-bearing bristles. 42 

Order V. PENTAGYNIA.— 5 Pistils. 

Aralia. — Calyx with the margin very short, 5-toothed. Petals 5, spreading. 
Berry 5-celled. — Low trees, shrubs, or herbs, with 2 or 3-ternately or pin- 
nately compound leaves. . 142 

Linum.— Capsule sub-globose, 10-valved, JO celled— Hej-bs, with simple and 

sessile leaves, and blue or yellowish flowers. 61 . 

Statice. — Calyx funnel-form, 54oothed. Petals 5, united at base. — Salt-marsh 
plants, with thick radical leaves, and small flowers, in a compound co- 
rymb. 225 

Armeria. — Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 5-angled. Petals 5, nearly distinct. — 

Leaves mostly linear, radical. Fleweti rose-colored, on a simple scape. 225 

Zajjthoriza. — Sepals and petals hypogynous, distinct, Follicles membrana- 
ceous, compressed, 1-seeded. — Leaves pinnately divided. Flowers dull 
purple. 11 

CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA.— 6 equal Stamens. 

Order I. MONOGYNIA— 1 Pistil 

* Flowers with both calyx and corolla. Leaves reticu* 
late-veined. 

Berberis.— Sepals 6, mostly with 2 bracteoles at the base. Petals 6, with. 2 
glands upon their claws. Berry 2 or 3-seeded. — Shrubs, with yellow 
wojI, and pile yellow flowers. 16 

Leontice.— Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, with a scale at base within. 
Style short. Seeds naked on their thick seed-stalk, resembling drupes. 
— Herbs, with 2 and 3 ternate leaves and greenish flowers. 17 

S'KBRKiA.— Sepals 3, longer than the 3 petals. Style 2-cleft Ovaries 3, tuber- 

culate. — A small aquatic, with pinnately divided leaves. 66 

iPRINOS. — Flowers mostly dioecious or ■polygamous. Calyx minute, 4 to 6- 
toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, mostly 6-parted. Fruit a drupe, 
with 4 to 6 seeds.— Shrubs, with alternate leaves.. . 222 j 






CLASS VI. 129 



PAGH. 

Gynaitdropsis.— Sepals 4, spreading. Petals 4, unequal. Pod linear-oblong, 

raised on a long- stipe-— Leaves digitate. Flowers racerned. 55. 

Gleome.— Petals 4, minute or roundish. Stamens 4 to 6. Pod sessile or stipi- 

tate.— Leaves simple or digitate. Flowers purplish. 36 

* * Perianth in 2 roios. Leaves parallel-veined. 

Sradescantia. — Calyx 3-leaved. Petals 3. Filaments bearded. Capsule 2 or 

3-celied. — Leaves keeled. Flowers purple^rose-color, or white. 393-: 

Commelyna. — Flowers irregular. Stamens unequal, 3 of them fertile, one of 
which is bent inward: 3 of them sterile and with smaller filaments, naked. 
Stems branching. 392: 

* * * Flowers with a single corolla-like perianth. Leaves- 
parallel-veined. 

A. LILTACE^E. — Herbs, with parallel-nerved, sessile, or 
sheathing leaves, regular perfect flowers, ivith a petal-. 
like 6-merous perianth, free from the 2 or S-celled 
ovary. Anthers attached by a point. Style single : 
stigma simple or 3-lobed. 37 : 4: 

Not Bulbous. 

| Fruit a few-seeded berry, 2 or 3 -celled. 

I. Asparagus.— Perianth 6-parted. — Stems much branching. Leaves thread- 

like or bristle-form. S7£ 

2; Polygonatum. — Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, bearing the stamens above the 

middle. — Floivers axillary, greenish. 375 

5. Smiiacina. — Perianth 4 to 6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne on the 

base. — Flowers white, in a terminal raceme. 375 

4. Clintonia.— Perianth 6-parted, bell-shaped, ,the stamens at the base of the 

segments. — F lowers greenish, umbelled. 376 

5. Convallaria. — Perianth 6-parted, round bell-shaped. Stamens divergent. 

Flowers white, fragrant, in a single rank. 377; 

J J Fruit a few to many-seeded capsule, 3 -.celled. 

6. Hemorocallis. — Perianth funnel-form, lily-like. Stamens declined. Seeds 

globular, black. — Leaves linear, keeled. Flowers yellow or reddish. 377 

T. Funkia. — Perianth funnel-bell-shaped, 6-parted. Stamens declined: Seeds 
very numerous, flat. — Leaves more or less heart-shaped. Flowers 
white or bluish, on brae ted scapes. 378 

8. Asphodelus. — Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with 6 valves covering the 

ovary. Capsule globular, many-seeded. — Exotics. 378: 

Root Bulbous. 

9. OnwrTHOOALUM.— Style 8-sided.— Leaves linear, radical. Flowers corymbed, 

white. 378 

10. Allium. — Flowers umbelled, from a spathe. — Strong-scented herbs, with 

mostly radical leaves and the flowers in a simple umbel. 879 

II. Hyacynithus. — Perianth sub-globose or bell-shaped.— Exotics. Flowers 

mostly very fragrant. 380 

12. Polyanthus. — Perianth funnel-form, incurved. Filaments inserted into 

the throat. Stigmas 3 cleft.— Exotics. Flovjers fragrant, white. 381; 



ISO CLASS VI. 



PAGE. 

HI Fruit a many-seeded 3-celled loculieidal capsule. 

13. Lilium. — Perianth funnel-form, or bell-shaped, colored. — Stem leafy. Flow- 

ers large and showy. 3St 

14. Erythronium. — Capsule obovate triangular. — Leaves 2, smooth, sheathing 

the base of the 1-flowered scape,. 332 

15. Frittilaria. — Perianth bell-shaped, with a broad base and nectariferous 

cavity above the claw of each segment. — Flowers showy, but ill-scented. 383 

16. Tultpa.— Perianth bell-shaped. Stagma thick. — Leaves radical. Floivers 

showy, solitary, on a scape. 3S3 

* # * * ]y t Bulbous. Leaves thread-margined. 

IT. Yucca. — Perianth globular or bell shaped. Style none. Seeds fiat. — Ever- 
green herbs, with thread-margined leaves and numerous white flowers 
in a terminal panicle. 384: 

JB. AM ARYLLIDACE^.— Chiefly dulMis andTscape- 

beariny herbs, with linear flat radical leaves, and 
regular Q-androus flowers, mostly issuing from a 
spathe. S65 : 

% Amaryllis. — Perianth 6-parted, petaloid. Stamens inserted on the throat 

of the perianth. — Flowers solitary, issuing from a 1 or 2-ieaved spathe. 365 

2. Agave. — Perianth tubular-funnel-form, 6-parted. — Leaves mostly thick and 

fleshy, whorled around the base of the scape* 365 

3. Hypoxis. — Spathe 2-leaved, very small. — Leaves, grassy, linear. Flowers 

yellow, on slender scapes, S6G 

Cultivated Exotics^ 

4. Galanthus. — Sepals 3, concave. Crown of 3 small emarginate, petal-like 

segments. — Flowers white, appearing in early spring. 366. 

&-. Narcissus. — Perianth with 6 regular spreading segments. Crown mono- 
phyllus, bell-form, salver-form, or with the tube funnel-form. Stigma 
a parted. — Flowers yellow, strawveoior or white, issuing from a wither- 
ing spathe. 3CC 

6. Leucojum — Perianth regular,, 6-parted, with equal spreading segments. — 

Flowers numerous, white, issuing from a terminal spathe. 36T. 

C: Flowers whitish, yellow r or sometimes rose-color and 
jmrplishi. 

UvULARiA. — rerianth inferior, deeply 6-part2tied, erect ; segments with a nee* 
teriferous cavity at base. Filaments very short, growing to the linear 
anthers. Capsule 3-angled: or 3-lobed. — Flowers pa.le yellowy mostly, 
solitary. 3S4 

Prosartes. — Perianth 6-leaved, bell-shaped-spreading. Stigmas short, re- 
curved. Berry ovoid, pointed, 3 to 6-seeded, red.— Flowers greenish- 
yellow, terminal, drooping. 3S5 

Streptopus.— Perianth 6-leaved^ bell-shaped at the base, the 3 inner sepals 
keeled. Anthei s arrow-shaped, 1 or 2-pointed, longer than the filament. 
Flowers small, axillary, on thread-like peduncles. 386 

A^btris.— Perianth cylindrical, tubular-bell-shaped, rough-wrinkled on the 
outside, 6-cleft at the summit. Style awl-shaped, 3-clcft at the apex.— 
&av,zs spreading clustered. Flowers whitish, in a slender spiked raceme* 3§7, 



CLASS VI. 131 



PAGE. 

Tontedehia. — Perianth inferior, 6-cleft, 2-lipped, the fleshy persistent base in- 
closing the 1-seeded fruit. Anthers oval, blue. — Aquatic herbs, with 
violet-blue flowers. 391 

J Flowers on a spadix, 

Okontium. — Spadix cylindrical, covered with flowers. Perianth of 4 to 6- 
truncate concave sepals. Utricle 1-seeded. — Aquatic herbs, with a yellow 
spadix. 347 

Aeon us. — Spathe leaf like. Spadix cylindric, covered with flower?. Sepals 6, 

distinct, concave. Utricle 1 to few-seeded. — Pungent aromatic herbs. 347 

* * * * Perianth single, glumaceous. "Grass-like herbs. 

J uncus. — Perianth 6-leaved. Stamens 6, sometimes 3. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3- 

celled. many-;eedcd. — Stems pithy. Flowers greenish or brownish. 389 

Xuzula. — Perianth 6-leaved. Stigmas 3. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. — Leaves 

linear, equitant. Flowers in a simple raceme. 389 

Order II. DIG YNIA. — 2 Sit/les or sessile Stigmas. 

-Polygonum.— Sepals 5. iFruit lenticular.— Stents jointed. Flowers small. 303 

Order III. TBIGYNIA.— 2 Styles or sessile Stigmas. 

* Perianth 5 or ^-parted, petaJ-h'ke. Leaves netted-veined. 

Polygonum.— Sepals 5. Achenium triangular.— Stems jointed. Flowers small. 303 

Rumex.— Perianth 6-leaved, the 3 inner sernewhat colored. Achenium trian- 
gular.— Coarse herbs, with greenish jiowers. 306 

fiMiLAS.— Perianth deciduous.— Climbing shrubs or rarely herbs, of ten prickly . 372 

** Perianth 6-parted. Leaves parallel-veined. 

A. MELANTHE2E. — Herbs, with acrid mid poisonous 
properties. Stems simple or rarely panicled. Pe- 
rianth mostly persistent or withering away, the di- 
visions mostly distinct. 380 

J Flowers polygamous. Anthers heart-shaped or kid- 
ney-shaped. 

4. Mllamthium.— Perianth-segments somewhat heart-shaped, with 2 glands 

at the base, and the stamens on the long claws .— Flowers cream -color, 
racemose. 386 

5. VfiTiATRUM. — Perianth free from the ovary, the division? obovate or oblong, 

longer than the stamens.— Leaves plaited, 3-ranked. Flowers racenle- 
panicled. 387 

J J Flowers perfect, racemed or spiked. 

•6. Amiantiiemum.— Perianth free from the ovary, the divisions separate and 
contracted at the base. Anthers "heart-shaped. Styles filiform.— Flo-w- 
ers handsome. ~~ 387 

7. Helonias.— Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong sepals. Anthers roundish-oval, 
blue. Styles revolute.— Leaves lanceolate. Flowers pale-purple, iu a 
short dense raceme, on a naked scape. 38$ 

* * * Petals 3. Sepals 3. Leaves sometimes net- veined, 



132 CLASS VII. AND VIII. 

PAG8. 

B. TRILLIACEiE. — Herbs, with simple stems, whorled 
net-veined leaves, and rather large terminal mostly 
solitary trimerous flowers. 373 

1. Tfjliiu?^. — Sepals", lanceolate, spreading. Petals 3, larger. Berry o-sided, 

o-cellcd. — Low herbs, with a simple stem bearing at 'the top a whorl of 3 
broadly ovate leaves, and a terminal large flower. 373 

2. Medeola. — Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3-petals. — Stem simple, with 

a whorl of 5 to 10 leaves near the middle and another of 3 smaller ones 
near the top. 374 

€. J UNO AG-INEiE .— Marsh-herbs, with petiole-like 
leaves, without a blade, and the greenish perianth 
consisting of 3 petals and 3 sepals. 352 

1. Triglochin.— Sepals and petals nearly alike, ovate, concave. Anthers oval, 

on short filaments. — Flowers small, greenish, in a spiked raceme. 352 

2. Schstjchzeria. — Sepals and petals oblong, spreading. Anthers linear. — 

Leaves grass-like, sheathing the simple stem. Flowers few, in a loose 
raceme, with sheathing bracts. * 353 

* * * Flowers with neither cahjx nor corolla. Leaves 
net- veined. 

■Satjrurus:-— Fio'ttcts white, in a solitary spike. Scales 1-ftowered.— Aquatic. 

Leaves heart-shaped. 313 

Order XIII. Polygynia. — Many Pistils. 

&LISMA.— Sepals 3, green. Petals 3. Aqxalicherhs. with radical ribbed leaves, 

and small white or reddiBh flowers in a branched panicle. 353 

CLASS VII. HEPTANDBIA.— 7 Stamens, 

Trientat.is.— Calyx deeply C to 8 parted. Corolla deeply 6 to 8 (mostly 7)-part- 
ed, spreading.— Leaves whorled at the summit. Flowers few, white, on 
solitary peduncles. 227 

iEscuLr.3.— Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals 4 rarely 5, more or less une- 
qual, with claws.— Trees-or shi-ubs, with 5 to 7 -foliate leaves. 71 

Order II — IV. Di-Tetragynia. — Styles or stigmas 2 to 4. 

Polygonum.— Sepals colored, mostly 5. Ovary l-ceilled.— Stems jointed. 303 

Ulmus— Filaments long and slender. Styles 2, short. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seed- 

ed samara, winged all around.— Trees. 311 

"SAurffeus.— Ovaries 3 or 4. Calyx and corolla none.— Aquatic herbs. 313 

CLASS VIII. OCTANDRIA.-— 8 Stamens. 

Order I. Monogynia. 

* Corolla polypeialons, free. 

^sypEiisomA Sepals 4. Petals 8. Stigma peltate.— Scape simple, 1-flowercd. 17 

HypopiTYg.— Sep jvla 4 or 5, colored. Petals 4 or 5, fleshy. — Parastic tawny white 

■Aerdt- ■:•■-•*' VOL 



CLASS Till. 183 



* * Corolla of 4 petals. 

t Petals on the summit of the adherent calyx-tube. 

Khsxia. — Calyx-tube urn-shaped, narrow at the apex, with a 4 cleft limb. 
Petals obovate. Anthers long, curved. — Leaves 3 to 5-nerved. Flower: 
cymose, purplish. ill 

EmOBimff. — Calyx-tube 4-sided, the limb 4-parted. Anthers short, fixed by 
the middle. Stigma often with 4-spreading lobes. Seeds crowned with 
a tult of hairs. — Herbs, with nearly sessile leaves. 113 

(Ehotheba. — Calyx-lobes 4, refiexed. Anthers mostly linear. Stigma 4-Iobec" 

or capitate. — Herbs, with mostly yellow flowers. 114 

Gaura. — Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, with a 4-cleft reSexcd 

limb. Petals somewhat unequal. — Flowers rose color or white. 115 



1 1 Petals unequal. 

Cabdiospep.mum. — Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest. Petals 4, each with an emar- 
ginate scale at the base. Stamens unequal. Style trifid. — Climbing 
herbs, with biternate leaves. 70 

* * * Corolla monopetahus. 

t Flowers with a corolla-like perianth. 

A. THYMELACEJE.— Shrubs, with acrid and very 
tough baric, entire leaves and perfect flowers. 308 

1. Derca.— -Perianth colored, tubular-funnel-shaped, the border wavy or ob- 

scurely 4-toothed. Stamens long and slender. Drupe oval. — Flowers 
light yellow, preceding the leaves. 308 

2. Daphne. — Perianth 4-cleft, marescent; limb spreading. Drupe 1-seeded. — 

Exotic shrubs, with the leaves from terminal buds and the Sowers from 
lateral. 309 

1 1 Flowers with both calyx and corolla. 

OxYCOCcrs. — Calyx superior, 4-cleft. Corolla 4-parted. with Ions: revoiute divi- 
sions. Anthers tubular, 2-parted. — Slender trailing shrubs, with ever- 
green leaves. 212 

Menziesia.— Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Corolla 4-cleft, globose. Cap- 
sule 4-celled, 4-valved. — Heath-like shrubs, with evergreen leaves. 215 

Vaccinal— Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-toothed. Corolla ovoid, bell- 
shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical. — Shrubs. 210 

TroP-EOEUm. — Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, colored, spurred. Petals 4 or 5, unequal. 
Fruit-3 indehescent 1-seeded -nuts.— Straggling or twining herbs, with a 
pungent juice. 65 

Acer.-*- Polygamous, Capsule a double samara. — Leaves opposite. 69 

ORDER II. DIG-YNIA. — 2 Pistils or sessile Stigmas, 

ACER.—Calyx c-lobed or 5-parted. Petals 5 or more. Stamens 6 to 8. Sama- 
ra 2-winged, united at base, 1-seeded.— Tre es, with simple palmately- 
lobed leaves, and mostly polygamous flowers. CO 

Uiiius. — Capsule a single 1-celled samara. — Trees, with alternate leaves. 311 

Order III. TEIGYNIA.— 3 Pistils. 

Chrtsosplexiem. — Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, colored. Capsule inversely heart-shaped,. 

many-seeded. — Low herbs, with fleshy leaves and small flowers. 129 

LI 



134 CLASS IX. AND X. 



PAGE - 

Polygonum. — Perianth mostly 5-parted, petaloid. Achenium triangular or 

lenticular. — Herbs, with jointed stems and small flowers. 303 

CLASS IX. ENWEANDMA.— 9 Stamens. 

Order I. MONOOYNIA. 

A. LAURACEiE. — Aromatic trees or shruhs, icilh 

alternate simple leaves and clustered Jloicers. 307 

Order III. TRIGYNIA.-3 Pistils. 

RfiJSUM.— Perianth colored, C-petalled, persistent. Stigmas multipid, refiexed. 

Achenia 3-angkd. — Flowers fasciculate, in racemose panicles. 307 

CLASS X. DECANDRIA.— 10 Stamens, 

Order I. MONOGYNIA.— 1 Style. 

* Flowers polypetalous. 

\ Flowers irregular (mostly papillionaceous.) 

Laptisia.— Petals 5, nearly equal. Legume stalked in the persistent calyy. — 
Ihrbs, with palinately 3-foliate leave?, and racemed yellow or blue 
flowers. 03 

Oehcis. — Petals with claws. Stamens unequal, — Trees, with simple round 

heart-shaped leaves and rose-colored flowers. 94 

Cassia. — Petals 5, unequal. Stamens unequal, 3 lower ones longest.-~i7c;-6s, 

with abrupt pinnate leaves and yellow flowers. 04 



J J Flowers regular or nearly so. 



DECODEN. — Petals and stamens on the tube of toe calyx ; 5 stamens very long, 
the alternate ones shorter. — Herbs, with opposite or whorlcd leaves and 
axillary clustered flowers. 112 

CLETinu. — Corolla of 5 distinct petals. Style slender. Stigmas 3. Capsule 

3-celled, 3-valved. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves and white flowers. 213 

Ledum. — Stamens 5 to 10, exserted. Capsule 5-celled, 3-valved. — Low ever- 
green shrubs, with white flowers. 213 

Fyrola. — Petals converging. Filaments awl-shaped. Style long, mostly de- 
clined. Stigmas 5. — Low smooth evergreen herbs. Leaves roundish. 
Flowers in a raceme. 21 9 

CiriMApniLA.— Petals widely spreading. Filament? dilated and hairy in the 
middle. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a broad 5-crenate 
stigma. — Evergre(n herbs, with fragrant white or purplish flowers, 
corymbed or umbelled. 220 

Gzhanium ia Class Monodelphia, Order Decandria. 

iXi Leafless herbs, destitute of green. 

IIypopitys. — Corolla of 4 or 5 distinct petals. Stamens 8 to 10, Stigma disk- 
like. — Flowers raeemed. 221 

Mcnotropa.— Corolla of 5 petals. Anthers short.— A white herb, with a single 

flower. 221 



CLASS X. 



135 



* * Corolla nionopeiah 



us. 

Vaccinium.— Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-toothed. Corolla ovoid, bell- 
shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical, 4 or 5-eleft. Style erect, longer than 
the stamens. Berry globose. — Shrubs or under shrubs, with white or 
reddish flowers. 210 

Gauliheria.— Corolla ovoid-tubular, the limb with 5 small revolute lobes. 

Berry globular, red. — Spicy evergreen low herbs, with white flowers. 212 

Kpigea.— Corolla salver-form, with a 5-parted border and a long tube, villous 

within. — Trailing evergreen herbs, with pale rose-colored fragrant flowers. 213 

Andromeda.— Corolla ovoid-cylindrical. Capsule 5-celled. 5-valved, many-seed- 
ed. — Shrubs, with racemed or clustered flowers. 213 

Rhodora. — Corolla irregular and 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-lobed or 3-cleft, the 

lower 2-parted. Stamens declined.— A shrub, with pale purple flowers. 2x5 

RHODODENDRON. — Corolla mostly bell-shaped. Stamens and style mostly do- 
clined. — Sfirnbs, with glossy evergreen leaves, and large showy flowers, 
in terminal corymbs or clusters. S&7 

Kalmia. — Corolla between wheel-shaped and boll-shaped, 5-lobed, with 10 de- 
pressions which hold the anthers. Style straight — Ewrgretn shrubs, 
with showy flowers in umbel-like corymbs. 217 

Pteroipora. — A leafless purplish-brown herb, destitute of green. Corolla 

ovate-urn-shaped ; 5-toothed. — Flowers in a raceme. 220 

Ordek II. DIGYNIA. — 2 Styles or sessile Stigmas, 

HYDRANGEA. — Marginal flowers, often sterile and radiant. Petals ovate, sessile. 
Stamens 8 to 10, slender. Capsule 2-celied, many-seeded, opening by a 
hole between the 2 persistent styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled 
leaves and numerous flowers in compound cymes. 130 

Sasifraga. — Calyx deeply 5 -cleft. Petals 5, entire, with short claws. Capsule 
2-beaked. — Herbs, with clustered root-leaves and yellow white and green- 
ish flowers. 127 

MtTELLA. — Petals 5, inserted into the calyx, slender, pinnatifid. — Slender herbs, 

with round eordate leaves, and small greenish and white flowers. 12S 

Tjarei.la — Petals 5, with claws, entire, inserted into the calyx. Stamens long 

and slender.— Herbs, with radical eordate leaves and white flowers. 123 

Sapgnaria. — Calyx tubular, 5-toothcd. Petals 5, with long claws. Capsule 

oblong, 1-celled, 4-toothed at the apex. — Flowtrs cymose clustered. 48 

Dianxhus. — Calyx tubular, with scaly bracelets at the base. Petals 5, with 

long claws. — Ornamental plants, with very showy and fragrant flowers. 49 

Scleranthus, — Sepals 5, united below in an indurated cup, inclosing the 1- 

seeded utricle. — Homely weeds. 55 

Order III. TRIGYNIA.— S Pistils. 

Silene.— Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked. Petals 5, with claws, mostly crowned 
at the orifice ; limb bifid. Capsule 3-celled at base, opening by 6 teeth 
at the top. — Flowers solitary or in cymes. 47 

Stellaria.— Calyx 5-sepallod. Petals 5, 2-parted. Capsule 1-celled, 3 or 4- 

valved. — Small grass-like herbs, with white flowers in forked cymes. 61 

Arenaeia.— Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, entire, Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved.— 

Flowers white. 52 

Order V. PENTAGYNIA.— 5 Pistils, 

Lychnis.— Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Petals 5, with claws, 

limb slightly cleft.— Corolla sometimes crowned. 50 



136 CLASS XI. 



PAGE. 

Cehastium. — Calyx 5-sepalled. Petals 5, bifid or emarginate. — Flcwers white, 

In terminal cymes. 51 

Spergula.— Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, entire.— Leaves in whorls. Flowers 

white, cymose. 51 

Mollugo.— Sepals] 5, united at base. Styles short.— Homely herbs, with verti- 

cellate leaves and small white solitary flowers. 53 

Oxaiis. — Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens uneqal, more or 
less monodelphous. — Herbs, with leaves of 3 inversely heart-shaped 

leaflets. 03 

Sedum. — Sepals and petals 5, rarely 4. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a little 

scale at the base of each. — Thick-leaved herbs, with cymose flowers. 125 

Pektiiohum. — Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5 or none. Carpels 5, united at 
the base into a 5 beaked, 5-celled capsule. — Upright herbs, with yeilo wish- 
green fioweis. - 126 

. Poutulacca. — Sepals 2, adherent to the base of the eapsule, which orens by a 

lid.—Fleshy herbs, 56 

Order X. DECAGYNIA.— 10 Pistils. 

Phytolacca.— Perianth 5-leaved. Berry depressed.; levelled, 10-seeded- SO; 

CLASS XL DODECAWDEIA.— 12 to 19 Stamens. 
Order L MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil 

rc'LAMSiA.— Sepals 4, distinct, spreading. Petals 4, unequal, with claws.— 

Sirong-scenied herbs, with digitate leaves. 35 

f Petals 5 to 9. (Stamens sometimes 6 to 20.) 

Podophyllum.— Sepals oval, caducous. Petals 6 to 9, obovate concave. Berry 

large, ovoid, 1-celled.— Leaves 2, 1-sided, palmately lobed. 16 

Httdsonia— Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stigma simple.— Bushy heath-like small 

shrubs. Flovjers small, bright yellow. 4i 

Leohia. — Calyx C-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals. Petals 3. Stamens 
a to 12. Stigmas 3. Capsule Swelled, a-va^ved,— Ftowers very small, 
greenish cr purplish. 4- 

Poutulacca.— Calyx 2-parted. Petals 4 to 6, equal. Stamens 8 to 20, Style 

mostly b-clefi.— Fleshy herbs. & 6 

Talinum.— Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 5. Stamens 10 to 30, inserted with the pe- 
tals into the torus. Style filiform, 3-cleft.— Fleshy herbs. 57 

Cuphea.— Calyx tubular. Petals very unequal, 6 or 7. Stamens in 2 sets. 

Stigma 2-lobed.— Herbs, mostly clammy. 113 

i t Corolla monopetalous. 

Sabs ati a.— Calyx 7 to 11-parted. Corolla 7 to 11-parted, wheel-shaped. Style 

2-parted. Capsule 1-celled.— Flowers showy. 28o 

Asaeum.— Perianth bell-shaped, with a 3-parted limb. Style united, bearing 

id radiating crested stigmas at the apex.— Leaves kidney-shaped. %m 

Order II— VI. DI-HEXAGYNIA.— 2 to 6 Styles or 
Stigmas. 

Hypericum.— Petals 5. Styles 3 to 5. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.— Flow- 

ers yellow, 






CLASS XII. 137 



PAGE, 

Elodea.— Sepals 5. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens 9 (rarely 12 to 15) in parcels. 

Styles 3, distinct. — Flowers purplish. 46 

Reseda — Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, unequal, often cleft. Stamen 10 to 40, 

turned to one side.— ^Fiowers very small. 36 

CLASS XII. I.GQ3ANDR1&..— Mjre than 10 Stamens 
placed on the calyx.. 

NATURAL ORDER ROSACA.E, 99 

A. AMYGDALE.E,— Calyx entirely free from the 
solitary ovary , deciduous. S'yle terminal. Fruit 
a drupe (stone-fruit.) Trees or shrubs, with sim- 
ple leaves, the bark exuding gum. 96 

1. Prunus. — Drupe oval or oblong, covered with a glaucous bloom, the stone 

flattish, smooth, 2-edged.— Small trees. 96 

2. Cerasus.— Drupe glob-alar, without a bloom; stone round, smooth, — Trees 

or shrubs. * 97 

o. Persioa. — Drupe very fleshy, tomontose or smooth ; stone somewhat ccm- 
pr ssed. acute, rugosely furrowed and perforated on the surface. — Small 
trees. ' G^S 

4. Amygdalus. — Stone perforate and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one edge 

acute, the other broad, obi; use —JShrubs, with reddish Jiow-rs. Q9 

B. ROSACEA, proper.— Calyx free from the ovaries, 
but sometimes enclosing them in the tube. Pistils 
few to many. Fruit achenia or follicular. 99 

J Pistils mostly 5, forming few-seeded follicle* in fruit. 
Style terminal" . 

5. Sptr.ra. — Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundi.-h, equal. Carpels 3 to 12. dis- 

tinct. — Shrubs 07; herbs, with white or rose colored flowers. 99 

6. Gn.LEXiA. — Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, 5-cfeft. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate. 

Stamens 10 to 20. Carpels 5, distinct. — Herbs, with 3-foliate incised 
leaves and whitish flowers. 10,0 

| J Pistils mostly numerous, forming seed-like achenia 
or little drupes in fruit. 

7. Aorimoxia. — Petals 5. Stamens 12 to 15. Styles 2. Achenia 2, invested 

by the hardened calyx. — Herbs^ith yellow flowers. ' 101 

8. Sanguisorba. — Calyx 4-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 4. — Herbs, with un- 

equally pinnate leaves. 1Q1 

9. Poterium. — Flowers monoecious. Calyx-limb 4-part:d. Stamens 20 to 30. 

Style filiform. — Leaves unequally pinnate. 102 

10. Geum. — Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Style long, persis- 

tent. Achenia hooked. — Leaves pinnate or lyrate. 102. 

11. Waldsteinia —Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5 to 10. Stamens many. Styles -5 or 6. 

— Low herbs, with 3 to 5-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flow- 
ers on bracted scapes. 103, 

Li* 



138 CLASS XIII. 



PAGE. 

12. Dalibarda. — Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and 

toothed. Stamens numerous. Styles 5 to 8, — Low herbs,- with creeping 
and tufted stems, roundish heart-shaped leaves and white flowers. 103 

13. Kubus.— Stamens numerous, inserted into the border of the disk. Style 

nearly terminal. Fruit composed of many pulpy carpels, aggregated on 
a spongy receptacle.— Half shrubby plants, armed with prickles. 103 

13, Rosa. — Calyx- tube urn- shaped, fleshy. Pistils numerous, inserted on the 
hollow receptacle that lines the calyx-tube. — Prickly shrubs, with odd- 
pinnate leaves, and showy mostly red and white flowers. 105 

X X t Calyx open and flattish. Stamens and pistils nu- 
merous. Fruit of dry achenia or immersed in the j uicy 
receptacle. 

Potentilla.-— Receptacle flattish, dry. Calyx 10-cleft. Petals 4 or 5.— Herbs 

or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves and solitary or cymose flowers. 433 

Frag aria. — Receptacle enlarged and juicy in fruit, bearing the minute achenia 
over its surface. — Low herbs, with runners, radicalS-foliate leaves, and 
white flowers. 434 

C. POMEiE. — -Calyx-tube thich and fleshy in fruit, 
(forming a pome ; ) including and cohering with 2 to 
5 ovaries. Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple 
or compound leaves. 108 

15. Crataegus. — Stamens 10 to 15, or many. Styles 1 to 5. Carpels long in 

fruit. — Thorny trees or shrubs. Flowers mostly white, in corymbs. 108 

16. Amalats t chier.— Stamens many. Styles 5. Tome 3 to 5-celled.— Small trees 

or shrubs, with simple serrate leaves and white flowers in racemes, 109 

17. Ptrus. — Stamens numerous. Styles 2 to 5. Carpels thin in fruit, 2-seeded. 

— Trees or shrubs, with simple or pinnate leaves and white or reddish 
flowers in cymose corymbs. 109 

18. Cydonia. — Stamens many. Styles 5. Pome 5-carpelled. — Shrubs, with 

simple leaves and mostly solitary flowers. Ill 

Order I— V. MONO-PENTAGYNIA.— 1 to 5 Phtih. 

Opuntia. — Stamens numerous, shorter than the petals. Style with numerous 
erect stigmas. — Stem composed of many flat and broad fleshy joints, 
bearing clusters of bristles or spines. 119 

Decoded. — Calyx short, 10-toothed, 5 teeth longer and spreading. — Leaves 

whorled or clustered. Flowers axillary, purple. 112 

Cuphea.— Petals 6 to 7, unequal. Stamens 12, in 2 sets. — Leaves opposite, 

entire. 113 

Caiycanthtts. — Calyx-lobes imbricated in many rows, colored, leathery or 

fleshy.— Shrubs, with dull purple fragrant flowers. Ill 

CLASS XIII. FOLYAKDRIA.— Mamj Stamens inser- 
serted on the Receptacle. 

Order I. MONOGYNIA.— 1 Pistil. 

Tilia.— Fruit leathery, globular, by abortion 1-celled, 1 or 2-secded.— Trees, 

with cordate leaves and small cymes of flowers. 01 



CLASS XIII. 139 



PAGE* 

Helianthemum.— -Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller.— Herbs, with yellow Sowers, 

opening only in sunshine. 46 

Actjea.— 'Sepals 4 or 5* Petals 4 to 8, spatulate. Berry many-seeded. Stigma 

depressed.— Leaves ternately divided. Flowers white, racemed. 10 

Cimicifuga. — Petals 3 to 8, spatulate, small, on] claws, 2-horned at the apex. 
Pistils 1 to 8, forming dry follicular carpels iu fruit.— Flower? white, in 
long slender racemes* 11 

Sarracenia. — Petals and sepals 5* Style umbrella-shaped. — Leaves pitcher- 
shaped, inflated. Flowers large, solitary, on a scape. 13 

Nyjiphjea. — Sepals 4. Petals numorous. £f gma surrounded with rays.— 

Aquatics, with showy white or rose-colored fragrant flowers. 18' 

Nuphar. — Sepals 5 or 6, concave, colored within. Petals numerous, small, and 
stamen-like. Stigma discoid, with permanent rays. — Leaves floating. 
Flowers j T ellow. 19 

Peilabelphus.— Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Corolla 4 or o-petailed. Style 4-cleft. 
Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved.— £/irwfo, with opposite leaves, and White 
flowers. 130 

A. PAPAYARAOEiE. — Herbs, with milky or colored 
juice j alternate j simple, or divided leaves, and regu- 
lar flowers with fugaceous sepals. Flowers solitary, 
on long peduncles, never blue. Sepals 2 or 3, 
falling on when the flower expands. Style short. 20 

1. Saxguinama.— Sepals 2, Petals 8 to 12, in 2 series. — A low herb, with thick 

prostrate rootstocks filled with scarlet juice. 20 

2. Meconopsis. — Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 to 6, radiating. — Herbs, 

with a yellow juice and pinnatifid leaves. 20 

3. Argemone.— Sepals 3. Petals 4 to 6. Stigmas 4 to 6, radiate.— -Herbs, with 

prickly spines and yellow juice. 21 

4. Chelidonium.— Sepals 2, smooth. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed.— Herbs, with 

brittle stems and yellow juice. 21 

5. Papaver.— Sepals 2, concave. Petals 4. Stigma sessile, united in a flat 4 

to 20-rayed crown. — Exotics. 21 

6. Eschscholtzia. — Sepals 2, cohering by their edges. Petals 4. Stigmas 4 to 

7, sessile* — G'aucous herbs, with 2 to S pinnatifid leaves, with linear seg- 
ments and yellow flowers. 23 

See Hudsonia, Podophyllum, Fortulacca, Talinum, Hypericum, Reseda and 
Cuphea in Class Dodocandria. 

Order II— XIII. DI-POLYGYNIA.—2 to many Style* 
or Stigmas. 

B. RANUNCULACEiE.— Herbaceous plants, occa* 
sionally climbing, with usually palmately or ternate- 
ly lobed or divided leaves, with half clasping pe- 
tioles. 1 

1. Clematis.— Calyx 4 (rarely 5 to 8)-sepalled, colored, pubescent. Achenia 
numerous, bearing long plumose tails. — Perennial vines, with mostly 
compound and opposite leaves* 2 



140 CLASS XIV. 



PAGE. 

2. Anemone. — Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like, colored. Achenia mucronate. — Herbs, 

with radical leaves, a 2 or 3-leaved involucre and whitish flowers. 2 

3. Hepahca. — Ivolucre 3-leaved, resembling a calyx. Petals 5 to 9, disposed 

in 2 or 3 rows. Carpels many, without awns. — Leaves all radical, 3- 
lobed. Flowers blue or whitish, simple. 3 

4. Thalicthum,-— Sapals 4 or more, petal-like. Achenia 4 to 15, dry, tipped 

by the stigma or style. — Herbs, with 2 or 3 ternately compound leaves 
and white or greenish flowers. 3 

5. Ranunculus. — Sepals 5, deciduous. Totals 5„ or rarely more, with a little 

scale at the base inside. Carpels numerous, in a globose or cylindrical 
head. — Herbs, with mostly radical leaves, and yellow flowers. 4 

6. Hydrastis. — Sepals 3, ovate. Carpels berry-like, numerous, in a globose 

head. — A low herb, with a single radical leaf, a sun-pie hairy stem, 2- 
leaved near the summit, and a single greenish-white flower. 

7. Caltha. — Calyx colored, with 5 to 10 roundish sepals. Pistils 5 to 10. — 

Smooth herbs, with round heart-shaped or kidney- form leaves, and yellow 
flowers. 7 

3. Trollius. — Sepals 5 to 15, petaloid. Petals 5 to 25, small, linear* Pistils 

many. — Leaves palmately parted. Flowers large, solitary and terminal. 8 

9. Coptis. — Sepals 5 fco 7. Petals 5 to 7, small, hooded. P isiils 3 to 7, on slen- 

der stales. — LbiQ smooth herbs, with radical leaves, a long yellow rhizo- 
ma, and white flowers. 8 

10. Aquilegia. — Petals 5,. longer than the 5 deciduous sepals, spurred, tubular. 

Pistils 5, with slender styles. — ^wbs, with 2 or 3-teruately compound 
leaves, and large showy nodding flowers. 8 

11. Delphinium. — Upper sepals spurred. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair 

terminating in a tubular spur, enclosed in the calyx-spur — Floyj<;rs 
blue, white, red, or purple. 9 

12. Aconitum. — Upper sepals hooded, receiving the two long-clawed petals . — 

Leaves palmate or digitate 10 

13. Actje and 14, Cimictfuga, in Order I. Zinthokiza, in Class V, Order Y. 

16. Helleborus. — Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Petals S to 10, very 

short, tubular, 2-lipped. Stigmas 3 to 10. Follicles 3 to 10. -^--Flowers 
large, nodding, greenish. 12 

Cultivated Exotics. 

17. PaONia. — Sepals 5, unequal. Petals 5. Stamens numerous, mostly chan- 

ged to petals. Stigmas double. Ovaries 2 to 5.— Flowers large and 
showy, terminal. 12 

18. Adonis. — Sepals 5, appressed. Petals 5 to 15. with naked claws. Ache- 

nia in a spike> pointed with the persistent style. — Leaves finely divided. 
Flowers mostly red. 12 

19. Nigella. — Calyx of 5-colored sepals. Petals 5, 3-cleft. Styles 5. — Leaves in 

many linear subulate- segments... 13 



* Styles 2 to 5. 



Hypericum. — Sepals 5, more or less united. Petals 5. Capsule membrana- 
ceous. — Leaves opposite, entire, punctate, with pellucid dots. Flowers 
yellow. 44 

Asctrum.— Sepals 4, the 2 inner ones much, smaller. Petals 4.— Low plants, 

with pale black-dotted leaves and pale-yellow flowers. -45 

Asimina. — Sepals 3, united at the base. Petals 6, in 2 rows, inner ones smallest. 
Pistils few, forming large oblong pulpy fruit. — Shrubs, with dull-colored 
axillary and solitary flowers. 15 

RESEDA. — Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, often cleft, unequal. Stamens turned 

to on,e side.— Herbs, with very small Jlowers. 3.6 



CLASS XIV. 141 



* * Styles numerous. 

Magxolia. — Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6 to 12, in concentric series. Stamens 
distinct, with short filaments and long anthers.— Trees or shrubs, with 
large fragrant flowers. 13 

Liriodenbron.— Sepals 8, caducous. Petals 6, in 2 rows, forming a bell-shaped 

corolla. Carpels imbricated in a cone. — Large trees, with showy flowers. 14 

Brasenia. — Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals. Petals 3 or 4. Carpels oblong, acuminate, 
1 to 2- seeded. — Aquatic herbs, with floating centrally peltate leaves, and 
solitary axillary flowers. IT 

kELUMBiUM. — Calyx petaloid, of 4 to 6 sepals. Petals numerous. Carpels nu- 
merous. Seeds large, round. — Aquatic herbs, with peltate fleshy radical 
leaves, and very large yellowish-white flowers. 18 

CLASS XIV. SIDYNAEUA.— 4 Stamens, 2 longer 
than the other 2. 

Order I. GYMNOSPEKMIA.— Seeds apparently naked* 

A. LABIATiE. — Herbs, with square stems, opposite 
aromatic or strong -scented leaves, and a more or less 
flipped corolla. 2i9 

f Corolla with the border nearly equally 4 or 5-cleft. 

1. Isanthus. — Stamens 4, nearly equal. Corolla 5-lobed. — A clammy herb. 

with pale blue flowers. 243 

2. Mentha.— Stamens 4, distant. Corolla 4-lobed ; lobes spreading. — Aroma- 

tic herbs, with small pat&purpHsh flowers in close axillary ivhorls. 250 

3. Ltcopus. — Stamens 2. Corolla 4-lobed; lobes spreading: — Leaves sharply 

toothed or pinnaiifld. Flowers white, vjhorlcd. £51 

4. Origanum. — Stamens 4. Corolla 4 lobe d, the upper lobe or lip erect. — 

Flowers purplish, crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes. 251 



f f Corolla evidently 2-lipped. 



5. Ccllinsonia.— Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla elongated, the pendent middle lobe 

of the lower lip much longer than the others, lacerate-fringed. Sta- 
mens 2, much exserted. — Flowers yellowish. 252 

6. Hedeoma. — Calyx 2-lipped; the lower lip 2-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 

fiat, the lower equally 3-lobed. Stamens 2, erect, exserted. — Leaves 
small. Flowers pale blue. 252 

7. CuNlLA.-^Calyx equally 5-toothed. Upper corolla-lip flatti?h, the lower 

somewhat unequally 3-lobed. Stamens erect, exserted. — Flowers small, 
white or piurplish, in corymbed clusters. 252 

8. Blepeilza. — Calyx short, 2 lipped, the 3 teeth of the upper lip awnc-d. Co- 

rolla dilated at the throat, the lips oblong. Stamens 2.^-Flowers pale, 
bluish-purple, crowded in axillary and terminal globose ivhorls. 253 

9. Mgnarda. — Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla-lips linear, the upper invol- 

ving the filaments. Stamens 2. — Flowers large, showy, in a few capitate 
whorls. 253 

19, Salvia.— Calyx and corolla strongly 2-lipped. Stamens 2,— Flowers usual- 
ly large and showy. 254 



142 CLASS XIV. 



1 1 1 Stamens 4, the upper pair longer. 

11. Cerdronella. — Stamens all ascending, Upper lip of the corolla flattish, 

the throat much enlarged. — Sweet-scented herbs, with pah purplish 
flowers. 255 

12. Nepeta. — Stamens all ascending. Upper corolla-lip more or less concave 

or vaulted. Anthers mostly approximate. 255 

13. Dracccephalum. — Stamens all ascending under the upper lip. Upper calyx- 

tooth largest, ovate. Bracts awn-toothed* 26G 

14. Lophanthus. — Stamens diverging, exserted, the upper pair curved down- 

ward, the lower ascending. — Flowers small, crowded in terminal spikes. 256 



f 1 1 1 Stamens 4. the lower pair longer. 



15. Pycnantiiemum. — Calyx nearly equally 5-toothcd, naked in the throat. — 

Flovjers whitish or flesh-colored. £57 

16. Thymus.— Calyx 2-lippcd, woolly in the throat. Corolla short, slightly 2- 

lipped. — Low mostly diffuse herbs, with small leaves. 258 

t X X X X Stamens ascending in pairs, under the vaulted 
upper lip. 

17. Clinopodium.— Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, more or less J-lipped, 5-toothed. 

Upper corolla lip flattish. — Flowers purplish, in capitate whorls. 25$ 

15. Melissa.— Calyx naked in the throat, IB-nerved, 5-toothed, more or less 2- 

lipped. — Flowers whitish, in loose one-sided clusters. 258 

19. Prunella.— Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate, 3-toothed, fiat. Upper 

corolla-lip arched. — Flovjers violet or fiesk colored, in clusters of 6. 250 

20. Scutellaria.— Lips of the vaulted calyx entire. Upper corolla-lip arched, 

entire. — Bitter herbs, with axillary spiked racemed flowers, mostly blue. 250 

21. Peysostegia.— Calyx 5-toothed, inflated bell-shaped after flowering. Upper 

lip of the inflated corolla somewhat spreading. — Flowers large and 
showy, flesh colored or purplish, in crowded spikes. 231 

22. Lamium. — Calyx 5-nerved, 5-toothed. Throat of the corolla inflated, lateral 

lobes truncate or with a tooth-like appendage. — Decumbent hevbs, with 
axillary whorled clusters of purplish flowers. 261 

23. Leonurus.— Calyx 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth awl-shaped, rigid or gypifie- 

like.— Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves. 261 

24. -Galeopsis.— Calyx 5 to 10-awned, with 5 spiny pointed teeth. Throat of 

the corolla inflated.— Herbs, with spreading'branches. 262 

25. Stachys.— Calyx 5 to 10-flowered, 5-toothed. — Herbs, with 2 to many flow- 

ered whorls, approximated in terminal racemes or spikes. 2C2 

26. Marrubium. — Calyx tubular, mostly 10-toothed. Stamens in the corolla- 

tube. — Whitish woolly bitter herbs, with whitish flowers. 263 

f f f f f f Stamens curved, ascending and much longer 
than the corolla. 

27. Trichostema.— Calyx unequally 5-cleft. Corolla-limb unequally 5-cleft, 

lobes declined. — Herbs, somewhat clammy, with blue flowers. 26S 

28. Teucrium. — Calyx equally or unequally 5-toothed. Corolla deeply cleft 

between the 2 upper lobes, the stamens exserted from the cleft,— Herbs 
downy. * 264 

Cultivated Exotics* 

29. Ocymum. — Corolla inverted or sub- bilabiate, the 4 upper lobes nearly equal. 

Exterior filaments with a process at their base. 264 



CLASS XIV. 14-: 



PAG 3. 

30. Lavendula. — Calyx tubular, nearly equal. — Shrubby oderiferous plants. 

with narrow rigid leaves and small white flowers. 264 

31. Rosemarixus.— Calyx oyate-bell-shaped.^-^ra dteci evergreen shrub, with 

bright blue flowers, axillary and terminal. 263 

32. Satureja. — Calyx 5-toothed. tubular 10-ribbed. — Leaves numerous, small, 

narrow. Flowers pink-colored, in axillary cymes. 2o5 

33. Hyssop-:.-;.— Calyx 5- toothed.— FMaye delicate. Flowers bright blue, in 

one-sided cymes. 2C5 

& VERBENACEiE.— Herbs or shruls, with oppo- 
site leaves and a more or less 2-lipped regular corolla. 
Fruit dry or drupaceous, usually splitting when ripe 
into a 1 to 4-seeded nutlets. 

I Verbena. — Calyx 5-toothed, tubular. Corolla tubular, often curved, sal- 
ver-form,, the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Style slender. — Herbs, 
with mostly alternately spicate braeted flowers, sometimes bracted or 
corymbed. 247 

2. Fiirtma.— Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Style slender. Fruit 1-celled, 1- 

seeded. — Flowers small, purplish or rose-color, opposite. 243 

3. Lippia. — Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Heads cf 

flowers on axillary peduncles. 2id 

Order II. ANGIQ8PERMIA.— Seeds in a distinct 
capsule. 

A. SCROPHULARIACE^S.— Caie/^ kerbs with the 
stamens inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more 
or less irregular corolla. Fruit a 2-celled and usu- 
ally many-seeded capsule or pod. Style single. 285 

2, Linaria. — Calyx o-partech Corolla tubular, with a palate, and a spur at 

the base on the lower side. Capsule opening by 2 chinks. — Herbs. 236 

-3. Antireinum. — Calyx 5-scpalled. Corolla gibbous (not spurred) at base, the 
throat closed by the prominent palate. Capsule opening by 3 pores. — 
Flowers showy, in leafy terminal racemes. 236 

t Stamens 4 ? with a 5th rudimentary scale or sterile 
filament. 

4. Scrophularia. — Corolla inflated, globular, or oblong, with a short border. 

Flowers greenish-purple, in loose cymes, forming a terminal panicle. 237 

5. Collinsia. — Corolla deeply 2-lipped, gibbous on the upper side, the middle 

lobe of the lower lip keeled-sac-shaped, inclosing the stamens. 237 

6. Chelone. — Corolla tubular, inflated above, the mouth a little open. An- 

thers woolly. — Leaves opposite, serrate. Flowers white or purplish. 237 

7. Pentstemon. — Corolla tubular, often enlarging above. Sterile filament 

long, bearded or naked. — Flowers showy, in thyreoid panicles. 233 

J % Stamens 4, without a rudimentary fifth. 

3. Paulonia. — Corolla-tube long decimate, enlarged above. — An ornamental 

tree, with very large leaves, and purplish flowers. 238 

Digitalis. — Corolla bell-shaped, ventricose, in 5 subequal lobes.— Flmvers 
large, in showy racemes* 239 



144 CLASS XV. 



PAGE. 

10. Mimulus. — Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, tho up- 

per lip erect or reflexed-spreading, the lower spreading, 3-lobed. — Herbs, 
with square stems and handsome flowers on solitary axillary peduncles. 239 

11. IIerpp.stis. — Calyx 5-parfad, unequal, the upper divisions broadest and 

often longest. Corolla short. — Prostrate or creeping. ■ 240 

* Lobes of the corolla fiat and open* 

15. Limoszlla— Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft. — Small and creeping fleshy 

herbs, with single flowers. ' 241 

18. Buchneka. — Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a straight or curved 

tube. — Flowers blue, in terminal bractcd spikes. 24-4 

19. Geeakdia, — Calyx 5 toothed or cleft. Corolla enlarged above, — Flowers 

showy, purple or yellow, often in racemes or spikes. 244 

** Upper lip of the tubular corolla erect, arched, including Hie 4 stamens. 

20. Castillpja. — Calyx cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper side. 

Lower corolla-lip very small. — Leaves entire or cut-lobed, the floral ones 
colored red or yellow. 245 

21. Schwalbea. — Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth smallest- 

Flowers dull yellow, in a loose spike. 24G 

22. Pedicularis. — Pod ovote or sword-shaped.— -Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers in 

terminal spikes, yellowish or purplish. 248 

23. Melamftrum.— Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla ringent or personate. — Flowers yel- 

lowish, remote, one-sided, axillary. 247 

B. Trees, shrubs, or "herbs, often twiuing or climbing. 

Tecoma. — Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly 
irregular. Capsule long and narrow. — Trees or shrubs often climbing, 
with digitate or pinnate leaves. 232 

Martynia,— Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla gitfbous, bell-shaped. Capsule at length 

with 2 long hooked horns.— Leaves suhco rdate. Flovjers large, racemed. 233 

Diptericaxthus.— Corolla funnel-form, the spreading limb nearly regularly 
and equally 5 cleft. Anthers arrow-shaped. — Flowers blue or purple, 
clustered. 234 

Thenbergia, — Calyx double, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts, Corolla bell-shaped, with 
an inflated tube, and 5-lobed limb. — Exotic climbing herbs, with showy 
axillary flowers. 235 

0. Herbs destitute of green foliage. 

Epipregus. — Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla; the lower fertile, 

with the corolla minute and not expanding. 231 

Coxopnoi.is. — Flowers in a dense spike, scaly throughout. Corolla ventricose, 

2-lipped. Stamens protruded. 231 

Aphyllon.— Flowers solitary on naked peduncles or scapes. Corolla tubular, 

Stamens included. 232 

CLASS XV. TETRADYKfAMIA.— 6 Stamens, 4 long 
and 2 short. 

Order 1. SILICULOSiE. — Pod short an$ broad. . 

2. Telaspi. — Petals equal. Silicle short, flat, emarginate at the apex, many- 
seeded. — Leaves undivided. F lowers white or purplish. 25 

2. Capsella— Calyx equal at base. Silicle triangular, wedge-form, obcordate, 

compressed laterally.— Flowers white. 25 



CLASS XV. 



145 



PAGE. 

3. Eoiophila.— Petals 2-parted. Silicle oval or oblong.— Flowers small, \ 

white. 2o 

4. Lepidium— Petals ovate, entire. Silicles laterally compressed, orbicular- 

ovate, or oval.— Flowers white. 2o 

5. Camelixa.— Petals eaual. Silicle cbovoid or subglobose, obtuse, entire, 

macronate with the persistent style.— Flowers small, yellow. 25 

& Cochlearea.— Petals entire. Silicle oblong or ovoid-globose, with inflated 



valves. — F lowers vjk : .te. 



25 



Cultivated Exotics 



7. Alyssum — Petal3 entire. Silicle orbicular or oval, with valves, flat or con- 
vex in the centre. — Flowers white or yellow. 27 

& Lux aria.— Petals nearly entire. Silicle pedicellate, elliptical or lanceolate. 

Flovjers light purple. 27 

D. Iberis — Petals, the 2 outside, larger than the 2 inner. Silicle compressed, 
truncate, emarginate. — Ornamental garden annuals, vith white or pur- 
ple flowers. 27 

10. Isatis— Silicle elliptical, flat, 1-celled, 1-seede 1, with boat-shaped valves.- 

Flowers large, yellow, in long terminal racemes. 23 

Order I. SILIQUOSiE. — Pod mostly long and narrow. 

11. Dextapia. — Siliqaie narrow-lanceolate, with the long style. — Stem with a 

few divided leaves, and white-purple flowers. 23 

12. Barbarea. — Pod 4-angled, and somewhat 2-edgcd.— Leaves lyrately pinnati- 

iid. Flowers yellow. 23 

13. Nasturtium. — Pod nearly terete, linear-oblong, and curved upwards like 

a silicle. Seeds small, irregularly 2 ro wed in each cell, m.irgiuless. — 
Aquatic or marsh planh, with yellow or white flowers and pinnate or 
pinnatitid leaves. 23 

11. Arams. — Pod linear, plane; seed3 in a single row in each cell. — Flowers 

white. 3d 

15. Iodaxthus. — Pod linear, elongated, terete. Style thick. — Flowers violet- 

purple, in panicled racemes. 30 

16. Cardamixe. — Pcd linear, flattened, usually opening elastically. — Flowers 

white or purple. 31 

17. Sysimbrium. — Pod terete Or rather 4 to 6 sided. — Flowers small, white or 

yellow. 31 

18. Erysimum. — Pods columner, 4-sided. — Flowers yellow. 32 

19. Sixapis. — Pods nearly terete, with a short beak. — Leaves lyrate, phma- 

tifid or incised. Flo wars yelloiv. 32 

20. P.aphaxus. — Pod elongated, transversely many-celled. — Flowers yellow or 

purplish. 33 

21. Cheiraxthus. — Pod terete or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed or capitate. — 

Flowers fragrant, showy, pale-purple or orange-yellow. 33 

Cultivated Exotics. 

22. Hbspkris— Pod 4-sided, 2-edged or sub terete. Stigmas forked.— Flowers 

purple. 34 

23. Mattsiola. — Pod terete. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants, clothed with a 

heavy pubescence. 34 

24. Brassica. — Pod sub-compressed. — Flowers yellow. 34 

Mm 



146 CLASS XVI. AND XVII. 

PAGE. 

CLASS XVI. HONODELPHIA.— Filaments combined 
in one set. 

Order III— V. TRI-PENTANDMA.— 3 to 5 Stamens 
in one set* 

&GRI3U.— -Spathe 2-leaved, keeled, 1-flowered. Perianth 5 parted, with oblong 
segments. Stamens 3; filaments united into a long tube. — Flowers 
large, very evanescent, yellow and red. 370 

PasSiplora. — Calyx 5-parted, colored, the throat crowned with a double or tri- 
ple fringe. Petals 5 or none. Stamens 5, their filaments situated 
on the stipe of thp ovary. Stigmas 3,— Climbing herbs or shrubs, with 
palmately lsbed leaves. 121 

Lijtum. — Sepals, petals, and styles 5. Capsule 5 to 10-celled. 61 

Order X. DECANDEIA— 10 Stamens in one set 

O-SRANIUM. — Sepals find petals 5, regular. Stamens all fertile, the alternate 

ones longer, and with scales at the base. — Peduncles 1, 2, or Z-ftowercd. M 

Oxalis. — Sepals and petals 5. Styles 5. — Leaves mostly 3-foliatti 68 

BiTLOjAxtnua, page SS. TfPHROSiA and Amorpha, p. 90. Lupous, p. 93. 

Order XIIT. POLYANDRIA.— Many Stamens in 

one set. 

A. MALVACEAE — Herbs or shrubs, ivith alternate 
stipulate leaves and regular flowers, with numerous 
stamens, monodelphous in a column. Pistils several. 57 

1. Malva. — Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base. — Flowzrs perfect. 57 

1. Althea. — Calyx surrounded by a 6 to 9-cleft involucel. 48 

3. Hibiscus. — Calyx surrounded by a many-cleft involuceh Pistils 6 at the 

summit of the column. — Flowers usually large and showy. 58 

4. Abutilo:?. — Calyx without an involucel. Styles 6 to 15. — Flowers in the 

asiis cf the heart-shaped, lobed, or incised leaves. 59 

§. Sii>a. — Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. Styles 5 or more. Carpels 1- 

seeded. — Flowers white or yellow". 60 

CLASS XVII. BXABELPHIA.— Filaments in 2 sets, 

Order VI. HEXANDRIA.— 8 Stamens. 

A. FUM AIUACEiE.— Delicate smooth herbs, with com- 
pound directed leaves and regular flowers, with 4 
somewhat united petals. 22 

1. Eiobntra.— Sepals 2, small. Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred.— Z#i* stem- 

less perennials, with simple scapes. 23 

1. Cobtd u.13.— Corolla 1-spurred at the base, deciduous. Style persistent. 

Jfruit a many-seeded pod. — Flowers in racemes. 33 



CLASS XVII. 147 



PAGE, 

3. Ablumia. — Corolla heart-shaped, persistent, 4-lobed at the apex. — A climb- 

ing vine. 2i 

4. Fuma*ia. — Corolla 1-spurred. Fruit small, globular. 24 

Order VIII. OCTANDRIA.— 8 Stamens in 2 sets. 

Poitgal.v. — Sepals 5, persistent, 2 of them urn-shaped and eolored. Petals 8 

to 5, united to the stamens, the lower one keel-form. 78 

Order X. DECANDRIA.— 10 Stamens in 2 sets 
(mostly 9 and 1). ^ 

B. LEGUMINOSiE. — Herbaceous plants, shrubs or 
trees i with alternate mostly compound leaves and pa- 
pilllonaceous flowers. Pistil single. Fruit a legume. 77 

± % Herts, wit a abruptly pinnate leaves, the common 
leaf-stalk produced into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles 
axillary. 

1. Vicia. — Style bearded round the apex or down the anterior side, 77 

2. Lathyrus.. — Style bearded on the posterior side, flattened, 7S 

3. Pisum. — Legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded. 80 

4. Cicer, — Legume turgid, 2-seeded.— Flowers wJn'te. 80 

5. F aba.— Legume large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid. — Herbs, without ten- 

drils. 8G 

J J Twining or trailing plants, with odd pinnate leaves, 
of 2 to several leaflets, destitute of tendrils. 

6. Phaseolus. — Keel spiral. — Leaves 3- foliate, stipellate. 81 

7. Apios. — Keel incurred, at length twisted. — Leaves 5 to 7-foliate. 82 

8. Galactia.— Calyx 4-cleft, — Leaves pinnately trifoliate. S3 

9. CJOfiaosEMA. — Calyx short, 5-clcft, witn 2 bracteoles. Peduncles few-flow- 

ered. — Leaves pinnately trifoliate. 83 

10. Amphicatipa. — Calyx 4 or 5-toothed. Peduncles many-flowered. — Leaves 

pinnatdy trifoliate, 83 

11. Wistaria.— Calyx bilabiate. Wings and keel sickle-shaped. — Twining 

shrubby plants, with pinnate leaves and blue Jlouers in racemes. 83 

XXX legume separating into 2 to several 1-seeded 
joints. Leaves 8 to many-pinnate. 

12. JEschynomene. — Stamens equally diadelphous (5 and 5). Legume seYeral- 

jointed.-?- Lea flcts numerous. 84 

13. niDYSAKUM. — Legume with many joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate. 84 

14. Desmddium. — Stamens mostly diadelphous (9 and 1). Legume scveral- 

joiated. — Leaflets 3, Flowers purple or purplish. 84 

15. Lispedeza. — Anthers uniform. Legume of a single 1-seeded joint, oval or 

roundish. r— Leaflets 2, 87 

16. Stylosinthus. — Stamens monodelphous ; anthers of 2 forms. Legume 1 

QV 2-jginted,— leaflets 3. 88 



148 CLASS XVIII. 



J J J J Herbs, shrubs, or trees, not twining, climbing 
cr tendril-bearing. 

17. Astragalus. — Legume partly or quite 2-celled — Herbaceous or shrubby. 

Leaves odd-pinnate. 8$, 

18. Eobinia. — Style bearded. — Trees or shrubs, with prickly spines, pinnate 

leaves, and showy racemose flowers. 89. 

19. Tephrosia. — Stamens monodelphous or scarcely diadelphous. — Sillcy-hoary 

herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves and white and purplish flowers. 90 

20. Amorpha. — Stamens monodelphous merely at the base. Tetals 1. — Shrubs, 

with odd-pinnate leaves. 90 

21. Tripolium. — Elowcrs in dense heads. — Leaves trifoliate. 90 

22. Melilottjs. — Elowers in spiked racemes. — Leaves pinnately tri-foliate. 92 

23. Medicago. — Flowers racemed or spiked. Legume more or less spiral.-- 

Leaves tri-foliate. 92 

24. Crotalaria. — Legume inflated, oblong. — Leaves simple. Flowers yellow. 93 

25. Lupinus. — Stamens monodelphous. — Leaves pahnately 5 to 15-foliate. 9& 

| J t X t Stamens distinct. Corolla truly papillionaceous. 

26. Baptisia. — Legume stalked in the persistent calyx, inflated. — Leaves 3- 

fuliale. 93 

27. Cercis. — Trees, with simple rounded heart-shaped leaves. — Flowers rose- 

colored. 9i 

GLASS XVIIL ' EIMmmESlA.— 5 Anthers united w 

a tube. 

Obs. The plants of this class, with a few exceptions, have 5 anthers united into 
a single tube. The flowers are in heads, inserted upon a common re- 
ceptacle, which is surrounded by an involucre : being usually known 
as Compound Flowers. They form the Katural Order Composite. Iu5r 

A. TUBULIFLOR^E.— Corolla of the perfect or disk 
flowers, tubular, regular, the limb 5-cleft or lobed ; 
the ligulate or ray-flowers when present, either pis- 
tillate only or neutral (with neither stamens or 
pistils), and occupying the border. 156; 

* Heads discoid {without ray-flowers) ; the flowers ail 
alike, perfect, tubular; branches of the style slender, 
thread-form or bristle-form. 

% Flowers violet or purple. 

* Leaves alternate. 
Yernonia. — Heads many-flowered. Pappus double. — Leaves alternate. 15^. 

Elephantopus. — Heads 3 to 5-flowered, in dense clusters. — Leaves subsessile. 150 

* * Heads discoid or radiate ) branches of the style 
much elongated, obtuse or club-shaped.— -Lea yes mostly 
opposite. 



CLASS XVIII. 149 



PAG 5, 

X Heads without ray-flower*. Flowers all alike, tu- 
bular, blue,. purple or whitish, not yellow. 

Liatris. — Heads few to niany-flowered. Corolla 5-cleft.- — Boot tuberous. Leaves 

narrow, rigid. MR 

Kunxu.— Heads 10 to 2-3-flowered. Corolla 5-toothed.— Leaves lanceolate, resi- 
nous-doited. 1*^ 

• Leaves opposite. 

Mikania — Heads 4- flowered .— Climbers. 15$ 

Co!coclinium. — Heads many flowered. Corolla 5-tootned. — Leaves petioled. 158 

Bupatorium. — Heads 3 to many-flowered. Receptacle flat. 159 

I J Heads radiate (with ray-flowers) ; flowers dissimi- 
lar or dioecious, purplish-yellow. 

Nardosma. — Heads many-flowered, somewhat dicecious. — Leaves radical. 161 

Tussilago, — Head (single) with many rows of narrow rays and few disk flowers. 1C1 

*** Heads radiate, rarely discoid; branches of the 
style more or less flattened and linear. — Leaves mostly 
alternate. 

X Heads radiate ; rays white, reddish, blue or purple, 
yery rarely yellow. 

Astsk. — Heads many-flowered. Disk yellow, often changing to purple. 1C2 

Galatella. — Involucre imbricated. Rays 3 to 12. Disk-corollas deeply cleft. — 

Leaves narrow, rigid, entire. 160 

JSriqeron, — Rays very numerous. — Leaves alternate. 1G7 

DirLOPAPPUS. — Rays S to 12, — Leaves alternate, entire. 16$ 

IJoltonia. — Heals many-flowered. — Leaves lanyahite, entire, lCd 

Ssricocarpus. — Roys about 5. — Leaves sestik, alternate. i$9 

CALLi3?E?nu6. — Kay-flowers pistillate, numerous. — Exotics. 170 

Dahlia. — Involucre double. Receptacle chaffy. — Showy exotics. 170 

t J Heads radiate; rays yellow, rarely whitish. 

8olh>aoo. — Heads few or many-flowered, small, — Flowers expanding in the 

autumnal months. 171 

Inula. — Heads many-flowered, large. — Leaves large. 175 

Ecupta. — Heads many-flowered, small, with minute flowers. I7& 

XXX Heads discoid ; flowers purplish. 

Tluchba. — Heads many-flowered, in corymbs. 175 

* * * * Heads radiate or discoid ; branches of the style 
linear, hairy or hisped at the apex, which is either trun- 
cated or produced in a conical or elongated appendage. 

% Heads radiate ; flowers yellowish or greenish, some- 
times monoecious. 

PoLiaisu.— Leayes opposite, large. 2Xf 

Mm* 



150 CLASS XVIII. 



PAGE. 

Silphium. — Heads large, with yellow flowers. 177 

Ambrosia. — Heads monoecious, the fertile at the base and the sterile at the top 
of the spikes. — Coarse weeds, with lobed or dissected leaves and incon- 
spicuous flowers. 17,T 

Xanthium. — Fertile and sterile flowers occupying different heads on the same 
plants ; the fertile clustered below ; the sterile in short spikes or racemes 
above. — Coarse plants. 178 

* * * * * Heads radiate or rarely discoid ; the disk- 
flowers always perfect and fertile ; receptacle chaffy ) an- 
thers blackish, without tails at the base. — Leaves most!?/ 
opposite. 

f Rays conspicuous, mostly large, 

IIeliopsis — Heads many-flowered. Achenia 4-angular. — Leaves opposite, pc~ 

Holed. 

liUDEECKiA. — Rays long and drooping. Achenia 4- angled. 

Lepactiys. — Heads many-flowered- Rays few, long and drooping. — Leaves 

pinnate. 180 

IIelianthus. — Heads many-flowered. Kays strap-shaped, neutral. — Coarse 

stout herbs. ISO 

-j- + Rays yellow or orange-colored, rarely red, white or 
purple or sometimes wanting. 

Coreopsis. — Heads many-flowered. Kays abc.ut 8, neutral in a single series. — 

Leaves mostly opposite. 1&2 

Zixxia. — Heads many-flowered. Raya 5 or 6, entire, pistillate. — Leaves oppo- 
site, entire. 183 

Tacetes. — Heads heterogenous. Ray-flowers 5. — Leaves pinnate! y divided. 181 

Actixomeris. — Heads many-fiowcred. Rays neutral, few, or rarely wanting. — 

Leaves serrate, feather-veined. 184 

Bidens. — Heads many-flowered. Rays 3 to 8, neutral, often wanting. 1S5 

Yerbesina. — Acheniam much flattered lateral ly. lSv 

* Pappus composed of several distinct chaffy scales, 

JIelenium. — Leaves docurrcnt on the angled stems. — Heads terminating the 

branches. 1SG 

f f f Rays white. Leaves much dissected. 

Maruta, p. 187. Anthemis, p. 1ST. Achillea, p. 188. Leucasthumum, p. 183, 
PYRETHRTJM, p. 181). 

y f '(* f Ornamental exotics, with white, yellow, red,, 
and purple rays. Leaves lobed. 

CHRYSANTHEMUM.. 18$ 

1 1 1 1 1 Heads mostly discoid, fertile or hetcrogamous; 
flowers yellow or whitish. 

* Leaees bi-pinnate or finely dissected. 
Tanacetum, p. 189. Artemisia, p. 190. 

* * Leaves entire, white, woolly. 
CLsapiulivm, p. 191. Antennawa, p. 191. Filago, p. 19& 



CLASS XIX. 151 



1 1 1 1 1 1 Heads mostly discoid. Pappus soft and 
axillary. Leaves mostly alternate. Flowers whitish or 
yellow, rarely scarlet. 

Erechthytes, p. 192. Cacalia, P' 193. Seniclo, p. 194. Arnica, p. 195. 

* * *-* * * Heads ovoid, discoid, rarely radiate, homo- 
gamous (rarely dioecious), heterogamous^. with the mar- 
ginal flowers in a single series, 

f Flowers mostly purple, blue or whitish, rarely yel- 
lowish. Leaves often covered with sharp prickles. 

Centaurea, p. 195. Cirsium, p. 196. Onopordon, p. 198. Lappa, p. 198, 
Cnicus, p. 199. 

f f Exotics, with yellow, orange, or rarely white or 
purplish flowers. 

Calendula, p. 199. Carthamus, p. 199. Xeranthemum, p. 20O. 

B. LIGULIFLOREiE.— Flowers all perfect, with ligu- 

late (strap-shaped) corolla throughout. 20& 

* Branches of the style slender, obtuse, uniformly 
hairy. — Herbs, loitli a milky juice and alternate leaves. 

f Flowers blue or purplish. 

Cichorium, p. 200. Mulgedium, p. 204. Tragopogon, 205. Catananche, 206,. 

f f Flowers yellow. Leaves radical, lyrate, toothed or 
pinnatifid. 

Krigia, p. 201. Cynthia, p. 201. Leontodon, p. 201. Taraxicum, p. 2C3. 

f f t Flowers yellow, or rarely whitish or purplish,. 
Stem leafy, more or less. 

Cxnthia, p. 201. HrERAciuM, p. 202. Nabulus, p. 202-. Lactuca, p. 204. Sox- 
chus, p. 205. Tragopogon, p. 205.. 

ORDER I. MONOGYNIA.— Flowers seperate } not- 
compound. 

Yiolace,e. — Flowers polypetalxms, irregular. Style club-shaped-. 36: 

Impatiens.— Flowers polypetalous, very irregular. Stigma sessile. 64^ 

JLiObelia. — Corolla monopetalous, isregular. Style 1. 206. 

Apocynum. — Corolla monopetalous, regular. Stigma 1.. 289. 

CLASS XIX. GYNANBEXA— Stamens situated upon 
the style or column above the germ. 

Orotr MQNANDKIA and DUNPRUt 



152 CLASS XIX. 

PASS, 

A. ORCHlDACEiE. — Perennial, often stemless herls, 
with simple parallel-veined entire leaves, and irregu- 
lar 6-merous flowers. 856 

I. Anther single. 

* Pollen cohering in definite (4) waxy masses, without 
any connecting tissue or tail-like prolongation. 

f Plants greea, and with leaves. Sepals spreading } 
lip flat. 

I. MicrostYLTS. — Lip arrow or heart-shaped. Column minute, round. 356 
t. Liparis. — Lip entire, dilated. Column elongated, margined at the apex. 355 

fy Plants tawnj or purplish, nearly leafless. 

t\ Corallorhiea. — Lip with a spur or projection at the base, adherent to the 

ovary. Anther terminal. 357 

4. Aplectrl t m. — Lip spurless, free, raised on a claw. Anther rather lateral. 357 

* * Pollen cohering in definite (2 to 4) waxy masses, 
furnished with an elastic prolongation. Plants green. 

6. Tipularia. — Lip long-spurred underneath. — Flowers racemtd. 853 

* * * Pollen cohering in very numerous grains, which 
are collected on a cobweb-like tissue into 2 large masses 
and affixed to the glands of the stigma. 

6. Oftcms. — Anther-cells contiguous and parallel. Glands of the stigma con- 
tinued in a little pouch formed of a fold or hood of the stigma. 868 

T. Gymnadenia. — Anther-cells contiguous and parallel ; glands naked. Zb& 

8. Pi.atanthera. — Anther-cells widely separated at the hase : glands naked. 359" 

* * * * Pollen powdery, in numerous minute and angled 
leosely cohering grains (forming 2 to 4 masses). An- 
ther terminal, forming a lid over the stigma. 

-j- Pollen-masses 4, angled. 

&. Arethusa. — Lip hearded, united at the hase to the linear column. 861 

f f Pollen-masses 2. 

10. Poqonia. — Lip more or less crested, free. Column club-shaped. 361 

II. Calopogon. — Lip "bearded, stalked posterior. Column incurred. S61 

f f f Anthers more or less parallel, with the stigma or 
column erect. 

12L Spiranthes. — Lip nearly entire, channelled, pointless, ascending. 3C5 

13. Goodybra. — Lip entire, inflated, sac-] ike "below, strap-pointed. 3651 

14. Listeria. — Lip fiat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed. 8&S 

II. Anthers 2. 

15. CrrsuPSDiuar.—Lip inflated, clipper-form. &Z 



CLASS XX. 



PAGE. 

0$BER V. PENTANDRIA. — 5 Stamens situated upon 
the Style. 

A3CLEPiADACE-£. — Calyx and, corolla regular, hypogynous. 290 

Ouder VI— XII. HEX-POLYANDRIA. 

Aristolociuaceje:. — Calyx epigynous ; corolla none. Fruit 7-celled. 297 

CLASS XX. MGETCEOIA.— Stamens and Pistils in 
separate flowers on the same Plant, 

Order I. MOXANDMA.— 1 Stamen. 

Lemna. — Flowers bursting from the side of a floating frond. 34S. 

Zannicjiella. — Flowers axillary, sessile; the fertile of 2 to 5 pistils. — Sub- 
mersed aquatics. 35ft 

Euphorbia. — Flowers in a cup-shaped involucre. Fertile flower solitary, cen- 
tral, on a long peduncle. Styles 3, usually 2-cleft. Ovary 3-celled. 315 

Order II— III. DI-TEIANDBIA.— 2 or 3 Stamens.. 

Podostemum. — Stamens .affixed to a common pedicel. Stigmas sessile, recurved. 314 

f Stamens aggregated in a common spi^e or head,. 

Tipha. — Flowers all in a spike, intermixed with down. 313 

Spargaxium. — Flowers in heads, naked, the fertile hracted. 348 

f f Stamens in the axils of bracts. 

Carex. — Achenium lenticular or triangular, inclosed in a sac. 403 

Scleria. — Achenium globular, crustaceous or bony, naked. 403 

^ripsacum. — Grain inclosed in cartilaginous glumes sunk in the joints of the 

spike. 430 

f 1 1 Staminate flowers in aments. 

Comptonia. — Nutlets 1 under each bract of the burr-like catkin. — Low shrubs. 

Leaves pinnatifid. 327 

1 1 1 1 Staminate flowers in remote spikes or panicles. 
Leaves parallel-veined. 

Zea. — Styles very long, filiform, pendulous-. 432 

Coix.— Staminate flowers in remote spikes. Style 2-parted. 432 

Order IV. TETRAKDKEA.— 4 or sometimes 8 Stamens. 
* Trees or shrubs. Fertile flowers in aments or spikes. 

Betula. — Stigma 2, thread like, becoming a broadly winged and scale-like nut- 
let or small samara. 327 

Alkus. — Sterile aments long and drooping. Scales of the ament thick and 

woody in fruit, coherent below, and persistent. 32,8 



154 CLASS XX. 



PAG1. 

JkloRUS. — Style 2. Aehenium orate, compressed, covered by the succulent 

berry-like calyx. 335 

Broussonettia.— Pistillate aments globose. Ovaries becoming fleshy, club- 
shaped. Style lateral. 335 

Maclura. — Ovaries numerous, forming a compound globose fruit, composed of 

1-seeded, compressed, wedge-form carpels. Style 1, filiform. 836 

Buxus. — Sterile flowers; calyx 3-leaved. Petals 2. Fertile flowers; calyx 4- 

sepailed. Petals 3. Styles 3. — Evergreen shrubs. 318 



| Herbs. 



TJrticbje. — Herbs (often stinging), with watery juice, and flowers in spikes, 

heads or panicles. Style single or none. 337-8 

Amaranthus. — Calyx dry and scarious. Styles 2 or 3, filiform. Utricle opon- 

ing all round, 1-secded. — Flowers spike- clustered. S00 

ff Aquatic herbs. 

Htriophyllum.— Flowers spiked. Stamens 4 to 8. Sepals and petals adherent 

to the 4-ceiled nutlet. — Aquatic lierbs. 11T 

Eriocaulon.— Sepals and petals free. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded. Stigmas 2.— 

Leaves linear, 894 

Order Y. PENTANDRIA.— 5 Stamens. 

AtfABANTHtfS. — Calyx dry and scarious. — Coarse iveedy lierb^with minute spike- 

flustered flowers* 800 

Order VI, BEXANDRIA.— 6 Stamens. 

Zizania. — Staminate and pistillate flowers in lrfiowered spikelets in the same 

panicle. — Large and often reed-like water-grasses. 409 

Order VII, POLYANDRIA.— Many Stamens. 

LiQUiDAMBER.-^-Styles 2. Capsule 2*beaked, 2-celled, several-seeded.— frets. 

Leaves deeply 5 to 1-lobed. 338 

Platanus.— Style 1. Nutlets club-shaped, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Trees. Leaves 

palmately-lo.led, 334 

* * Staminate flowers mostly in aments. Trees or shrubs. 

Ji. CUPULIFER.E.— Trees or shrills, tvith alternate 
straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, the sterile 
flowers in aments or clusters, and the fertile solitary 
or clustered, furnished with an involucre which 
forms a cup or coyering to the l-celled ; 1-seeded 
nut, 320 

f Fertile flowers scattered or few in a cluster. 

%. Quehcus. — Involucre 1-flowercd, of many imbricated email scales, forming 

a cup around the base of the acorn. 320 

|, Castanea. — Involucre 2 or 3-flowered, forming a prickly burr, inclosing 1 

\q 5 leathery nuts, opening by 4 valves, 823 



CLASS XX. 155 



PA61. 

3. Faous.— Involucre 2-flowered, somewhat prickly, 4-valved, inclosing 2 

sharply 3-angled nuts. 824 

4. Coryluh. — Involucre 1 or 2-fiowered, formed of 2 or 3 confluent scales, 

which become leafy, much enlarged and cut-torn at the apes, inclosing 

a bony nut. 321 

1 1 Fertile flowers clustered in a kind of ament. 

5. Carpihus. — Involucre a separate open leafi 825 
I. Ostrya. — Involucre a bladdery bag, 1-floweredi 326 

B. JUGL AND ACEiE.— Trees with alternate unequally 
pinnate leaves. Fruit a kind of dry drupe with a 
bony endocarp (nut-shell), containing a large 4-lobed 
seed. 318 



* Stamens 12 to many. — Herbs, 



Ceratophyllum. — Calyx herbaceous. Achenium horned. — Aquatic herbs, with 

whorled finely dissected leaves. 313 

Sasittaria. — Sepals and petals 3> free. — Leaves mostly sagittate. Flowers 

whitish. 354 

C. ARACEtE. — -Plants, with acrid or pungent juice, 
simple or compound leaves, and with the flowers 
crowded, on a spadix, usually surrounded by a spathe. 
Berry 1-celled. 345 

f Spadix surrounded by a spathe. 

1. Arum. — Flowers naked, covering the base only of the spadix. 345 

2. Peltandra. — Flowers naked, covering the whole spadix; spathe long and 

convolute. 3-iC 

3. Calla. — Flowers mostly perfect, naked, covering the Bpadix; spathe open 

and spreading. — Leaves heart shaped, long-jpetioled. 340 

Ohder VIII. MONODELPHIA.— Stamens united by 
their filaments. 

Phyllanthus. — Stamens 3, much united. Stigmas 6. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, 

3-eeeded. 317 

Acalypha. — Stamens 8 to 16, united at the base. Styles 3, cut-fringed. 317 

Podostemum. — Stamens 2, rarely 3. Styles or stigmas 2. — Aquatics, growing 

on stems. 314 

Eicntus. — Stamens numerous. Styles 3, 2-parted. — Hcros, with peltate palmate 

leaves. 318 

* Flowers naked in the axils of scales, forming aments. 

A. CONIFERiE. — Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, 
and mostly with evergreen subulate or needle-shaped 
leaves. 339 

1. Pixus. — Leaves in clusters, of 2 to 5 in a sheath, persistent. 533 

3. Aeiss.— Leaves all scattered, persistent. $40 



156 CLASS XXT. 



l'AGS. 

3. Larix. — Leaves mafiy in a cluster, deciduous. 34l 

t Fruit consisting of a colored strobile or drupe. 

4. Thuja. — Fruit of a few imbrir'a-ted oblong scale?. — Leavec seal j-like, closely 

imbricated on the flattened branches. 342 

5. Cuprepsus. — Fruit of several shield-form thickened scales united in a 

woody cone. — Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped, appressed. 342 

6. Taxodium. — Fruit as in Cupiessus. — Leaves linear, 2- ranked, deciduous. 343 

7. Taxus — Ovule erect, encircled at the ba?e by an annular di.sk, which forms 

a berry like cup around the seed. — Leaves 2-ranked, persistent. 304 

Order IX. S YNGENESI A.— Stamens connected hy 
their Anthers-. 

* Fruit an Acheninm. 

-Xanthivm.— Staminate and fertile flowers in separate involucres, the latter a 

2-cellcd burr. 178 

Ambrosia. — Staminate and fertile flowers in separate involucres, the latter nut- r, 
like 1-celled. 177 

* * Fruit a fleshy carpel (Pepo). 

Cl'CURBITACeje. — Herbaceous, mostly succulent vines with tendrils, and alter- 
nately palhiately-veihed leaves. Fruit a pepo, more ox less succulent. 121 

1. Sictos. 2. Echixostylus. 3. Melotiiria. 122 

4. Momordica. 5. Cuctmis. 123 

$. Lagenaria. 7. Cucurbita. 124 

CLASS XXI. DKECIA.— Stamens and Pistils in separate 
flowers and on different plants. 

Order I— V. MONO-PENTANDRIA.— Stamens 1 to 5. 
t Stamens 1. 

Kaias. — Flowers axillary, sessile, without a perianth. — Submersed aquatics. 350 

f -j- Stamens 2, sometimes 1 to '6. 

$alix. — Sterile and fertile flowers both in aments, naked. Stamens 1 to 6. — 

Trees or shrubs. 327 

Fraxinus. — Calyx small, 4-cleft. Style single. Fruit a 1 to 2-seeded samara. — 

Trees, with pinnate leaves. 295 



•j-tt Stamens 3 or 4. 



Valmskterm. — Capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, many-seeded. Stamens mostly 3. — 

Submersed aquatics, with long grass-like leaves. 355 

€arex.— Achenium in a sac. 403 

Viscum. — Anthers sessile on the calyx-lobes. Berry 1-celled, 1-seeded. — A yel- 
lowish green parasitic plant. 311 

fttt Stamens mostly 5 (sometimes 4). 

-fc»GVNi>A —Fruit a double samara.— Shrubs. Leaves compound, H 



CLASS XXII. 157 



PAGEa 

Myrica. — Fruit a dry drupe. Flowers in short aments. Filaments 2 to 8, 

somewhat united. — Shrubs. 326 

IJrtica. — Fruit an achenium. Flowers spiked or panieled. — Herbs. 337 

Pyrularia — Style 1. Fruit pear-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded — A low straggling 

shrub. ' . 310: 

Nyssa.— Fruit an cval or oblong berry-like drupe, with a grooved endocarp.— - 

Trees, with smooth and shining leaves, 3C9- 

Cannabine.3 -^Calyx of 1 sepal, folding r^und tha. achenium.— Erect or twining 

herbs, with a watery juice. 336 

Acnida. — Calyx 3 to 5-sepalled. Achenium 3 to o-angled, erustaceous.— Herbs. 

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate. 299: 

Xanthoxylum. — Sepals 5, petal-like. Pistils 3 to 5. Carpels thiekish, 2-valved. 

Seeds black and shining. — Fragrant shrubs. 66 

Ptelea. Petals 3 tc 5. Stamens 3 to 5. Stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled samara, 

winged all around.— Shru bs, with 3 to 5-foliate leaves. 67 

Order VI. HEXANDRIA.— 6 Stamens. 

Btsmex. — Achenium 3-angular, covered by the inner sepals. — Sour herbs. 306 

J Climbing or twining. 

Smilax. — Perianth of 6 equal spreading segments. Stigmas 3, thick. Berry 

1 to 3-seeded.— Shrubs rarely herbs, climbing by tendrils on the petioles. 372 

Dioscorea. — Capsule 3-celled, 3-winged, 3-seeded. — Climbing herbs, with more 

or less heart-shaped leaves. 371 

J J Herbs, with parallel- veined radical leaves. 

Chamjelirium. — Perianth of 6 persistent sepals. Styles 3, linear-club-shaped. 

Anthers yellow. — Flowers yellowish-white, in a.lcng slender raceme. 383 

Order VIII. OCT-POLYANDRIA.— 8 to many stamens. 

* Flowers with calyx and corolla. 

Menispermum. — Sepals and petals 4 to 8, distinct. Drupes 1 to ±.-~Twining or 

climbing shrubs. Leaves palmate or peltate. 15 

* * Calyx regular : petals none. 

A. LAURACE.ZE. — -Aromatic trees or shrubs, with al- 
ternate leaves. Calyx petal-like, 6-parted. Stamens 
9. Drupe free. 307 

1. Sassafras.— Drupe^o void, supported on a fleshy club-shaped pedicel.— 

Trees. 3os 

% Benzoin.— Drupe obovoid, the stalk not thickened.— Shrubs. 308 

**-* Calyx and corolla none. 

Populus.— Flowers in aments. Stamens 8 to 40. Capsule 1-celled;— Trees. 

with more er less heart-shaped leaves. ' 332 

* * * * Flowers with a 6 -parted perianth. 

¥dora.— Spathe bifid, 1-flowered. Stamens 9, 4 of them inferior.— Submerged 

aquatics. ■• ' 35^ 

Nil. ' l 



158 GLASS XXII. 

Order X. MONODELPHIA. Stamens united ly their 
filaments. 

* Flowers in a hind of short ament: ovules naked on the 
scales. Evergreen trees or shrubs. 

PAGE. 

Taxus.— -Scales empty at the base of the naked cup-shaped berry, 34 4 

J unipertjs.— Scales of the fertile aments 3 to 6, forming a sort of drupe. 343 

CLASS XXII. POLYGAfflXA. 

J Stamens 1 to 3. Flowers glumaceous. 

Grashne^: — Nos. 45 Andropogon. 42- Panjcum. 40 Sorghum. 

| J Stamens 2. Flowers with a calyx or naked. 

Fraxinus. — Fruit a 1 to 2-seeded samara. — Trees. Leaves pinnate. 29£ 

CALUTRieHE.— Emit nut-like, 4-lobedj 4-celled> 4-seeded. 314 

%± J Stamens 8 to 8. 

CIIENOPODIACEiE.— Calyx herbaceous, inclosing the aehe*nium. • 298 

Ulmus.— Samara rounded, broadly winged. Calyx 4 to 9-cleft. — Trees. 311 

Celtis.— Drupe free from the 5 to 6-parted calyx. Styles 2. — Trees or large 

shrubs. 312 

Nyssa.— Drupe coherent with the calyx-tube. Style I.— Trees, with smooth 

aud shining leaves. 309. 

I^roussonetia. — Style lateral. Ovaries becoming fleshy, club-shaped, promi- 
nent. — An ornamental exotic tree, with downy, entire or lobed leaves. 335 

Gleditschia. — Sepals, petals and stamens 3 to 5. — Trees, with twice pinnate 

leaves. 95 

Panax.— Petals and stamens 5, Styles 2 or 3. Fruit a. 2 to 3-seeded drupe.— 

Herbs, with palraately compound leaves. 143 

Vitis .— Berry 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stamens 4 to 5, opposite the petals.— Shrubs, 

climbing by tendrils. 74 

P rinds. — Stamens mostly 6. Corolla rotate, usually 6-parted. Fruit a drupe 

. with 6 smooth nutlets. — Shrubs 222 

Nemop arches.— Calyx a minute, ring. Petals 5,.. oblong linear. Stamens 5. 

Stigmas 3 or 4, sessile. Fruit a globose red hevrj.— Shrubs. 223 

Ptelea. — Samara winged all round, orbicular, 2 : celled.— Shrubs.. G7 

Melanthium.— Stomens 6, on the claws of the 6-parted perianth. Styles 3.— 

Leaves parallel-veined. 386 

Yeratrum.— Stamens 6. Styles 3.— Flmvers dull colored. . • 387 

$ t X t Stamens 8 to many. 

Diosptrus.— Berry 4 to 8-celled, 4 to 8-sceded. Stamens 8 and 16.— Shrubs or 

trees. 22S 

Udora.— Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 9. Spathe 2-cleft, axilarj, l-flowered.— 

Submerged aquatics. *?h 



FLORA OF PENNSYLVANIA. 



SERIES I 



PHJENOGAMIA, OR FLOWERING PLANTS, 

Plants composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre, ducts,, 
and spiral vessels, bearing proper flowers, with stamens and 
pistils, and producing seeds which contain an embryo, radicle 
and cotyledons. 

Class 1.— EXOGENS OR DICOTYLEDONS. 

Stems composed of distinct bark and pith with an inter- 
vening layer of woody fibre and vessels, increasing in diameter 
by the annual deposition of new layers between the old wood 
trad the bark, which are arranged in concentric zones and 
traversed by medullary rays. Leaves mostly with reticula- 
ted veins, and falling off by an articulation. Sepals and 
petals in fives and fours, and very rarely in threes, EMBaaro 
with two or more cotyledons. 

Sub-class 1. — Angiqspermous Exogens. 

Ovules, produced in a closed ovary, and fertilized by the 
action of pollen through the medium of a stigma. Embryo 
with two cotyledons. 

Division 1.— Polypetalous Exogens. 
Floral envelopes consisting of distinct 'petals and sepals. 

Order 1. RAETUNGULAGEIB .— Crowfoot Family, 

Herbaceous plants, ocsasianaUy climbing— rarefy shnibs, with an acrid celeries* 
juice, and usually palmatdy ortemztely lotted or divided haves, without $$ipbks 3 otter* 
note, with half -clasping petioles, 

L 



RANUNCULACE^l, 



Calyx of 3 to 15, (usually 5) distinct, mostly deciduous, sepals. Corolla, Petals 
3 to 15 (sometimes irregular or absent,) hypogynous. Stamens indefinite in num- 
ber, distinct, rarely few, hypogynous. Pistlis numerous. Fruit, either dry pods, 
or seedlike achenia, or berries, 1 to several seeded. Seeds solitary or several, ana- 
tropous, with a minute embryo and fleshy albumen. 

1. CLEMATIS. Linn. Virgin's Bower. 

Gr. Mama, a tendril ; climbing by tendrils, or twining petioles. 

Calyx 4 (rarely 5 to 8) sepaled, colored, pubescent. Pe- 
tals none, or shorter than the sepals. Filaments numer- 
ous. Anthers linear. Achenia numerous, in a head, 
bearing the persistent styles in the form of long plumose 
tails. — Perennial vines climbing by the leafstalk ; stems some- 
what tooody ; leaves mostly compound and opposite. 

1. C. VlRGlNlANA, L. Common Virgin's Bower. 

Stem climbing; leaves ternate; leaflets cordate, ovate, acute, coarsely toothed or 
lobed ; flowers often dioecious, paniculate. 

A common hardy climber in hedges and thickets, flowering in July and August. 
Flowers white, numerous, borne in panicles on axillary peduncles. Sepals 4, oval, 
oblong, obtuse. Fruit furnished with long plumose feathery tails. 

2. C. VlORNA, L. Leather Flower. 

Stem climbing ; leaves pinnately divided ; segments entire, or 3-lobed, ovate, acute ; 
floral ones entire. Calyx companulate; sepals very thick and leathery, acuminate, 
conni^ent, reflexed at the apex. 

Woods ; June, July. Stem 10 to 15 feet in length, cylindrical, pubescent, purple, 
finally shrubby. Leaves opposite, pinnately decompound, consisting of 9 — 12 leaf- 
lets. Flowers axillary, purple, nodding, on peduncles 3 — 6 inches long, with a pair 
of small, simple, entire leaves near the middle. Fruit with very plumose tails, 
from 1 — 2 inches long. 

Atragene, DC, Involucre none : Sepals 4 : petals several, minute. 

3. C. verticillaris, DC. Whorl-leaved Virgin's Bower. 

Stem climbing by the leaf-stalks ; Leaves in fours, ternate ; LeaflcU stalked, 
ovate, pointed, entire or a little toothed, sometimes slightly heart-shaped; Peduncles 
I-flowered ; Sepals very large, acute. 

A handsome climber in highland woods and rocky hills, rare, sometimes cultiva- 
ted. May, June. Stem ascending trees 10 — 15 feet by means of its twisting petioles. 
From each of the opposite buds-in spring there arise two ternate leaves with long, 
stalked Leaflets, and a peduncle which bears a bluish-purple flower. Sepals thick 1 
inch or more long and nearly % wide. Filaments about 24, outer ones (petals) 
dilated, spatulate, tipped v»ith imperfect anthers. 

2. ANEMONE. Linn. Wind flower. 

Gr. anemos, wind ; because the flowers are supposed to open when the wind blows. 

Sepals 5 to 15, petal-like, colored. Petals none. Sta- 
mens numerous, much shorter than the sepals. Ovaries 
many, free, collected into a roundish or oval head. Invo- 
lucre remote from the flower, of 3 divided leaves. Ache- 



RANUNCULACE^. 3 



i - Hgrh i :-■ -: r^r^r v :^ vr,. 
i ..- t : 5fie fiower-sialksj and 

it fiefs. 

1. A. nemorosa, L. Food ^./lemone. 

<S^?/i low, simple, smooth, 1-flowered. Leaves ternate ; leaflets undivided, or with 
the middle-one 3-cleft, and lateral ones 3-parted, incisely dentate, those of the invo- 
lucre similar, petiolate. Sepals oval or elliptical. 

Yar. quinquifolia D C. Lateral leaves of the involucre 2-parted to the base. 

Margin of woods. April and May. A delicate vernal species. Stem or scape 4 — 8 
inches°high. Flowers 1 inch in diameter. Sepals 4—7, white or purplish. Carpels 
15 — 20, oblong, with a hooked beak. 

2. A. Pennsylvania, L. 

Stem dichotomous ; leaves 3 to 5 parted ; segments 3-cleft, lobes oblong, incisely 
toothed, acuminate ; involucre 3-leaved ; involucels 2-leaved, sessile ; sepals 5, obvate ; 
carpels hairy, in a globose head. 

Shores and rocky places. June, August. Stem 12 to 18 inches high. Floivers 1 
to 1% inch in diameter, borne on naked peduncles. Sepals white and membrana- 
ceous. 

3. A. Virginiana, L. Thimble Weed. 

Leaves ternate ; segments oval-lanceolate, 3-cleft, acuminate, cut serrate, the lateral 
2-parted, those of the involucre similar ; sepals 5, acute ; peduncles elongated ; 
carpds densely wooly, in an ovoid oblong head. 

Woods and meadows ; common. June, August. Stem 20 to 30 inches high ; the 
Upright peduncles 6 to 12 inches long. Flowers % of an inch in diameter. Sepals 
greenish-white, siiky beneath, 2 narrower than the others.i^rt woolly, in heads 
one inch long. 

3. HEPATICA. Willd. Liverleaf. 

Or. hep'ar, the liver; from a fancied resemblance of its leaves. 

Involucre 3 leaved ; simple, resembling a calyx, 1-flow- 
ered. Sepals petaloid 5 — 9, disposed in 2 or 3 rows. . Ova- 
ries many. Carpels without awns. — Leaves all radical, 
heart-shaped and d-lobed, thickish and persistent through the 
year ; the neiv ones appearing later than the flowers. Flowers 
single, on hairy scapes. 

1. H. triloba, "Willd. Liverwort, Liverleaf. 

Leaves cordate, 3 to 5 lobed ; lobes entire. 

Yar. 1. Obtum, Pursh. Leaves 3-lobed ; roundish, obtuse. 

" '^.r. 2. Acuta. Pursh. Leaves 3 to 5 lobed ; lobes spreading, acute. 

Woods and rocky places ; common. This neat little plant is one of the earliest 
harbingers of Spring. April and May. Perennial. The root consists of numerous 
fibres. Flowers generally blue, but frequently purplish and white : becoming 
double by cultivation. 

4, THALICTRUM. L. Meadow Rue. 

Sepals 4 or more, petaloid,. greenish, caducous. Petals 
none, Achenia 4 — 15 dry tipped by the stigma or short 



4 RANUNCULACE2E. 



style, grooved or ribbed^ or inflated. Seeds suspended. 
Perennials with 2 — S-ternately compound leaves ; the divisions 
and the leaflets stalked. Flowers in corymbs or panicles / 
often polygamous. 

* Stem-haves forming an involucre at the summit like Anemone; root tuberous £ 
Stamens shorter than thepefaloid calyx. 

1. T. anemonoides, Michx. Rue Anemone, 

Boot tuberous ; radicalleaves biternate ; leaflets subcordate, 3 toothed ; floral leaves 
petioled, resembling an involucre ; flowers few, in a simple umbel ; petaloid calyx 8 
%o 10 leaved. Anemone tliqjiictroides, L. 

Woods. April and May ; common. A pretty plant ; the flowers resembling thoB& 
©f Anemone, but the fruit that of Thalictrum. Stems or scapes 4 to 8 inehes high ^ 
often several fr«m one root. Flowers white or purplish, 1 inch in diameter. Sepals- 
twice as long as the stamens. 

** Stem-leaves scattered^ to 4 times compound ; root fibrous ; stamens longer than 
the sepals, 

2. T. Cornuti, L. Meadow Rue. 

Stem-leaves without general petioles, decompound; leaflets roundish-obovate or 
©blong, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes aeutish ; glaucous beneath, with the nerve* 
scarcely prominent ; peduncle longer than the leaves. Flovjers in very compound 
large panicles ; dioecious or polygamous; carpel's nearly sessile, acute at each end^ 
strongly ribbed, twice as long as the style. 

Wet ground. June and July. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, branching. Leaves very 
variable in form, deep green above, paler glaucous smooth or pubescent beneath* 
Filaments slightly club-shaped ; anthers oblong. 

3. T. dioxcum, L. Early Meadow Rue,,. 

Leaves all with general petioles; decompound, very smooth; leaflets rounded, 
and obtusely lobed, glaucous beneath ; flowers in compound panicles, dioceious or 
polygamous; peduncles as long as the leaves; carpels oblong, sessile, strongly 
ribbed. 

Banks of streams. April and May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers white or 
purplish. Filaments much longer than the sepals. Anthers yellowish. 

4. T. RUGOSUM, Ait. Rugose-leaved Meadow Rue, 

Leaves superdecompound ; leaflets prominently veined beneath, cuneate-obovate- 
and ovate-oblong, 3-lobed at apex, the lateral ones often entire ; flowers mostly 
dioecious, rather crowded ; filaments filiform. 

Along shaded swampy rivulets ; common. June and July. Stem 3 to 5 feet high*. 
branching, striate smooth. Leaves pinnately decompound. Flowers in rather 
crowded panicles. Sepals white, elliptic oblong, small. Carpels obovoid-oblong, 
acute at each end, beaked with the persistent style. 

Obs. This may prove to be only a variety of T. Cornuta, to which it bears much 
general resemblance. Prof. Hooker considers them not specifically distinct. 

5. RANUNCULUS. Linn. Crowfoot. Buttercup, 

Lat. rana a frog; the aquatic species growing where frogs abound. 

Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5 (rarely 10), with a little 
scale or nectary at the base inside. Stamens and ovaries 
numerous. Carpels ovate, somewhat compressed, pointed^ 



RANUNCULACE^E. 



arranged in a globose or cylindrieal head. — Herbaceous an- 
nual or perennial plants. Leaves mostly radical, though 
cauline at the base. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed, 
yellow, rarely white. 

* Petals white, claws yellow ; carpels transversely rugose-slricde, 

1. R. AQUATILIS, L. White Water Crowfoot. 

Stem floating, filiform ; leaves all submersed, divided into capillary diverging scg- 
meuts ; petals obovate, longer than the calyx. 

Ponds and flowing water. June — August. Eather rare. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
slender, weak, round, smooth, jointed. Leaves dichotcmously divided into numer- 
ous hair-like segments, roundish in outline, and %to 1 inch in diameter. Flowers 
fcmall, white or yellowish. 

** Flowers yellow: leaves undivided : carpels smooth, ovate, collected into a round- 
ish head : perennial. 

8, R. Flammula, L. Spearwort. 

SUm decimate ; leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, subentire, 
lower ones petiolate, upper ones nearly sessile; peduncles opposite to the leaves. 

Ditches and swamps. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, more or less decumbent, 
rooting at the lower joints. Leaves 3 to 6 inches in length, % to 1 inch wide, entire 
or with a few teeth, thickened at the acute summit, i lowers solitary, of a golden, 
yellow color, on peduncles 2 to 3 inches long. 'Whole plant yellowish green. 

3. K. reptans, L. Creeping Crowfoot. 

Stem creeping, slender, jointed; joints 1-flowered. Leaves linear or lanceolate, 
entire, lower ones tapering into petioles. 

Gravelly or muddy banks of rivers and ponds; common. Ji.ne — August. A 
f k rider, del;c*nte species. Sum 6 to 12 inches kig. rotted, rooting at the joints. 
heaves fleshy }/ 2 to 1 inch long, mostly narrow and acute at one end. Flowers yel- 
low, small, borne on axillary peduncles. Fruit very smooth, 

4. II. pusillus, Poir. Puny Crowfoot, 

m slender, erect, or decumbent; leaves petioled; lower ones ovate, roundish, 
or subeordate, entire and sparingly toothed; upper ones linear-lanceolate, obscure- 
ly toothed, scarcely" petioled ; pedicels opposite to the leaves, solitary 1-flcwered ; 
carpels smooth, with a minute, blunt point. 

Wet grounds. June — August. Stems 6 to 12 inches high, branched. Flowers 
email, pale-yellow, on long peduncles. Felals 1 to 5, often 3, scarcely longer than 
tho calyx. Slam ens 5 to 10. 

* * * Loaves div'drch 

5. E. abortious, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot 

Smooth ; stem simple or branching ; radiccd kaves, petiolate, cordate-orbiculato, 
crenate, sometimes 3-parted; stem-leaves ternate, 3 to 5 cleft, with linear-oblong 
nearly entire segments ; upper ones sessile; sepals longer than the petals, reficxed ; 
carpels in a globular head, tipped with a very short recurved beak. 

"Woods and wet grounds. May and June. Per. Stem a foot high, simple or 
branching, smooth. Leaves variously dissected, mostly smooth, % to 1*4 in. in 
diameter, on petioles 3 to5 inches long; lower ones pedate. LUucrs smalf, yellow*' 

6. * H. SCELERATUS, L. Celery-leaved Crowfoot, 
Smooth; stem branched; lower leaves 3-parted, segments lotcd, petioled- stem* 

if 



6 RANUNCULACE^. 



leaves 3-lobed, lobes oblong, linear, entire or crenately incised; sepals reflexed; 
carpete small, numerous, in cylindrical heads. 

Wet ditches. May— August. Per. Stem a foot high, thick and hollow. Flowers 
small, numerous, pale yellow. Head sometimes an inch in length. Juice very 
acrid. 

7. R. REPENS, L, Creeping Croicfoot. 

Stem branching from the base ; leaves ternate ; leaflets wedge-form, 3-lobed incisely 
dentate; central one petiolate; peduncles furrowed; calyx pilose, spreading; petals 
obovate, larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels with a straight point strongly 
margined;. 

Moist or shady places. May — August. Per. Very variable in size, commencing 
to flower by upright stems 1 to 2 feet high, increasing by long runners. Flowers 
middle size, bright yellow. Petals often emarginate. Leaves hairy on the Terns, 
dark green. Petioles long, hairy. 

8. R. Pennsylvanic'us, L. Pennsylvanian Crowfoot, 

Stem erect, and with the petioles covered with stiff spreading hairs; leaves ternate, 
villous, segments subpetiolate, acutely 3-lobed, incisely serrate; calyx reflexed, 
rather longer thau the small petals; carpels pointed, with a short straight beak, 
collected into an oblong head. 

Wet places: common. July and August. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, usually 
much branched. Flowers small, pale yellow. Carpels viscid, nearly allied to the 
next species, but distinguished by its oblong heads of carpels, shorter style, and 
much smaller flowers. 

9. E. HISPIDUS, Mich. -Btiiry Croicfoot. 

Stem erect, branched, and with the petioles covered with stiff spreading hair? ; 
leaves ternate or 3-parted; leaflets or segments acutely lobed; pubescence of the 
pedicels appressed; calyx hairy, at longth reflexed ; caipels in a globose head, mar- 
gined, compressed, smooth; style short and straight. 

Wet grounds. June — August. Per. Stem 18 inches high, very hairy. Leaver 
U&ees on long petioles; upper ones nearly sessile: leaflets nearly all petiole d, 3-ckft 
or 3-parted, alternate at base. Flowers numerous, large, bright, yellow. 

10. R. RECURVATUS, Poir. Wood Crowfoot 

Stem erect and with the petioles clothed with speading hairs; leaves 3-parted, 
hairy; segments oval, subinciscd, the lateral ones 2-lobed; calyx reflexed; petals 
■ lanceolate; caipels crowned with a sharp, hooked style. 

Shady woods and damp places. May — July. Per. Stem 12 to 15 inches higa, 
sparingly branched, often dichotcmous at the summit. Lower leaves somewhat 
ovate at base, on petioles 2 to 6 inches long which are sheathing at base; vpperones 
subsessile anel 3-parted quite to the base. Flowers small, pale yellow, onshoit 
peduncles. Whole plant pal© green. 

11. R. fascicularis, Muhl. Early Croicfoot.. 

Stem erect, branched, clothed with appressed hairs; leaves on long petioles, p\i> 
bescent, pinnately divided, the lobes oblong, obovate, pinnatified; calyx villous, 
spreading, shorter than the petals ; carpels orbicular, crowned with a slender subu- 
late style, collected into a subglobose head. 

Woods and hills. April and May.- Per.- Focta, fasicle of fleshy fibres. Stent C co 
12 inches high. Radical leaves on petioles 3 to 8 inches long, so divided as to appear 
almost pinnate; upper ones 3-parted, nearly sessile. Flowers large: petals yellow, 
cuneate-obovate, with a scale at the base as broad as the transparent claw. 

12. R. B¥LBOSUS. L. Bulbous Croicfoot 

Stem erect, hairy, bulbous at the base; leaves ternate, or quinatc-pinnate; leaflets 
8 to 5 parted; segments trifid or incised; peduncles sulcate; calyx reflexed, hairy ; 
carpels tipped with a very short beak; collected into a very globose head. 



RANUNCULACEiE, 



Meadows and pastures. Introduced from Europe. May — August. Per. Stem 
9 to 15 inches high, hollow, thickened at the hase into a sort of hulh. Leaves ap- 
pearing as if pinnate. PetaU deep yellow and shining, 5 to 7 cuneate-oboyate, some- 
times obcordate. Flowers more than an inch broad. 

13. Rv ACRIS, L. Buttercups Crowfoot: 

Hairy; stem erect; leaves 3 to 5 parted ; the divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or 
parted ; their segments cut into linear or lanceolate crowded lobes : peduncles terete, 
not furrowed; calyx spreading, hairy ; ^etafsobOTate, not longer than the spread- 
ing calyx ; carpels roundish, smooth, compressed, terminated by a short, recurred 
beak. 

Meadows and pastures ; common. Introduced from Europe. June — Aug. Per, 
Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. Leaves 1 to 3 inches in diame- 
ter. Flowers large, golden yellow, shining; becoming double by cultivation. Gar- 
den Buttercups. 

6. HYDKASTIS. Linn. Yellow Root. 

Gr. kudor, water; from its growing in moist places. 

Sepals 3, ovate, petaloid, caducous. Petals none. 
Stamens and ovaries numerous. Carpels berry-like, nu- 
merous, aggregated in a globose head, terminated by the 
style, 1 — 2 seeded. — A low perennial herb, sending up in 
early spring, from a tliich and knotted yellow root-stalk, a 
single radical leaf, and a simple hairy stem which is 2-leavcd 
near the summit, and terminated by a single greenish-white 
flower*. 

1. IT. Canadensis, L. Yellow Puccoon, Golden-seal 

Leaves rounded, 2 to 6 inches wide, palmately 3 to 5 lobecl; Idles acute, douMy 
serrate. 

Rocks, woods, northern sides of hills; rare. May. Chester Co., Larl. Lancaster 
Co. Abundant along the Alleghenies. Flcwer solitary, on a peduncle about 1 inch 
long. Sepals fleshy, pale rose color. Fruit fleshy purplish, about the size of a large 
raspberry. The root affords a juice of a fine yellow color, used by the Indians for 
staining skins and clothing.. 

7. CALTHiL Linn. Marsh Marigold.. 

Gr. Jcalathos, a basket; in allusion to the foim of the flower. . 

Calyx colored, with 5 — 10 roundish sepals, resembling 
petals. Petals none. Stamens numerous, shorter than 
the sepals. Pistils 5 — 10 with no style. Follicles com- 
pressed, spreading, many seeded. — Smooth perennials with 
round and heart-shaped, or kidney-form, large leaves, and 
showy yellow flowers. 

1 C. palustris, L. Marsh Marigold, Golden Cowslip. 

Stern hollow, furrowed ; leaves cordate, round, or kidney-shaped, crenate ; Jloxcers 
large, pedunculate ; sepal* broad oral. 
Swamps and wet meadows ; common. April and May. A beautiful plant with 



8 „ RANUNCULACEJS. 



large flowers of a golden yellow in all their parts. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, erect, 
somewhat succulent, dichotomously branched above. Leaves large and shining. 
Used as a potherb in Spring. 

2. C. FLABELLIFOLIA, Pur. Fan-leaved Marsh Marigold '. 

Stem procumbent, many-flowered ; leaves dilated-reniform ; lobes widely spread- 
ing, coarsely and acutely toothed; peduncles, axillary, solitary-flowered; sepals 
obovate; capsules uncinate. 

Sand spring onPokono mountain* Pursh. July and August. Stem a foot high, 
Flowers yellow, middle sized. Allied to C. natans found in Canada and in Siberia^ 

8. TROLLIUS. Linn. Globe Flower. 

Germ, trol or trollen, globular; alluding to the form of the flower. 

Sepals colored 5 — 10— 15, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 
5 — 25, small, linear, tubular at base. Stamens numerous,, 
much shorter than the sepals. Pistils many. Follicles 
numerous, sub-cylindric, sessile, many-seeded. — Smooth per- 
ennials with palmately parted leaves , and large solitary 
term in al flowers. 

1. T. LAXUS, Salisb. American Globe-flower^ 

Leaves palmate, deeply cleft, cut dentate ; sepals 5, oblong, spreading ; petals 15 
to 25, shorter than the stamens, inconspicuous. 

Deep swamps and wet grounds; rare. May — July. Stem a foot or more high 
Flowers terminal, large, yellowish, or orange colored. Follicles about 10, crowned 
with the persistent style. 

This is the only American species. Probably Qften mistaken for a species of 
Ranunculus. 

9. COPTIS, Salisb. Gold Thread. 

Gr. kepto, to cut; in allusion to the numerous divisions of the leaves. 

Sepals 5 — 7, colored, petaloid, deciduous. Petals 5 — 7" 
small, cucculate. Stamens numerous 20 — 25. Pistils 3 — 
7, on slender stalks. Follicles 3—7, membranous, 4 — 8 
seeded. — Low smooth perennial herbs with radical leaves, and 
a long j slender, creeping rhizoma. 

1. C. trifolia, Salisb. Gold thread. 

Leaves 3-foliate ; leaflets wedge-shaped, obovate, obtuse, toothed or obscurely 3- 
lobed ; scape 1-flowered; petals much smaller than the sepals. 

Swamps and boggy places : common. May— July. Stem subterranean, extensive- 
ly creeping, golden yellow, bitter and tonic. Leaves evergreen; scape 4 to 6 inches 
iugh, slender, bearing a single white, starlike flower. 

10. AQUILEGIA. Linn. Columbine. 

Let. aquila, an eagle; the spurs or nectaries resembling the claws of that bird. 

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5 
with a short spreadiBg lip, produced backwards into long 




KANUNCULACE^, * Q 



tubular spurs, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 30 — 
40. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Follicles 5, erect, 
many seeded. — Perennials, with 2-3-ternateIy compound leaves* 
the leaflets lobed, Flowers large and showy, terminating the 
branches, nodding. 

1. A. Canadensis, L. Wild Columbine, 

Smooth ; divisions of the leaves 3-parted, rather obtuse, incisely dentate ; sepals 
somewhat acute, a little longer than the petals; spurs straight ; longer than the 
limb. Styles and stamens exserted. 

A beautiful plant growing in rocky places ; common. April — June. Stem 1 to 2 
feet high, branched above. Floivers terminal, nodding, scarlet without and yellow 
within, 1 to 2 inches long. Fruit upright. More delicate and graceful than the 
cultivated. A. vulgo.ru of Europe. 

2, A. VULGARIS. Common Garden Columbine. 

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, leafy, many flowered; leaves nearly smooth, glaucous, biter- 
nate ; spurs incurved. Floivers purple ; becoming double by cultivation, and vary- 
ing in color, through all shades from purple to white. June. 

11. DELPHINUM. Linn. Larkspur. 

Gr. delphin, a dolphin ; from the shape of the upper sepal. 

Sepals 5, irregular, colored; the upper one produced into 
a spur at the base. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair ter- 
minating behind in a tubular, necteriferous spur, enclosed in 
the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws. Sta- 
mens numerous. Pistils 1 — 5, mostly 3, forming many 
seeded follicles in fruit. — Showy herbs ivith palmately cut or 
divided leaves. Flowers in terminal racemes, blue, red, or 
purple : never yellow. 

1. D. AZureum, Mich. Azure Larkspur. 

Pubescent or nearly smooth. Stem erect ; leaves 3 to 5 parted, many cleft, lobes 
linear; racemes erect; petals shorter than the sepals, densely bearded at the apex; 
floivers on short pedicels ; spur ascending. 

Woods and uplands ; rare. May. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, sometime* 
softly pubescent. Floivers large, blue and whitish. 

2. D. exaltatum, Ait, Tall Larkspur. 

m Stem erect ; leaves flat, 3 to 5 cleft beyond tbe middle ; lobes wedgeform, 3-cleft at 
the apex acuminate; lateral ones often 2-lobed; raceme erect; spur straight, aa 
long as the calyx ; capsules 3. 

Rich soil : Western parts of the State. June and July, Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet 
high. Lower leaves 4 to 5 inches broad. Flowers of a brilliant purplish blue, borne 
on panicled ivand-like racemes ; many-flowered. 

3. D. tricorne, Mich. Three-horned Larkspur. 

Leaves deeply 5-parted, divisions 3 to 5 cleft; segments linear, acutish : petals 
shorter than the sepals, lower ones 2 cleft, densely bearded inside ; spar ascending; 

straight, as long as the calyx ; carpels 3, spreading in fruit. 



10 RANUNCULACEiE. 

Uplands. W. Penn. April and May. Per. Stem G to 18 inches high. Leaves 
roundish in outline, on long petioles, Uacemes loose, 6 to 12 flowered. Flowers 
bright blue. 

4. D. consolida, L. Common Larkspur. 

Stem erect, snioothish, divaricately branched; flowers few, in loose racemes; 
pedicels longer than the bracts ; carpels smooth. Annual. Native of Europe. J ulv. 
Flowers blue. 

5. D. grandiflorum. Large-floicered Larkspur. 

Leaves palmate, many parted ; lobes linear, distant ; pedicels longer than the 
bracts; petals shorter than the calyx. A superb perennial species from Siberia. 
Flowers double, or single, in racemes ; dark brilliant blue, tinged with purple. 

6. D. elatum. Bee Larkspur. 

Leaves downy, 5-lobed; lobes cuneate at base, trifid, cut dentate; spur inflexed. 
Native of Siberia. Stem 5 to 6 feet high. Flowers blue, and at a distance re- 
sembling a beo in lbrm. 

12. ACONITUM. Linn* Wolfsbane. 

Gr. akone, a cliff or rock ; in allusion to its place of growth. 

Sepals 5, very irregular, colored, upper one vaulted, larger 
than the others. Petals 5, the 3 lower ones minute, often 
converted into a sac or short spur at the summit. Styles ■ 
8 — 5; Follicles 8—5, many seeded. — Perennials with pal- 
mate or digitate leaves, and showy flowers in terminal spikes. 

1, A. UNCINATUM, Linn,' American Monkshead. 

Stem slender, weak, climbing, with diverging branches. Leaves palmate or 3 to 5 
looed, with ovai-lanccolate, cut dentate divisions; helmet obtusely conical, rostrate; 
spur inclined, somewhat spiral. 

Mountains and rich shady soils along streams ; rare. August. Stem 5 to 6 feet 
long, supporting itself upon adjacent bushes. Leaves leathery, dark green, 4 to 5 
inches wide. Flowers large, purple, 3 or 4 near the summit of each branch. 

2. A. reclinatum. Gray. 

A white flowered species ; is doubtless to be found in our mountains. 

18. ACTAEA. Linn. Bane-berry. 

Gr. aide, the elder; on account of its resemblance to that plant. 

Sepals 4 — 5, deciduous. Petals 4 — 8, spatulate, ungui- 
culate. Stamens numerous, dilated above; anthers 2-lobed. 
Pistils single; stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a 
many-seeded berry. Seeds smooth, flattened, and packed 
horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials with temately divided 
leaves , and thick terminal racemes of white flowers. 

1. A. RUBRA. Willd. Red Baneberry. 

Leaves twice and thrice ternate ; raceme hemispherical; petals acute, shorter than 
the stamens ; pedicels of the fruit shorter than the peduncle. Berries ovoid, oblong, 
shining red, many-seeded. 



RAXUXCULACEJE. H 



Rocky woods. May. Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves very large when full grown. 
Flowers white. Berries red in racemes 3 to 4 inches long ; pedicels slender, 1 inch 
long. 

2. A. ALBA. Big. White Baneberry. Cohosh. 

Leaves twice and thrice ternate; raceme oblong ; petals equal to the stamens, 
truncate at the apex; pedicels of the fruit as large as the peduncles. Berries few- 
seeded. 

Woods. May. Plants 1 to 2 feet high, bearing 2 compound leaves, and a cluster 
of white flowers. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, half as wide. JRaccmc 1 to 3 inches 
long, 1% thick, at length purple. Berries milk white tipped with red, smaller than 
in A. rubra. 

14. CDIICIFUGA. Linn. Bugbane. 

Lat. cimex, a bug, &.ndfugo, to drive away. 

Sepals 4 — 5, falling off soon after the flowers expand. 
Petals 3 — 8, spatulate, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. 
Stamens numerous. Pistils 1 — 8, forming dry follicular 
carpels in fruit ; carpels 1 — 8, many seeded. Style, short. 
— Perennials with ternately divided leaves, and white fetid 
flowers in long slender racemes. 

1. C. RACEMOSA. Ell. Black Snakeroot. 

Leaves ternately decompound; leaflets ovate-oblong, incisely toothed; racemes 
very long: petals 2, forked. slender; style 1; capsule follicular, dry, dehiscent, ovate. 

Rich woods: abundant. July and August. Stems 3 to S feet high, terminated 
with long, panicled racemes of white monogynous flowers. Petals 4 fo 6, small. 
Stamens about 100. Ilaeeme plume-like, 6 to 12 inches long. Boot knotted, medi- 
cinal. 

2. C. Americana. Michx. American Bur/banc. 

Smooth. Leaves triternate, segments ovate, terminal one wedge-form at the base ; 
3-parted, or 3-cleft and incised ; petals concave, sessile, 2-lobed, necteriferous at 
base ; pistils 3 to 8 ; seeds flat, scaly. 

High mountains. August. Stem 3 to G feet high. Flowers smaller than in C. 
racemosa; in a long panicle of racemes. Follicles mostly 5, abruptly beaked, 6 to 8 
seeded. 

15. ZANTHOBIZA. Linn. Yellow Root. 

Gr. zanthos, yellow, and riza, a root. 

Calyx deeiduous, 5-sepaled. Petals 5, of 2 roundish 
lobes, raised on a pedicel. Stamens 5 — 10. Ovaries 5 — 
15, beaked with the styles, 2-3 ovuled. Follicles membra- 
naceous, compressed, 1 seeded. — A low plant with shrubby 
shoots : stent and bark yellow and bitter. Learns pinnately 
divided. Flowers polygamous, dull purple, in compound 
drooping axillary racemes. 

1. Z. apiifolia. L'Her. 

Leaves pstudo-pinnate or ternate ; leaflets 5, sessile, incisely lobed and dentate, 



12 RANUNCULACE^. 



Banks of shady streams in mountainous districts. April and May. Per. Stems 
clustered 1 to 3 feet high. Racemes many flowered. Flowers purple. Follicles 
spreading % inch long. 

16. HELLEBOR.US. Adans. Hellebore. 

Gr. helien, to cause death ; and bora, food ; on account of its poisonous properties. 

Sepals 5, persistent, mostly greenish. Petals 8 to 10, 
very short, tubular, 2-lipped. Stamens numerous. Stigmas 
3 to 10, orbicular. Follicles 3 to 10, slightly cohering at 
the base, many seeded. Seeds elliptical. — Perennials, with 
coriacious, divided leaves, and large, nodding flowers. 

1. H. VIIUPIS. L. Green Hellebore. 

"Smooth ; radical leaves pedately divided. Stem leaves few, palmately parted 
nearly sessile; peduncles often in pairs; sepals roundish, ovate, acute. A European 
plant, naturalized. Stem about 1 foot high. Flowers large, pale green, appearing 
in early spring. March and April. 

CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 

17. PiEONIA. Peony. 

Sepals 5, unequal, leafy, persistent Petals 5. Stamens 

numerous, mostly changed to petals by cultivation. Ovaries 
2 to 5. Style none. Stigmas double, persistent. Follicles 
many seeded. — Perennials with fasciculate roots; hiternate 
leaves ; and large, showy, terminal, solitary flowers. 

1. P. otficianalis. Common Peony 

Stem erect, herbaceous ; lower leaves bi-pinnately divided; leaflets ovate -lanceolate, 
variously incised. Fruit downy, nearly straight. Native of Switzerland. May 
and June. This splendid flower has long been cultivated in every part of Europe, 
and in this country. The double red variety is the most common. The white is 
truly beautiful. 

2. P. aitBtflora. White-flowered Peony. 

Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, smooth. Follicles recurved, smooth. 
Native of Tartary. Whole plant dark-shining-green, and smooth. Flowers white, 
fragrant, smaller than the last. Calyx brown, with 3 green sessile bracts at baee< 
"Varieties numerous, with single and double white and rose-colored flowers. 

3. P. M out an. Chinese Tree Peony. 

Stem shrubby ; leaflets oblong-ovate, glaucous, and somewhat hairy beneath ; 
terminal-one 3-lobed ; ovaries 5, distinct, surrounded by a very large disk. Native 
<of China. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves large, on long stalks. Flowers very 
large, fragrant, and always doubled in cultivation. Bisk very large. 

18. ADONIS. Linn. 
Sepals 5, ajppressed. Petals 5 — 15, with naked claws. 



MAGNOLIACEJE. 13 



Achenia in a spike, ovate, and pointed with the hardened, 
persistent style. 

A. autumkalis. Fheasanfs Eye, 

Stem branching ; leaves pinnately parted, with numerous linear segments. Fioy>- 
ert crimson, 5 to 8 petaled. Carpels crowned with a very short style, und collected 
into an orate or sub-cylindrical head. Annual. 

19. NPQELLA. Linn. 

Calyx of 5 sepals, colored. Petals 5, 3-cleft. Styles 
5. C.^rsuLEs 5, follicular, convex. — Annual European 
herbs, with leaves in many linear and subulate segments. 

1. N. Damascena. Fennel Flower. 

Leaves twice and thrice pinnatifid, as finely cut as those of the fennel. Flcw&ri 
in a leafy involucre, terminal, solitary encompassed and overtopped by a circle of 
leaves divided like the rest, white or pale blue, sometimes double ; anthers obtuse ; 
Carpels 5, smooth, 2-eeUed, united as. far as the ends into an ovoid-globose 'c&psul*, 
A hardy annual of the gardens. June — August. 

2. N. sativa. Nutmeg Flower. 

Stem slightly furrowed, erect, branched. Leaves divided agin the last, with the 
divisions much more linear. Flowers naked, terminal on the summits of the 
blanches. Anthers obtuse. Capiule with hard short points. From Egypt. June 
— September. 

Order 2. MAGN0LIA0E2E. 

Trees or shn/hs ioiih the leafteids sheathed by membraneous stipules; alternate 
coriaceous, entire leave?, marked with minute transparent dots, and solitary, iargt, 
perfect, showy, often fragrant Jlowcrs. 

Se>als 3 to 6, deciduous, colored. Petals 3 to 27 in several rows, hypogynou?, 
imbricate in aestivation. Stamens indefinite, distinct, hypogynous, in several rows 
at the base of the receptacle. Ovaries numerous ; style short; stigm a simple. "Fruit 
either dry 'or succulent, consisting of numerous carpels, arranged upon an elonga- 
ted axis. Seeds solitary or several, attached to the inner suture of the carpels. 
Bask aromatic and bitter. 

1. MAGNOLIA. Linn. 

In honor of Prof '. Magnol, a French botanist* 

Sepals 3, deciduous. Petals 6 — 12, in concentric series. 
Stamens indefinite, distinct, with short filaments and long 
anthers, opening inwards. Pistils aggregated and cohering 
in a ma^s, together forming a fleshy and rather woody cone- 
like fruit ; each carpel opening on the back at maturity, from 
which the seeds are suspended, w r hen mature, by a long slen- 
der funiculus. — A magnificent genus, consisting mostly of 
large trees, tvith luxuriant foliage, and large fragrant JIqwqt$, 
M 



14 AN0NACEJ3. 



1. M. GLAUCA, L. Swamp Laurel. Sweet Bay. 

Leaves oval, glaucous beneath, petiolate; flowers 9 to 12-petaled ; petals obovata, 
tapering to the base ; cone of fruit small, oblong. 

Swampy places : southern parts of the State7 July and -A ugust. A shrub or tres 
10 to 20 feet high, with, a smooth whitish bark. Flowers terminal, on thick pcdua- 
cles, white, 2 to 3 inches broad, very fragrant. Leaves very pale benoath, 

2. M. acuminata, L. Cucumber Tree. 

Leaves deciduous, oral, acuminate, pubescent beneath; petals 6 to 9, oblong^ 
somewhat obtuse ; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. 

Rich damp woods. June and July. A noble forest tree 60 to 90 feet high, per- 
fectly straight. Leaves thin, 5 to 10 inches long. Flowers 5 to 6 inches in diameter, 
bluish, or yellowish-white, glaucous externally. Cones of fruit 2 to 3 inches long, 
when green resembling a young cucumber. 

3. M. Umbrella, Lam. Umbrella Tree. 

Leaves deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, acute, silky when young; sepals 3, reflexed» 
petals 9, oval-lanceolate, acute, the outer ones reflected ; cone of fruit large, conical^ 
oblong. 

Mountain woods ; rare. May and June. A small tree with irregular branches. 
Leaves 16 to 20 by 6 to 8 inches ; often appearing whorled at the apex of the flower- 
ing branches, in the form of an umbrella. Flowers terminal, white, 7 to 8 inche* 
in diameter. Fruit 4 to 5 inches long, of a fine rose color when ripe. 

4. M. Frazerii, Walt. Frazer' s Magnolia. 

Zeaves deciduous, spatulate-obovate, auriculate at the base; sepals 3 spreading J 
petals 9, oblong attenuate at the base. 

Allegheny mountains, head waters of the Susquehanna, (Pureh) ; rare* April 
and May. A fine tree 30 to 40 feet high. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long, mostly green 
and smooth on both sides, or slightly glaucous beneath, somewhat rhomboid; auri- 
cle narrow, rounded. Flowers about 4 inches in diameter, pale greenish-white. 
Fruit oval-oblong, rose-colored. Torr. & Gray. 

2. LIRIODENDRON, Linn. Tulip Tree. 

Gr. leirion, a lily ; dendron a tree. 

Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6, in 2 rows, making a 
bell-shaped corolla. Carpels imbricated in a cone, 1 to 2 
seeded; seeds attenuated at apex in a scale.— Large trec$ 
with showy and fragrant flowers. 

1. L. Tulipifera, L. Tulip Poplar. 

Leaves alternate, 3 lobed, (the middle lobe truncate) ; flowers large, solitary, with 
2 large caducous bracts at the base; sepals obovate-oblong, spreading, and at length 
falling off; petals lance-obovate. 

Woods throughout the State. June and July. One of the largest trees of our 
forests ; 50 to 100 feet high, from 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves dark green, smooth, 
on long petioles. Flowers 4 to 6 inches in diameter, greenish yellow, stained with 
reddish orange below the middle. There are two varieties : one called Teltoto 
Poplar, which is highly valued for cabinet use; Hiclcory Poplar, which is distii> 
guished from the other by its less furrowed bark and tougher, whitish wood. 

Order 3. AN0BJACE2E. 

Trees or shrubs with nalced buds and no stipules ; alternate, entire, simpk-fuxthe** 
veined leaves, large, solitary, axillary, green or brown flowers, and an acrid aromafr 
fetid bark. 



MENISPERMACE^l. 15 



Sepals 3 to 4, persistent, usually partly cohering. Petals 6, in 2 rows, valvate, 
hypogynous coriaceous. Stamens indefinite, densely crowded, covering a large 
hypogynous disk; filaments short; anthers adnate. Ovaries numerous, closely 
packed; styles short; stigma, simple. Fruit dry or succulent, consisting of a 
number of carpels in a mass, sometimes fleshy or pulpy. Seeds anatropou3. 

ASIMINA, Adam. Papaw. 

Name from Asiminier, of the French colonists. 

Sepals 3, united at the base. Petals 6, in 2 rows, 
spreading, ovate-oblong; inner ones smallest. Stamens 
numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, forming large 
and oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. — Shrubs or small 
trees, with alternate entire leaves emitting an unpleasant odor 
when bruised, and dull colored axillary and solitary flowers. 

1. A. triloba. Torr & Gr. Papaw. Custard Apple. 

Leaves oblong, crenate, acuminate, and with the branches smoothish ; flowen 
on short peduncles; outer petals roundish-ovate, 3 or 4, as long as the calyx. 

Banks of streams. Along the Susquehanna. April and May. A small tree, 10 
to 20 feet high. Flowers solitary, lateral, appearing in advance of the leaves, dark 
brownish purple, 1 to 2 inches wide. Fruit about 1 inch thick, and 3 inches long, 
ovoid-oblong, 8-seeded, yellowish, fragrant, eatable, ripe in October, 

Order 4. SLENISPERMACE2E. 

Shrubs twining or climbing, with palmate or peltate, alternate, entire, simple leaves ; 
having small, usually pGlygamn-dioecious flowers in panicles or racemes ; sepals and 
petals confounded in one or several rows, each of which is composed of 3 or kpartt; 
deciduous. 

Stamens distinct or monodelphous, equal to the number of the petals and oppo 
eite to them; or 3 or 4 times as many. Anthers adnate. Ovaries usually" 
solitary, sometimes 2 to 4 each with one style, distinct, or rarely united. Fruit % 
drupe, globose-reniform. Seeds bent into a creseent or ring ; embryo curved like 
tho *eed ; albumen sparing. 

MENISPERMUM. Linn. Moonseed. 

Gr. mene, the moon; sperma, seed; from the crescent form of the seed. 

Sepals and petals arranged in fours, 2 or 3 rowed. 
Sterile Fl. stamens 12 to 20. Fertile Fl. pistils 2 to 
4. Drupe berried, roundish, reniform, with a single lunate 
nut or seed. — Sterile and fertile flowers often dissimilar. 

1. M. CanadensEj L. Moonseed. 

Stem climbing ; leaves peltate, the petioles inserted near the base, roundish cor- 
date, obtusely angled, mucronate ; panicles axillary ; petals 4 to 8 small. 

Banks of streams. July. Root Per. Stem round, 8 to 12 feet long. Leaves 4 to 5 
inches in diameter, generally 5 angled, smooth, pale beneath, on petioles 3 to 5 
inches long. Flowers in axillary clusters, small; yellow, tinged with purpk, 
Btrries black, resembling grapes. * 

Yar. lobatum, has the leaves lobed. 



16 BERBEMDACE^. 



Order 5. BERBERIDACEffi. 

Serbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, eocstipulate, simple or compound; with solitary, 
racemose, or panicled flowers. Sepals 3 to 6, imbricated in 2 rows. Corolla hypogy- 
nous. Petals! to 3 times as many as the sepals, and. opposite to them. Stamens aa 
many or twice as many as the petals, and opposite to them. Ovary solitary, 1-celled, 
simple ; style rather lateral ; stigma orbicular. Fruit a berry or capsule. Seeds one 
or few, attached to the bottom of the cell, or many attached to a lateral placentae* 

1. BERBERIS, Linn. Barberry. 

Arabic Berberis; name of the fruit. 

Sepals 6, mostly with bracteoles at the base. Petals 
6 with 2-glands upon their claws. Stamens 6; filaments 
flattened; anthers 2-lobed; hbes on opposite edges of the 
eonnectile style. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 to 

3 seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crustaceous integument. 
— Fine hardy shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark. 

1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. American Barberry. 

Branches verrucose-dotted, with short triple spines; leaves spatulate-oblong, 
remotely serrate with somewhat bristly teeth ; racemes sub-corymbose, four-flowered- ; 
petals emarginate ; berries sub-globose or oyal. 

Allegheny mountains. May. Leaves alternate at base but nearly sessile, margin, 
serrulate with 6 to 8 distant mucronate teeth. Racemes 5 to 8 flowered, nodding* 
Flowers and fruit as well as the leaves smaller than in B. vulgaris. 

2. B. VULGARIS, L. Common Barberry. 

Leaves scattered on the young shoots of the season, mostly small, and with sharp- 
lobed margins, or reduced to sharp triple spines ; simple, closely 3errate, with 
"bristly teeth ; racemes many-flowered, pendulous ; petals entire ; berries oblong. 

Roadsides and fields; Native of Europe, naturalized. April and May. A shrub 

4 to 6 feet high. Leaves alternate, iy 2 to 2 inches long, % as wide.- Floivers in 
pendulous racemes, pale yellow. Stamens irritable, springing violently against the 
gtigma when touched. Berries red, very acid. The bark of the root dyes yellow. 

2. PODOPHYLLUM. Linn. May Apple. 

Gr. pous, a foot; and phullon a? leaf ; the leaf resembling a web-foot. 

Sepals 3, oval, obtuse, caducous. Petals 6 to 9, obo- 
vate, concave. Stamens 9 to 18, with linear anthers. 
Stigma large, sub-sessile, peltate, persistent. Berry large, 
ovoid, 1-celled, somewhat fleshy, not dehiscent. Seeds nu- 
merous. — Low perennial giants ; with Greeting rootstalksj and 
thick fibrous roots. 

1. P. PELLATUM, L. May Apple. Wild Mandrake. 

Flowering stem erect, 2-parted, bearing 2 1-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near 
the inner edge, palmately lobed; flowerless stems terminated by a large, round, 7 
to 9 lobed leaf, peltate in the middle like an umbrella; Jlower solitary, in th© fork 
of the petiole, pendulous. 

Woods : common. May. Stem a foot high. Flower white, 2 inches in diameter. 
JFVwtf ovoid, 1 to 2 inches long ; ripe in July ; yellow, with the flavor of the strawberry. 



CABOMBACEJT. 



3. JEFFERSONTA. Bart. Twin-leaf. 

In honor of Thomas Jefferson. 

Sepals 4, colored, deciduous. Petals 8, spreading, In- 
curved. Stamens 8, with linear anthers. Stigma peltate. 
Capsules obovate, stipitate, semicircularly dehiscent. Seeds 
many, arillate at the base. — Perennial smooth plants with 
matted fibrous roots, and simple na7ced, 1-fiowered scapes. 

1. J. diphylla, Barton. Twin-leaf. 

Scape 8 to 14 inches high ; leaf binate, petioled ; flower terminal, solitary ; cajp- 
suLe large, coriaceous; seeds shining, oblong. 

A singular plant, flowering in May: not common. Rhizoma horizontal. Petiolu 
radical, bearing at the top a pair of binate leaves, placed base to base, and broader 
than they are long, ending in an obtuse point; glaucus beneath. Scape as long as 
the petioles. Flowers large, white. Gavsule ocening, half round, with a persifteat 
lid. 

4. LEONTICE. Linn. Lion's Foot. 

G r. leon, a lien ; the leaf resembling in outline a lion's fGot. 

Sepals 6, naked without. Petals 6, bearing a scale at 
the base within. Stamens 6, opposite the petals. Pistils 
gibbous. Style short. Stigma minute. Ovary bursting 
-at an early stage by the pressure of the 2-ereet enlarging 
seeds, soon withering away; ttie spherical seeds naked on 
their thick seedstalk, looking likedrures; the/neshy integu- 
ment blue, the solid albumen horny. 

1. L. thalictroideSj L. Pappoose-root. Mae Cohosh. 

Smooth; lower leaf triteraate ; zipper one bifeernate"; ley'lets oblong ovate, arid 
euneate-oboTate, mostly 3-lobed at the apex; flowers paniculate; peduncle from th$ 
tb&se of the upper petioles. 

Roeky woods. May. Per. Stem 1 to 2 fe:-t high, round, 2-parted, one of which 
is a 3-ternate leaf-stalk, the other bears a 2-teruate leaf and a racemose panicle of 
greenish flowers* 

Order 6. 0AB0MBA0E2E. 

Aquatic plants with floating, entire, centrally peltate leaves; and solitary, axiUary 
Jlowers. Sepals 3 to 4, colored inside. Petals 3 to 4, alternate with the sopaie. 
Stamens definite or indefinite; anthers innate. Pistils 4 to 18, forming littio 
■club-shaped indehiscent pods, tipped with the indurated style ; stigma simple. 
Seeds globular pendulous. 

. BBASENIA. Schreber. Water Shields. 

Calyx of 3 to 4 sepals. Petals 3 to 4. Stamens IS 
to 36. Carpels oblong ; aciuninate ; 1 to 2 seeded. Peren- 
nial herbs. 

M* 



18 NELUMBIACE^E AND NYMPH^ACEiE. 

1. B. PELT AT A, Pursh. Water Shield. Water Target 

Leaves alternate, long petioled, centrally peltate, OTal, floating on the water, 
smooth and shining ahoye ; flowers on long, slender, axillary peduncles, floating on, 
the surface. 

Lakes and ponds. Often in company with the white water-lily. June and July. 
Whole plant covered with a viscid jelly. Flowers purple, one inch in diameter. 

Order 7. ETELuUBIACEJE.— Water Beans. 

Aquatic herbs with peltate, fleshy radical leaves, arisiiig from a prostrate rhizoma. 
Flowers large, solitary, on long erect scapes. Sepals 4 to 5. Petals numerous, 
oblong, in many rows. Stamens numerous, arising from within the petals, in sev- 
eral rows; filaments petaloid; antilers adnate. Pistils distinct, numerous, form- 
ing acorn-shaped nuts, and separately imbedded in cavities of the enlarged top- 
shaped receptacle. Seeds solitary, filled with the large, highly developed embryo. 

NELUMBIUM. Juss. Sacred Bean. 

From the Ceylonese name, JVelumco-. 

Calyx petaloid, of 4 to 6 sepals. Petals numerous. 
Carpels numerous. Seeds large, round, solitary. — Peren- 
nials.- 

1. N. LUTEUM, Willd. Water Chinquipin. 

Leaves orbicular, alternate, centrally peltate, very entire ; anthers with a lincter 
appendage. 

Rivers and stagnant waters: abundant in the ditches of meadows bordering the 
Delaware, below Philadelphia. June. Leaves a foot, or more, in diameter, l'edun- 
cles very long, more or less scabrous. Flowers 5 to 10 inches in diameter, yellowisk- 
white. Seeds eatable. 

Order 8. WIMFEMAGEM.— Water TAlks. 

Aquatic herbs, with round or peltate, floating leaves, and solitary showy flowers f row, 
a prostrate root-stall:. Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, gradually passing 
into each'other. Sepals persistent. Petals inserted upon the disk surrounding the 
pistil. Stamens numerous, inserted above the petals into the disk; filaments 
petaloid ; anthers adnate. Disk large, fleshy, surrounding the ovary more or less. 
Ovary with radiating stigmas. Pruit many-celled, indehiscent : seeds numerous, 
attached to the spongy placenta? and enveloped in a gelatinous aril. 

1. NYMPHJEA. Linn. Water Lily. 

Dedicated by the Greeks to the Water Nymph. 

Sepals 4, at the tiase of the disk. Petals numerous, 
inserted on the torus at its base. Stamens numerous, grad- 
ually transformed into petals. Stigma surrounded with rajs. 
Pericarp many celled, many seeded, depressed, globular, 
covered with the bases of the decayed petals. — Perennials 
with showy white, rose-colored f or blue flowers. 



SARRACENIAC,E. 19 



1. N. odorata, Ait. White Pond-Lily. 

Leaves floating, orbicular-cordate ? very entire ; nerves and vein* prominent : 
(Aigma 1G to 30 rayed; rays incurved. 

Ponds and sluggish streams. Susquehanna. June, July. One of the lovliest of 
flowers ; possessing beauty, delicacy and fragrance in the highest degree. Mldzoma 
thick, in mud where the water is from 1 to 5 feet in depth, sending up leaves and 
flowers to the surface. Leaves 4 to 6 inches in diameter, dark shining green above, 
cleft at the base quite to the insertion of the petiole. Sepals colored within. JPetuls 
very delicate, 1 to 2 inches long, white tinged with purple. « Filaments yellow. 
Flowers 3 to 4 inches in diameter, very fragrant. 

2. NUPHAE. Smith. Yellow Water Lilt. 

Sepals 5 or 6, oblong 5 concave, colored within. Petals 
numerous, small and stamen-like; compactly inserted with 
the stamens into an enlargement of the receptacle at the base 
of the ovary. Stigma discoid, with prominent rays. Per- 
icarp many-celled, many-seeded. — Perennials, with yellow 
flowers, and floating leaves. 

1. N. ad vena, Ait. Yellow Pond- Lily. Spatter Dock. 

Leaves erect or floating, on half cylindrical petioles, heart-shaped at the base, ob- 
long, or rounded; sepals 6; petals numerous,, small; siigma 15 to 20 rayed; fmtt 
furrowed. 

Ponds and ditches ; mostly in shallow water : common. June — August. Leaves 
large dark green, shining above. Flowers rather large and glohular in form, erect, 
on a thick rigid stalk. Threa outer sepals, yellow inside; three inner, entirely 
yellow, as well as the petals and stamens. 

2. N. lutea, Smith, Small flowered Yellow Water-Lily . 

Leave? floating, cordate, oval ; lobes approximate ; petioles S-sidcd, aeuto angled ; 
stigma 16 to 20 rayed. 

Ponds : common. June. Sepals very obtuse. Petals much smaller, truBeste. 
Confounded by some of our botanists with the next species. 

3. Kalmiana, Ait. Kalms Water-Lily. 

Leave 3 cordate, submersed, with approximate lobes; petioles terete: «oZjw 5- 
leaved; stigmas incised, 8 to 12 rayed. 

In Water. July, Aug. Leaves ana fiowers small : upper leaves 2 to 3 inches lonsr, 
1% to 3% inches wide : lower leaves 3 to 4 inches in diameter. Dr. Robbins. Reek. 
Gray considers it a variety of JV. Lutea ; to which it is certainly closely allied. 

Order 9. SARRAOEHIAGJE.— Pitcher Planu. 

Herbaceous plants growing in boggy places, with hollow pitcher form, or trumpet- 
shaped radical leaves; with the petiole and lamina articulated at (he summit. Charac- 
teristics, those of the typical genus. 

1. SAKRACENIA, Tourn. 

In honor of Dr. Sarrazin, of Quebec. 

Calyx of 5 sepals, with 3 small bractlets at the base ; 
•olored, persistent. Petals 5 ; oblong or oboyate ; incurred; 



20 PAPAVERACEiE. 



deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Stigma very 
large, peltate, persistent, covering the ovary and stamens, 
in the form of an umbrella, petal-like, 5 angled, 5 rayed; 
the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many 
hooks. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many seeded. — Pere- 
nials, yellowish, green and purplish. Flowers large, solitary 
on scapes. » 

1. S. purpurea, L. Side-saddle Floiver. Huntsman's Cup. 

Leaves (ascidia) pitcher-shaped, inflated, contracted at the mouth, curved, 
ascending, hroadly winged on the inner, (or upper) side ; hood erect, open, round, 
beart-shapod. 

Sphagnous swamps. Bear Meadows, Centre Co. Blackhole Valley, Lycoming 
Co. June, July. A singular plant hearing curious pitcher-shaped leaves, from 
6 to 9 inches long, hollow, swelling in the middle, with a wing-like appendage 
extending the whole length inside, % to 1 inch wide, and extended on the outside 
of the mouth into a kind of a hlade, covered above with reversed hairs ; usually 
half filled with water and drowned insects. Scape 14 to 20 inches high, terete, 
smooth, supporting a single, large, purple, nodding flower, which is almost as 
curious in its structure as the leaves. 

Order 10. FAPAVERAGE2B. '- 

Herbs with millcy or colored juice, alternate, simple or divided leaves, without 
ttipules ; and regular flowers with fugacious sepals; polyandrous, hypogynous; 
having a 1-celledpod with 2 or more parietal placenta?.. Flowers solitary, on long 
peduncles, never blue. Sepals 2, rarely* 3, falling off when the flower expandi. 
Petals 4 to 12, spreading, imbricate in the bud, deciduous. Stamens numerous, 
16 or more, distinct, rarely poly delphous. Ovary solitary; style short; stigmas 'A, 
or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of ths ovary. Fruit either pod-shaped oi 
capsular. 

1. SANGUINARIA. Linn. Bloodkoot. 

Lat. sanguis, blood: in allusion to the color of its juice. 

Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 8 to 12, in 2 series, spatu- 
late-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens about 24. Style 
short ; stigma 2-lobed or connate. Capsule pod-like, oblong, 
1-celled, 2-valved, ventricose; valves deciduous: Seeds 
numerous, with a large crest. — A low perenial with thick 
prostrate rootstocks fitted with a red-orange acrid juice. 

1. S. Canadensis, L. Blood-root. Red Puccoon. 

Leaves radical, reniform or cordate, with roundish lobes, separated by roundish 
sinuses. 

Open woods and rocky places : common. April, May. A smooth pretty plant 
sending up in early spring a scape about 6 inches high, with a single white flower 
appearing in advance of the single large glaucous leaf. Flowers quadrangular 
in outline, scentless, and of short duration. 

2. MECONOPSIS, DC. 

Chr. TteJcon, ft poppy; and opsis, appearance: resembling the poppj. 



PAPAVERACEiE. 21 



Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Stamens many. Style 
short, distinct; stigmas 4 to 6, radiating, convex, free. 
Capsules obovate, 1-celled, opening by 4 valves at the 
apex. — Perennial herbs with a yellow juice and pinnatified or 
pinnately divided leaves. 

M. diphyllum, DC. Celendine Poppy. 

Leaves pinnately divided, glaucous beneath; segments 5 to 7, oratc-oblong, 
•inuate; stem leaves 2, opposite, petio late; pedicels aggregated, terminal ,' capsule 
4-valved, ecliinate. 

"Woods. Alleghany mountains. May. Stem a foot high. Leaves large, 8 by 6 
faiches, on petioles about the same length. Peduncles about 3 inches long, 
1-fiowored. Flowers deep yellow, 2 inches broad. 

3. ARGEMONE. Linn. 

Gr. argemd, a disease cf the eye, which this plant was supposed to cure. 

Sepals 3, roundish, acuminate. Petals 4 to 6. Stamens 
many. Style scarcely any : stigmas 3 to 6, radiate; Cap- 
sule ob-ovoid, opening at the top by valves. — Herbs with 
prickly bristles and yellow juice. Annual or biennial. 

A. Mexicana, L. Horn Poppy. 

Leaves repand-sinuate or pinnatifid, with spiny teeth ; flowers solitary, erect, 
axillary ; calyx prickly ; capsules prickly, 6-valved. 

Banks of streams. June, July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, branching, armed with 
prickly spines. Leaves sessile, 5 to 8 inches long. Flmvers yellow, about 2 inches 
in diameter. Probably introduced. 

4. CHELIDONIUM. Linn. Celendine. 

Gr. chelidon a swallow : flowering about the time when swallows appear. 

Sepals 2, glabrous. Petals 4, suborbicular, contracted 
at the base : stamens numerous 24 to 32, shorter than the 
petals. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule silique-form, slender, 
smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom : Seeds 
several, crested. — Perennial herbs, v:ith brittle stems ; and 
acrid yellow juice. 

C. Ma jus, L. Common Celendine. 

Leaves pseudo-pinnate, glaucous; segments ovate, crenate lobed ; pedicels some- 
irhat umbellate ; petals elliptic, entire, flowers in umbels. 

A pale green juicy plant growing in waste places. Introduced from Europe. 
Katuralized. May — Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched. Flowers yellow, yery 
fugacious, borne in thin axillary, pedunculate umbels. 

5. PAPAVEE. Linn. Poppy. 

Celtic papa, pap; being added to the food of children to induce ileep. 

Sepals 2 ; concave, caducous- Petals 4. Stamens many. 



22 FUMARIACEJE. 



Stigmas sessile, united in a flat, 4 to 20, radiated crown, 
resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule. Capsule 
obovoid, 1-celled, opening by minute valves under the margin 
of the stigma. — Exotic kerbs, mostly biennial, with a white 
juice abounding with opium. 

1. P. dubium, L. Field or Corn Poppy. 

Leaves pseudo-pinnate ; segments lance-oblong, pinnatiiidly incised, sessile, decur- 
rent; Stem hispid with spreading hairs ; peduncles with appressed bristly hairs; 
tepals hairy ; capsule obovoid-oblong, smooth. 

Sparingly naturalized in cultivated grounds. June and July. Stem about 2 
feet high. Flowers light red or scarlet. Native of Europe. 

2. P. somniferum, L. Common Poppy. 

Smooth and glaucous; leaves clasping, incised, and dentate, wavy; sepal* 
smooth; capsule globose. Native of Persia. Common in cultivation. Scarcely 
naturalized. Stem 1 to 3 feet high ; Leaves 4 to 8 by 2 to 3 inches, with rather obtuse 
dentures. Flowers large brilliant white, red and purple : sometimes very double. 

3. P. Rheas. Common Red Poppy. 

Stem many-flowered, hairy ; leaves incisely pinnatifid ; capsules smooth, nearly 
rlobose. Distinguished from the last species chiefly by its more finely divided 
leaves and globular capsules. Flowers very large and showy, of a deep scarlet 
red, sometimes variable. Cultivated. 

6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. 

In honor of Eschscholtz, a German botanist, known by his researches in California 

Sepals 2, cohering by their edge, caducous. Petals 4. 
Stamens many, adhering to the claws of the petals. Stig- 
mas 4 to 7, sessile, 2 to 3 of them abortive. Capsules 
pod-shaped, cylindric 10-striate, many seeded. — Annual, 
glaucous herbs with a colorless juice, 2 to 3 pinnatifid leaves 
with linear segments, and showy yellow flowers on solitary 
peduncles. 

E. Douglasii, Hook. California Poppy. 

Stem branching, leafy ; torus obconic ; calyx ovoid, with a very short abrupt 
Bcumination. Petals bright yellow, with an orange spot at the base. 2 inches 
broad. Native of California and Oregon. Common in cultivation. 

2. E. Californica, Hook. 

Stem branching, leafy, torus funnel-form with a much dilated limb; caly* 
obconic, with a long acumination; flowers orange-yellow. Prom California. Cultir 
vated. 



Order 11. FUMARXACEK. 

Delicate smooth herbs, with watery juice, compound dissected leaves, and irregular 
/lowers. Flowers irregular, purple, white, or yellow. Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 
4, cruciate, hypogynous, very irregular. Stamens 6, in two sets of 3 each, placed 
opposite the larger petals, hypogynous, their filaments more or less united; the 



FUMARIACE^!. 23 



middle anther of each 1-celled ; the lateral ones 2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled » 
BTyle filiform ; stigma with 2 or more points. 

I 

DICENTRA. JBork. Wrongly Diclytra or Dielytra. 

Gr. clis, twice ; and kentron, a spur : in allusion to the two spurs. 

Sepals 2, small. Petals 4; the two outer equally 
spurred, or gibbous at the base. Stamens united in 2 sets 
of 3 in each. Stigma 2-crested or 2 horned. Filaments 
slightly united. Pod 2-valved, 10 to 20 seeded. — Low stem- 
less perennials ; with ternately compound leaves ; and simph 
scapes, bearing racemose nodding flowers. 

1. D. Cuccularia, DC. Dutchman's Breeches. 

Foot bulbiferous ; scape naked ; raceme simple, 1-sided, 4 to 10 flowered ; wing 
of the inner petals short; spurs divergent, elongated, acute, straight ; pedicel* 
2-bractcd. 

Rich woods, shady ravines and hills. April and May. A smooth handsome 
plant. Bulbs consisting of clusters of little grainlike tubers inclosed in a sheath. 
Leaves radical, multifid, somewhat triternate, smooth, with oblong linear segments. 
Scape slender, 6 to 10 inches high. Flowers scentless, nodding, white, tinged witfa 
yellow and purple. 

2. D. CanadensE, DC. Squirrel Corn. 

Scape naked; raceme simple, 4 to 6 flowered; spurs short, rounded; wing of tb« 
inner petals projecting beyond the summit. 

Rich woods. May. Fhizoma bearing a number of roundish tubers, about th* 
size of peas, and of a bright yellow color. Leaves having the segments longer and 
narrower than in the preceding species> Flowers white, tinged with purple, very 
fragrant, 3 to 4 on a scape 6 to 8 inches high. 

3. D. eximia, DC. Choice Dicentra. 

Divisions and lobes of the leaves broadly oblong; scape naked ; raceme compound, 
clustered ; corolla oblong, 2-gibbous at the base, crest of the inner petals project- 
ing beyond the summit. 

Rocks, along the Alleghanies. April — July. A larger plant than the oth«*, 
blossoming all summer. Leaves 10 to 15 inches high, with 4 to 8 cymes, eac& 
with 7 to 10 reddish-purple, nodding flowers> Often cultivated. 

2. CORYDALIS, DC. 

From korudalis ; the Greek name of Fumitory. 

Sepals 2, small. Petals 4, one of which is spurred at 
the base, deciduous. Stamens 6, diadelphous : filaments 
in 2 equal sets by their broad bases which sheath the ovary. 
Pod 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds crested. — Flowers in 
racemes. Biennials. 

1. C. a UREA, Willd. Golden Corydalis. 

Stem branched, diffuse ; leaves glaucous, doubly pinnate, lobes oblong-linear, 
acute; bracts lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, toothed, opposite the leavea, vaA 
terminal; spur incurved, pods terete, pendant: seeds with a scolloped creffc. 



Q4 CRUCIFER^E. 



Shady rocks. April— August. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, with finely divided 
leaves. Flowers bright yellow and showy. Pods 1-inch long. 

2. C. GLauca, Pursh. Pale Corydalis. 

Stem erect, branched ; leaves glaucous, decompound ; segments cuneate, trifid ; 
bracts oblong, acute, shorter than the pedicals ; spur short and rounded ; podt 
erect, slender, elongated ; seeds with a small entire crest. 

Rocky woods: common. May — July. 8tem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 
inches long; the lower ones on long petioles. Flowers whitish, tinged with 
yellow, una flesh color. 

3. ADLUMIA. Kaf. Climbing Fumitory. 

In honor of Mr. John Adlum, a distinguished cultivator of the vine. 

Sepals 2, minute. Petals 4, united in a spongy mono- 
petalous corolla, persistent, and with 2 protuberances at the 
base; 4-lobed at the apex. Pod 2-valved,- few seeded. — 
A climbing biennial vine, tvith 2-pinnate leaves, cut-lohed 
delicate leaflets, and numerous panicles of drooping flowers. 

A. cirrhosa, Raf. Alleghany Vine. Mountain Fringe. 

Woods and rocky hills. July — Sept. A slender climber 8 to 15 feet long. 
Leaves pinnately divided ; the midrib twining like a tendril. Flowers in compound 
axillary racemes, pale violet or nearly white. 

FUMARIA. Linn. Fumitory. 

Lat. fumus, smoke : from its disagreeable smell. 

Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4, unequal, one of them 
spurred at the base. Filaments in 2 sets, each with 3 
anthers. Fruit small, indehiscent, globular, 1-sceded.- — 
Branched annuals, with finely dissected compound leaves, and 
close racemes or splices. 

F. officianalis, L. Common Fumitory. 

leaves bi-pinnate, leaflets lanceolate, cut into linear segments; raceme loo*e$ 
sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, shorter than the corolla. 

Near cultivated grounds. May — July. Stem 10 to 15 inches high. Flouwt 
rose-colored. Introduced from Europe. 

Order 12, CEUCIFERffi, 

Herns with a pungent watery juice, often accompanied hy an ether t'dl oil; and 
oruciform tetradynamous flowers: leaves alternate: fruit a silique or sillcle. 
Flowers yellow or white, rarely purple or red : without bracts, generally in 
racemes. Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, regular, their claws inserted into th« 
receptacle, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a 
cross. Stamens 6, of which 2 on opposite sides are shorter, solitary, and opposite 
the lateral sepals. Ovary, superior, 1-celled: stigmas 2. Pod usually 2-celled, 
2-valved, 1 or many-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by the valves. Seeds attached 
to a single row, by a cord to each of the placentae, generally pendulous, without 
sibumeu. Emdbto with th» 2 cotyledon* variously folded on the radicle 



1 



CRUCIFERJE. 25 



Section I. SILICULOSJE. Pod short and broad. 
1. THLASPL Linn. Penny Cress. 

Gr. thlao; to compress or flatten: on account of the flattened silicles. 

Calyx equal at the base. Petals equal. Silicle short, 
flat, emarginate at the apex, many-seeded ; valves, bract-form, 
winged on the back; cells 2, many seeded. Cotyledons 
recumbent. — Annual herbs with undivided leaves and white 
or purplish floioers. 

1. T. arvense, L. Penny Cress. 

Leaves oblong-sagitate, coarsely toothed, smooth; silicle (pouch) roundish-oh- 
ovate, shorter than the pedicel, its wings dilated longitudinally: stigma subsessile. 

Cultivated stony fields. June. Stem a foot high, erect, and somewhat branched. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, ^ as wide. Flowers small, white in terminal raceme*. 
The plant has a disagreeable flavor of garlic. 

2. T. tuberosum, Nutt. Tuberous Penny Cress. 

Leaves rhomboid-ovate, obscurely dentate, smooth and sessile ; radical ones 
petiolate; silicle suborbicular. April and May. Stem 4 to 5 inches high. Flowers 
.rather large, rose-colored. 

2. CAPSELLA. DC. Shepherd's Purse. 

I iminutive of capsa, a ehest or box : in allusion to the fruit. 

Calyx equal at base. Silicles triangular, wedge-form, 
obcordate, compressed laterally ; valves carinate, not winged' 
on the back. Style short. Seeds many. Annual. Flowers 
white. 

C. Bursa-pastoris, DC. Shepherd's Purse. 

Radical leaves pinnatifid, hairy ; cauline ones oblong, more or less toothed, 
sagitate at base. 

Cultivated grounds. April — Oct. A troublesome weed. Stem 6 to 12 inches 
high. Floioers small, in racemes, which are finally 3 to 12 inches long. Intr(y* 
educed from Europe. 

3. ERIOPHILA. DC. 

Gr. er, eros, spring ; &nd phileo, to love : in allusion to its early flowering, 

Calyx equal. Petals 2-parted. Stamens without teeth. 
Silicle oval or oblong; valves flat. Seeds many, not mar- 
gined. — Annual. Flowers small. 

E. vulgaris, DC. Whitlow Grass. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute subserrate, hairy : scape naked : petals bifid : 
stigma sessile : silicle flat, oval, shorter than the pedicel. 

Fields. March— May. Scape 2 to 6 inches high. Flowers minute, white. Pouch 
en long pedicels. 

N 



26 CRTJCIFERJE. 



4. LEPIDIUM. Linn. Pepper-grass. 

Gr. lepis, a scale; in allusion to the form of the pouch. 

Calyx equal at the base. Petals entire, ovate. Fila- 
ments without teeth. Silicles laterally compressed, orbicu- 
lar-ovate, or oval; septum very narrow, crossing the greater 
diameter; valves carinate, dehiscent : cells 1-seeded. Seeds 
somewhat 3-angled. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely accum- 
bent. — Annual or biennial herbs, with white flowers. 

1. L. VlRGlNlCUM, L. Wild Pepper-grass. 

SUm branched ; radical leaves pinnatifid ; stem leaves linear lanceolate, serrate^ 
pmooth ; stamens 2 to 4; silicles orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the pedicel. 

Dry fields and roadsides, May — Sept. Stem a foot high, branched above. 
Flowers small, white. Pouch about 2 lines long. 

2. L. SATIVUM, L, Pepper-grass. Tongue-grass. 

Leaves variously divided and cut; branches without spines; silicles orbicular 
winged. A pleasant anti-scorbutic cress : often cultivated for the table. Stems 1 
to 3 feet high, very branching. Silicles 2 to 8 lines broad, very numerous* Native 
of the East. 

5. CAMELINA. Grants. False Flax. 

Gr. kamai, dwarf, and linon, flax : on account of its resemblance to flax. 

Calyx equal at the base. Petals equal. Filaments 
without teeth. Silicle ob-ovoid or sub-globose, obtuse, 
entire, mucronate with the persistent style. Seeds numerous, 
oblong, not margined. — Annual. Flowers yellow. 

C. sativa, DC. 

Leaves lanceolate, saggitatc, sessile, roughish; silicle inflated, margined; cotyledons 
incumbent. 

Cultivated grounds : common in flax fields. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, 
panicled above. Flowers numerous, in corymbose panicles, small, yellow. 
Pouches large, on long slender pedicels. Introduced from Europe. It has b*en 
fancied by some to be a sort of degenerate flax. 

6. COCHLEARIA. Linn. 

Lat. cochlear, a spoon : in reference to its concave leaves. 

Calyx equal at the base, spreading. Petals entire. 
Stamens without teeth. Silicle oblong or ovoid-globose, 
with ventricose valves. Seeds numerous, not margined.— 
Flowers white. Perennial. 

C. Armor ACE A, L. Horse-radish. 

JRadical leaves on long petioles, oblong, crenate : cauline longrlanceolate, serrate 
or entire, sessile; silicle elliptic. 

Waste grounds. Naturalized. June. Boot large, fleshy, very pungent to th« 
taste. SUm 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers Tvhite in elongated racemes. Native of 
Europe. Extensively cultivated. 



CRUCIFEK&:. 27 



CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 

7. ALYSSUM. Linn. 

Gr. a, privative ; lussa, rage : supposed by the ancients to allay rage. 

Calyx equal at the base. Petals entire; some of the 
gtaruens with teeth. Silicle orbicular or oval, with valyes, 
flat or convex in the centre. Seeds 1 to 4 in each cell. 
Perennial, 

K.. saxatile Rock Alyssum. Madwort. 

Stem suffruticose at the base, subcorymbose : leaves lanceolate, entire, downy ; 
silicle ovate-orbicular, 2-seeded ; seeds margined. An early flowering garden annual . 
Native of Candia. Stem 1 foot high. Flowers numerous, yellow, in close coryin- 
fcose clusters. 

A. majiitimum, Lam. Sweet Alyssum, 

Stem somewhat shrubby and procumbent at the base : leaves linear-lanceolate* 
acute, somewhat hoary : pods oval, smooth. A sweet-scented garden plant, with 
lino leaves and small white flowers. June — Oct. Sijm 1 foot high. 

8. LUJSTAEIA. Linn, Honesty. 

Lat, lima, the moon : from the broad round silicles. 

Sepals somewhat bi-saccate at the base. Petals nearly 
entire. Stamens not toothed. Silicle pedicellate, ellip- 
tical or lanceolate, with flat yaLyes; funiculus adhering to 
the dissepiments. 

1. L. biennis, DC. Honesty \ 

Stem erect; leaves cordate, with obtuse teeth; silicles oval, obtuse at both ends, 
A biennial plant. Native of Germany. Stems 3 to 4 feet high. Fl-owers liiao- 
colored. Naturalized near Philadelphia. Nutt. 

2. L, rediyiya. Satin Flower. 

Stem erect, branching: leaves ovate, cordate, petiolate, mucronately serrate: 
cUicles lanceolate, narrowed at each end. A pretty perennial from Germany. 
Slam 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers light purple. 

9, IBEEIS. Linn, Candy-tuft. 

Petals, the two outside larger than the two inner. Sili- 
cles compressed, truncate, emarginate ; the cells 1-seeded. — 
Ornamental garden annuals. 

1, I. umbeliata. Purple Candy-tuft. 

Herbaceous, smooth; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones serrate; 
tipper ones entire. Silides umbellate, acutely 2-lobed. A pretty border flower, 
Kative of South Europe. June, July. Stem 1 foot high. Flowers in simple 
terminal umbels. This species as well as the rest is remarkable for having the 2 
faiter petals larger than the 2 inner ones. 



28 CRUCIFER^E. 



1. saxatilts. Rock Candy-tuft* 

Shrubby : leaves linear, entire, somewhat fleshy, rather acute, smooth or ciliate. 
Flowers white, in corymbs. Sterns nearly 1 foot high. April— June. Native of 
South Europe. 

10. ISATIS. Linn; 

Silicle elliptical, flat, 1-eelled, 1 -seeded, with boat-shaped 
valves, which are scarcely dehiscent. 

1. I. tinctoria, L. Woad. 

Silicles wedge-form, acuminate at the base, somewhat spatulate at the end* 
Tory obtuse, 3 times as long as broad* Native of England ; cultivated for the 
sake of its leaves, which yield a dye that is substituted for indigo. May— July. 
Stem 4 feet high. Leaves large, broad, clasping the stem. Flowers yellow, large, 
in terminal racemes. 

Section 2. SILIQUOSiE. Pod mostly long and narrow. 
11. DENTARIA. Linn. Tooth-wort. 

Lat. dens, a tooth ; on account of the tooth-like scales of the root. 

Sepals converging. Silique (pod) narrow-lanceolate^ 
with a long tapering style : valves flat, nerveless, revolute, 
opening elastically : placentae not winged. Seeds in a single 
row, not margined : funiculus slender. — Herbaceous plants 
with perennial roots, divided leaves, and white or purplish 
flowers. 

1. D. laciniata, Muhl. Common Toothwort. 

Stem leaves 3, verticillate, on short petioles, ternate ; leaflets 3-parted segment* 
linear, entire, coarsely toothed or pinnatifid ; lateral ones lobed ; root moniliform, 

Woods and rocky places near streams. April and May. Stem 6 to 12 inches 
high, simple. Leaves usually in a whorl about half-way up. Flowers in loose 
terminal racemes, pale, rose-colored, or white. Petals cuneate-obovate, attenuated 
below. Pod about 1 inch long. Boot consisting of a chain of 3 or 4 nearly tooth- 
less-oblong tubers, of a pungent taste. 

2. D. DIPHYLLA, Mich. Pepper Root. 

Stem leaves mostly 2, on short petioles, ternate : leaflets ovate oblong, unequally 
and coarsely toothed or laciniate. 

Woods and wet meadows. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves large, opposite 
or nearly so, above the middle of the stem. Flowers racemed, large white, the 
petals much larger than the calyx. Root-stock large, beset with teeth, with a 
pungent, aromatic taste. Pod about an inch long. 

3. D. MAXIMA, Nutt. Great Toothwort. 

Leaves 2 to 7, alternate, on long petioles, ternate ; leaflets ovate, obtuse, coarsely 
toothed* and incised, often 2 to 3 cleft; lateral ones lobed; axils naked; racemet 
lateral and terminal. 

a Woods; rare. June. Stem often nearly 2 feet high. Flowers in racemes, pate 
purple. Hoot-slock a string of strongly toothed tubers. 



CRUOTER^. 29 



4. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Dwarf Toothicort. 

Radical leaves on long petioles, deeply and obtusely lobed, lobes crenately den- 
tate, with abruptly mucronate teeth ; stem leaves 2, rarely 3, alternate, petiolate, 
ternately divided; segments linear-lanceolate, entire or rarely toothed, rough- 
edged. 

Woods. June. Boot-stock moniliform, obscurely toothed. Stem 8 to 12 inches 
high. Corymbs with about 9 pale purple flowers. 

12. BARBAREA. R. Brown. Winter Cress. 

Anciently called the Herb of SaM Barbarea. 

Sepals erect, sub-equal at base. Pod 4-angled and some- 
what 2-edged ; valves concave-carinate, awnless at the apex. 
Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. — Perennials 
or biennials with yellow flowers, and lyrately -pinnatifid leaves. 

B. vulgaris. R. Br. Winter Cress. 

Smooth; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round ; upper leaves obovate ; 
cut toothed, or pinnatifid at the base ; pod 4-sided, tapering into a slender style. 

Moist places and roadsides. Common. May— Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
smooth, branched above. Flowers in dense racemes, small yellow. Probably 
introduced. 

18. NASTURTIUM. R. Brown. Cress. 

Lat. nasus tar tits, from the effect of these acrimonious plants upon the nose. 

Sepals erect ; sub-equal at base. Pod 4-angled and some- 
what 2-edged ; valves concave-carinate, awnless at the apex. 
Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. — Perennials 
or biennials with yellow flowers, and lyrately -pinnatifid leaves. 

1. N. palustre, DC. Marsh Water Cress. 

Lower leaves lyrately pinnatifid ; tipper ones pinnately iobed, amplexicaul, lobes 
confluent, dentate, smooth; petals as long as the calyx; pods ovoid-oblong varying 
to ovoid, obtuse, turgid, tipped with a very short style. 

Wet places . along streams. July. Stem 18 inches high, mostly erect, branched, 
obtusely 2-angled. and striate above. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, more or less pin- 
natifid, smooth, except a £iw dike at tho base. Flowers racomose, minute, yellow. 
Fbd short, turgid. 

2. N. hispidum, DC. Hisped Water Cress. 

Stem upright, rough-hahy ; leaves pinnatifid! y lobed, or runcinate-piimatifid ; 
hoes rather obtusely toothed; pod OYoid, tumid, pointed with the distinct style, 
scarcely more than half as long as the calyx ; petals scarcely as long as the calyx. 

Banks of streams. July, August. Stem angular, 2 to 4 feet high, much 
branched, with many paniculate racemes above. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long. 
Flowers minute, yellow. Silicles 1 line long on pedicels twice their length. 

3. N. sylyestre, Br. Creeping Water Cress. ' 

Leaves pinnately divided ; segments lanceolate, incisely serrate, the upper ones 

entire ; petals loirger than the calyx ; pods oblong, slightly uneven ; style very short. 

Banks of the Delaware near Philadelphia. July. Foot cr&e ping. Stem a fcot 



30 CRUCIFEKZE. 



high, angular, branched. Flowers larger than in the preceding. Introduced from 
Europe. 

14. ARABIS. Linn. Wall Cress. 

Said to have derived its name from Arabia, its native country. 

Sepals erect. Petals unguiculate, entire. Pod line&T, 
plane; valves flat, 1-nerved in the middle. Seeds in a single 
row in each cell, usually margined or winged. — Annual and 
biennial plants with white flowers. 

1. A. Canadensis, L. Siclde Pod. 

Stem leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; the lower, toothed; pedicels 
3-times as long as the calyx, pubescent, reflexed in fruit ; petals twice the length of 
the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods pendulous, subfalcate, veined : seeds winged. 

Rocky situations. May— Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, round, smooth 
Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, ^ as wide, sessile and clasping. Flowers in long terminal 
racemes, small, white. Fods long, drooping, resembling a sickle blade. 

2. A. LYRATA, L. American Rock Cress. 

Stem diffusely branched, low; stem leaves linear or spatulate, entire, smooth and 
glaucous ; radical leaves lyrately pinnatifid, often pilose : pedicels somewhat spread- 
ing ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; pods erect, spreading, with a short, 
straight style ; seeds marginless. 

Rocky bills. April — June. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, often many united at the 
base. Foot-leaves numerous, rosulate, 1 to 3 inches long, ^ as wide, petiolate* 
Flowers middle size, white or rarely pale purple. 

3. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth Wall Cress. 

Erect, smooth and glaucous; radical leaves obovate and oblong, tapering to a 
petiole, sinuate-dentate ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, amplexicaul, sparingly cut- 
toothed or entire : petals scarcely larger than the calyx; pods long and narrow, 
re-curved, spreading and pendulous. 

Rocky places. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round, smooth, simple, or branched 
above. Foot-leaves often purplish, % to 1% inch long, half as wide, with acute 
teeth. Flowers white, few, small, in corymbed racemes. Fed 2 inches long, very 
narrow. 

4. A. hirsuta, DC. Hairy Wall Cress. 

Erect, branching; leaves dentate, pubescent, or scabrous; radical ones oratc- 
oblong, tapering to a petiole ; stem leaves ovate, lanceolate, sagittate ; pedicels as 
long as the calyx; pod straight, erect. 

Low, rocky grounds. Not common. May, June. Stem 6 to 12 inches high ; 2 or 
more from the same root; round, hairy at the base, dividing into slender parallel 
branches. Leaves scarcely dentate, sessile, with heart-shaped or sagittate bases. 
Flowers small, greenish white. Fod 1 to 2 inches long. 

15. IODANTHES. Torr.&Gray. False Rocket. 

Gr. iodes, violet colored ; and anthos, flower. 

Pod linear, elongated, terete. Seeds in a single row in 
each cell, margined. Style thick. Stigma capitate. Claws 
of the violet-purple petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth 
perennial, with showy flowers in pariicled racemes. 



CRUCIFER^E. 31 



I. HESPERIDOIDES, T. & Gr. 

Leaves ovate oblong, toothed, pointed ; the lower sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid. 

Banks of rivers. Western Pa. May, June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Petals % 
inch long, spatulate. Pods 1 to 2 inches long, slightly curved upwards, longer 
than the spreading pedicels, knotty, rather fleshy. 

16. CAKDAMINE. Linn, 

Kardamon, an ancient Greek name of Cress. 

Calyx a little spreading. Pod linear, flattened usually 
opening elastiealiy; valves nerveless. Seeds in single rows 
in each cell, ovate, not margined.— Mostly perennial plants 
with white or purple flowers. 

1. C. HIRSUTA, L. Hairy Carda?nine. 

Mostly smooth. Leaves pinnate, with 5 to 13 leaflets, or lyraiely pmnatifid; 
leaflets of the radical ones petioled, mostly rounded ; those of the stem ovate oar 
linear, toothed or entire*; petals twice as long a3 the calyx, ohlong-cuneate ; stigma 
minute, suhsessile.- 

A variable biennial, common in wet place?. May — July. Stem 6 to 10 inches 
high. Leaves hairy or smooth, % to 1 inch long. Ftoi&ers small, white. Pod 
about 1 inch long, 12 to 18-seeded. 

2. C. RHOMBOIDEA, DC Spring Cress,- 

Moot tuberous; stem-leaves ovate-rhomboid, somewhat petioled; rod-leaves round 
or cordate, all somewhat angled or sparingly toothed ; pods linear-lanceolate, 
pointed with a slender style, tipped with a conspicuous stigma; seeds rGTin&> 
oval. 

Wet moadows and springs. Per.- April — June. Stem 9 to 12 inches high, erec\ 
tmooth, simple. Flowers in terminal racemes, large, white or reddish. Pod* % to 
1 inch long. 

3. C. ROTUNDIFOLIA, Mich. Round -leaved Spring CressL 

Pool fibrous; stem weak, procumbent; leaves sub-orbicular, sub dentate, smooth, 
petioled; pyd spreading, slender, with a long style. 

Wet grounds near springs. Per. July. Stem 6 to 15 inches high, decumbent 
Flowers in terminal racemes, white or yellowish, half tho size of the preceding. 
Pod % to % inch long, 

17. SISYMBRIUM. Linn. Hedge Mustard. 

An ancient Greek name of some plant of this family. 

Calyx mostly spreading, equal at the base. Petals tm- 
guiculate, entire. Pod terrete, or rather 4 to 6 sided, ses- 
sile upon the disk, the valves 1 to 3 nerved. Seeds in a 
single row in each cell, oblong, niarginless. — Annual herbs 
with small white or yellow flowers. 

1. S. officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard, 

Leaves runcinate and with the stem hairy. Flowers in a long raceme ; pod subu- 
late, closely pressed to the stem. 
Waste places. Introduced, May — Sept An unsightly branched weed; 1 to 3 



CRUCIFERiE. 



feet high. Flowers yellow, very small, terminating the raceme which "becomes 1 to 
2 feet long, environed by the appressed sessile pods. 

2. S. Thalianum, Hook. Mouse-ear Hedge Mustard. 

Radical leaves obovate or oblong, entire or barely toothed ; stem leaves lanceolate, 
sessile ; x>od,s ascending, rather longer than the pedicels. 

Hocks and sandy fields. April and May. Stem 6 to 15 inches high, slender, 
terete, with slender erect branches. Leaves mostly in a radical cluster, 1 to 2 inches 
long ; those of the stem b£ to 1 inch long, denticulate, ciliatc. Flowers small, white. 
Probably introduced. 

3. S. canescens, Nutt. Hoary Hedge Mustard.]. 

Leaves 2-pinnatifid, the divisions small and toothed; petals scarcely exceeding the 
calyx ; pods in long racemes, oblong or rather clavate, not longer than the spreading 
pedicels. 

Banks of streams. Eather rare. May. Stem slender, 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers- 
very small, pale yellow. Pedicels spreading with the pod, often erect. A yery 
variable species, often hoary pubescent. 

18. ERYSIMUM. Linn. Treacle Mustard, 

Gr. eruo., to draw blisters. 

Calyx erect, closed. Pols columnar, 4-sided; stigma 
capitate. Seeds in a single row in each cell, oblong, mar- 
ginless; cotyledons often obliquely incumbent. — Chiefly 
biennials with ycllovj flowers. 

1. E. cherianthoiles, L. Wormseed Mustard. 

Laves lanceolate, somewhat toothed, minutely ^roughish ; pods erect, spreading, 
twice as long as the pedicels ; stigma small, nearly sessile. 

Along streams : rare. Introduced. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect, 
branched, roughidi. Fl.ows.rs yellow, in long terminal racemes. F<sd about i inch 

long, pointed with a short style. 

2. E. Arkansanum, Nutt. Western Wall-flower. 

- Minutely rougbish hairy ; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed ; 
lower ones rancinate-toothed : flowers racemose corymbed at summit. 

A fine plant with showy flowers resembling the Wall-nower. Native of iho, 
Western States, cultivated in gardens. June and July. Biennial.' Stem lio 3 
feet high, slender. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to ]/ z inch wide. Sepals straw- color. 
Feiuls large bright orange-yellow. Siliqiees 3 inches long, 4-anglcd, sub-erect. 

19. SINAPIS. Linn. Mustard. 

Gr. sinapi. which is said to come from the Celtic nap, a turnip. 

Sepals equal at the base, spreading. Petals ovate, with 
straight claws. Pods nearly terete, with" a short beak ; 



valves bearing nerves. Seeds globose, 1-rowed. — Annual 
or biennial European plants, with yellow flowers^ and lyrate, 
pinnatifid, or incised leaves. 

1. S. NIGRA, L. Black Mustard. 

Lower leaves lyrate or lobed ; vpper linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth ; pods smootk 
^nd even, somewhat 4rgided ; appressed to the stem, tipped with a slender style, 



CRUCIFER^E. 33 



Fields and waste plac3S : partly naturalized. June and July. Stem 2 to 6 fe< t 
high. Flowers yellow. Pods very numerous, nearly 1 inch long. Seeds numerous, 
nearly black, used as a condiment. 

2. S. ALBA ; L. White Mustard. 

Leaves pinnatifid, or lyrate, the terminal lobes large, nearly smooth ; pods mostly 
hispid, spreading, scarcely as long as the sword-form beak. 

Cultivated ; sometimes spontaneous in old fields. June and July. Stem 2 to 3 
feet high. Flowers corymbose, yellow, rather large. Seeds large, pale yellow 
"Osed as a condiment, and much esteemed in medicine; 

20. RAPHANTTS. Linn. Radish. 

Gr. ra, quickly; slji6. phai?io, to appear; from its rapid growth. 

Calyx erect. Petals obovate, unguiculate. Pods trans- 
versely many-celled or dividing into several j oints, the lower 
often seedless and stalk-like ; the upper necklace-forni ; with 
no proper partition. — ■* Annuals or Biennials. 

1. R. Raphanistrum, L. Wild Radish. Charlock. 

Leaves simply lyrate; pod terete, jointed, smooth, becoming in matury 1-celled, 
longer than the style ; seeds 3 to 8. 

Fields and waste places. Introduced. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, hispid. 
Flowers yellow, about as large as the common radish. 

2. R. satiyA; L. Garden Radish. 

Lower leaves lyrate, petiolate ; pod torose, terete, acuminate, scarcely longer than 
the pedicels. A well known cultivated salad root from China. Stem 2 to 4 feat 
high, yery branching. Flowers white, tinged with purple. 

21. CHEIKANTHUS. R. Brown. Wall-Flower. 

Arabic Jcheyry; and anthos, a flower. 

Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at the base. Pe? 
tals dilated. Pod terete or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed 
or capitate. Seeds in a single series, ovate compressed. — i 
Showy perennials, ivith lanceolate or ovate slightly toothed 
leaves, and handsome fragrant flowers in panicled clusters or 
racemes. 

1. C. hesperidoides, T. &. Gr. Rocket Wall-Flower. 

Smooth ; lower leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; upper ovate-lanceolate, unequally and 
sharply serrate ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; limb of the petals oboyate, entire. 

Banks of streams. Western Pa. May — July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple cr 
branched. Leaves thin, 3 to 5 inches long, % as wide, those of the stem scarcely 
petiolate. Flowers in terminal axillary racemes, pale purple, small. Fods 1% 
inches long. Per. 

2. C. CHEIRI. Wall Flower. 

Stem somewhat shrubby at the base ; leaves entire or slightly dentate, lanceolate, 
acute, smooth ; branches angular ; petals obovate ; pods erect, acuminate. A popu- 
lar garden flower from South Europe, admired for its agreeable odor, and its hand? 
aome corymbose clusters of orange or yellow flowers. Per. 



34 - CRUCIFERJ3. 



CULTIVATED EX0T10S. 

22. HESPERIS. Linn. Rocket. 

Gr. hesperis, evening ; when the flower is most fragrant. 

Calyx closed, furrowed at the base, shorter than the 
claws of the petals. Petals bent obliquely, linear or obo- 
vate. Pod 4-sided, 2-edged or sub-terete. Seeds not mar- 
gined. Stigmas forked, with the points converging. — Per- 
ennials. 

1. H. matroxalis. Rocket, Sky Rocket, 

Stem simple, erect ; leaves lanceolate, ovate, denticulate ; petals emarginate mur 
eronate ; pedicels as long as the calyx. A fine garden perennial. Stem 3 to 4 feet 
high. Flowsrs purple, sometimes double and white. Said to be found native 
about Lake Huron. 

2. H. aprica. Siberian Rocket. 

Stem a foot high, erect, simple, pubescent; leaves obloug obtuse, entire, cilliate- 
hispid; pedicels as long as the calyx. Flowers purple. May and June. From 
Siberia. 

23. MATTHIOLA. R Brown, 

In honor of P. A. Matthiola, physician to Ferdinand of Austria. 

Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals gibbous at the base. Pe- 
tals dilated. Pods terete. Stigmas connivent, thickened 
or connate at the back. — Herbaceous or shrubby oriental 
plants, clothed with a hoary stellate pubescence. 

1. M. anitutjs. Ten Week Stock. 
Stem herbaceous, erect, branched, 2 feet high; leaves hoary canesceu^ lanceolate, 
obtuse, subdentate ; pod sub-cylindrical, without glands. A fine garden flower 
from South Europe. Flowers variegated. 

£. M. iNCAifus. Furple July Flower. 

Stem shrubby at the base, erect, branched, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, 
entire, hoary-canescent. Pods sub-cylindrical, truncate and compressed at the 
apex, without -glands. Flowers purple and crimson. A popular garden flower, na- 
tive of England. 

24. BRASSICA. Linn. 

Celtic bresic; the cabbage. 

Sepals equal at the base, (mostly) erect. Petals obo- 
vate. Filaments without teeth. Pod sub-compressed; 
valves concave, with a central vein. Style short, subterate, 
obtuse. Seeds globose in a single (sometimes double) row. 
?~— Flowers yellow. 



CAPPAMDACE^ 35 



1. B. campestris. Cale. 

Leaves somewhat fleshy and glaucous ; the upper one cordate-amplexicaul, acu- 
minate. Stem 1% to 3 feet high, round, smooth above, with a few scattered reversed 
hairs below. Racemes 1 to 2 feet long. Corolla yellow, nearly % inch in diamete*. 

b. Rutabaga. Swedish Turnip, 

Boot tumid, napiform, sub-globose, yellowish; growing to an enormous fc&fr 
Cultivated for cattle. Native of Sweden. 

Order 13. CAPPARSDACEJE. 

Herbaceous plants or shrubs, without a true stipule, but sometimes with spina & 
{heir place. Leaves alternate, petioled, undivided or palmate. Flowers cruciform, 
solitary or racemose. Sepals 4. Petals 4, or even 8, imbricated or none, cruciate, 
usually unguiculate and unequal. Stamens 6 to 12, or some multiple of 4. Diss: 
hemispherical or elongated. Ovary stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Styles united 
into one. Stigma discoid. Fruit either pod-shaped and dehiscent, or fleshy &a£ 
indehiscent. Seeds many, kidney-shaped, without albumen. 

1. GYNANDEOPSJS. DC. 

Of. Oynandria, a Linnean class ; opsis, appearance. 

Calyx of 4 sepals, spreading. Petals 4, unequal. 
Stamens 6 \ filaments adnate below to the linear, elongated 
torus, its whole length. Pod linear-oblong, raised on a long 
stipe which rises from the top of the torus. — Leaves digitate. 
Flowers racemed. 

Gr. PENTAPHYLLA, DC Five-leaved Gynandropsis. 

Middle leaves petiolate, 5-foliate; floral and lower ones 3-foliate; leaflets obovaie* 
entire or denticulate. 

Cultivated grounds. July. Annual. Stem 2 feet high, viscid, simple. Flower* 
of a very irregular structure, white in long terminal racemes. Petals obovate witii 
yery long capillary claws. Pod 2 inches long, linear, on a long foot-etalk. 

2. POLANISIA. Raf. 

Qv.polus, many or much, and a7iisos, unequal. 

Sepals 4, distinct, spreading. Petals 4, unequal, with 
claws. Stamens 8 to 32, unequal. Receptacle not elon- 
gated. Pod stalkless or nearly so, above the stamens, linear 
or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Strong scented an~ 
nuals with glandular or clammy hairs, and digitate leaves. 

P. GRaveolens, Raf. Strong scented Polanisia. 

Viscid, pubescent; leaves ternate; leaflets elliptie-oblong ; flowers axillary, 
solitary ; stamens 8 to 12 ; capside oblong lanceolate, alternate at the base. 

Gravelly banks of streams. June — Aug. Stem 1 foot high, branching, striate. 
Flowers in a corymbose raceme, yellowish-white and purple. Whole plant more or 
Jess viscid and fetid. 



3 6 RESEDACE^E AND VIOLACE.&. 

3. CLEOME. Linn. 

Sepals sometimes united at the base. Petals 4, minute 
or roundish. Stamens 4 to 6. Pod subsessile or stipi- 
tate. — Herbs or shrubs with simple on digitate leaves, and 
racemed or solitary flowers. 

C. PTJNGENS. Spiderwort. 

Glandular pubescent. Stem simple, and with the petioles covered with priekles ; 
leaves 5 to 9 foliate, on long petioles ; leaflets elliptic, lanceolate acute at each end, 
obscurely denticulate; braets simple ; flowers racemed; sepals distinct; petals on 
filiform claws ; stamens 6, twice as long as the petals. A common garden plant 
with curious purple flowers. July and August. 

Order 14. RESEDAOEffi.— Mignionettes. 

Herbs with unsymmetrical spiked, racemose, small flowers, and alternate leaves. 
Calyx not closed in the bud; sepals somewhat united at the base, unequal, green. 
Petals lacerated, unequal. Stamens 8 to 20 on the disk. Torus hypogynous. Pod 
3 to 6 lobed, 3 to 6 horned, 1-celled with 3 to 6 pointed placentae, opening at the. 
top long before the seeds are full grown. 

EESEDA. Linn. 

Lat. resedo, to calm ; the plants are said to relieve pain. 

Sepals many. Petals 4 to 7, often cleft, unequal. 
Stamens 10 to 40 ; turned to one side. — Annual herbs with 
very small flowers. 

1. R. Luteola. Dyer's Weed. 

Leaves lanceolate, entire with a tooth on each side at the base ; calyx 4-cleft ; 
petals 4 ; the upper one 3 to 5 cleft ; the two lateral 3-cleft ; the lower one linear 
and entire ; pods depressed. Scarcely naturalized ; flowering through the season, 
SUm 2 feet high. Flowers greenish yellow, arranged in a long spike. Used for 
dying yellow. 

2. E. ODOR AT A. Mignionette. 

Leaves entire, 3-lobed; sepals shorter than the petals. A well known and uni- 
versal favorite of the garden; native of Egypt. Stem procumbent. Flowers very 
fragrant. 

Order 15. VI0LA0EJE. 

Herbs with simple leave's usually alternate, sometimes opposite, stipulate, and axil- 
lary nodding flowers with a somewhat irregular, 1-spurred corolla o/5-petals, 5 hypo~ 
gynous stamens pointed by their anthers, and a 1-celled S-valvedpod with 3 parietal 
plaoentce. Sepals 5, persistent, slightly united, elongated at the base, the two la- 
teral interior. Petals twisted, imbricate in the bud. Stamens with short and broad 
filaments, prolonged beyond the anther cells, and more or less coherent over the 
etigma; two of the stamens with spurs or appendages which are received into tb« 






VIOLACE^E. 37 



§pur of the corolla. Style club-shaped ; stigma 1-sided^ cucculate. Fruit a 3-valved 
capsule. Seeds numerous j albumen fleshy. 

1. VIOLA. Linn. Yiolet&. 

The ancient Latin name of the genus. 

Sepals 5 ? auriculed at their base. Petals 5 ; unequal, 
the larger one spurred at the base ; the 2 lateral equal, oppo- 
site. Stamens 5, approximate ; filaments distinct ; anthers 
connate, the lobes diverging at the base. Capsule 1 -celled, 
•3-valved; seeds attached to the valves. — Loio herhaceotis per- 
ennial plants, acaulescent or caulescent. Peduncles angular, 
solitary, \-fiowered recurved at the summit in an inverted 
position. (Often producing concealed apetalous flowers during 
the whole summer.) 

*Stemless :■ leaves and scapes. from subterranean root-stocks : perennials, 
1. Flowers blue : leaves undivided. 

L V. CUCCULLATA, Ait. Rood-leaved Violet. 

* Smoothish; leaves cordate, cuccullate at the base, toothed, veined ; stipules small, 
linear, fringed; lateral petals bearded : spur short, obtuse. 

Low grounds, meadows, &c. ; common. April — June. Leaves on long petioles, 
strongly heart-shaped or triangularly kidney-shaped, rolled at the base, into a 
hooded, form. Flowers light blue or purple, with somewhat 4-sided scapes. Petals 
twisted. Whole plant variable. 

2. V. SAGITTATA, Ait. Arroic-leaved Violet, 

Smoothish or hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, sub-acute, often 
hastate at the base, serrate or crenate-dentate : petals oblong, ovate, all except the 
lower one, bearded ; spur short, very thick and sac-like. 

Gravelly fields : common. April and May. Leaves varying from oblong-sagittate 
to triangular-hastate on margined petioles, acute or not. Flowers middle sized, 
purple, on scapes 3 to 5 inches long. Var. emargindta Nutt. Leaves almost trian- 
gular, lacerately toothed at the base ; petals emarginate or bidentate. 

3. V. OYATA, Nutt. Ovate-leaved Violet. 

Leaves ovate, crenate, ciliate, abruptly decurreht on , the short petiole, mostly 
roughish, pubescent; lateral petals bearded; stigma a little beaked. 

Dry hills. April and May. Leaves numerous, mostly hairy on both sides, some- 
times nearly smooth, % as wide as long, acute or not, upper ones lacinate-dentate, 
Sepals ciliate, oblong-ovate, deeply emarginate behind. Petals entire, veiny, o!k> 
vate, the lateral ones with dense white beards. Spur broad, 

4. V. SORORIA, Willd. Bearded or Kindred Violet. 

Leaves orbicular, or roundish-cordate with the sinus often closed, crenate-serrate, 
mostly pilose, thickish, purple beneath, flat lying on the ground ; lateral petaZg 
densely bearded, lower one somewhat bearded, upper one naked ; stigma depressed,, 
with a deflexed beak. 

Dry hills, open woodlands. April and May. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, mostly 
orbicular or sub-reniform. Scapes few, about as long as the leaves, smooth, with 
email subulate opposite bracts below the middle. Sepals lance-oblong, rathe? 
obtuse. Corolla reddish blue ; petals obovate, entire. Capsule smooth, (Darling*. 
ton's F. C) 





88 VIOLACE^J. 

5. V. ELLIPTICA. Elliptic-leaved Violet 

Leaves elliptical-oblong, crenately toothed or entire, somewhat pilose ; flowers on 
slender scapes. 

Gravelly hillsides ; rare. May and June. Leaves % to 1% inches long, % as 
wide, on slender petioles 2 to 4 inches long. Scapes few, slender, 4 to 6 inches long 
with 2 small opposite subulate bracts above the middle. Flowers smaller than in 
the preceding species, pale blue. Lateral and lower petals densely bearded, and 
profusely marked with white lines. 

2. Leaves divided. 

6. V. PEDATA, L. BiroVs-foot Violet. 

r Leaves pedate, nearly smooth, from 5 to 7 parted ; segments linear-lanceolate, ob- 
tuse or acute, 1 or 2-toothed, or somewhat 3-lobed at the apex, tapering downwards ; 
Stipules radical, pectinately lacerated ; petals beardless; spur very short; stigma 
large, obliquely truncate ; beak obscure. 

Dry hills or sandy woods. May and June. Hoot premorse. Scapes 2 to 5 inches 
high, several from the same root. Flowers large, pale blue, sometimes almost 
white; petals rounded at the extremities. This handsome species presents several 
varieties — one with variegated flowers, the 2 upper petals intensely velvety purple, 
and fully as handsome as the finest Pansy. 

7. V. PALMATA, L. Palmate Violet, 

Pubescent; leaves reniform-cordate, palmate or hastate-lobed, variable ; the inter- 
mediate one always larger ; stipules lanceolate, subciliate ; lateral petals densely 
bearded; spur short; stigma capitate, recurved. 

Moist woodlands and low grounds ; common. May. Scapes several, 4 to 6 inches 
high, often pilose with 2 small lanceolate bracts below the middle. Rootstock scaly. 
The early leaves are ovate, entire ; the later and perfect are often purple beneath, 
variously lobed and cleft. Petals purple or bright blue, entire, veiny, white at the 
base ; upper ones smaller ; lateral ones densely bearded and marked with blue 
stride. ' 

3. Leaves undivided. Flowers white, the lower petals veined with purple. 

8. V. LANCEOLATA, L. Lance-leaved Violet. 

Leaves very smooth, narrow, lanceolate, attenuated at each end, sub-serrate ; 
Sepals lanceolate, acute, smooth ; petals beardless, nearly equal. 

Swamps and wet meadows. April and May. Rhizoma creeping. Leaves narrow, 
and with the stalk 3 to 5 inches long. Petioles half round. Flowers small, white, 
inodorous. Upper and lateral petals marked with violet lines. 

9. V. PEJMUL.EFOLLA, L. Primrose-leaved Violet. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, mostly acute, sub-cordate and somewhat unequal at the 
base, decurrent on the petiole, crenate-serrate, smooth above ; sepals lanceolate ; 
petals obtuse, lateral ones sometimes sparingly bearded and striate ; stigma capitate 
and rostrate. 

Wet grounds; rare. May. Intermediate between V. lanceolata and V. blanda. 
Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, and an inch or more wide, about as long as the scape. 
Flowers white, odorous, on sub-4-sided stalks. 

10. V. BLANDA, Willd. White Sweet Violet 

Leaves broad-cordate, remotely serrate or crenate, minutely pubescent, sinus 
rounded ; petals ovate, obtuse, nearly beardless ; stigma depressed, acutely mar- 
gined. 

Wet meadows ; common. April and May. Leaves close to the earth, nearly 
round, % to 1% inches in diameter, flat and thin. Flowers small, white streaked 
with purple, very fragrant. 

4. Flowers yellow. 



viol ace m. 39 



11. V. rotundifolia ? Mich. Round-leaved Violet. 

Leaves round-ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate, appressed to the ground; 
lateral petals bearded and marked with brown, lines, lower ones smaller ; spur very 
6hort. 

Rocky woods. May. Scape 1 to 3 inches high. Leaves 1 inch broad at flowering, 
increasing to 3 or 4 inches in summer. Flowers pale yellow, middle sized. 

** Perennials with stems. 

5. Leaves undivided : flowers yellow or yellowish white. 

12. V. PUBESCANS ; Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. 

Softly pubescent; stem elongated, erect; leaves very broadly heart-shaped, den- 
tate, more or less acuminate; stipules large, ovate, somewhat toothed ; spur ex- 
tremely short; lower petals veined with purple. Yar. 1., eriocarpa, is large, 
villous pubescent ; capsule densely villous. Var. 2., scabriuscula, is smaller, slightly 
pubescent, and brighter green ; stems decumbent ; pods smooth or woolly. 

Rich woods; common. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, generally solitary, some- 
what angular. Peduncles rather shorter than the leaves, axillary, solitary, with 2 
subulate bracts. Flowers middle sized, yellow; lateral petals slightly bearded, and 
with the lower ones striped with dark purple. 

13. V. HASTATA, Mich. Halbert-leaved Yellow Violet. 

Nearly smooth ; stem erect, simple, leafy above ; leaves on long petioles, cordate- 
lanceolate or hastate, acuminate ; lobes obtuse, dentate ; stipules minute, ovate ; 
spur very short; lower petal dilated, sub-3-lobed ; lateral ones slightly bearded. 

Mountains and pine woods. May. Stem 6 to 10 inches high. Peduncles shorter 
than the leaves. Flowers yellow. 

14. . V. striata. Ait. Striped Violet. 

Stem assurgent, angular, smooth ; leaves alternate, heart-shaped, finely serrate, 
often acuminate; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, strongly fringe-toothed; spur 
thickish, much shorter than the petals ; stigma recurved, sub-pubescent. 
_ Wet grounds. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, half round. Leaves 1 to 1% inches 
wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Peduncles axillary. Flowers large, yeflowish- 
white ; lateral petals densely bearded; lower one striped with dark purple. 

6. Flowers pale blue, or purplish. 

15. V. ROSTRATA, Muhl. Long Spurred Violet. 

Stem diffuse, erect; leaves smooth, roundish-heart-shaped, serrate; the upper 
acute; stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-cilliate ; petals obovate, beardless; spur 
longer than the corolla. 

Shaded hillsides. June. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, smooth. Flowers large, pale 
blue, with a very long spur similar to that of the larkspur, by which this species is 
readily recognized. 

16. Y. Muhlenbergii, Torr. Spreading Violet. 

Stems ascending, at length with creeping branches, smooth; leaves round, heart- 
shaped, or the lowest kidney-shaped, crenate ; the uppermost slightly acuminate ; 
stipules large, lanceolate, fringe-toothed; spur tapering, about half the length of the 
petals ; petals obovate, obtuse, the lateral ones bearded ; stigma rostrate. 

Shaded wet places. May and June. Stem 6 to 8 inches high. Flowers middle- 
sized, pale purplish. 

17. V. Canadensis, L. Canadian Violet. 

Upright; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, lower ones on long petioles; 
stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire ; sepals subulate-lanceolate ; spur very short; stigma 
short, pubescent, 



40 CISTACE.E. 



Shady woods. May — Aug. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, usually simple. Flowert 
large, blue without, paler within ; upper petals marked with blue lines ', lateral 
ones bearded. Flowering all summer. 

18. V. TRICOLOR, L. Pansy-Heartsease. 

Stem angular, diffuse; leaves oblong-ovate; lower ones oblong cordate, deeply 
crenate ; stipules runcinately pinnatifid or Iyrate., the terminal segments as large as 
the leaves ; spur short and thick. 

Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring and latest in autumn* 
Flowers variable in size ; the 2 upper petals purple ; the 2 lateral white ; and with 
the lower striate at base; all yellow at base., 

V. ODORATA. Sweet Violet. 
Native of Europe. Flowers dark purple, very fragrant; double by cultivation.. 

2. SOLEA. G-ingens, DO. Green Violet. 

In honor of Wm. Sole, author of an Essay on Mentha. 

Sepals scarcely equal, carinate, not auricled at the base f 
decurrent into a pedicel, at length reflexed. Petals unequal, 
the lowest one 2-lobed and somewhat gibbous at the base. 
Stamens cohering, the lower 2 bearing a gland above the 
middle. Capsule somewhat 3-sided. Seeds 6 to 8, very 
large. — A homely perennial with greenish-white flowers in the 
axils of the leaves on short pedicels. 

1. S. CONCOLER, DC. Green Violet. 

SUm simple, erect ; leaves crenate-lanceolate, sessile, irregularly toothed above ^ 
peduncles short, 2 to 3 flowered ; flowers small, greenish ; calyx nearly as long as the 
petals : spur none. 

Shady woods ; rare. April and May. Delaware and Franklin counties, and 
western parts of the State. Stem 2 to 4 feet high.. 

Order 16. CISTACEST. 

Herbs or low shrubs, with regular flowers, distinct hypogynous stamens, and a 
1-celled 3 to 5 valved pod. Leaves entire, opposite or alternate, usually feather- 
veined. Flowers white, yellow, or red ; very fugaceous, in 1-sided racemes. Sepals 
5, persistent, unequal ; the 2 external small-like bracts, sometimes wanting. Pe- 
tals 3 to 5, usually fugacious, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx. 
' Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, distinct ; antjser innate. Style single or none, in 
the bud. Ovules few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at the apex. 
Fruit capsular 1-celled, 3 to 5 valved, with as many parietal placentas borne on the 
middle of the valves. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Tourn. Rock-rose. 

Gr. helios, the sun ; dnthos, a flower. 

Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller, twisted in aestivation. 
Petals 5 ; or rarely 3 ; sometimes abortive, crumpled in the 



CISTACE^. 41 



bud, fugacious. Stamens many. Style short or none; 
stigma 8-lobed, scarcely distinct. Capsule strictly 1-eelled, 
triangular, 3-valved, opening at the top ; seeds angular. 
Flowers frequently of 2 sorts ; the primary or earliest ones, 
with large petals, numerous stamens, and many-seeded pods ; 
secondary or later ones much smaller, and few-seeded pods.— 
Herbs with perennial roots, and yellow flotccrs, which open in 
sunshine, and cast their petals by the next day. 

I, H. Canadense, Michx. Rock Rose. Frost Weed. ' 

Stem at first simple, erect, or ascending; leaves oblong cr somewhat lanceolate, 
acute, hairy, alternate, without stipules. 

Sandy or gravelly dry soil. June — Aug. Stem about 1 foot high. Leaves % to 
1 inch long, K< as wide, entire, sub-sessile. Primary or terminal flowers large, lew 
or solitary, on peduncles as long as the flowers; petals large bright yellow : second- 
ary flowers axillary, very small, nearly sessile, solitary or somewhat clustered, on 
short leafy branches; the petals very small or none; the outer sepals usually want- 
ing. Late in autumn, chrystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark: hence the 
•ommon name, 

2. LEGHEA. Linn. Pinweed. 

In honor of John Leclie, a Swedish botanist. 

Calyx 3-sepalled, with 2 outer bracts or sepals, persist- 
ent. Petals 3, inconspicuous, lanceolate. Stamens 3 to' 
12. Style scarcely any. Stigmas 3, scarcely distinct. 
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved • placentce nearly as the valves, 
roundish, each 1 to 2-seeded. — Inconspicuous perennial 
branching plants, with very small greenish or purplish ftoicers. 

1. .L. 'major, Michx. Large Pinweed. 

Hairy ; stem erect, simple, producing slender prostrate branches from the base \ 
Uaves cblong-lanceolate, mucronate, pilose, alternate and opposite, cr sometimes 
whorled; panicle short, leafy ; flowers densely crowded in panicled clusters; peUrcels 
©horter than the globose depressed (very small) pods. 

Dry woods and fields. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Flowers small, brown, 
Jja racemose clusters. ' - 

2. L. minor, Lam. Smaller Pinweed. 

Stem Blender, upright or diffusely branched, nearly smooth; leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, acute; leaf y shoots densely tufted at the base; panicle leafy, its Tranches 
elongated ; flowers loosely racemed; pedicels mostly longer than the globose pods. 

Dry hills. July— i Sept, Stem 8 to 12 inches high, often decumbent at the base 
Stem-Uaves y± by V inch alternate, sparingly ciliate and revolute at the mar-in;' 
those of the long slender branches minute. Flowers larger than in L. major P*. 
taZs brownish-purple, cohering at the apex. Capsules also larger than in the 

3. HUDSONIA. Linn. 

In honor of Wm. Hudson, author of "Flora AngUod." 

Calyx 5-parted ; segments unequal, the two outer onis 
0* 



42 D&OSERACE.E. 



minute. Petals 5. Stamens 9 to 30, Style straight, 
filiform. Stigma simple. Capsule oblong enclosed in the 
calyx, 1-celled, 3-valved, 1 to 6-seeded. — Bushy heathdike 
little shrubs with verg numerous branches, and minute. awl- 
shaped or scale-like persistent leaves, and numerous, small } 
showy, bright-yellow flowers, 

1. H. ERIOCOIDES, Jy. Heath-like Hudsonia. 

Downy but greenish; stem sub-erect; brandies elongated; leaves filiform, awl- 
shaped, loose ; flowers on slender naked stalks ; sepals aeutish. 

Dry sandy woods ; rare, May and June. Stem 4 to 6 inches high, much branched. 
Leaves small persistent. Floivers small, yellow, with about 15 stamens. 

2. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Doivny Hudsonia. 

Hoary and downy; leaves oval or oblong, close pressed and imbricated; flowers 
aggregated, sessile ; calyx sub-cylindrical, with obtuse segments. 

Sandy soil; rare. June. Stem ascending, much branched. Flowers yellow, 
smaller than the preceding. Stamens 9 to 18. Whole plant silvery-gray and 
tomentose. 

Order 17. DROSERAOEJE, 

Bog herbs mostly stemless, often covered with glandular 7iairs ; alternate leaves, or 
clustered at the base of a scape, tapering into a petiole, rolled* up from the apex to the 
base in vernation. Sepals 5, persistent, equal. Corolla of 5 nearly equal petals. 
Stamens 5 to 15 ; anthers turned outwards. Styles 3 to 5, either wholly distinct, 
or slightly connected at the base, bifid or branched. Fruit a capsule 1 to 3 celled, 
3 to 5 valved, usually many-seeded, sometimes ariled* 

1. DROSERA. Linn. Sundew. 

Gr. drosos, dew ; the glands exuding a dew-like secretion, , 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 
3 to 5, each 2-parted. Capsule superior, globose or ovoid, 
1 to 3 celled, 3 to 5 valved, the valves bearing the numerous 
seeds on the middle, for their whole length,— Low perennial 
aquatic herbs, with the leaves clothed tvith reddish gland* 
hearing bristles. 

1. D. botundifolia, L. .Round-leaved Sundew, 

Leaves all radical, orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles, 
fringed with purple cilia, pilose above ; scape erect, bearing a terminal and mostly 
simple 1-sided raceme, nodding at the apex, so that the fresh blown flower is 
always the highest. 

Sphagnous Swamps. July and August, A singular plant at once distinguished 
by the reddish glandular hairs with which the leaves are beset. Scape 4 to 8 inches 
high. Flowers small whitish. 

2. D. longifolia, L. Longdeaved Sundew. 

Leaves spatulate-oblong, erect, spreading, tapering into the long rather ereol 
naked petioles; scape declined at the base; seeds oblong, not arillate. 



HYPERICACE.E. 43 



Swamps ; rare. July and August. Scape 3 to 6 inches long, usually curved to 
one side at the base. Flowers yellowish white 5 to 9 in a raceme, twice as large as 
in the preceding. 

3. D. filiformis, Raf. Thread-leaved Sundew, 

Leaves very long and filiform, nearly erect, with no distinction between the blad« 
and the stalk, glandular the whole length; scape longer than the leaves, many- 
flowered, simple or bifid. 

Sandy Swamps. Aug. and Sept. Scape 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves 6 to 10 
inches long. Flowers purple, few, in a 1-sided raceme. 

Sub-order. PARNASSIE^E. 

Smooth herbs with slightly perigynous stamens, an outer 
series of them sterile and in clusters, imbricated petals and 
4 sessile stigmas opposite the parietal placentae. Leaves 
alternate, not coiled in the bud. — Consists of the following 
genus of doubtfid affinity. 

2. PARNASSIA. Linn. 

From Mount Parnassus ; on account of the beauty of this plant. 

Calyx deeply 5 cleft. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, rather 
persistent, with a cluster of somewhat united sterile filaments 
at the base of each. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals- 
Stigmas 4, sessile. Capsule 4-valved, 1-celled. Seeds 
very numerous, arillate. — Perennial herbs with chiefly entire 
radical leaves; and solitary flowers terminating the long naked 
scapes, 

P. Caroliniana, Michx. Grass of Parnassus. 

Radical leaves cordate, orbicular-ovate on long petioles; stem leaf sessile, clasp* 
ing; sterile filaments in 5 clusters, 3 in each, distinct to near the base, surmounted 
with little yellow spherical tips; petals more than twice as long as the Galyx,. 
marked with many greenish transparent veins. 

Wet banks : Limestone, Montour Co. Not common. Aug.. and Sept. Scape 1% 
to 18 inches high. Leaves about 7-veined, usually but one on the stalk low down 
and clasping. Flowers solitary, large, yellowish-white. An elegant and interest- 
ing plant. 

Order 18i HYPERICACEIE. 

Serbs or shrubs with opposite entire dotted leaves and no stipules, regular hypogy- 
nous flowers, with many or few stamens collected in three or more clusters, or bundle?* 
Flowers perfect, mostly yellow, with cymose inflorescence. Sepals 4 to, 5 persistent, 
imbricated in the bud. Petals 4 to 5 mostly deciduous with a twisted aestivation 
and oblique veins. Stamens usually numerous and cohering at base in three or 
more parcels. Capsule 2 to 5 (rarely 6 to 7,) lobed, with as many persistent styles 
which are at first sometimes united, 1-celled with 2 to 5 parietal placnetae. SsiDi 
Yery numerous, small, without albumen; embryo straight. 



44 HYPERXCACE.E. 



1. HYPERICUM. Linn. St, John's Wort. 

Sepals 5, more or less united at the base, mostly equal, 
leaf-like. Petals 5, oblique and often without equal sides. 
Stamens numerous or few united or clustered in 8 to 5 par- 
cels without interposed glands. Styles 3 to 5, distinct, or 
united at base, persistent. Capsule membranaceous, '1 or 
3 to 5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs with opposite entire leaves, 
punctate with pellucid clots, and yellow -flowers; solitary, or 
in cymose panicles. 

* Stamens 20 to 100. Styles 3 to 5. Flowers mostty terminal, large, yellow : Iierla- 
ceous perennials. 

1. H. PTRAMIDATUM, Ait. Giant St. John's Wort, 

Stem square, "branching above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, somewhat elasp> 
feig, acute, smooth, p9llucid-punctate f sepals ovate-lanceolate ; styles free, as long 
as the stamens ; seeds numerous.' 

River hanks and bills. July, Aug. A large flowering perennial species, 3 to 5 
feet high, scarcely angular, smooth, rigid and herbaceous. Flowers i% inches in 
diameter* showy, few or solitary at the ends* of the branches. pillary 

100 or more. Capsules 1 inch long, tipped with the 5 styles ovoid-cqnioal. 

2. H. corymbosum, Muhl. > Spotted St. John's Wort. 

Stem erect, punctate ; leaves clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse, covered With black 
dots; sepals ovate, acute; petals oblong. 

Shady woods and wet meadows. June, July. Stem 1}4 to 2 feet high, black 
punctate. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers small, numerous, pale yellow, in 
a compact panicle or corymb. .Petals nearly 3 times as. long as the sepals, with 
oblong black dots. Styles 3, longer than the stamens. Stic, e red. 

3. II. ellipticxjm, Hook. Elliptic St. John's Wort. 

Stems square, simple, cymose at summit; leaves elliptical, obtuse, closely sessile, 
scarcely -punctate; cymes nearly leafless, few-flowered, depressed; sepals very 
unequal, spreading ; styles 3, united nearby to t"he top ; capsules ovoid-globose. 

Moist grounds. July. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, colored at base. Leaves 1 inch 
long, some what erect. Flowers orange-yellow.. Petals acutish. Stigmas minute. 
Pods purplish. 

4. H. perforatum, L. Common St. John's Wort. ' 

Stem 2-edgGd, brai ched, and corymbed; leaves elliptical-oval, obtuse, and with the 
gepals pellucid-punctate; flowers panicled; sepals lanceolate % as l° n S as tk& 
petals; styles 3, diverging. 

June — August. A pernicious plant introduced from Europe, but thoroughly 
naturalized, growing in pasture fields, much to the annoyance of farmers. Stems 
1 to 2 feet bigh, with opposite spreading branches, erect, round, with 2 opposite, 
elevated lines extending between the nodes. Flowers numerous, deep-yellow, and 
in terminal panicles. 

** Stamens 20 to 100. Styles more or less united. Shrubby perennials. 

5. H. ADPRESSUM, Barton. Winged St. John's Wort. 

Stein 2-winged above, shrubby at base ; leaves linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, 
sessile with pellucid punctures; cyme 10 to 20-flowercd, naked; sepals very una- 
fual, y 2 as long as the oblong-obovate petals* styles united; capsules 3-celled. 

Swamps. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers in compound cymes about 3^ 
f&ah in diameter, with very numerous stamens. 



HYPERICACEJE. 45 



6. H. nudiflorum, Michx. Naked St. John's Wort. 

Stem shrubby at base, 4-angled, winged above ; leaves ovate-oblong or lance-oval 
obtuse, sessile; cymes compound leafless; sepals linear-oblong, shorter than the 
ovate petals ; styles united. 

Wet grounds, rare. Aug. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous 4-sided branches. 
Leaves thin, about 2 inches long, with minute reddish dots. Flowers small, and 
rather loose in the cyme. 

7. H. PROLLFTCUM, L. Shrubby St. John's Wort. 

Stem shrubby, smooth, branching; branches 2-angled; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
mostly obtuse, narrowed at base, revolute on the margin pellucid-punctate; 
flowers numerous in simple or compound clusters. 

Banks of streams. July., A highly ornamented shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with 
much compressed branches. Leaves 2 inches long, % i ncn wide. Flowers large, 
orange-yellow ; peduncles generally 3-flowered, the intermediate one nearly sessile, 

* * * Stamens 5 to 20 rarely 30. Styles short, distinct. Low and slender annuals, 

8. H. mutilum, L. Small St. John's Wort. 

Stem erect, much branched, smooth, square ; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, heart- 
shaped, clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy ; petals shorter than the lanceolate sepals ; 
capsules ovate, conical. 

Damp sandy soils. June — Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, leafy to the top. 
Flowers very small pale-yellow, solitary in the divisions of the stem. 

9. H. Canadense, L. Canadian St. John's Wort. 

Stem square, erect, branched ; leaves linear, or narrowly-lanceolate, attenuate to 
the base, rather obtuse; panicle elongated, forked ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, 
longer than the petals. 

^ Low grounds, common. June— Aug. Stems 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves pellu- 
cid, and dotted with black. Flowers small, yellow. Capsule longer than the calyx 
and of a reddish color. 

10. H. Sarothra, Michx. Orangograss. 

Stem and branches filiform, square ; leaves minute, awl-shaped, scales appressed \. 
flowers mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches; pods slender, very 
acute, 1-celled. 

Sandy fields and hills. June— Aug. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, much branched. 
Leaves very small. Flowers very small, yellow. Stamens 5 to 10. Capsule brown. 

2. ASCYKUM. Linn. St. Peter's Wort. 

Gr. a. privative, and slcuros, roughness; the plant being smooth to the touch. 

Calyx 4-sepalled, 2 outer ones smaller. Petals 4 cadu- 
cous. Stamens many, scarcely united at base. Styles 2 to 
4, mostly distinct. Capsule strictly 1-celled, 2 to 3 (rarely 
4) valved. — Low, rather shrubby plants with pale black-dotted 
leaves and nearly pale-yellow flowers. 

I. Crux Andrew, L. St. Andrew's Cross. 

Stems much branched at base and decumbent; leaves narrowly obovate-oblong* 
contracted at the base ; flowers solitary or cymulose, on short pedicels; outer sepals 
ovate, inner ones very minute ; petals linear-oblong ; styles 2, at length distinct. 

Bandy fields. July. Stems 8 to 24 inches high, 2-edged above, thickly clothed 



46 ELATINACE^g. 

with leaves, which are variable in width. Flowers pale yellow on very short pedi- 
cels. Petals scarcely exceeding the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs 
over them, in the form of St. Andrew's cross. 

3. ELODEA. Adans. 

Gr. Elodes, growing in marshy places. 

Sepals 5, equal, somewhat united at base. Petals 5 
deciduous, equal-sided, oblong. Stamens 9 (rarely 12" to 
15), in 3 parcels which alternate with 3 orange colored 
hypogynous glands. Styles 3 distinct. Capsule 3-celled 
oblong. — Perennial herbs, growing^ in marshy places, with 
pellucid punctate leaves, and small close clusters of purplish 
flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit. 

E. ViRGiNlCA, Nutt. Virginian Elodea. 

Leaves oblong, closely sessile or clasping "by a broad base, very obtuse ; filaments 
united below the middle, with 3 in each set. 

Marshy places, common. July — Sept. Stem 10 to 18 inches high, erect, branch- 
ing, of a purplish hue. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, 3^ as wide, upper ones lancao- 
late, lower oblong ovate, all very obtuse, pale beneath. Flowers few, reddish- 
yellow. Petals about twice as long as the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange-colcred. 
Capsule ovoid-oblong, acutish. 



Order 19. ELATINACEffi. 

Small marsh annuals, with opposite leaves, membraneous stipules, and axillary 
flowers. Sepals 2 to 5 distinct, or slightly coherent at base, persistent. Petals 
hypogynous, alternate with the sepals. Stamens as many or twice as many as the 
petals. Styles 2 to 5, very short or none; stigmas capitate. Capsules 2 to 5-eelled. 
Seeds numeroxis, without albumen, 

ELATINE. L. -Water Wort. 

Gr. elate, fir ; its minute leaves resembling those of the fir tree. 

Sepals 2 to 4, persistent. Petals 2 to 4, hypogynous. 
Stamens 2 to 8. Style or sessile capitate stigmas, 2 to 4. 
Pod 2 to 4-cellecl, several-many-seeded, margins of the valves 
not introflexed. — Small marshy plants with minute axil- 
lanj flowers like ChicJcweed, but tJie seeds as in St. John's 
wort. 

E. Americana, Arnott. American Waterwort. 

Dwarf tufted; leaves cuneate-obovate, obtuse ; flowers sessile, sepals, petals, sta- 
mens and sessile stigmas 2, sometimes 3. Seeds 6 to 8. 

Edges of ponds and streams. July— Sept, Stems rooting and creeping in the 
mud, forming patches. Leaves % inch long, entire, Flowers solitary, very min- 
ute, white, 



CARYOPHYLLACEA 47 

Order 20. CARYQPHYLLACE2E— ' The Pink Family. 

Herbaceous plants with opposite entire leaves, stems with swelled joints, and symme- 
trical 4 to b-merous flowers. Sepals 4 to 5 either distinct or cohering in a tube, 
persistent. Petals 4 to 5 unguiculate, inserted npon the pedicel of the ovary, or 
without claws inserted on the outside of a fleshy disk, sometimes none. Styles 2 
to 5. Seeds attached to the base or central column of the 1-celled, or 2 to 5-celled 
capsule, numerous, rarely five, the embryo coiled round mealy albumen. 

Sub-order I. SILENEiE. The proper Pink Family. 

Sepals united in a tubular calyx. Petals with long 
claws. Stamens 10 ; and with the petals borne on the stalk 
of the many-seeded capsule. Stipules none. — Floivers 
mostly shoivy. 

1. SILENE. Linn. 

Gr. sialan, saliva; in allusion to the vifcid secretion on the stems and calyx of 
many species. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; naked at the base. Petals 5 
unguiculate, mostly crowned at the orifice ; limb bifid. Sta- 
mens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled at base, opening by 
6 teeth at the top. Embryo coiled. — Flowers solitary or in 
clustered cymes. 

* Calyx inflated ; flowers panicled, white. Perennial. 

1. S. STELLATA, Ait. Steady Campion. 

Stem erect, branching, pubescent ; leaves in whorls of 4, ovate-lanceolate taper- 
pointed, smooth; flowers in panicles; calyx bladder-like, pubescent, bell-shaped. 

Shaded banks and woods. July, August. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, slender some- 
what 4-sided. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % as wide, tapering to a long point sessile. 
Calyx pale-green vdth more deeply colored veins. Floivers white, borne on a large 
open pyrimidal panicle. Petals cut into a fringe at the apex, crownless. 

2. S. NIVEA, Muhl. White Catchfly. Snoicy Campion. 

Stem divaricate and dichotomous above ; leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong, 
acuminate, minutely puberulent ; calyx obtuse, bell-shaped, inflated, reticulated, 
8ubpilose; petals 2-cleft with a small bifid crown, reflexed ; claws exserted beyond 
the calyx, nearly naked; capsules stiped. 

"Islands in the Susquehanna, near Columbia; Muhl." June, July. Stem 1 to 
2 feet high, smooth and slender. Leaves opposite, 2 inches long, and % an inch 
wide. Flowers white, remote, solitary, dichotomal and terminal. 

•* Calyx not inflated, elongated or club-shaped. Petals crowned, red or rose-colored : 

perennials. 

3. S. PENNSYLYANICA, Michx. Pennsylvania Catchfly. 

T7sctc%-pubescent ; stems numerous ; radical leaves somewhat cuneate ; those of 
the stem long linear; petioles hairy; flowers in somewhat 3-forked panicles ; calyx 
long, tubular ; petals slightly emarginate, subcrenate. 

Gravelly hillsides. May, June. Per. Stems numerous, tufted, 6 to 10 inches 
high. Calyx club-shaped. Petals wedge-form, bright purple or nearly white. 



48 CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

4. S. VlRGlNlCA, Linn. Virginia Catchfly. 

Viscid-Pubescent; stem mostly erect, branching; leaves lanceolate; lower ones on 
long petioles, with long ciliae at base ;. flowers in panicles, .petals with long chws, 
broad bifid crowned. 

Open Woods. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, single. Flowers few and 
loosely cymose, large and showy. Calyx oblong-cylindrical, soon obconical. Petals 
large, red, oblong, 2-cleffc. Stamens and pistils exserted. 

5. S. Catesbaii, Walt. Catesby's Catchfly. 

Branching; leaves broad-lanceolate ; flowers in panicles; calyx clavate, colored; 
petals with long claws ; limb bifid with two lateral teeth 7 ; lobes acute. 
4 Southern part of the State, not common. June. Stem a foot high. Flowers 
crimson, showy. Considered by some botanists as a variety of & Virginica. Both 
Be Candolle and Hooker consider it distinct. Beck. 

*** Calyx not inflated; petals crowned: annuals. 

6. S. ANTERRHINA, L. Snap-dragon Catchfly. 

Nearly smooth; stem erect; leaves lanceolate, acute, subciliate, upper ones linear; 
flowers small panicled; calyx ovoid, smooth; petals small, obcordate, slightly 
crowned. 

Dry hills. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, nearly smooth with some of the 
tipper intervals viscid, simple or branching above, somewhat leafy. Flower? 
small white or pale purple, only expanding towards evening. 

7. S. NOCTURNA, L. Nocturnal Catchfly. 

Stem branched, pilose below ; leaves pubescent, long ciliate at base ; lower ones 
flpatulate ; upper ; lance-linear ; flowers appressed to the stem in a dense 1-sided 
spike ; calyx cylindrical, nearly smooth, reticulated between the veins ; petals nar- 
row 2-pa'rted. 

Introduced and sparingly naturalized. July. Flowers white greenish beneath, 
small. 

8. S. NOCTIFLORA, L. Night-flowering Catchfly. 

Viscid pubescent ; stem erect, branching ; lower leaves large and spatulate ; upper 
ones linear-lanceolate, -acuminate ; calyx cylindrical ventriccse with long sub-ap- 
pressed teeth. 

Cultivated grounds. Introduced and naturalized. July. Stem tall, 1 to 3 feet 
high. Flowers rather large, white or purplish, expanding only in the evening and 
in cloudy weather, solitary in the forks, peduncled ; calyx round, inflated, the 
alternate veins veinleted. Petals rather large 2-parted. 

9. S. Armeria, L. Sweet- William Catchfly. 

Smooth, glaucous: stem branching glutinous below each joint; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate ; flowers in corymbose cymes ; petals ob-cordate, crowned with the awl- 
ehaped scales. 

Escaped from gardens. Native of Europe. July — Sept. A popular garden flower. 
Stem 1 to 1% feet high. Flowers numerous crimson and purple. Calyx elongated 
©lub-shaped. • 

2 SAPONARXA. Linn. Soapwort. 

Lat. sapo, soap ; the mucilaginous juice has been used as a substitute for soap. 

Calyx tubular, 2 to 5, toothed, naked at base. Petals 
unguiculate, claws equalling the calyx. Stamens 10. Styles 
2. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 4-toothed at the apex. — 
J?lowers cymose clustered. Petals sometimes crowned. 



CARY0PHYLLACEJ3. 49 



1. S. officinalis, L. Common Soapwort. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ribbed, acute or obtuse ; flowers large, in a fasciculated 
panicle; calyx cylindrical, slightly downy ; petals crowned. 

Naturalized in waste places. Jgly — Sept. A stout plant, 1 to 2 feet high, with 
large flesh-color, purple or pink flowers; mostly double. Native of Europe. 

2. S. Vaccaria, L. Cow-licrt. Fly-trap. 

Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves srnoct'.i, ovati-Iauceolate, partly clasping. Flowers 
in paniculate cymes. Calyx pyramidal, 5-angled ; smooth. Petals not crowned, pale- 
red. Capsule 4-toothcd. Seeds globose, black. Introduced from Europe, 

CULTIVATED EXOTICS, 

3. DIANTHUS. Linn. Pink. 

Or. LHos antlws, the flower of Jove ; alluding to its pre-eminent beauty and fragrance. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with 2 to 4 opposite imbricate 
scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws. Stamens 10. 
Styles 2, tapering, with tapering revolute stigmas. Cap- 
sule cylindrical, 1-celled, 4-valved at the apex. Seeds m> 
rizontal. Embryo barely curved. — Ornamental plants, of 
well known beauty and value in cultivation, with very showy 
and fragrant flowers* 

1. D. Bar bat us. Sweet William. 

Leaves lanceolate ; flowers aggregate fascicled ; scales of fie calyx ovate-subulate, 
as long as the tube. An ornamental garden flower of the easiest culture. Stem 
10 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 inchrs long) }/ 2 to 1 inch wide, narrowed to the 
clasping base. Flowers in fastigiate cymes, red or whitish, often variegated. May 
—July. Perennial. 

2. D. Chinexsis. China Pink. 

Stem branched; leaves linear-lanceolate ; flowers solitary; scales linear-leafy, 
spreading as long as the tube. Native of China. A beautiful species, easily distin- 
guished by its leafy, spreading scales, and its large toothed or crenate petals. Tho 
ground color of the flowers vary from white to deep red, but the manner in which 
these are combined is most wonderful, variegated and striped, sometimes with black 
or deep velvety crimson, almost exceeds any attempts at imitation, — Biennial. 

3. D. PLUMAiuus. Pheasant's- Eye. Single Pink. 
Glaucous; stem 2 to 3 flowered; flowers solitary; calyx-teeth obtuse; scales ovate, 

very acute ; leaves linear, rough at the edge ; petals many-cleft, hairy at the throat. 
Native of Europe. Perennial. From this species, probably, originated those beau- 
tiful pinks called "Pheasant's-Eye," of which there are over 300 varieties in cultiva- 
tion in Europe. Flowers white and purple. June — Aug, 

4. D. superbus. Superb Pink. 

Leaves linear-subulate; floivers fastigiate; scales short, ovate, mucronate: petals 
gashed in a pinnate manner. Native of Europe. Perennial. A singularly beau- 
tiful and highly fragrant species. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching and spread- 
ing, with many flowers. Petals white, and gashed beyond the middle, and hairy &t 
the mouth. Julv — Sept, 

P 



50 CARYOPHYLLACEJL 



5. D. cobtophyllus. Carnation Pink, 
Leaves linear-subulate channeled, glaucous ; flowers solitary ; scales very short, 
ovate ; petals very broad, beardless, crenate. Stem 1 to 2% feet high, branched. 
Flowers white and crimson. This species is supposed to be the parent of all the 
splendid varieties of the carnation, known as the Bizarres, Picotees, Flakes, &c# 
over 400 -are now enumerated by florists. July — Aug. Per. 

4. LYCHNIS. Tourn. 

Gr. luknos, a lamp ; some cottony species, having been used as lampwicks. 

Calyx tubular, naked at the base, 5-toothecl. Petals 5 
unguiculate, limb slightly cleft. Stamens 10. Pistils 5. 
Capsule 1-celled or half 5-celled, scarcely stalked, opening 
at the top by 5 or 10 teeth. Embryo coiled in a ring. — 
Corolla sometimes crowned. 

1. L. Githago, Lam. Corn Cockle. 

Hairy ; stem dichotomous ; pedicels elongated ; leaves linear; calyx longer than 
the corolla ; petals entire not crowned. 

Grain fields. Introduced. June and July. Annual. A well known pal e-grecn, 
handsome weed. Stem 18 to 30 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, % to % 
inch wide. Flowers large, dull purple, on long naked stalks. Seeds roundish 
angular, purplish-black. 

2. L. Chalcedonica. Scarlet Lychnis* 

Smoothish ; flowers fasciculated ; calyx cylindrical, clavate, ribbed ; petals 2-lobed, 
Per. A fine garden flower, native of Russia. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with dark- 
green, ovate-lanceolate leaves, and large dense, terminal, convex faseicles of deep 
scarlet flowers. There are some varieties with white flowers, and double. June 
and July. 

3. L. cohonaria, DC. Mullein Pink. Rose Campion. 

Yillose; stem dichotomous; peduncles long, 1-flowered; calyx companulate, veined * 
A popular perennial garden flower, native of Italy. Whole plant covered with 
dense wool. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers large, purple. There are varieties 
with white, red, and double flowers. 

4. L. Floscucula. Ragged Robbin. 

Stem ascending, dichotomous at summit ; flowers fascicled ; calyx companulate, 
10-ribbed ; petals in 4 deep linear segments. Native of Europe. A handsome per- 
ennial. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rough angled,, viscid, above. Leaves lanceolate, 
smooth. Flowers pink, very beautiful, generally very double, with a brown 
angular smooth calyx. June — Aug. 

Sub-order II. ALSINEJE. The Chickweed-Family. 

Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals without claws in- 
serted at the base of the sessile ovary ; stamens inserted on 
the margin of the disk, which often Coheres with the calyx ; 
bpposite the sepals when not more numerous than they. — 
Low herbs without stipules. . 



CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 51 



5. STELLARIA. Linn. Stitchweed. 

Lat. Stella, a star ; from the stellate or star-like flowers. 

Calyx of 5 sepals, connected at base. Petals b, 2-part- 
ed. Stamens 10, or by abortion 3 to 8. Styles 3, some- 
times 4. Capsule superior 1-celled, 3 to 4 Yalved ; valves 
2-parted, membranaceous. Seeds usually numerous. — Small 
grass-like herbs, in moist, shady places. Floicers white, in 
forked cymes, 

1. S. media, Smith. Common duckweed. 

Stem procumbent, spreading, with an alternate, lateral, hairy line ; leaves very 
smooth, ovate or lanceolate, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals 2-parted, shorter 
than the calyx ; stamens 3 to 10. Annual or biennial. 

Roadsides, fields, and around dwellings. March — November. Stems prostrate, 
branched, brittle, round jointed, and leafy. Peduncles axillary and terminal, hairy 
deflexed in fruit. Flowers small, white. Introduced, 

2. S. PUBERA, Michx, Oval-leaved Stitchicorl. 

Pubescent ; stem decumbent, spreading, marked with 2 opposite hairy lines ; leaves 
all sessile, ovate-oblong, acute, ciliate ; pedicels filiform, forked ; petals deeply 2- 
cleft, longer than the calyx. Per. 

Shaded rocky places ; rare. April and May. Stem, 6 to 12 inches high, diffuse 
and forked. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, \i as wide. Flowers large, axillary and 
terminal, on thread-like pedicels with 10 stainens, and 3 styles, deeply bifid. 

3. S. LONGIFOLIA, MuhL Long-leaved Stitchwort. 

Smooth ; stem erect, branching above, weak, square ; leaves linear, acutish at 
both ends, spreading ; cymes naked and at length lateral, pcduncled, many-flowered, 
the slender pedicels spreading: petals 2-parted, becoming longer than the calyx ; 
calyx 3-norved. 

Grassy places; common. June. Per. Stem S to 15 inches high, often with 
rough angles. Flowers white. Stamens 8 to 10. 

4. S. BOREALIS, Bigl. Northern Stitchwort. 

Stem spreading, angular, 2-forked ; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved ; petals 
shorter than the calyx, or sometimes wanting ; styles generally 4, capsule ovate- 
oblong, much longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. 

Shaded swamps. June — Aug. Annual. A spreading flaccid plant with stems 
4 to 15 inches long. Cymes diffuse, both terminal and axillary. Leaves slightly 
connate. Petals white, deeply cleft. 

5. S. AQUATiCA, Pollich. Water Stitchwort. 

Nearly smooth ; stem decumbent ; leaves oblong acute, veined ; sepals lanceolate, 
very acute, 3-veined : petals 2-eleft, as long as the calyx; styles 3 ; capsule ovoid as 
long as the calyx. Per. 

Swampy springs. May. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, weak, decumbent, prolonged, 
bearing the naked few-flowered sessile cymes lateral. Flowers white, incon- 
spicuous. * 

6. CEEASTIUM. Linn. Chickweed. 

<xr. Jceras, a horn ; in allusion to the fGrm of the capsule. 

Calyx 5 (rarely 4) sepallecL Petals 5, bifid or ema**- 



52 CARYOPHYLLACEiE. 



ginate. Stamens 10, sometimes 4 or 6, the alternate ones 
short. Styles 5. Capsule superior, cylindrical or oblong, 
opening at the apex by 10 teeth, many-seeded. — Flowers 
white in terminal cymes. 

* Petals about as long as the calyx; pods long and curved. 

1. C. VULGATUM, L. Mouse-ear Chichiveed. 

Hairy, pale green, seldom clammy, in tufts ; leaves ovate or obovate, obtuse ; 
flowers in sub-capitate clusters ; sepals lanceolate, acute, in fruit as long as the 
peduncles ; petals oblong, emarginate, scarcely longer than the calyx. Annual. 

Waste places, fields and hills. May — Aug. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, sub-erect,, 
Floivers white, the petals appearing in 10 segments. Capsule oblong, tapering, 
twice as long as the calyx, Introduced from Europe, 

2. C. VISCOSUM, L. Clammy Mouse-ear duckweed. 

Hairy viscid, spreading, deep green ; stems numerous, erect ; leaves lanceolate- 
oblong, rather acute ; flowers in loose cymes ; sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, in point 
shorter than the peduncles ; petals oblong, emarginate, scarcely larger than the 
calyx. Biennial. 

Fields and waste grounds. May — Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves % to 
% inches long, % as broad; root leaves somewhat spatulate. Flowers white* 
Probably introduced. 

* * Petals much longer than the calyx. 

3. C. NUTANS, Raf. Nodding Chickweed. 

Viscid and pubescent; stem erect, slender grooved, diffusely branched; leaves 
lance-linear, elongated, distant ; panicle much elongated, divaricate, many-flowered, 
with long filiform pedicels; petals oblong, bifid, at the tip, twice as long as the 
calyx ; capsule nodding on the stalks, curved upwards, 3 times as long as the calyx. 

Moist places. June. Annual. Stem 8 to 20 inches high, branched from the 
base. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long % as wide. Flowers white, terminal, in a loose 
dichotomous panicle. Whole plant pale-green. 

4. C. OBLONGIFOLIUM, Tourn. Oblong '-leaved Chickweed. 

Stem ascending,- villous, many-flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate, mostly 
obtuse ; peduncles clammy-hairy ; petals obovate, 2-cleft, twice as long as the oblong 
obtuse sepals ; capsule twice as long as the calyx. 

Rocky places. May, June. Per. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, stout. Leaves % to 
1 inch long, % as wide, tapering from base to an acute or obtuse apex. Flowers 
larger than either of the foregoing, white, 7 to 15 in a 2 or 3-forked cyme. 

5. C. ARVENSE, L. Field Chickweed. 

Stem ascending or erect, tufted, downy, slender, naked and few-flowered; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, the lowest spatulate, more or less hairy ; peduncles elon- 
gated; petals more than twice the length of the calyx; capsule oblong, scarcely 
longer than the calyx. 

Dry or rocky places. May, June. Perennial. Stem 4 to 8 inches high. Leaves 
% to 1% inches long, very narrow. Flowers white, rather large, 2 to 3 on termi- 
nal pedicels, Petals deeply cleft. 

7. ARENARIA. Linn. Sand Wort. 

Lat. arena, sand ; in which the species mostly grow. 

Sepals 5 ; rarely 4. Petals 5 ; entire. Stamens 10 ; 



CARYOPHYLLACE^. 



53 



or fewer by abortion. Styles 3 ? opposite the outer sepals. 
Capsule 3-valved ? 1-celled, many-seeded, dividing from 
above. — Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose, perfect, white. 

1. A. STRICTA, Michx. Upright Sandwort. 

Erect, or spreading from a small root, smooth; leaves subulate-linear, with many 
others clustered in the axils; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered; sepals ovate, 
very acute, 3-ribbed, y 2 as long as the petals ; caps&le ovate. 

Rocks and dry banks. May, June. Stems 8 to 10 inches high. Leaves y 2 to % 
inches long, very narrow and acute. Flowers white. Per. 

2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort 

Roughish, diffusely branched; leaves ovate, acute, sessile, subcilliate; sepals 
hairy, lanceolate, pointed, 3 to 5-nerved, longer than the oval petals ; capsule ovate, 
6-toothed equalling the calyx. 

Sandy fields. May— Aug. AnnudP Stems numerous, downy, with reflexed 
hairs, 3 to 8 inches high. Flowers white, on terminal and axillary peduncles, 
introduced. 

3. A. LATERIFLORA, L. Side-flowering Sandwort. 

Erect, sparingly branched, minutely pubescent; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse; 
petals twice as' long as the sepals. 

Shady gravelly banks and woods ; not common. June. Per. A slender upright 
species. Stem 5 to 10 inches high. Leaves % to 1 inch long, }■£ as wide, on very 
ehort peteoles. Peduncles terminal and lateral, 2 (rarely 3 to 4) flowered, one of 
the pedicels with 2 bractioles, near the middle. Flowers white, }4 inch broad. 
Qapsule ovoid, obtuse ; valves 2-cleft. Mxhringia of Beck and Torrey^ ' 

8. S AGIN A. Linn. Pearlwort. 

Lat. sagina, food or nourishment, which fattens. 

Sepals 4 to 5, united at base. Petals 4 to 5, undivided 
often indistinct or none. Stamens 4 to 10. Styles 4 to 
. 5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 4 to 5-valved ; 1-eelled, 
many-seeded. — Small matted herbs, with thrcad-UIce or awl- 
shaped leaves and minute solitary flowers. 

1. S. PROCUMBENS, L. Procumbent Pearlwort. 

Stem procumbent, smooth, branched; leaves linear-mucronate ; petals mueh 
shorter than the calyx. 

Borders of springs and streams. May— July. Perennial. Stems 2 to 4 inches 
high, diffuse and rooting at the lower joints. Leaves thread-form narrowly linear ; 
lower ones connate. Peduncles solitary, longer than the leaves. Fkwcrs small, 
white and greenish. Stamens 4 to 5. Petals shorter than the calyx, 

2. S. APETALA, L. Annual Pearlwort. 

Sem3 erect, or procumbent only at base, slightly pubescent; leaves subulate; 
flowers alternate. 

Sandy fields. May, June. Annual. Stems numerous, filiform, 2 to 4 inche* 
high. Leaves almost bristle-form. Pedicels elongated, ascending. Sepal* *u*a 
itowrwi Petals 4, very minute or none. 

9. MOLLUGO. Linn. Indian Chickweed. 

Sepals 5, united at base. Petals none. Stamens 3 ta 
P* 



54 CARYOPHYLLACE^E, 



5, sometimes 10. Styles 3, short. Oapsule 3-yalved, 
3-celled, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded 
axis, — -Loio homely annuals, with apparently verticillate leaves^ 
and small white solitary flowers. 

M. VERTICILLATA, L. Carpet-weed. 

Stems prostrate, dichotomous ; leaves cuneaform or spatulate ; pedicels 1-fiowered, 
gubumbellate. 

Cultivated grounds, pavements, &c.; common. June — Sept. A small prostrate, 
annual. /Seems 4 to 12 inches long, spreading in all directions. At every joint 
stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size, usually 5 in 
number. Flowers few, solitary, on short slender stalks, small, white. 

Sub-ohder III, ILLECEBREiE. Knot-wort Family. 

Small weeds differing from fflsineae only in having scab- 
rous stipules, flowers with inconspicuous petals, the upper- 
most leaves rarely alternate, and the 1-celled pods sometimes 
1-seeded. 

10. ANYCHIA. Michx. 

GtT. (mux, the finger nails ; a supposed remedy for the whitlow. 

Sepals 5, scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the 
back, greenish. Petals none. Stamens 2 to 3, rarely 5, 
Styles 2, very short. Utricle 1-seeded, enclosed in the 
sepals.— Small annual herbs , with many times forked branches } 
stipulate leaves, and minute white flowers. 

A. DICHOTOMA, Michx. Forked Chickiceed. 

Stem erect or spreading, dichotomously branched ; leaves varying from lanceo- 
late to elliptical, somewhat petioled ; fioioers solitary, terminal and axillary. 

Dry soils. July, Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, round, slender, pubescent 
above with forked filiform branches. Leaves small, those of the stem opposite, the 
branches alternate. Flowers very minute, in the forks of the stem greenish. A 
variable plant. 

11. SPEEGULA. Linn. Spuerey. 

Lat. spergo, to scatter; from the dispersion of the seeds. 

Sepals 5, nearly distinct. Petals 5, large, entire. Sta- 
mens 5 to 10. Styles 5. Capsules ovate, 5-celled, 5-valved, 
the valves opposite the sepals. — Annual herbs, with narrow 
stipulate leaves in whorls, and cymose white flowers. 

1. S, arvensis, L. Corn Spurrey. 

Leaves awl-shaped-linear, numerous in the whorls, with minute interposed sti~ 
pules, often clustered in the axils; flowers in a compound cyme, slender, stalked. 

Grain-fields, and sandy places. June— Aug. Introduced, ^em 8 to 12 in«hes 
Jiigh, swelling at the joints. Leaves narrow. Cyme forked, the terminal ^centra*) 






PORTULACACE-E. 55 



peduncles bending down as the fruit ripens. Petals white, longer than the calyx/ 
Capsule twice as long. Seeds numerous with a narrow margin. 

12. SPEEGULAKIA. Persoon. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 2 to 10. Styles 
and valves of the inany-seecled capsule 3, or if 5 the valves 
alternate with the sepals. — Low herbs, with fleshy opposite 
leaves, scaly membranous stipules, and small red or rose colored 
floivers. 

S. rubra, Pers. Common Sandwort. 

Stem prostrate, pilose much branched; leaves narrow, linear, or filiform, some- 
what fleshy, shorter than the interncdes; sepals lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, 
Bcarious on the margin; seeds compressed, roughish, not margined. 

Sandy fields, near brackish water. June — Sept. Annual. Stems 3 to 10 inches 
long, at first erect at length diffuse, smooth or pubescent. Leaves variable in 
length and form. Flowers small, red, axillary and solitary, in terminal leafy 
cymes or racemes. A very variable plant. Arenaria rubra of Linn, 

Sub-order IY. SCLERANTHE.3E. 

Small diffusely branched plants, with opposite leaves, 
without stipules and small flowers. Sepals united into an 
indurated tube surrounding the utricle ; the stamens inserted 
at the throat. 

13. SCLERANTHUS. Linn. Knawel. 

Gr. slderos, hard, and anthos, flower, from the hardened calyx tube. 

Sepals 5 united below in an indurated cup, inclosing the 
1-seeded utricle. Petals none. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 
2 distinct. — Homely and inconspicuous little weeds, with ob* 
scure greenish clustered flowers. 

S. annuus, L. Annual Knawel. 

Depressed tufted. Stems spreading, slightly pubescent; leaves awl-shaped, some- 
what united at the basfe ; flowers nearly sessile; stamens 10; calyx of the fruit 
spreading, acute. 

Waste places and sandy fields, introduced. July. Annual. Stems numerous, 
much branched in a dichotomous manner, forming tufts, 3 to 6 inches in diameter. 
Flowers very small, green in axillary leafy clusters. 

Order 21. P0RTULACA0E1E. 

Succulent or fleshy herbs, with alternate or opposite entire leaves, destitute of proper 
stipules, and usually ephemeral flowers. Calyx mostly of 2 sepals. Corolla of 5 
petals. Stamens 8 to 20. Styles 3 to 6 united below, stigmatic along the inner 
fide. Capsule 1-celled, Seeds attached to a central placenta; albumen mealy, 



56 PORTULACEiE. 



1. PORTULACA. Tourn* Purslane. 

Sepals united to the ovary below, 2 -parted. Stamens 8 
to 20. Style mostly 5^eleft. Capsule globular, many- 
ceeded, opening transversely, the upper part (with the upper 
part of the calyx) separating like a lid. — Low herbaceous 
fleshy annuals j icith scattered leave?, and some species with 
showy brilliant flowers expanding only in sunshine. 

1. P. oleracea, L. Common Purslane. 

Leaves wedge-form, obtuse, fleshy, smooth ; axils geniculated, naked ; flowers 
■Msile; stamens 10 to 12. 

Gardens, and cultivated grounds; common. May — Aug. Stem, fleshy, much 
branched and spreading, smooth. Leaves and stems of a reddish-green color. 
Flowers in clusters, axillary and terminal, small, pale-yellow. Introduced. 

2. P. PILOSA, Scarlet-flowered Purslane. 

Stems ascending, much branched; branches sub-erect, enlarged upwards; leave* 
linear, obtuse, the axils villose with long woolly hairs; flowers terminal, sessile, 1 
or few together, surrounded by an irregular circle of leaves and dense tufts of 
wool ; petals obovate ; stamens about 15. A very delicate popular garden plant 
with showy crimson and scarlet flowers, 1% inches in diameter. Native of S. 
AS**. 

2. CLAYTONIA. L. Spring-beauty. 

In honor of John Clayton, a botanist of Virginia. 

Sepals 2, ovate or roundish, persistent. Petals 5 emar- 
ginate or obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the 
petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 2 to 
5-seeded. — Our species are small, fleshy, delicate pereyiniah, 
sending up simple stems, in early spring, with a pair of 
opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty floivers. 

1. C. VlRGlNlCA, L. Virginian Spring-beauty. 

Leaves mostly 2, linear, or lance-linear, elongated and attenuated into a petiole 
below ; raceme simple, loose, at length elongated; peduncle slender, nodding; petals 
obovate, mostly emarginate or retuse. 

Low moist grounds. March — May. Tubercle as large as a hazle-nut, deep in the 

r'ound. Scape 6 to 8 inches long, weak with a pair of opposite narrow leaves, 3 to 
inches long. Flowers 6 to 10 rose-colored, with deeper colored veins. 

2. C. CAROLINIANA, Michx. Spring-beauty. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, somewhat spatulate, or abruptly decurrent into 
* petiole; peduncles slender, nodding; sepals and petals very obtuse. 

Woods and rocky hills; common. April, May. Moot a compressed brown tuber- 
•le, buried at a depth into the ground, equal to the height of the plant. Root- 
haves very few, if any, spatulate. Stem weak, 4 to 8 inches high, with a pair of 
opposite leaves half-way up. Flowers in a terminal cluster, white with a slight 
ttn«e of red and beautifully pencilled with purple lines. 



MALVACEAE. 57 



3. TALINUM. Adans. 

Sepals 2, ovate, concave, deciduous. Petals 5, sessiie. 
Stamens 10 to 30, inserted with the petals into the torus. 
Style filiform, 3-cleft at the apex. Capsule sub-globose, 
3-cellecl at the base, when young, 3-valved ; many-seeded.—^ 
Fleshy perennials. 

R. teretifolium, Pursh. Cylindrical-leaved Talinum. 

Stem simple or "branched, short and thick ; leaves subulate; crowded at the summit 
of the stem, on short branches ; peduncles long and naked : flowers in a dichoto* 
mous cyme. _ . 

Rocks, Chester county. Dr. Darlington! June — Aug. Boots a few coarse fibres 
from the "base of a short thick firm but somewhat fleshy perennial stem. Branches 
1 to 3 inches long. Leaves lto 2 inches long, incurved, cylindrical, fleshy. Bracts 
ovate-lanceolate, small. Peduncles 5 to 8 inches high. Flowers small, bright- 
purple, expanding only for a day. 

Order 22. BXALVACE2E — Motfaw Family. 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular flowers, icith numerous 
stamens, monodelphous in a column. Flowers axillary, showy, often with an involu- 
cel at the base. Sepals generally 5, more or less united at the base, persistent. 
Petals 5, cohering by their short claws with the tube of filaments. Stamens 
indefinite, monodelphous : anthers 1-celled bursting transversely. Pistils several, 
with the ovaries united into a ring, or forming a several-celled capsule. Seeds 
with little albumen. Embryo curved. 

1. MALTA. Linn. Mallow. 

Gr. malale, soft; on account of the soft mucilaginous properties. 

Calyx 5-cleft, with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like 
an outer calyx. Carpels many, 1-celled, 1-seeded arranged 
circularly. — Floioers perfect. 

1. M. Americana, Muhl. American Mallow. 

Leaves ovate, crenate ; stipides oblong-linear ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. 

Southern part of the State. Annual. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, sparingly 
branched, clothed with white hairs above. Leaves hairy on the veins beneath, 
nearly smooth above, l^etioles 1 inch long. Bracteole bristly. Carpels hispid, in 
a depressed, globular head. Petals yellow, twice as long as the calyx. T. & G. 

2. M. ROTUNDIFOLIA, L. Low Mallow. 

Stem prostrate ; leaves roundish-cordate, obtusely 5 to 7-lobed, crenate, long 
petioled; flowers axillary; corrola twice the length of the calyx, notched at the end. 

Cultivated grounds ; common. June — Oct. Per. Boot fusiform. Stems numer- 
ous, a foot or more long. Peduncles axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink with 
darker veins, deeply notched at the end. Fruit depressed, composed of the numer- 
ous carpels arranged circularly. Extensively naturalized. 

3. M. sylvestris, L. High Mallow. 

Stem erect, branched, hairy ; leaves large roundish, with 5 to 7 somewhat acute 
lobes; flowers axillary, 3 to 4 together ; peduncles and petioles hairy ; petals ob-eor- 
date, 3 times as long as the calyx. 



58 MALVACE^. 



Waste places, escaped from gardens, sparingly naturalized. June — Oct. Per. 
Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers reddish purple, with veins of a darker hue. Whole 
plant emollient and mucilaginous. Native of Europe. 

4. M. crispa, L. Curled or Crisped-leaved Mallow. 

Stem erect ; leaves angular-lobed, dentate, crisped, smooth ; flowers axillary, ses* 
sile. A tall, straight, simple, erect plant from Syria. Gardens, almost naturalized. 
Stem 5 to 6 feet high. Leaves large, roundish, margin abundantly crisped and 
curled. Flowers small, inconspicuous, white. June, August* 

5. M. moschata, L. Musk Mallow. 

Stem erect ; radical leaves reniform, incised ; stem leaves many-parted, the seg- 
ments linear ; peduncles and calyx hairy. Native of Britain. Stems 2 feet high, 
branched. Flowers large and handsome, rose-colored and white. The whole plant 
emits a musk-like odor in favorable weather* July. Perennial. 

2. ALTHEA. Linn. Hollyhock. 

Gr. althea, to cure. 

Calyx 5-cleft surrounded at base by a 6 to 9 cleft invo- 
lucre. Carpels many, 1-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circu- 
larly around the axis. 

1. A. officinalis, L. Marsh Hollyhock. 

Stem erect; leaves ovate, or slightly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes 3-lobed, 
clothed with velvety down ; 'peduncles axillary, many-flowered, much shorter than 
the leaves. 

A European plant, cultivated in gardens and in some places naturalized. Aug.— 
Sept. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, firm, very downy. Leaves alternate., 
Flowers large, axillary and terminal, pale purple. Medicinal. 

2. A. rosea, Cra. Hollyhock. 

Stem erect, hairy ; leaves cordate, 5 to 7 angled, rugose ; flowers axillary, sessile. 
Native of China* Annual and biennial. Flowers large, with numerous varieties 
of single, double and semi-double flowers of various shades of coloring, as white, 
crimson, dark red, purple, brownish-black, yellow, straw-color, &c. Cultivated in 
gardens. 

8. A. ficifolia, Cav. Fig-leaved Hollyhock. 

Stems erect, hairy; leaves palmate, 7-lobed beyond the middle, lobes oblong, 
obtuse, angularly toothed. Native of the Levant. Cultivated for ornament. 
Flowers large, orange-colored. 

3. HIBISCUS. Linn. 

Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-toothed, surrounded by a mai^-leaved 
involucel. ANTHER-bearing column prolonged, the apex 
generally divided into 5 slender styles bearing the 5 globular 
stigmas. Capsule 5-celled, 5 or many-seeded, opening into 
5 valves which bear the partition on their middle.— Wkrbs or 
shrubs } usually with large and showy flowers. 



MALVACEAE, 59 



1. H. MosCHEUTOS, L. Marsh Hibiscus. 

Herbaceous, simple, erect; leaves ovate, pointed, toothed, the lower 3-lobedj 
whitish-tomentose beneath, somewhat scabrous-pubescent above; peduncles and 
petioles often united ; calyx tomentose. 

Borders of marshes, near Harrisburg, Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, stout * 
Leaves 4 to 6 by 3 to 4 inches, often with 2 lateral lobes. Flowers large, 5 inches 
in diameter, pale rose-purple, or white with a crimson centre. Showy. 

2. H. MILITARISE Willd, HalberUleaved Hibiscus. 

Smooth; lower leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobcd; upper leaves halbert- 
form, the short lateral lobes approaching at the base, the middle one prolonged and 
acuminate ; peduncles slender ; fruiting calyx inflated ; seeds hairy. 

River banks. Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Flowers pale rose-colored, with 
a purplish centre 3 to 4 inches in diameter. 

Cultivated for ornament. 

3. H. Syriacus. Syrian Hibiscus. 

Leaves cuneaform, ovate, 3-lobed, dentate ; pedicels scarcely longer than the peti„ 
oles; involucel about 8-1 eaved, A beautiful, hardy, free-flowering shrub from Syria, 
6 to 10 feet high. Flowers in the different varieties purple, red, white and striped, 
both single and double. July. Sometimes erroneously called " Rose of Sharon." 

4. H. TRIONUM. Flower >of an hour. 

Somewhat hairy; upper leaves deeply 3-parted, with lanceolate divisions, the mid* 
die one much the longest ; lower haves undivided, dentate ;' "calyx inflated, membra, 
naceous, with bristly ribs, 5-winged at the summit ; seeds rough. Annual. Native 
of Italy. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers numerous but soon withering. Petals of 
a rich chlorine yellow, the base deep brown, one variety has flowers 2 inches in 
diameter, continuing expanded nearly all day. 

5. PI. coccineus, W&lt. Scarlet Hibiscus. 

Very smooth; leaves palmate, 5-parted; lobes lanceolate, acuminate, remotely 
serrate alone ; corolla expanding; capsule ovoid, smooth. A splendid flower, native 
of Georgia, sometimes cultivated in our gardens. Foot perennial. Stem herbaceous, 
5 to 9 feet high. Flowers of a bright carmine red. Petals slender at the base, 4 to 
5 inches long. Column still longer, slender and terete. July — Oct. 

6. H. Manihot, L. Hand-leaved Hibiscus. 

Leaves palmately divided into o to 7 broad-linear, acuminate, scarcely dentate 
lobes ; peduncles and involucel hispid ; involucel bracts 5 to 7, ovate or lanceolate, 
acutish, persistent, entire ; calyx split on one side ; capsule densely hirsute, acumi- 
nate. Native of the Western States. A beautiful perennial plant, 3 to 5 feet high. 
Leaves cordate, the lobes 5 to 10 inches long, ]/ 2 *° 1/4 ^ide, separated to near the 
base, about as long as the petioles ; teeth largest near the summit. Flowers sulpher- 
yellow, purple in the centre. Petals 2 to 4 inches long. July, Aug. Per. 

4. ABUTILON. Tourn. Indian Mallow. 

Calyx 5 -cleft, without an involucel, often angular. 
Styles 5 to 15. Carpels 5 to 15 arranged circularly, co- 
herent, spreading at the summit, where each splits open along 
the inner edge. Seeds about 3 in each carpel. — Floicers in 
the axils of the heart-shaped leaves. 



60 TILIACEiE. 



1. A. Avicenn^e, Graertn. Indian Mallow. Velvet Leaf. 

Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, acuminate, dentate, velvety-tomentose ; pedun- 
<&e$ shorter than the leaf-stalks, solitary ; carpels about 15, 3-s3cded, beaked, the 
beaks splitting in two. 

Waste grounds. Introduced from India; naturalized. Annual-. July, August. 
Stem 3 to 5 feet high, with spreading branches. Flowers in the axils of the leaves, 
orange-yellow, near 1 inch in diameter, 

5. SIDA. Linn. 

Calyx 5-cleft, without an involucel. Styles 5 or more, 
the ripe fruit separating into as many 1 -seeded carpels, each 
splitting open at the top, arranged circularly. 

1. Flowers perfect. Stigmas t2rminal, minutely capitate. 

1. S. SPINOSA, L. Prickly Sida* 

Stem rigid, branched from the base, minutely pub3scent ; leaves ovate -lanceolate, 
toothed, with the tubercles at the base spiny; pedicels axillary, solitary, shorter 
than the stipules and petioles; fruit separating into five 2-beaked carpels, opening 
between the beaks. 

Waste places, roadsides ; common. July and August. Annual. Plant bushy, 
1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 1 inch long and % as wide, mostly obtuse at each end. 
Petals obovate, yellow, of short duration. 

2. S. Nap.ea, Willd. Smooth Sula. 

- Stem slender, smooth ; leaves palmately 5-lobed, smooth ; lobes oblcng-linear, acu- 
minate, coarsely toothed ; carpels 10, acuminate, awnless. 

Shaded rocky places; rare. July. Per. -Stems angular, 3 to 5 foot high. Leaves 
on short petioles, cordate; lobes. 2 to 4 inches long, x /> to % wide. Fliral leaves 
much smaller. Peduncles axillary and terminal, long and slender, s^mewhot 
leafy, the divisions somewhat 4-flowered. Flovrers nearly % ineh in diameter. 
Petals white, twice as long as the calyx. 

2. Napjsa. Clayton. Flowers dioecious : styles stigmatic along the inside. 

3. S. DIOICA, Willd. Dioecious Sida. 

Leaves palmately 7 to 9 lobed ; lobes lanceolate, incisely toothed ; peduncle? many- 
flowered, bracteate, sub-corymbed ; staminatc flowers entirely destitute of pistils ; 
the fertile with a short column of filaments but no anthers; carpels 8 to 10, point- 
less in a roundish depressed head. 

Stony grounds ; not common. July — Sept. Per. A tall and rough! sh herb, 4 
to 5 feet high, with very large 7 to 9-parted lower leaves, with the pointed lobes 
pinnatifid cut and toothed, and small white flowers in panicled clustered co- 
rymbs. 

Order 23. TILIACEiE .— Linden Family. 

Trees or shrubs, with simple, stipulate, alternate leaves and axillary flowers, usually 
perfect. Sepals 4 to 5, deciduous, valvate. Petals 4 to 5, entire, hypogynous, 
rarely wanting, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, usually polydelphous; 
antheks 2 celled. Disk often with 4 to 5 glands at the base of the petals. Ovary 
of 2 to 10 united carpels ; styles 1 ; stigmas as many as the carpels. Fruit capsu> 
kur, 2 to 5 celled ; seeds solitary or numerous, with fleshy albumen. 



LINACE^). 61 



1. TILIA. Linn. Linden. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens nu- 
merous ; filaments cohering in 5 clusters with each other, or 
free. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary, and 2 half-anatropous 
ovules in each, a single style, and a 5-toothed stigma. Fruit 
a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-celled and 1 to 2 
seeded. — Fine trees with heart-shaped leaves and. small cymes 
of flowers , hanging on an axillary -peduncle which is united 
to a leaf-like bract. 

1. T. Americana, L. Basswood. 

Leaves deeply cordate, abruptly acuminate, acutely serrate, coriaceous, smooth ; 
Jloioqrs in cymes; petals truncate at the apex, crenate; style as long as the petals; 
fruit ovate, somewhat ribhed. 

Rich woods. June. A fine tree from 60 to 70 feet high, the trunk straight and 
naked more than half this height, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Leaves 4 to 5 by 3 
to 4 inches; those of the young shoots often more than twice this dimension. 
Bracts yellowish, linear-oblong. Flowers yellowish-white, honey-bearing, fragrant. 
The wood is white and soft, and much used by cabinet and coach makers. 

2. T. laxiflora, Michx. Loose-flowered Linden. 

Leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, serrate, membranaceous, smooth ; flowers 
in loose panicles ; petals emarginate; styles longer than the petals ; fruit globose. 

Near the sea coast. May. Shrubby or arboreous. A very distinct species, though 
generally confounded with the former. Purslu Bed: 

3. T. alba, Michx. White Linden. 

Leaves ebliquely-cordate, abruptly acuminate, whitish and thinly pubescent 
beneath, with veins of the same hue, smooth and bright green above, acuminately 
serrate ; petals emarginate; scales spatulate ; styles nearly smooth. 

Woods and mountains. June. Trunk 30 — 40 feet high, 1 to 1% feet in diame- 
ter ; branches with a smooth silvery bark. Leaves 3 to 5 often S inches in diameter, 
slightly oblique, and with reddish hairs in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers 
larger and whiter than in the other species. 

4. T. Europea, L. European Linden. 

A common ornamental tree, which is planted along the streets of our cities, is 
easily distinguished from our native species by the absence of the petal-like scales 
among the stamens. 

Order 24. LINAGES. 

Herbs with regular hypogy nous flow zrs, tetramerous and pentamerous throughout, 
strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals. Sepals 3 to 5, persistent. Petals ae 
many as the sepals, unguiculate. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternate 
with them at the base into a hypogynous ring, which is often toothed. Ovary of 
as many cells as sepals and styles; stigma capitate. Seeds solitary in each cell, 
compressed, suspended. 

1. LINUM. Linn. Flax. 

Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5. Capsule of 5 
Q 



62 GERANIACEjE. 



united carpels and only 5 celled, with 2 seeds hanging from 
the summit of each ) but each cell is incompletely or com- 
pletely divided into two by a false partition which projects 
from the back of the carpels, thus becoming 10-celled. 
Seeds ovate compressed, mucilaginous. — Herbs with a fibrous 
bark, simple and sessile entire leaves, alternate or often oppo- 
site, without stipules, and terminal corymbose or panicled 
/lowers. 

1. L. Virginianum, L. Wild Flax. 

Radical leaves ovate and spatulate ; those of the stem linear-lanceolate, alternate ; 
f.owtrs email, scattered on the corymbose or panicled branches, en very short pe» 
duncles, tnrned to one side ; sepals ovate, pointed, smooth. 

Wood3 and fields. June, Aug- Biennial or pe.r. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slen^pr, 
smooth, leafy, terete. Leaves £4 inch long, % wide, with 1 distinct vein. Flowers 
4 to lines in diameter, yellow, on short pedicels. Sepals 1-veined. 

Variety difusuir. Woe's. Stem angular, diffusely branched; brandies and lan- 
ceolate leaves spreading ; jlowzrs very small, yello.v. Wet places, along ditches. 
Quite different in habit. 

2. L. usiTATissiMUM, L. Common Flax. 

Stem branching above; leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute; panicle coryn*- 
fco3e ; sepals ovate, acute, S-veined at the base ; petals crenate ; capsule roundish, 
acuminate. 

Cultivated and somewhat naturalized about folds. June, July. Annual. Stem 
1 to 2 feet high. Leaves distinct 3-veined. Flowzrs large, purplish-blue. A useful 
plant, from the strong fibres of the bark linen is manufactured, and the seeds yield 
Unseed oil, so extensively used in mixing paint, printer's ink, &c. 

Order 25. QMB^KMlkOBBl— Crane's-bill Family. 

Plants with mostly rejular, hypogynous, pentamirous flowers, imbricated sepals* 
and convolute petals. Leaves opposite (at lea t the lower ones), mostly stipulate, 
petiolate, palmately-veined. Flowers on peduncles, terminal or opposite the leaves, 
Eomotimss axillary. Sepals 5, persistent, veined, one sometimes saccate or spurred 
at base. Petals 5, unguiculate, bypogynous or perigynous. Stamens usually 
monoielphous, hypogynous, 2 or 3 time3 as many as the petals. Fktjit formed of 
carpels cohering around the axis, having a meinbranac30U8 pericarp and termina- 
ted by an indurated style, which finally curres upwa:d carrying the pericarp with 
%%. S2EE3 solitary, without albumen. 

1. GERANIUM. Linn. Crane's-bill. 

Gr. geranos, a crane ; the beaked fruit resembling a crane's bill. 

Sepals and petas 5, regular. Stamens 10, all fertile, 
the alternate ones longer, and with nectariferous scales at the 
base. Carpels with long awns, at length seperating elas- 
tically from the summit to the base; awns smooth internal- 
ly — Herbaceous plants, rarely shrubby at base. Peduncles 
1 # 2 or 3 Jlowercd. 



OXALIDACE.E. 63 



1. Gr. MACULATUM, L. Spotted Geranium. Cranes bill. 

Stem somewhat angular, erect, dichotomous, setosely pubescent; leaves 3 to 
5-parted; lobes wedge-shaped and entire at base, incisely serrate above; radical 
leaves on long petioles, upper opposite, on short petioles; sejpals mucronately awned; 
petals entire. 

Open woods; common. May, June. Per. Stem 10 to 20 inches high. Leaves 2 
to 3 inches in diameter, cleft % way down, 2 at each fork, Flowers mostly in 
pairs on unequal pedicels, large, purple. • Hoot powerfully astringent. Medicinal. 

2. Gr. PUSILLUM, L. Small-flowered Geranium. 

Stems procumbent, slender, minutely pubescent ; haves rounded, kidney-form, 
5 to 7-parted, the divisions mostly 3-cleft; peduncles short, 2-nowered; sepals awnr 
less, about as long as the emarginate calyx. 

Sandy soils. May — July. Stems 1 foot long, much branching, covered with short 
deflected hairs. Leaves opposite, divided almost to the base. Peduncles axillary, 
forked, bearing 2 purplish-red flowers, much smaller than the preceding. Intro 
ducecl. Annual. 

3. Gr. Carolinianum, L. Carolina Crane's bill. 

Stem diffusely branched ; leaves deeply 5-parted ; lobes incisely toothed 3 to 5-cleft; 
peduncles crowded towards the top ; petals notched, as long as the calyx ; caip&U 
hairy. 

Fields and hills. May — July. Stems pubescent, diffuse, 8 to 15 inches long, 
swelling at the joints. Leaves % to 1% inches in diameter, hairy. Flowers small, 
rose-colored or nearly white, in pairs and somewhat fasciculate. Biennial. 

4. Gr. ROBERTIANUM, L. Herb Robert. 

Stem diffuse, hairy; leaves 3 to 5-parted to the base ; leaflets somewhat pinnatifld, 
segments somewhat mucronate; peduncles long, 2-flowered; sepals awned, short©? 
than the entire petals. 

Rocky places and shaded ravines. June — Oct. Annual. Stem reddish, with 
long diffuse weak branches. Leaves on long petioles somewhat hairy, 1^2 to 3 
inches in diameter, with pinnatiM segments. Flowers small, pale purple, beauti- 
fully lined with darker shades. Capsule small, rugose,, keeled. Seeds smooth. 
The whole plant is very pctid. 

The genus Pelargonium embracing more than 300 species of shrubby and herba- 
ceous plants, with innumerable varieties of magnificent flowers, nearly all natives 
of the Cape of Grocd Hope, are embraced in this order. Many of which are culti- 
vated in our green houses and conservatories. 

Order 26. GXALIBA0E2E .— The Wood Sorrel Family. 

Plan's with sourjuic?., compound leaves, and regular flowers. Sepals 5, persistent, 
equal. Petals 5, equal, unguiculate, with a twisted a3£tivation. Stamins 10, 
usually more or less monodelphous, those opposite the petals longest. Styles 5, 
filiform; stigmas capitate. Fruit capsular, membraneous, with 5 cells, and from 5 
to 10 valves. Seeds few, with a fleshy integument, which bursts eiastically. 

1. OXALIS. Linn. Wood Sorrel. 

Gr. oxus, sour ; from the acid taste of most species. 

Sepals 5, free or united at base. Petals 5. Stamens 
10, usually more or less monodelphous, alternately shorter, 
Capsule deeply 5-lobed, 5-celled, each cell opening on tha 
back. Seeds few in each cell> pendulous from the axis.— 



64 BALSAMINACE^E. 



Herbs, with alternate or radical stipulate leaves, mostly of 3 
inversely heart-shaped leaflets, which close and droop at night- 
fall 

* Stemless ; leaves and scapes from a root-stock or bulb. 

1. 0. ACETOCELLA, L. Common Wood SorreL 

Stalk creeping and scaly-toothed ; scape 1-flowered, longer than the leaves ; leaf- 
lets broad-obcordate, with rounded lobes; petals oval, obtuse; styles as long as the 
inner stamens. 

Deep shady woods, on northern sides of mountains. June. Scape 3 to 5 inches 
high with 2 small bracts above the middle. Flowers large, white, with red veins, 
drooping. The whole plant has an agreeable acid ta3te. This is the shamrock of 
the Irish. 

2. 0. VIOLACE^ L. Violet Wood Sorrel, 

Bulb scaly; scap>es several-flowered in an umbel, longer than the leaves ; leaves 
ternate; leaflets obcordate, smooth; styles shorter than the outer stamens. 

Woods and shady places ; common. May, June. Scape nearly twice as high as 
the leaves 4 to 6 inches. Flowers violet, large, from 3 to 9 on umbels, drooping, 
Petals obovate, and sometimes slightly emarginate. 

* * Stems leafy: peduncles axillary. 

3. 0. CORNICULATA, L. Decumbent Wood SorreL 

Pubescent ,* stem rooting, decumbent, branched ; peduncles 2-flowered, shorter 
than the leaves; leaves ternate; leaflets obcordate, pubescent; petals wedge-shaped^ 
erose at the apex ; style as long as the inner stamens.' 

Cultivated grounds and banks of streams. May — Aug. Stems prostrate, leafy ,, 
from 4 to 12 inches long. Sepals pubescent, % as l° n o as the emarginate deep- 
yellow petals. Capsules densely pubescent. 

4. 0. STRICTA, L. Upright Wood Sorrel. 

Stem branching, erect; peduncles umbelliferous, longer than the petioles, 2 to 
6-flowered ; leaves ternate ; leaflets obcordate ; petals obovate, entire ; styles as long 
as the inner stamens. 

Sandy fields and borders of woods. May — Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, 
leafy, round, smooth, succulent. Leaves numerous, scattered on long stalks^ 
Flowers small, pale-yellow. 

Order 27. BALSAMINACEJE. 

Annual herbs, with succulent stems filled with a bland watery juice, very irregular 
flowers, and simple leaves without stipules. Sepals 5, irregular, deciduous ; the two 
upper commonly united into one, the lower spurred. Petals 4, hypogynous, 
united in pairs, so that apparently there are only 2 petals. Stamens 5 ; filaments 
subulate. Ovary 5-celled; stigma sessile, more or less, 5 lobed. Fruit capsular, 
with 5 elastic valves and 5 cells. Seeds solitary or numerous, without albumen* 

1. IMPATIENS. Linn. Balsam. 

Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched. 

Sepals 5, the lower one spurred; the 2 upper united so as 
to appear like one. Petals 2, unequal-sided and 2-lobed. 
Stamens 5 ; short; anthers opening on the inner face. Sua- 



TROP^OLACEJE. 65 



mas 5, united. Capsules prismatic-terete, elongated, 5- 
valved, the valves coiling elastic-ally and projecting the seeds 
in bursting. — Annual Herbs with tender, smooth, suculent 
stems, tumid joints, and capsules uurtsing elasticaily v;7icn 
touched. 

1. I. pallida, 'Nutt. Snap-icced. Touch-me-not, 

Leaves oblong-ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucronate, on shore 
petioles; peduncles 2 to 5-flowered. solitary, elongated: lower sepal dilatc-d-conical. 
shorter than the petals, with a very short recurred spur. 

Damp shady places: common. Aug. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, much branched. 
Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, Vyi to 2 inches wide, with large obtrso teeth on petiole* 
J£ inch long, upper ones sessile. Flowers large, mostly in pairs. Two outer sepals 
pale-green, hard-pointed, the rest pale-yellow. Petds pale-yellow, slightly spotted. 

2. I. fulya, Nutt. Jcicel-iceecl Balsam-weed. 

Stem much branched; leaves rhombic-ovate, somewhat obtuse, coarsely and 
obtusely serrate; teeth mucronate lower sepals acutely conic,, with along round 
spur. 

Damp shady ravines ; common. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 1 to 3 
inches iong, }4 as wide, somewhat glaucous, on. petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers 
deep orange with reddish-brown spots, smaller and less numerous than in the 
former species. 

3. I. Balsamina, Garden Balsaminc. Ladies' Slipper \ 

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate; peduncles clustered; spur 

shorter than the flower. Native of the East Indies. A beautiful garden annual. 
The prevailing color of the flowers are red and wbite. but the former varies in 
every possible shade of .crmibon. scarlet, purple, pink and flesh-color, often double 
and semi-double. 



Order 28. TROPEOLACEE. 

Straggling or twining herbs, with a pungent watery juice, peltate or palmate leaves, 
and irregular flowers. Calyx of 5 colored, united sepals, the lower 'one spurred. 
Petals 5 ; two upper arising from the throat of the calyx remote from the 3 which 
are stalked. Stamens S, unequal, distinct. Ovary of 3 united carpels; slt/lel; 
Ktigmas 3. Fruit separating 3 indehiscent, 1-seeded nuts. &eds large. Aibumeii 
none, 

1. TROPEOLUM. Linn. 

Lat. tropaeum. a trophy; the leaf resembles a shield, the flower an empty helmet. 

Generic character essentially the same as the order. 
T. MAJUS. Nasturtion. Indian Cress. 

Leaves peltate, roundish repand on the margin, with the long petiole inserted a 
little one side of the centre; petals obtuse, the 2 upper distant from the 3 lower 
which are fimbriate at base and contracted into long claws. A common garden 
annual. Native <»f Peru. Stem at length climbing by means of its long petioles 
several feet. Leaves 2 inches in diameter. I'lowers larcce and showy, orange* 
polored, with blotches of a deeper shade. The fruit is used for pickling* ' 

Q* } P 



66 LIMNANTHACE^: AND ZANTHOXYLACEjE. 

Order 29. LMNANTHACE2E. 

Low annual herbs, with pinnated alternate leaves without stipules. Flowers regu- 
lar, trimerous or pentamerous. Sepals 3 to 5 united at base persistent, valvate in 
aestivation. Petals 3 to 5, withering on the plant, inserted upon an hypoygnous 
disk. Stamens 6 to 10, inserted with the petals ; filaments opposite the sepals. 
Styles united; stigma simple : ovary of 2 to 5 distinct carpels. Fruit 2 to 5 acheni^ 
rather fleshy. Seeds solitary. 

1. FL(ERKIA. Willi 

Named in honor of Flosrlce, a German botanist 

Sepals 3, longer than the 3 petals. Stamens 6. Ovaries 
3, tuberculate. Style 2-cleft. — A small annual aquatic, 
with pinnately divided leaves and' minute solitary flowers on 
axillary peduncles. 

F. proserpinacoides, Lindl. False Mermaid. 

Stems deeumbent, weak, and slender; leaves alternate, upper cnes, or thos© 
above the water, pinnately 5-parted ; lower or submersed ones mostly 3-partcd, ali 
on slender petioles. 

Marshes and shores of rivers and lakes. April, May. Stem 4 to 10 inches long*. 
Flowers small, 34 iucn in diameter, white. Petals about half as long as the sepaliL 
Whole plant slightly pungent to the taste. 

Order SO. ZAMTHQXYLACE2E. 

Trees or shrubs, pungent and aromatic litter, with alternate or opposite leaves, 
without stipules, with pellucid dots and small regular dimcicus or polygamous 
flowers. Flowers regular diclinous, gray, green, or pink. Sepals 3 to 5, small, 
cohering at the base. Petals longer than the sepals, as many, rarely wanting, 
convolute. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Pistils 2 to 5, dis- 
tinct or united, 1 to 2 seeded, (ovules 2, collateral). Fruit baccate, membraneous 
or drupaceous, or 2-valved capsules. Seeds solitary or in pairs. 

1. ZANTHOXYLTJM. Linn. Prickly Ash. 

Gr. xanthos, yellow, and xulon, wood. 

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5, petal-like when the petals 
are absent. Stamens 5. Pistils 3 to 5, raised on a 
short base or stalk, distinct, the styles connivent. Carpels 
thickish, 2-valved, Seeds black and shining.— Fragrant 
aromatic shrubs, with pellucid punctate, pinnately 3 to 5 
foliate leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers. 

13. Americanum, Mill. Prickly Ash. 

Stem and branches prickly; learns pinnate; leaflets in 4 to 5 pairs and an odd 
one, ovate-oblong, downy when young; petioles round, unarmed ; prickles stipular; 
flowers in short axillary sessile umbels. 



ANACARDIACE^l. 67 



Rocky woods ; not common. April. Shrub, 4 to 10 feet high, covered with sharp 
strong prickles. Leaves and flowers axillary. Flowers small greenish appearing 
before the leaves. Baric and pods very pungent to the taste, Medicinal.. 

2. PTELEA. Linn. Shrubby Trefoil. 

Flowers polygama-dioecious. Sepals 3 to 5, small. 
Petals 3 to 5, much longer than the sepals. Stamens 3 
to 5, longer than the petals, and alternate with them. Ovary 
2-celled ; style short ; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled samara, 
winged all round, nearly orbicular. Shrubs, with 3 to 5-/b- 
liate leaves and greenish-white small flowers in compound ter- 
minal cymes. 

P. TRIFOLTATA, L. Shrubby Trefoil. 

Leaves on long petioles," ternate; leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young, odd 
one much attenuated at hase; flowers polygamous, mostly with 4 stamens. 

Moist woods and rocky places; rare. June. An ornamental shrub G to 8 foet 
high. Flowers white, odorous, nearly % inch in diameter. Samcra nearly 1 inch 
in diameter. 

The AiL.vNTurs glaxdulosus, or Tree of Heaven, is a cultivated tree of thia- 
family, common in and around our villages, whose flowers are redolent of anything 
fcut "airs from heaven." 

Order 31. ANACARBIACEJE. 

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous gummy, caustic or millcy juice, dotless, alternate, 
simple, ternate or pinnate leaves, and small often polygamous, regular penlandroue 
flowers. Flowers terminal or axillary, with bracts, commonly dioecious. Sepals 
3 to 5, united at base, persistent. Petals 3 to 5, sometimes none, imbricate. Ovary 
1-celled, 1-ovuled. Styles 3, or none. Stigmas 3. Fruit indehiscent, usually 
drupaceous. Seeds without albumen. 

1. RHUS, i Linn. Sumach. 

Calxy of 5 sepals, united at base. Petals 5. Stamens. 
5, equal, inserted on the disk. Styles 3. short. Stigmas 
capitate. Fruit a small-seeded sub-globose, dry drupe. — 
Small trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing by rooting tendrils, 
alternate, mostly compound leaves, and greenish-white flowers. 

* Not poisonous ; fruit clothed with (acid) crimson Jiairs: panicle compound, dense,, 
terminal; leaves odd pinnate. 

1. R. GLABRA, L. Smooth Sumach. 

Stem and branches smooth; leaflets 6 to 15 pairs, sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, 
smooth, whitish glaucous beneath ; flowers all perfect. 

Old fields and thickets ; common. July. Shrub 6 to 15 feet high, consisting of 
many straggling branches, smooth except its point. Leaflets about 3 inches long, 
% inches wide. Flowers greenish-yellow. Fruit crimson, covered with short 
hairs, acid, used for dyeing red. The bark is used for tanning morocco* 



68 ANACARDIACE^. 



R. copallina, L. Dwarf .Sumach. 



Branches and stalls downy ; leaflets 4 to 7-pairs, oval-lanceolate, or oblong, very 
entire, shining on the upper surface, pubescent beneath, unequal at base; common 
petiole winged, appearing as if jointed. 

Rocky hills and dry fields. July, August. Shrub 2 to 7 feet high with running 
roots. Common petiole about 6 inches long expanding into a leafy margin, between 
each pair of leaflets. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, near }A as wide, dark green and 
glossy on the upper surface. Flowers dioecious, yellowish-green. Fruit red, small, 
compressed, hairy, acid, and bitter. 

3. R. typhina, L. Stag-horn Sumach, 

Branches and petioles densely villous; leaflets 6 to 15 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate, acutely serrate, whitish beneath. 

■" Hillsides or low barren places. June. A large shrub, or a spreading tree, 15 
to 30 feet high with orange-colored aromatic wood and copious milky resinous 
j uice. Flowers greenish-yellow, dioecious. Fruit in clusters, covered with a velvety 
purple down, acrid. 

* * Poisonous to the touch: fruit smooth: panicles axillary. 

4. R. VENENATA, DC. Poison Sumach. 

Smooth ; leaves odd-pinnate, 3 to 6 pairs, oval abruptly acuminate, very entire. 
panicles loose, pedunculate. 

Margins of swamps. June, July. A shrub or small tree of fine appearance, 10 
to 15 feet high. Petioles 6 to 10 inches long, red. Leaflets about 3 inches long, 
neaily % as wide, sessile, except the odd one. Flowers very small, greenish, dioe- 
cious. Fruit about as large as a pea. The whole plant is very poisonous, tainting 
the air to some distance around with its pernicious effluvium, 

5. R. Toxicodendron. L. Poison Oak. 

Erect or decumbent; leaves ternate; leaflets broad-oval or rhomboid, entire, 
einuate or lobed, somewhat pubescent; flowers in racemose axillary sub-sessile 
panicles. 

Moist woods and thickets. June. A small shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, nearly smooth 
in all its parts. Leaflets 2 to 6 inches long % as wide, petiolate, the common 
petiole 4 to 5 inches long. Flowers small, dioecious, greenish-yellow. Fruit 
emocth, roundish, pale-brown. Poisonous. 

Tar. b. radicans. Torr. (R. radicans. Linn, DeCandolle and Beck.) Poison Ivy. 

Stem climbing ; leaves ternate ; leaflets petiolate, ovate, acuminate, smooth, gen- 
erally entire ; flowers in axillary racemes*toward? the top of the stem, dioecious. 

Woods and hedges. June. Stem climbing by myriads of rooting tendrils 10, 20 
or 50 feet. Flowers yellowish-green. Fruit sub-globose, brown. 

* $ * Leaves ternate; flowers dioecious, not poisonous, aromatic. 

6. R. AROMATTCA, Ait. Fragrant Sumach. 

Branches slender, nearly smooth ; leaves ternate ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, sessile 
the middle one wedge-shaped at the base, unequally cut-toothed, pubescent when 
young. 

Dry xocky soil ; rare. April, May. A small aromatic shrub 2 to 6 feet high* 
Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, the common petioles 1 to 2 inches long. 
Flowers yellowish, in clustered scaly-bracted spikes like cat7cins, preceding the 
leaves. Fruit red, acrid, more or less hisped. 

7. R. COTTNUS. Venitian Sumach. 

A email shrub, cultivated : native of Arkansas, according to Nuttall, remarkable 
chiefly for the singular and ornamental appearance of its long, diffuse feathery 
fruit-salks, showing in the distance as if the plant were enveloped in a cloud of 
•moke. 



acekace^:. 69 



Order 32. AOEKAOEIE. 

Trees with apposite palmately Idled, rarely pinnate leaves, witkonl stipules, and 
flowers often polygamous, sometimes apetalous, small, in axillary racemes, cor y mis 
or fascicles. Sepals 5, rarely 4 to 9, more or less united, colored, imbricate in rosti. 
ration. Petals 5, rarely 4 to 9, alternate with the sepals, hypoygnous. Stamens 
usually 8, sometimes 9 to 12, distinct. Styles 2. Stigmas ?. Ovary 2-iobed, 
2-celled.. Fruit of 2 indehiscent winged samara, each 1-celled, 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds 
with little or no albumen. 

1. ACER. Linn. Maple. 

Lat. acer, sharp ; the wood was anciently manufactured into weapons of war. 

Calyx 5-lobed ; sometimes 5-parted. Petals 5, or more. 
Stamens 6 to 8, rarely 5. Samara 2-winged, united at 
"base by abortion, 1-seeded. — Trees with simple, palmate!?/ 
lobed leaves, often heart-shaped at the base, and mostly polyga- 
mous flowers. 

* Flowers in corymb or fascicles. Trees. 

1. A. rubrtjm, L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. 

Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, heart-shaped at the base, irregularly serrate and notched, 
acute, the middle one usually the longest, glaucous, underneath ; flowers on very 
short pedicels ; petals linear oblong. 

Moist woods. March, April. A common tree from 20 to 40 feet high, with reddish 
twigs. Trunlc covered with a smooth bark, marked with large, whit3 spots, becom- 
ing dark with age. Letives variable in size, pubescent when young. Flowers ap- 
pearing in early spring before the leaves, scarlet, o:* yellowish, about 3 in each 
fascicle. Fruit on pedicels 2 to 3 inches long, smooth. 

2. A. DASYCARPUM, Ehrh. White Maple. Silver Maple, 

Leaves deeply 5-lobed, with the sinuses rather acute, unequally and incisely 
toothed; whitish glaucous underneath; flowers aggregated on short petioles; 
petals none; fruit woolly when young, nearly smooth when grown, with large dilated 
wings. 

Banks of streams ; not common. April, May. A fine ornamental tree, 30 to 50 
feet high, affording a sweet sap. Leaves on long petioles, nearly smooth when old. 
Flowers greenish-yellow or purplish, usually about 5 together. Pedicels of the fruit 
about an inch long. 

3. A. saccharintjMj L. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. 

Leaves 3 to 5 lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed lobes, sparingly sinuate 
toothed, subcordate at base, glaucous beneath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing 
and lateral leafless buds, drooping; pedicels slender, hairy; calyx hairy at the apex ; 
petals none. 

Woods and mountain valley?. April. A fine tree 50 to 80 feet high, with a trunk 
2 to 3 feet in diameter. Bark of a light-gray color, rough and scaly. Branches 
numerous and finely ramified in open situations. Foliage very luxurient, deep 
green and smooth above. Flowers yellowish, on long thread-like peduncles. Feti 
dies smooth. This is one of the most useful trees of the forest; the sugar obtained 
frow its sap is perhaps the most delicious of all sweets. The wood is very strong 
and compact, often presenting that beautiful arrangement of fibre, called bird's-eye 
maple, which is so highly esteemed in cabinet work. It is extensively cultivated as 
an ornamental shade tree. 

* * Flowers in terminal racemes. Large $hrt$$. 



70 SAPINDACEJE. 



4. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple. 

leaves with 3 acuminate lobes, rounded at base, finely and sharply double serrate; 
racemes drooping, loose ; petals obovate ; fruit with large diverging wings. 

Rich woods and shady rocks. May. A shrub or small tree 10 to 15 feet high. 
Trunk beautifully striped lengthwise with green and black. Leaves rarely undi- 
vided. Flowers large, yellowish-green, 10 to 12 in a raceme. Fruit clustered, with 
pale-green wings. 

5. A. -SPiCATUM, Lam. Mountain Maple. 

Leaves small, 3 to 5 lobed, acute, dentate, pubescent beneath; racemes erect, 
dense, somewhat compound; petals linear; fruit smooth; wings somewhat diverg- 
ing. 

Rocky hills and mountains. May, June. A shrub 8 to 12 feet high growing in 
clumps. The bark is of a light gray color. Leaves somewhat pointed, with large 
sharp teeth, more or less cordate at base. Flowers greenish, numerous and small, 
in round, oblong, close-branched clusters 2 to 3 inches long, becoming pendulous 
with the winged fruit. 

2. NEGUNDA. Moench. 

Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Petals none. Stamens mostly 
5. — Small trees with compound pinnately 3 to it-foliate leaves, 
and dicecious flowers, from lateral buds; the sterile in clusters 
on capillary pedicels ; the fertile in drooping racemes. 

N. aceroides, Moencli. Ash-leaved Maple. Box Elder. 

Leaves ternate, or pinnate by fives; 7eq/Z^s*"ovate, acuminate, remotely and 
unequally dentate; pistillate racemes long and pendulous; barren flowers corym- 
bose; fruit oblong, with large wings dilated upwards. 

River banks, low wet grounds and along mountain streams. April. A small 
but handsome tree 10 to 20 feet high, with light-green twigs, and smooth yellowish- 
green bark. Flowers yellowish-green, very delicate, in drooping clusters, rather 
preceding the leaves. Fruit pubescent, oblong, the wings about an inch long. 

Order 33. SAFIMDAGEJE. 

Trees, shrubs, or climbers farnislici ici'h tendrils, rarely herbr, witli alternate and 
mostly compound leaves,, and small, unsymmetrical, usually irregular and polygamous 
flowers. Calyx of 4 or 5 sepals. Petals irregular and often one fewer than the 
sepals, sometimes wanting. Stamens 8 to 10. Ovaky 2 to 3-celled, the styles ox 
$tigmas more or less united. Seeds usually with an aril, destitute of albumen. 

1. CAKDIOSPERMUM. Linn. 

Or. Jeardia, heart, sperma, seed ; the globose seeds marked with a large cordaU 

hiluni. 

Sepals 4 ; the 2 outer smallest. Petals 4, each with an 
emarginate scale above the base, the 2 lower remote from 
the stamens,- their scales crested; glands of the disk 2, oppo- 
site the lower petals . Stamens 8, unequal. Style trifid. 
Capsule membraneous. — Climbing herbs, with biternate 



CELASTEACE^ ?! 



leaves, the lower pedicels changed to tendrils, and smxrtl 
whitish flowers. 

C. Haliacabum, L. Heart-seed. Balloon-vine. 

Plant nearly smooth ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, incisely loBedand dentate ; flowers 
small, axillary, solitary; fruit pyriform-glcbose, large, bladder-like. Native along 
the Missouri river. Terr. & Gr. July. A curious vino 4 to 6 feet long, with 
remarkably large inflated membraneous capsules. 

Sue-order. HIPPO AST ANACEiE. 

Trees or shrubs, loith opposite digitate leaves, without sti- 
pules. Fruit roundish, coriaceous, dehiscent, with 1 to 3 
very large seeds, resembling chestnuts. Embryo very large 
and fleshy, showing a 2 -leaved plumule. Cotyledons united. 

2. JESCULES. Linn. Horse-chestnut. 

Calyx regular, 5-lobe:l, companulate. Petals 4, some- 
times 5, more or less unequal, with claws. Stamens 7 
(rarely 6 or 8); filaments long and slender, often unequal. 
Style 1, filiform, acute; ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in 
each, only one of which, or one in each cell, ripens into a 
seed. — Trees and shrubs with 5 to 1 -foliate leaves, and flowers 
in thyrse-like panicles. 

1. M. glabra, Willi. Ohio Buckeye. 

Leaflets 5, oval or oblong, acuminata, S2rrate cr serrulate, very smooth; corollz 
4-petalled, spreading, -with the claws as long as the calyx; stamens longer than the 
corolla; fruit echinate. 

Banks of streams : Western par!; of the State. May. A small ill-scented tree. 
Leaflets 3 to 6 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, sub-sessile, or abruptly contracted at 
base to a short sialic. Flower., yelovish-white, small, slightly irregular, in terminal 
racemose panicles. Fruit abott ^ inch in diameter, prickly. 

2. JF. Vavia, L. ' Small Buckeye. 

Leaflets 5, oblong-lanceolate, cuneatc at base, abruptly and shortly acuminate, 
finsly serrate; fliwers very irregular in a loose thyrsoid raceme; petals 4, erect, as 
long as the stamens. 

A beautiful shrub, 6 to 10 fc3t high, cultivated for ornament : native of the South- 
ern States; probably indigenous in the South-western part of our State. April, 
May. Flowers larg3, red, smooth. 

3. M. Hippocastanum, L. Common Horse-chestnut. 

Leaves digital, of 7 obovato-raneite leaflet?, crena^, dsntato ; petals 5, spreading; 
Stamens 7 declined, fruit prickly. This well known introduced tree is nearly natu- 
ralized. Native of Asia. In June ib puts forth numerous pyramidal racemes or 

thyrses of pink and white flowers, finely contrasting with the dark-green of its 

massy foliage. 

Order 34. CEL&STRAGE^. 

Shrubs or small trees, with epptsite cr alternate leaves, small, regular and sym> 
me&riejlJiQiozrs. S3PAL3 4 to 5. united at base, imbricated. Petals 4 to 5, inserted 



72 CELASTRACE^a. 



by a broad base under the margin of a flat expanded disk which surrounds the 
ovary. Stamens 4 to 5, alternate with the petals, inserted on the margin of the 
disk. Ovary superior, immersed in, and adhering to the disk. Eruit a capsule or 
berry. Seeds solitary or few. 

Tiube % STAPHYLEiE. 

Leaves pinnate, opposite. Seeds long, not ariled. Ovary many-ovided, free from 
the cup-shaped disk. 

1. STAPIXYLEA. Linn. Bladder-nut. 

Gr. staphide, a cluster; in allusion to its mode of flowering. 

Sepals 5, oblong, erect, colored, persistent. Petals 5, 
with short claws. Stamens 5. Pistils 3, united in the 
axis, their long styles cohering, but separating as the ovary 
enlarges into the membranaceous inflated 3-lobed, 3-celled 
capsules. — Upright shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves and 
white J lowers in raceme-like clusters, terminating the braneMets* 

1. S. trifolia, L. Bladder-nut. 

Leaves ternate, on long petioles; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent, 
the terminal one petioled ; styles smooth. 

Moist thickets and rocky places. May. A handrome shrub 6 to 10 feet high, 
With straight and smooi-h slender branches. Flowers white, with sp^ti of orange, 
in pendulous clusters. 

Tribe 2. EUONYMEiE. 

Leaves simple-; stylcl; stigmas o-lobed ; ovaries 2 in each cell'; seeds with pulpy arils ; 
disk adhering to the loitom of the calyx. 

2. CELASTRUS. Linn. Shrubby Bitter-sweet. 

Flowers sometimes polygamous. Sepals 5, united at 
base. Petals 5 sessile. Stamens on the margin of a 
cup-shaped disk. Pistils on the disk. Capsule globose, 
or 3-angled, 3-celled. Seeds 1 to 2 in each cell, erect, 
enclosed by a pulpy scarlet aril. — Climbing or twining 
shrubs, with alternate leaves, minute deciduous stipules and 
small greenish flowers in raceme-like clusters terminating the 
branches. 

C. SCANDENS, L. Climbing Bitter-sweet Wax-worh. 

Stem climbing and twining, unarmed ; leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate, petioled, 
Stipules minute ; racemes terminal ; floivers dioecious. 

Woods and thickets. May, June. A handsome climbing shrub, the sterna 
twining about trees and each other, ascending to a great height. Leaves smooth. 
Flowers in small racemes, greenish-white. Seeds covered with a scarlet aril, con- 
tained in an orange-colored 3-valved capsule. 






RHAMNACEJE. 73 



3. EUONYMUS. Tourn. Spindle-tree. 

Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and 
flat calyx. Petals 4 to 5, rounded, spreading. Stamens 
very short, inserted on the upper face of a broad and flat 4 
to 5-angled disk. Style short or ncme. Capsule with 3 
to 5 angles, 3 to 5 ceils and as many valves. Seeds 1 to 2 
in each cell, inclosed in a red fleshy aril. — Shrubs ivith 5-sided 
branchlets, opposite serrate leaves, and loose cymes of small 
green or dark purple flowers on axillary peduncles. 

1. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. Burning Bush. 

Stem with smooth, .opposite, square branches; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, 
pointed, serrate, pubescent beneath: floivers mostly in fours; fruit smooth, deeply 
lobed. 

Hedges and banks of streams : sometimes cultivated. June. A handsome orna- 
mental shrub 4 to 8 feet high. Floivers dark purple. Fruit very showy at the 
close of autumn, drooping on long peduncles. Capsule crimson, smooth. Aril 
enclosing the seed, scarlet. 

2. E. Americanus, L. Strawberry Tree. Burning Bush. 

Branches opposite, smooth, square; leaves opposite, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, 
varying to oval, acute, serrate; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered, rounded; calyx small, 
with acute segments; flowers in fives, fruit rough, warty, depressed, 

Wet places and moist woods. June. Shrub 4 to G feet high. Floivers greenish- 
yellow with a tinge of purple. Fruit not as copious as the above, crimson when 
ripe, the aril scarlet. 

Order 35. BR&MNAGBM—Thc Buckthorn Family, 

Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves, minute stipules, and small regular axil- 
lary or terminal flower s (sometimes apetalous). Branches often thorny. Sepals 4 or 5, 
united at base, valvate in aestivation. Petals 4 or 5, distinct, cuccullate or con- 
cave, inserted along with the stamens into the edge of a fleshy disk which lines the 
short tube of the calyx. Stamens 4 to 5 opposite the petals. Ovary superior or 
half superior, 2 to 5-eelled. Stigmas 2 to 5. Fruit fleshy and mdehisecnt. or dry 
and separating in 3 parts. Seeds erect, mostly with fleshy albumen. 

1. KHAMNUS. Linn. Buckthorn. 

Gr. Ramnos, the ancient name; from the numerous branchlets. 

Calyx 4 to 5-cleft. Petals 4 to 5, shorter than the 
sepals, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, sometimes v ery 
iminute or wanting. Stamens 4 to 5, inserted above the 
petals. Style 2 to 4-cleft. Fruit a berry-like drupe, 
containing 2 to 4 cartilaginous nuts. — Small trees or shrubs, 
with mostly alternate leaves, and minute flowers in short 
axillary clusters, of ten polygamous or dioecious. 
R 



74 VITACE^E. 



1. R. alnifolius, L'Herit. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. 

Shrub erect with unarmed branches ; leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
pubescent on the veins beneath ; peduncles aggregate, 1-flowered ; flowers mostly 
pentandrous ; calyx acute, styles 3, united, very short; fruit top-shaped. 

Sphagnous swamps. May, June. A spreading shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 
1 to 3 inches long, % a8 wide, acute at base. Flowers small, greenish, mostly 
apetalous. Berries about as large a3 small peas, black. 

2. It. lanceolatus, Pursh. Lance-leaved Buckthorn. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; (floral ones obtuse, mostly ovate or round- 
iah), closely serrulate, minutely downy underneath ; petals 4, deeply oheordate, 
about as long as the short stamens; seeds 2. 

Hills and river banks : Mercersburg, Franklin Co. Prof. Traill Green. May. A 
tall shrub, not thorny. Later leaves long, often oblong-ovate. Flowers yellowish- 
green, dioecious-polygamous ; the pedicels usually single in the more fertile plant, 
wh'ch has the 2-cleft style exserted, and produces abundant globular drupes about 
the size of a pepper-corn. The less fertile plant bears rather larger flowers, on 
clustered pedicels, with a very short and included style. Drupes large top-ghaped, 
d«tinctly pointed with the short style. Seeds obovate, deeply grooved. 

Order 36. YITAOEJE.— The Vine Family. 

Shrubs, climbing by tendrils, with simple or compound leaves, and small, regular, 
•ften polygamous or dioecious flowers with a minute truncate nearly entire calyx. 
Phtals 4 to 5, very deciduous, inserted on the outside of the disk. Stamens 4 to 5 
opposite the petals, inserted on the disk, sometimes sterile, by abortion. Pistili 
with a short style, or none, and a slightly 2-lobed stigma. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 
erect anatropous ovules from the base of each. Fruit a globose pulpy berry, with 
hard albumen. 

1. VITIS. Linn. Vine. 

Calyx somewhat 4 to 5-toothed. Petals 4 to 5, cohering 
at their apex, usually falling off without expanding. Sta- 
mens 5. Style none. Base of the ovary surrounded with 
a 4 or 5-lobed ring, or 4 to 5 glands alternate with the 
stamens. Berry 2-celled, 1 to 4-seeded; cells and seeds 
often abortive. — Flowers fragrant in a compound thyrse* 
\ Peduncles of ten changed into tendrils. 

1. V. Labrusca, L. Northern Fox Grape. 

Leaves very large, broad-cordate, angular-lobed, acutely toothed, smooth above, 
very woolly beneath, racemes small, panicled ; berries large. 

Moist thickets and woods; common. June. Stem climbing to a great height. 
Leaves and young branches very woolly. Flovjers small, green. Fruit large, 
purple, often green or red, ripe in Sept. The Isabella, Catawba, islands and other 
•arts known in cultivation, are varieties of this species. 

2. V. aestivalis, Michx. Frost Grape. Winter Grape. 

Young leaves downy with loose ferruginous hairs beneath, smoothish when old, 
jreen above, broadly cordate, 3 to 5-lobed or palmate-sinuate, coarsely dentate; 
ftrHU roosme long, paniclwl, opposite the leaves; twries smaU. 



POLYGALACE^. 75 



Hills, woods and river batiks. June. Stem very long, slender, climbing. Leaves 
▼ery large, clothed beneath when young with cobweb-like, rust-colored pubescence. 
Tendrils from the peduncles, with an opposite leaf. Berries deep blue, with a 
fcloom well flavored, but small, ripe in Sept. 

3. V. cordifoliAj Michx. Frost Grape. Winter Grape. 

Leaves cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally but coarsely toothed, smooth on 
both sides; raceme loose, many-flowered ; berries small. 

Thickets by river banks ; common. June. Stem ascending, shrubs and trees to 
the height of 10 to 20 feet. Leaves large, membraneous, often 3-lobed, with pubes- 
cent veins when young, and a few mucronate teeth. Berrias nearly black, small, 
late, acid, but well flavored after being frosted. 

4. Y. vinifera. Common Wine Grape. 

Leaves cordate, sinuately 5-lobed, smooth ; flowers all perfect. Naturalized ice 
jiearly all temperate climates. Varieties without end may be raised from the se*d, 
which will hear fruit the 4th or 5th year. 

2. AMPELOPSIS. Michx. 

Gr. arnpelos? the vine, and opsis, appearance; resembling the vine. 

Calyx slightly 5-stalked. Petals concave, spreading 
deciduous after expansion. Stigmas capitate. Ovary with- 
out a 5-lobed ring, 2 to 4-seeded. — Fine shrubby creepers with 
digittate or cordate leaves and cymose clusters of flowers: sup* 
ported by radiating tendrils. 

1. A. QUINQUEFOLIA, Michx. Virginian Creeper. 

Leaves quinate, digitate ; leaflets oblong, acuminate, petiolate, dentate, smooth, 
racemes somewhat dichotomously cymose. 

Woods and thickets. June, July. A vigorous climber, cultivated as a covering 
for walls, trellises, &c. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish, in forked clusters. Berries 
4ark blue, smaller than peas. 

2. E. CORDATA, Michx. Heart-leaved Creeper. 

Stem climbing, with slender branches ; leaves cordate, acuminate, toothed and 
angular; nerves beneath, pubescent; racemes dichtomous, few-flowered. 
Rank3 of streams. June, July. Panicles opposite the leaves. Berries pale-red, 

Beck. 



Order 37. F0LYGALAGE3L 

Plants, shrubby or herbaceous, with simple, entire, alternate or rarely opposite, 
leaves destitute of stipules, and irregidar papilionaceous flowers, with 4 to 8 diadel- 
phous stamens. Sepals 5, very~ irregular, distinct, 3 exterior, of which 1 is superior 
and % inferior, 2 inner ones called the wings much larger, and colored like th© 
petals. Petals 3, hypogynous the anterior (keel) larger than the rest, and usually 
crested. Stamens 6 or 8, with their filaments combined in a tube which is split on 
the upper side, cohering more or less with the petals, free above. Anthers l-celled f 
opening by & terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-celled. Style and stigma simple. 
Frist usually a capsule generally rounded or notched at the apex.. Seeds with a$ 
abu&lant albumen,. 



76 P0LYGALACEJ3 



1. POL YG ALA. Tourn. Milkwort. 

Gt.polus, much, and gala, milky; supposed to favor the lactealsecretions. 

Sepals 5 persistent, 2 of them wing-shaped and colored, 
Petals 3 to 5, united to the stamens, the lower one keel- 
form. Capsule obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded. 
Seeds smooth with a caruncle. — Low bitter herbs, with sim- 
ple entire leaves, often dotted, and no stipides, sometimes bear- 
ing concealed fertile floivers also next the ground. 

* Annual: flowers purple to white; spikes ovate globose or oblong, dense. 

1. P. INCARNATA, L. Flesh-colored Milkwort. 

Stem erect, slender, simple or sparingly "branched ; leaves small, linear-subulate, 
few; spikes oblong or cylindrical, without glands; corolla with a long tube. 

Dry soils. Jane, July. Stern- 1 to 2 feet high, Leaves % inch long, remote. 
Spikes 1 to 1^ inches long. Flowers pale rose-color or flesh-color ; wings, much 
shorter than the conspicuously crested corolla ; claws of the petals united into a 
yery long and slender-cleft tube. 

2. P. purpurea, Nutt. Purple Milkwort. 

Stem branching at top ; leaves linear, alternate ; flowers beardless, imbricated ia 
obtuse, cylindrical spikes ; wings of the calyx cordate-ovate, erect, twice as long as 
the capsule. 

Meadows and wet grounds. July — Sept. A handsome erect plant 6 to 10 inches 
high, easily recognized by its short purplish, cylindrical spike of flowers. Stem 
angular with fastigiate branches, each ending with a spike smaller than the main 
stem, but rising above it in height. 

* * Spikes elongated or racemose; flowers white or greenish. 

3. P. AMBIGUA, Nutt. Ambiguous Milkwort. 

Stem erect, yery slender, loosely branched; lowest stem leaves in whorls of four, 
the rest scattered, narrowly linear; spikes long peduncled, yery slender; flowers 
crested ; bracts deciduous. 

Dry woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, somewhat angular. Leaves 
sessile, tapering to the base, 3^ to 1 inch long, narrow. Racemes spicate, acute, 
about 1 inch long, 20 to 30-fiowered, on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long. Flower's 
small, greenish- white, tinged with purple. Wings of the calyx round and veined. 

4". P. VERTIOELLATA, L. Whorl-leaved Milkwort. 

SUm erect, branched ; leaves whorled, linear and lance-linear ; raceme spiked, 
dense, acute, on rather short peduncles; bracts falling with the flowers; wings 
round, clawed. 

Dry hills ; common. July — Oct. Stem yery slender, square, 6 to 10 inches high. 
Leaves in whorls of 4 or 5, % to 1 inch long, alternate on the branches. Flowers 
small, greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple ; crest rather large in pro- 
portion, 

5. P. senega, L. Seneca Snake-root. 

Stems several form a thick and hard knotty root, simple ; leaves alternate, lan- 
ceolate, tapering at each end, rough on the margin, spikes cylindrical, rather 
dense, somewhat acute; flowers on extremely short pedicels; wings of the calyx 
Orbicular ; capsule elliptic, emarginate. 

Woods and meadows. June, July. Perennial. Stem a foot high, with ovate 
scale-like leaves at the base. Leaves smooth, finely serrulate, 1 to 3 inches long, % 
aa wide, numerous; scatteredo Flowers white in a filiform spike 1 to 3 inches long. 



LEGUMINOSJB. 77 



Sepals obtuse, larger than the petals. Root medicinal. A valuable stimulating 
expectorant. 

* * * Perennials : flowers purple^ showy, larger than ike former ; hearing whitish 
ftrlile one* on subterranean branches. 

6. P, polygama, Walt. Bitter Milkwort. 

Stem* numeroui, simple, erect and procumbent; leaves linear-lanceolate, Of 
©bovate, alternate, attenuate downwards; racemes filiform, terminal and lateral? 
elongated \ flowers sessile, the broadly obovate wings longer than the crested corolla* 
Fields and pastures. June, July. Stems crowded, many from the same root 3 
angular, smooth. Leaves smooth, lower obcyate, upper linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 
sessile. Flowers purple, % inch in diameter, very handsome, 8-androus. Sultera- 
nean flowers on procumbent racemes, without petals, sessile. Bitter and tonic, 

7. paucifolia, Willd. Fringed Poly gala. 

Stem simple, erect, naked below, rising from long and slender prostrate or subte- 
ranean shoots, which bear concealed fertile flowers ; leaves ovate, acute, smooth ; 
terminal flowtrs mostly in threes, large cristate, sometimes axillary ; -wings obovate, 
rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested keel. 

Woods along mountains in light soil. May. A delicate plant with large showy 
purple flowers, '% inch long. Stem 3 to 4 inches high. Lower leaves small and 
scattered, scale-like. The radical flowers are either close to the ground or subtera- 
?iean, smaller, greenish. 

Order 38. LEGUMINGSSS — Leguminous Plants, 

Herbaceous plants, shrubs «r trees, with alternate mostly compound leaves with stip- 
vie? f and papilionaceous flowers, lQ-monodelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct 
itamens, and a single, simple pistil, producing a legume in fruit. Calyx of 5 sepals 
more or less united. Petals 5, papilionaceous or rarely regularly spreading. Sta- 
HBNS definite or indefinite, inserted with the corolla. Ovaey simple, superior. 
ITbuit a legume. Seeds attached to the upper suture, without albumen. 

Sub-order I. PAPILIONACE^. 

Petals truly papilionaceous, imbricate in aestivation, the 
spper one extended. Stamens 10, mostly diadelphous, 9 
united by their filaments into a eheath split on the upper 
side when the 10 th is free. 

Tribe 1. VICIE M. The Vetch or Pea Tribe. 

Ebrbi with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole produced into a tendril or bris- 
tle ; peduncles axillary. 

X VICIA. Tour. Vftch. 

Calyx tubular, 6-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth 
often shorter. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform, bent 
at a right angle with the ovary, hairy down the entire side. 
Legume oblong, many-seeded.- — Herbaceous mostly climbing 
plants, with abruptly pinnate leaves of several pairs ofleajkts^ 
find a branching tendril. Pedunchs axillary. 
R* 



78 LEGUMINOSJB. 



1. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Carolina Vetch. 

Nearly smooth ; Uajkis 8 to 10, elliptical-lanceolate, obtusa, scarcly mucronate ; 
peduncles loosely flowered, as long or longer than the leaves; flowers distant; 
calyx teeth very short. 

Borders of woods and along fences. May, June. Per. Stem 2 to 4 feet long, 
climbing. Leaflets % inch long, }/% to ^ wide. Flowers small, white or pale-blue. 
Standard black at the tip. Legume oblong. 

2. V. Americana, Muhl. American Vetch. 

Smooth; leaflets 10 to 14, elliptical or ovate-oblong, very obtuse, many-veined ; 
Stipules semi-sagittate, deeply-toothed ; peduncles 4 to 8-flowered, shorter than the 
leaves. 

Moist thickets and woods. June. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet long, slender, some- 
what 4-angled. Leaflets 1 inch long, nearly % as wide. Flowers purplish-blue, % 
inch long. Style very hairy at the summit. Legumes oblong-linear, compressed, 
reticulated. 

3. V. CRACCA, L. Tufted Vetch. 

Downy-pubescent; stem branching; leaflets 10 to 20, oblong-lanceolate, strongly 
mucronate ; stipules semi-sagittate, linear, nearly entire ; peduncles densely many- 
flowered; calyx teeth shorter than the tube; style hairy at the top. 

Border of fields, woods and meadows. June, July. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet long, 
Blender, square. Leaflets %*><>% inch long, ^ inch wide. Flowers 10 to 20 in a 
long, dense, one-sided raceme pale-purple. Legume oblong, compressed, coriaceous, 
smooth. 

* Annual. Naturalized. 

4. V. tetrasperma, L. Slender Vetch. 

Smooth; leaflets 8 to 12, linear-oblong, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, semi-sagittate; 
peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; calyx teeth unequal; legume oblong, smooth, mostly 
4-seeded. 

Fields and banks of streams; introduced. May, June. Stems almost filiform 1 
to 2 feet long. Leaflets % mcn * on g> 1 l ine wide, acute or obtuse. Flowers very 
small, white, or bluish-white, sometimes 3 or 4 together. 

5. V. sativa, L. Common Vetch or Tare. 

Somewhat pubescent; stem simple; leaflets 10 to 14, ovate-oblong or linear-oblong, 
notched and mucronate at the apex; calyx-teeth equal; legume linear, several- 
seeded. 

Cultivated fields and waste places; introduced. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect 
or decumbent. Leaflets % to 1 inch long, % wide. Flowers y 2 inch long, pale-purple. 
Legume 1 to 2 inches long, erect, roundish, reticulated, smooth. 

6. V. hirsuta, Koch. Hairy Vetch. 

Leaflets 8 to 20, linear, or linear-oblong, truncate, mucronate ; stipules semi-sagit- 
tate, narrow; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves; legumes oblong, 
hairy, 2-seeded. 

A creeping weed in cultivated fields; introduced. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet 
long, much branched and diffused. Leaflets about y 2 inch long, very narrow. 
Flowers very small, bluish-white. Legumes short, with roundish compressed 
brown seeds. 

2. LATHYRUS. Linn. Vetchling. 

Gr. Lathuros, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the upper teeth shorter papilionaceous. 
Stamens diadelphous. Style flattish, not grooved above, 



LEGTJMIN0S.2E. 7$ 



hairy along the inner side. Legumes oblong, several-seeded, 
2-valved, 1-celled. — Herbaceous mostly climbing plants with 
abruptly pinnate leaves^ and petioles produced into branching 
tendrils. 

1. L. VENOSUS, Muhl. Veiny Vetchling. 

Stem climbing, square, naked; leaflets 5 to 7 pairs ovate-oblong, obtuse, sub- 
apposite, mucronate, veined, often downy beneath; stipules very small, semi-sagit- 
tate ; peduncles many-flowered. 

Shady banks and low meadows, July, Aug. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet long, climbing, 
mostly smooth. Leaflets 1% to 2 inches long, variable in width. Peduncles many- 
flowered, about the length of the leaves. Corolla purple. Legumes flat and narrow. 

2. L. PALUSTRUS, L. Marsh Vetchling. 

Stem slender, often wing-margined ; leaflets 3 to 4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or 
narrow-oblong, mucronate ; stipules semi-sagittate, acute ; peduncles 3 to 5-flowered. 

Low grounds, wet meadows and thickets. June, July. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet 
long, square, broadly-winged at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Leaflet* 
variable in width, somewhat coriaceous. Flowers drooping, rather large, variegated 
with blue and purple. 

3. L. myrtifolius, Muhl. Myrtle-leaved Vetchling. 

Stem slender, weak, square ; leaflets 2 to 3 pairs, oblong-lanceolate, acute, mucro- 
nate; stipules semi-sagittate, lanceolate, acuminate; peduncles 3 to 6-flowered, 
longer than the leaves. 

River banks and marshy places. July, Aug. Per. Stem about 3 feet long. 
Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowers pale-purple, somewhat resembling 
L. palustris, but has a more slender stem, and broader leaflets and stipules. 

4. L. ochroleucus, Hook. Pale Vetchling. 

Stem slender; leaflets in 3 to 4 pairs, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, reticulate beneath ; 
stipules large, half-cordate ; peduncles 4 to 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves. 

Hillsides and banks of streams. June, July. Per. Whole plant smooth, pale 
and somewhat glaucous. Stem 1 to 2 feet long, often erect. Leaflets 1 to 1% inches 
long,% as wide, larger than the stipules. Peduncles axillary. Flowers large, pate 
yellow. Legume compressed, smooth. 

CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 

5. L. latifolius, Everlasting Pea. 

Leaflets 2, lanceolate ; joints membraneous, winged ; peduncles many-flowered. A 
rery showy perennial plant ; native of England. Stem 6 feet long, climbing, 
winged between the joints. Flowers large, pink, clustered on a peduncle 6 to 10 
inches long. — 

6. L. odoratus, Sweet Pea. 

Leaflets 2, ovate-oblong; peduncles 2-fiowered; legume hirsute. A well known 
garden annual, native of Sicily. The flowers appear in June, are large eweeV 
toented, varigated with red, purple and white. 

7. L. s ATI yum, Chick Pea. 

Leaflets 2 to 4; peduncles 1-flowered;, legume ovate, compressed, with % winged 
magins at the back. A common annual; native of S. Europe where it has beea 
tomgUmea cultivated for food; but has proved to be a slow poisoau 



gO LEGUMINOSA 



3. PISUM. Linn. Pea. 

Lat. pisum, pea. 

Calxy segments leafy, the 2 upper shortest. Banner 
large, reflexed. Stamens 9 and 1-diadelphous. Style com- 
pressed, carinate, villous on the upper side. Legume oblong, 
tumid, many-seeded. Seeds globose, with an orbicular 
hilum. — Herbaceous climbing plants, with abruptly pinnate 
leaves, ending with branching tendrils, 

1. P. sativum, L. Common Garden Pea, 

Leaflets ovate, entire, usually 4 ; stipules ovate, semi-cordate at base, crenate ; 
peduncles several-fiowered. A valuable annual garden plant, cultivated from time 
immemorial, so that its native country is unknown. "Whole plant smooth a»d 
glaucous. Stem 2 to 5 feet long climbing by tendrils. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches longj 
% as wide, obtuse, mucronate. Flowers 2 or more, on axillary peduncles, large, 
irhite. 

4. CICER. Tourn. Chick Pea. 

The Latin name for a species of vetch ; applied to this genus. 

Calyx 5-parted, the 4 upper segments incumbent on the 
vexillum; tube more or less gibbons at base on the upper 
side. Legume turgid, 2-seeded. Seeds gibbous, mucron- 
ate. — A cultivated annual, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white 
solitary or axillary flowers. 

1. C. aiuetinum, L. Coffee Pea, Chick Pea, 
Leanet odd-pinnate ; leaflets cuneate-obovate, serrate; stipules lanceolate, rub* 
denticulate ; calyx slightly gibbous. Cultivated in gardens ; the seeds are said to 
afford a tolerable substitute for coffee. Stem 9 to 18 inches high, branching. 
Leaflets in 4 to 6 pairs, Y 2 inch long, % wide, with a terminal odd one. Flowers 
white. Legume nearly 1 inch long. Seeds gibbous, in form much resembling a 
ram'* head. 

5. FABA. Tourn. Windsor Bean. 

The Latin name for a bean ; appropriated to this genus. 

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, 2 upper segments shorter. Stylb 
bent at a right angle with the ovary, Stigma villose. Le- 
gume large, coriaceous, somewhat tumid; Seeds oblong 
with a terminal hilum. — Herbaceous plants, apparently without 
tendrils, and simple, erect, axillary racemes of flowers, 

1, F. vulgaris, Moench. Horse Bean, 

Leaflets 2 to 4, oval, mucronate; stipules semi-sagittate, obliquely orate. Native 
ef Ejypt. Cultivated in gardens. Stem rigidly erect, with axillary, many-flowered 
tae«mes, 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers white, with a large black * pot on ca«h wing. 
i #/«m« torulote. 



LEGUMIN0SJ3. 81 



Tribe 2. PHASEOLEiE. The Bean Tribe. 

Twining or trailing plants, ivith odd-pinnate leaves, of 3 several leaflets, mottiy 
stipellate, destitute of tendrils ; flowers- often in racemes. 

6. PHASEOLUS. Linn. Kidney Bean, 

Calyx conipanulate, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth 
more or less united. Keel of the coHolla" with the inclu- 
ded stamens and style spirally coiled or incurved. Legume 
linear or falcate more or less compressed, many-seeded, 
tipped with the hardened base of the style. — Herbaceous 
twining or trailing plants, with stipellaie pinnately trifoliate 
leaves , and knotty or compressed racemes of flowers. 

1. P. PERENNIS. Walt. Wild Bean-vine. 

Stem twining, pubescent; leaflets ovate^ short-acuminate, 3-neryed; racemes 
solitary or somewhat clustered, simple or- in pairs> axillary, longer than the leaves; 
legume pendulous. 

Dry woods; common. July. Per. Stem 4 to 10 feet long, scmewhat branching. 
Leaflets 1% to 3% inches long, % as wide, terminal one often sub-cordate. Raceme 
6 to 12 inches long, loos9. Flowers numerous, purple and violet, handsome. 
Legume abont 2 inches long, % inches wide scythe-shaped, broad, mucronate. 
Seeds dark-purple. 

2. P. diversifolius, Pers. Lobed Bean-vine. 

Leaflets broad-ovate, angular, 2 to 3-1 obed, some of them oblong-orate and entire; 
peduncles angled, longer than the leaves ; flowers in heads; legume broadly linear, 
rouud. 

Sandy fields and woods. Aug. Annual. Stem 2 to 6 feet long. Leaflets 1 to^Q 
inches long, % as wide, with scattered hairs beneath, sometimes more or less 
3-lobed. Peduncles 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 3-flowercd. Flowers purple. Legume 
5 to 7-seeded, black when ripe. 

3. P. HELVOLUS, L. Long-stallced Bean-vine. 

Stem slender, hairy, twining, diffuse, or prostrate ; leaflets ovate or oblong, entire ; 
stipules lanceolate ; peduncles 3 to 6 times the length of the beans ; flowers few, in 
heads; legume narrow-linear, cylindric, 8 to 10-seeded, slightly pubescent- 
Sandy fields. July — Sept. Per. Stem 3 to 5 feet long. Leaflets 1 te 2 inches 
long, i<£ ^0 1 inch wide. Peduncles 4 to 8 inches long, 4 to 7-flowered. Calyx with 
2 lance-oblong nerved bracts at base. Corolla purplish; vesnllum large, roundish. 
Legumes 2 to 3 inches long, very narrow, subfalcate. Seeds woolly. 

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES.. 

4. P, vulgaris, L. Pole Bean. Kidney Bean, 

Stem twining ; leaflets ovate acuminate ; raceme solitary, shorter than the leaves * : 
pedicels in pairs ; calyxes short as its 2 bracts at base; legume pendulous. Seeds 
reniform. Annual. Native of the East Indies. Universally cultivated in gardens 
for table use. Flowers mostly white. 

5. P. lunatus, L. Lima Bean, 

Siem twining; leaflets ovate, deltoid, acute; raceme shorter than the leaver 
peduncles in pairs ; calyx longer than its 2 bracts at base ; legume short, sword- 
shaped or lunate ; seeds large, much compressed, purplish-white. Annual. Native 
of the East Indies. Stem 6 to 8 feet long. Flowers 6mall, white. Valued ifl- 
raltivation. 



82 LEGUMINOS^. 



6. P. multiflorus, L. Scarlet Pole Bean, 

Stem twining; leaflets ovate, acute; raceme solitary, as long as the leaves; caly% 
longer than the 2 appressed bracts at base; legume pendulous; seeds kidney-shaped. 
Annual. Native of S. America. Flowers scarlet, numerous, and very brilliant. 

7. P. nanus, L. Bush Bean, 

Stem smcoih, very branching, erect; leaflets broad-ovate, acute; calyx shorter 
than its 2 bracts at b*ase; legume pendulous, compressed, rugose. Annual. Native 
of India. Stem 1 foot high. Flowers white. Seeds white, small. Much cultivated. 

7. APIOS. Boerh. Ground-nut. 

Gr. opios, &pear; in allusion to the form of its tuberous roots. 

Calyx companulate, obscurely 2-lipped - } the upper Up of 
2 short rounded teeth. Standard very broad, with a longi- 
tudinal fold in the centre, reflexed. Keel long, falcate, and 
with the stamens and style at length spirally twisted. Le- 
gume straight or slightly curved, rounded, many-seeded. — 
A perennial twining herb, ivith pleasant tasted tubers on under- 
ground shcots, pinnate! y 5 to 7 foliate leaves and, dense, short } 
often branching facemes of flowers on knotty peduncles, 

1. A. tuberosa, Moench. Ground-nut. 

Stem twining; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate; raceme shorter than the leaves. 

Low ground r, thickets and shady woods. July, August. Root producing oval 
tubers about y 2 inch in diameter, very nutritious. Flowers in short oval racemes, 
purple and brcwn, fragrant. 

8. GALACTIA. P. Brown. Milk Pea. 

Gr. gala, milk; in allusion to the juice of some of the species. 

Calyx 4-cleft, equal, the upper lobe broadest. Keel 
scarcely incurved. Standard incumbent, broad. Legumes 
compressed, linear, many-seeded. — Low mostly prostrate or 
twining perennials, with pinnately trifoliate stipellate leaves, 
and axillary racemes of flowers, 

1. Gr. glabella, Michx. Smooth Milk Pea. 

Stem nearly smooth, prostrate, somewhat twining; leaflets elliptical or ovate* 
©blong, obtuse or notched, sometimes slightly hairy beneath; racemes axillary, 
eimple, few-flcwered, on peduncles as long as the leaves; calyx smooth; legume 
pubescent. 

Sandy woods. July, Aug. Root fusiform. Stem 2 to 4 feet long. Leaflets 1 to 
V/<l inches long by % to 1 inch wide, varying in form from elliptic through oblong 
to ovate. Flowers rather large, reddish-purple, greenish externally. 

2. G. MOLLIS, Michx. Soft Milk Pea. 

Stem twining, softly villous ; leaflets ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly smooth above, 
softly \illose and whitish beneath; racemes longer than the leaves, pedunculate ; 
•alyx acuminate villous, legume compressed, villous. 



LEGUMINOS.E. 83 



Dry soils, pine barrens, &c; Southern part of the State. July, Aug. Stemg 
prostrate or climbing. Leaflets about 1 inch long, % as wide. Floivcrs about half 
m long as in the last. 

9. CENTROSEMA. DC. 

Gr. Tcentron, a spur, and sema, the standard. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed; the teeth much shorter than 
the tube. Standard very large, with a spur-shape i projec- 
tion on the back, notched at the top. Keel small, shorter 
than the wings, incurved, acute, on long claws. Style 
dilated at the apex, longitudinally bearded. Legume linear- 
oblong, flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many- 
seeded. — Twining perennials, with pinnately 3 to b-foliatc 
leaves, and large showy flowers. 

1. C. Virginiana, Benth. Spurred Butterfly P< a. 

Rather roughish with minute hairs; stem twining; leaflets varying from oblong* 
ovate to linear, very veiny, shining; peduncles 1 to 4-flowered; calyx a^out as long 
us the lanceolate bracts, teeth linear-awl-shaped ; legume linear, compressed. 

Sandy dry soils. July. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer 
than the calyx. Flowers large, purple, 1 to 2 inches long. Pods straight and 
narrow, 4 to 5 inches long, thickened at the edges, the valves marked with a lino 
on each side next the margin. 

10. AMPHICARPA. Ell. 

Gr. amphi, around, Icarpos, fruit; in reference to the ovary at base, sheathed. 

Calyx tubular, companulate, 4 (rarely 5) tooth 3d with 
nearly equal segments, with no bractlets. Keel and wing- 
petals similar, nearly straight, the standard partly folded 
round them. Stigma capitate. Ovary on a sheathed stipe. 
Legume of the upper flowers flat, 2 to 4-seedel. — Low 
slender twining perennials, with pinnately trifolia'e leaves, 
and 2 kinds of flowers, the upper ones perfect but seldom 
ripening fruit ; lower ones apetalous and fruitful. 

A. monoica. Nutt. Hog Pea-nut. 

Stem hairy; leaflets ovate, acute, smooth; raceme of the stem with nodding, 
pendulous petaliferous (generally barren) flowers; bracts shorter than the pedicels; 
*alyx teeth short and broad. 

Rich woodlands. July — Sept. A delicate slender herb, with pale-purplish or 
whitish flowers. Legume of the stem smootish, with 3 to 4 dark-purple seeds. 
Radical legumes hairy, often very numerous, obovate or pear-shapjd, fleshy, 
jr*pining usually but one large seed. 

11. WISTARIA. Nutt. 

In memory of Casper WLstar, M. D. } President of Am. Philo. Soc 

Calyx bilabiate, upper lip emarginate ; the lower one with 



84 LEGUMIN0S2E. 

sub-equal teeth. Vexillum with 2 hard bunches ascend- 
ing the claw and separating above. Wings and keel 
sickle-shaped, the former adhering at top. Legume uneven 
or swelling. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped. — Twining 
shrubby plants, with -pinnate leaves, and large racemes of 
blue-colored flowers with large colored bracts. 

1. W. frutescens, DO. American Wistaria. 

Stem pubescent, when young, at length smooth; leaflets 9 to 13, ovate or ellipti- 
cal-lanceolate, acute, slightly pubescent; wings with 2 auricles at base; ovaries 
smooth. 

Kich alluvial soils : Western parts of the State. April, May. An ornamental 
vigorous vine, 6 to 10 feet long, climbiug over bushes, &c. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches 
long, % to 1 inch wide. Flowers numerous, on racemes 4 to 8 inches long, lilac. 
Bracts very conspicuous, sheathing the racemes. Seeds spotted. 

2. W. OONSEQUANA, Benth. Chinese Wistaria. 

Stem of rapid growth, 12 to 15 feet long. Leaflets to 13, ovate-lanceolate, silky- 
pubescent. Flowers numerous, loose, in long terminal nodding racemes, clustered. 
A splendid flowering vine from China. May, June. 

Tribe 3. HEDYSAREiE. The Saint/bin Tribe. 

Stamens monodelphous^pr diadelphous. Legume (a loment) separating transversely 
into 2-sev er all-seeded indeliiscent joints, or rarely reduced to 1 such joint. 

12. J33CHYNOMENE. Linn. Sensitive Joint Vetch. 

Gr. aischunomene, to be modest or ashamed ; alluding to its sensitive properties. 

Calyx "2-iipped, the upper lip 2-cleft ; the lower 3-cleft. 
Vexillum roundish. Keel petals boat-shaped, distinct at 
base. Stamens diadelphous, in 2 sets, 5 in each set. Le- 
gume exsorted, flattened, composed of several square easily 
seperable 1-seeded joints. — Leaves odd pinnate, sometimes 
sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch. 

M. hispida, Yv 7 illd. Sensitive JEschynomene. 

Rough, bristly ; stem erect; leaflets very smooth and numerous, 20 to 25 pairs, lin" 
ear, ohtuse; slip, ovate, acuminate; racemes 3 to 5-flowered ; axillary loment com- 
pressed, 6 to 10 jointed. 

Along rivers and in marshals. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaflets about %-inch 
long. Racemes usually bearing a lea£ Flowers yellow, tinged with red externally. 
Legume 2 inches long, stalked, to 10-jointed. W 

13. HEDYSARUM. DC. 

Calyx 5-cleft ; segments- linear-subulate, nearly equal. 
Standard large. Keel obliquely truncate. Wings much 
shorter than the keel. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1). 
Legume with many joints; joints compressed, roundish 
1 seeded. — Mostly herbaceous plants with odd pinnate leaves ; 
not stipellate. 



LEGUMIN0SJ3. 85 



1. H. bore ALE, Nutt. Northern Hedysarum. 

Leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, oblong smoothish ; stipules sheathing, 
subulate ; racemes on long peduncles ; legumes with smooth roundish joints. 

Mountains. June, July. Per. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, rather stout, very 
leafy. Leaflets % to ^ inches long, % to % wide, obtuse, mucronate. Raceme* 
2 to 4 inches long, on rigid peduncles 3 to 5 inches long. Flowers large and hand- 
some; violet-purple, numerous, 

14. DESMODIUM. DC. 

Gt. demos, a chain; from the appearance of the jointed pods. 

Calyx mostly 2-lipped, upper lip 2-parted, lower one 
3-parted. Standard roundish. Keel obtuse, not truncate, 
shorter than the wings. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), 
or nionadelphous, below the middle. Legume flattened, 
composed of several square easily separable joints. — Herba- 
ceous perennial plants, ivith pinnately -trifoliate leaves, stipu- 
late ; and flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, often 
panicled, purple, or purplish, often turning green in drying ; 
laments mostly hoary with minute-toothed hairs by which they 
adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing. 

* Stem erect or ascending ; Stamens all connected: ccdyx toothed gt entire : raceme 
terminal panicled, or the pedicels often clustered: legumes long-stalked. 

1. D, nudiflorum, DC. Nalted-flowered Tick-Trefoil. 

Leaflets roundish-ovate," acuminate; scape radical, smooth, panicled; joint of tho 
legume, obtusely triangular. 

Dry open woods ; common. Aug. Stem 8 to 10 inches high, remarkably distin- 
guished by having its leaves and flowers on separate stalks, often distant from each 
other. Leaflets ternate, 3 to 4 inches long, 1 to 2 or 3 inches wi'de, whitish. Scape 

1 to 3 feet long, slender, smooth, leafless. Flowers purple. 

2. D. acuminatum, DC Point \ed-leaved Desmodiurn. 

Leaves all crowded at tho summit of the stem, on very long petioles ; leaf- 
lets round-ovate, acuminate ; panicle terminal, on a very long peduncle ; joints of 
the legume 2 to 3, semi-oval, pubescent. 

Shady woods. July, Aug. Whole plant slightly hairy. Stem about 1 foot high, 
ending in a slender panicle 1 to 2 feet long. Leaflets 3 inches in diameter, terminal 
one orbicular, ovate, 4 to 5 inches long. Flowers pale-purple or flesh-color. 

3. D. pauciflorum, DC. Few-flowered Desmodiurn. 

Leaves scattered along tho low ascending stems ; lateral leaflets obliquely-ovate, 
the terminal one dilated, rhomboid- ovate, all sub-acuminate and pubescent-ciliate ; 
raceme few flowered, terminal; legume stipitate. 

Woods; rare. Aug. Stem 6 to 9 inches high, decumbent or sub-erect. Petioles 

2 to 3 inches long. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, % as wide. Flowers 2 to 6, white 
or reddish white, in a loose slender raceme. Legume with 2 to 3 semi-oval pubes* 
eent joints slightly connected, 

9 * Stems prostrate ; legumes short stalked, of 3 to 6 joints. 

4. D. humifusum, Beck. Running Desmodiurn. 

Smooth; stem procumbent; leaflets ovate or oval^ stipules ovate-lanceolate; 
wmmw axillary and terminal, elongated; joints of tb« legume snK*v,nTr>TiAt^ t 

s 



86 LEGUMINOSiE. 



Woods, rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet long. leaflets sub-acute. Flowers purple* 
Resembles the next. 

5. D. ROTUNDIFOLIUM, DC. Round-leaved ^ Desmodium. 

Hairy all oyer; leaflets orbicular; stipules broad-oval, acuminate, reflexed; 
racemes axillary and terminal; legume, with 3 to 5 rhomboid-oval hisped joints. 

Dry rocky woods, Aug. Stein extensively trailing 4 , usually very hairy, 2 to 4 
feet long. Leaflets pale beneath, 1 to 2 inches in diameter, on hairy stalks. Flowers 
few, purple. 

* * * Stems (tall) erect; legumes of 4 to 7 inequilateral joints which are longer than 
broad; jlowers large. 

6. D. Canadense, DC. Canadian Desmodium. 

Stem hairy, striate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, much longer than the petiole§> 
nearly smooth above; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, large; racemes dense, erect, 
in a terminal panicle ; joints of the legume 3 to 4, ovate, triangular, hisped. 

Dry woods. July. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, often branched. Petioles very short, 
}4. to % inch long. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, broadest at base, pointed, nearly 
smooth. Flowers pale violet or blue. Racemes with conspicuous bracts. 

7. D. CANESCENS, DC. Hoar?/ Desmodium. 

Stem branching, striate, hairy and scabrous ; leaflets ovate, bluntish, about the 
length of the petioles, scabrous, pubescent on both sides; stipules large, broadly- 
ovate, persistent; flowers in a loose terminal panicle; legume with 4 or 5 unequally 
rhomboidal reticulated strongly hisped joints. 

Moist grounds. Aug. An upright branching plant 3 to 5 feet high with very 
long panicles of flowers, greenish externally, purple within. Leaflets 2 to 4 inches 
long. Brandies clothed with minute and hooked glutinous hairs, and the fine 
partly hooked pubescence of the leaves eause them to adhere to cloth. 

8. D. CUSPID ATUM, T. & Gt. Sharp-pointed Desmodium. 

Very smooth ; stem erect ; leaflets ovate or lance-ovate, very acute, or acuminate ; 
stipules obliquely lanceolate ; bracts large, lance-ovate, acuminate; panicle terminal, 
"elongated, rather slender; joints of the legume rhomboid-oblong. 

Along streams, .thickets and shady places ; common. July, Aug. Stem rather 
simple, 3 to 5 feet high. Leaflets 2 to 5 inches long, widest at base, smooth, entire, 
. green on both sides. Bracts and stipules % inch long. Flowers large, purple* 
legumes about 6-jointed. 

* * * * Stem erect; racemes panicled ; stipules and tracts small and inconspicuous. 

9. D. viridielorum, Beck. Green-flowered Desmodium. 

Stem very downy, rough at the summit ; leaflets broadly-ovate, obtuse, scabrous 
on the upper surface, villous and very soft beneath ; panicle terminal, very long> 
naked; legume with 3 to 4 roundish triangular hisped joints. 

Woods and thickets ; frequent. Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, rigid, branched, 
very scabrous towards the summit. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2^ inches 
wide. Flowers purplish, turning blue-green in withering. Legume 1 to 2 inches 
long. 

10. D. Dillenii, Darl. DiIIenius y Desmodium. 

Stem pubescent, branching; leaflets oblong or ovate-oblong, pale beneath, softly 
and finely pubescent; stipules subulate; racemes slender, forming a loose terminal 
panicle ; legume with 3 to 4 rhomboid reticulated hisped joints. 

Open woodlands ; common. Aug. A variable species 2 to 3 feet high. Leaflets 
2 to 3 inches long, obtuse, sometimes acute. Flowers purple, changing to bluish- 
green. 

11. D. PANICULATUM, DC Panicled Desmodium. 

Nearly smooth; item slender, erect; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, 



LEGUMINOS^E. 87 



smoothish; stipules subulate ; panicle terminal; legumes with 3 to 4 rhomtoidal 
joints. 

Woods ; common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, often branching. 
Leaflets 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3)4 wide. Flowers purple, numerous, in a panicu- 
late raceme. Legumes large ; joints pubescent, 

12. D. rigidum, DC, Rigid Desmadium. 

j&em branching, somewhat hoary; leaflets ovate-oblong, rather obtuse; terminal 
-ones the longest, reticulated- veiny, rather rough above, hairy beneath; racemes 
paniculate, erect, very long; legumes with 2 to 3 half-round or oval hisped joints. 

Dry woods and hillsides. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, often with numerous, 
long, erect, rigid branches. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, 3^ as wide, rather leathery 
reticulately veined. Flowers small, purple, 

13. D. CILIARE ? DC. Fringed Desmodium, 

Stem slender, hairy, or rough pubescent; leaves crowded on veTy short hairy 
petioles ; leaflets small, round-ovate or oval, obtuse, thickish, more or less hairy on 
the margins and underneath; stipules subulate-linear; racexus paniculate, ter- 
minal. 

Dry hills and sandy fields ; common. Aug. Stem about 2 feet high. Leaflets % 
to 1 inch long, % to % wide. Flowers violet-purple. Legumes of 2 to 3 semi- 
orbicular hispid joints. 

14. D. Marilandicijm, Booth. Smooth-leaved JDes'm. 

Nearly smooth throughout ; stem erect, simple, slender ; leaflets ovate or roundish, 
very obtuse, often sub-cordate, thin; petiole as long as the lateral leaflets, smooth; 
panicle elongated ; legume with 2 to 3 hisped semi-orbicular joints. 

Fields and woods ; common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to o feet high, nearly smooth* 
Leaflets about % inch long. Flou-ers smalL, violet-purple, in a terminal erect 
panicle. 

15. LESPEDZA. MicLx. 

In honor of Le$pedes% a Spanish Governor of Florida. 

Calyx 5 -cleft, segments nearly equal, slender. Stamens 
diaclelphous (9 and 1) ; anthers all alike. Legume of a 
single 1-seeded joint, oval or roundish, flat, reticulate, not 
opening, l.-seeded.— Perennials ivith pinnately trifoliate leaves, 
minute stipules hnd bracts, and often polygamous floicers. 

* Flowers of 2 kinds, perfect, and apetalous, tile latter chiefly tearing the fruit; 
corolla violet or purple, much longer than the calyx. 

1. L. procumbens, Michx. Procumbent Lespedeza, 

Stems procumbent, slender, with the branches assurgent, all o^er pubescent; 
leaves on long petioles; leaflets oval or elliptical, obtuse, mucronate peduncles slen- 
der, mostly simple, few flowered; legume orbicular ovate, pubescent. 

Sandy soil. Aug., Sept. Stems several from the same root, 2 to 3 feet long. Leaves 
consisting of 3 oblong or roundish leaflets on hairy stalks. Flowers purple, in 
short raceme-like heads, axillary ; the lower ones apetalous, on short peduncles, 
the upper ones on long filiform peduncles. 

2. L. VIOLACE^, Pers. Violet-flowered Lespedeza. 

Stems upright or spreading, somewhat pubescent; leaves on long petioles; Uafkts 
elliptic or oval-oblong, obtuse or emarginate, somewhat hairy ; racemes sub-umbel- 
late, axillary, about as long as the leayes, lower ones with apetalous flowery 



88 LEGUMINOS^l. 



flowers in pairs, distinctly pedicellate; legume rhomboidal, reticulate and smooth, 
much longer than the calyx. 

Dry woods. July. Stems clustered, slender, 8 to 14 inches long. Apetalous 
flowers few, perfect ones seldom producing fruit. Leaflets % to 1 inch long, % to % 
inch wide. Petioles % to 1% inches long. Flowers violet-colored, small. 

Yar. b. divergens, (I/, divergens of Pursh). Pedicels filiform, divergent, much 
longer than the leaves; flowers in loose panicles mostly unfruitful; legume reticu- 
late ; leaflets oval or oblong. 

Var. c. sessiliflora. (L. sessiliflora of Nutt.) Leaves on short petioles; fascicles 
of Sowers subsessile, on peduncle much shorter than the leaves. 

Var. d. ungustifolio. (L. ungustifolio, Raf. L. reticulata. Pers.) Leaves crowded ; 
leaflets narrowly oblong or linear, often silky; flowers clustered on straight 
branches. I have followed Torrey and Gray in giving the above only as varieties 
of L. violaceo3. 

* * Stems upright; Flowers all alike and perfect , in spikes or heads. 

3. L. CAPITATA, Michx. Shrubby or Capitate Lespedeza, 

Stem erect, sub-simple, villose ; leaflets elliptic-ovate, pubescent beneath ; common 
petioles very short; spikes capitate, ovoid, on short axillary peduncles; legumes 
elliptic ovate, pubescent much shorter than the calyx. 

Dry sandy soil. July, &ug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, straight, woolly. Leaves 
numerous, on short petioles. Leaflets 1 to 1% by % to % inches, nearly smooth 
above. Flowers in oblong or sub-globose heads, white or very pale yellow. — Var. 
angustifolia slender ; leaflets linear ; peduncles sometimes elongated. 

4. L. HIRTA, Ell. Hairy Lespedeza. 

Stem branched, very villose ; leaves on very short slender petioles ; leaflets round? 
Oval, obtuse, hairy; spikes oblong-cylindric; peduncles longer than the leaves, 
axillary. 

Dry hilly woodlands ; frequent. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, very hairy* 
Leaflets % to 1% inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Legume compressed, elliptic-ovate.^ 
yery hairy, nearly as long as the calyx segments. 

5. L. Nuttallii, Darl. NuttalVs Lespedeza. 

Stem hairy, somewhat branched; leaflets ovate and obovate, villose beneath? 
Tacemes somewhat spiked, pedunculate, longer than the leaves; legume lance-ovate, 
acuminate, very pubescent, rather longer than the calyx. 

Dry hills ; frequent. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, striate. Leaflets % to 
13>^ inches long, % inch wide. Flowers rather crowded in somewhat spiked pedunr 
cled racemes, mostly longer than the leaves, purple with tinges of violet. 

16. STYLOSANTHES. Swarts. 

Gr. stulos, & column, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers appearing stipitate. 

Tube of the calyx very long, slender ; limb 2-lipped, 
tipper 2, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted in the throat 
of the calyx. Stamens monodelphous; 5 of the anthers 
linear, the 5 alternate ones ovate. Fertile flowers with 
a hooked style. Legume reticulated with 1 to 2 joints, the 
lower joint when pressed empty and stalk-like, the upper 
ovate, l-(2)-seeded. — Low perennials, with pinnately ^-foliate 
leaves; the stipules united with the petioles, and 2 kinds of 
flowers intermixed in the clusters ; one hind compleU but un~ 
fruitful, the other fertile and consisting only of a pistil between 
2 bractlets. 



LEGUMINOSiE. 



89 



1. S. elatior, S warts. Pencil Flower. 

Stem erect, herbaceous, somewhat branched above, often several from the roci ; 
leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-veined, smooth, acute; upper stipules sheathing '> 
spikes few flowered. 

Sandy woods and pine barrens. July— Sept. Stems 6 to 12 inches long, wiry, 
often bristly. Leaflets % to 1% inches long, % to % wide. Bracts lanceolate, 
hisped ciliate. Flowers yellow, in terminal compact heads. Legume 2-jointed. the 
lower joint sterile and stipitate, 1-seeded, hooked at the summit. 

Tribe 4. LOTE^E. The Melilot Tribe. 

Stamens monoddphous or diadeJphmts (9 and 1); Legume continous 1-celled-, or 2-cetfed 
lengthwise. Not twining, climbing, nor bearing tendrils. 

17. ASTRAGALUS. Linn. Milk Vetch. 

Calyx 5-toothed or cleft. CorolLx\ with the heel obtuse. 
Stamens diadelphous. Legume 2-eelled by the introflec- 
tion of the lower suture. — Herbaceous or sujfruticose plants, 
with odd-pinnate leaves, and spiked or racemed flowers. 

1. A. Canadensis, L. Canadian Milk Vetch. 

Tall and erect; stem downy; leaflets 10 to 14 pairs with odd one elliptic-oblon'", 
Tather obtuse, smoothish; stipules broad-lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles about 
as long as the leaves; flowers in oblong spikes; legume ovate-oblong, erect, smooth, 
2-celled, many-seeded. 

Banks of streams. June — Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, bushy, very leafy. 
Leaflets usually smooth above, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers pale-yellow, 
in spikes 1 to 1 inches long. Legume ]/ 2 inch long, leathery. 

18. EOBINIA. Linn. Locust. 

In honor of John and Vespasian Robin, French botanists. 

Calyx short, 5-toothed, teeth lanceolate, 2 upper ones 
approximate. Vexillum large. Keel obtuse. Stamens 
diadelphous (9 and 1). Style bearded. Legume com- 
pressed, elongated, margined on the seed-bearing edge. — - 
Trees or shrubs with stipiuar prichly sjyines, unequally pinnate 
leaves, and showy axillary racemes of flowers.. 

1. R. Pseudacacia. Locust Tree. 

Leaflets 8 to 12 pairs ovate and oblong; stipules prickly; racemes pendulous, 
loose, slender ; legumes smooth. 

A handsome tree, native in our mountainous regions, much cultivated for its 
invaluable timber. May. Flowers white, fragrant, in racemes 3 to 6 inches long. 

2. 3. viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust. 

Branchlets, &c, clammy; leaflets ovate; stipular spines very short. 

A handsome tree cultivated like the last ; native of the Southern Alleghenies 
where it attains the height of 40 feet, Flowers numerous, crowded, rose-color e4 
in erect, crowded axillary racemes. 

3. R. hispid A, L. Rose Acacia. 

£&n$> aostly hispid; stipuiar spim scarcely aDy; racevw loose, sub-erect A 



90 % leguminos^:. 



beautiful shrub 4 to 8 feet high, natire of the Southern States, cultiyated in gar- 
dens. Flowers deep rose color or red. 

19. TEPHROSIA. Pers. 

Gr. tephros, ash-colored or hoary, in allusion to the color of the foliage. 

Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard large, roundish, 
pubescent, reflexed-spreading, scarcely longer than the cohe- 
rent wings and keel. Stamens inonodelphous or nearly 
diadelphous. Legumes linear, flat, several-seeded. — Silky 
lioary perennial herbs (except in the tropics), with odd-pin- 
nate leaves, and white or piuplish racemed flowers. 

T. VlRGiNlANA, Pers. Goat's Rue. Hoary Pea. 

Stem erect; leaflets 7 to 14 pairs, oval or linear-oblong, mucronate, white, villous 
"beneath ; racem e terminal ; legume falcate, villous. 

Sandy soils and gravelly hills ; common. June, July. Hoot long and tough. 
Stems simple, usually several or many from one root. Leaflets 1 inch long, ' , 
wide, odd one obcordate. Stipules subulate, ]/^ inch long, persistent. Bra 
deciduous. Calyx very villous. Flowers large, in a dense terminal raceme. Ban- 
ner white, with a tiuge of yellow on the upper side. Keel rose-colored. Wings r«d. 

20. AMORPHA. Linn. False Indigo. 

Or. a, privative, morpha, shape; alluding to the deficiencies of the corolla. 

Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Stan- 
dard concave, erect; the other petals entirely wanting! 
Stamens 10, exserted, monodelphous at base, otherwise 
distinct. Style filiform, straight, smooth. Legumes oblong, 
longer than the calyx, somewhat curved at the point, 1 to 
2-seeded. — Shrubs, ~%oith odd-pinnate punctate leaves, and 
bluish or violet-colored flowers, crowded in clustered terminal 
spikes. 

A. fruticosa, L. Common False Indigo. 

Rather pubescent; stem shrubby or arborescent; leaflets 8 to 12 pairs, oval, 
scattered, the lower pair remote from the stem; calyx-teeth obtuse, 4 of them, 
acuminate, pubescent : legume few-seeded. * 

Southern part of the State. July. A tall shrub 6 to 16 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 
inches long. Leaflets about 1 inch, by ]/ 2 , rather remote from each other. Racemes 
spicate, terminal, solitary or fascicled; 3~to •! inches long. Standard purple, emar^ 
ginate. 



21. TEIFOLIUM. Linn. Clover-Trefoil. 

Lat. tres, three ; &n& folium, a leaf. 

Calyx persistent, tubular, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. 
Petals more or less united below. Standard longer than 
the wings, which are mostly longer than the keel. Stamens 






LKGUMLXOSiE. , 91 



diadelphous (9 to 1). Legume small, scarcely dehiscent, 
often ovate, 1 to 6-seeded, covered by and scarcely longer 
than thetcalyx. Seeds roundish. — Tufted or diffuse herbs } 
with pabnately trifoliate leaves y v:ith straight, scar cell/ reticu- 
lated veins, and flowers chiefly in dense heads or spikes. 

* Flowers sessile in compact heads; corolla purple or purplish, deciduous or with- 
ering. 

1. T. pratense, L. Red Clover. 

Stems sub-erect branched; leaves on long petioles, oval, entire, often notched at 
the end, and marked with a pale spot; heads of flowers ovate, dense, nearly sessile; 
teeth of the calyx setaceous, the lowest longer than the reSfc 

Meadows and fields; largely cultivated, and naturalized. May — Oct. Per. Stems 
1 to 2 feet high. Flowers united into a tube at base, rose-colored, fragrant, 
yellowish. Native of Europe. 

2. T. Pennsylvanicum, "Willd. 

Stem ascending, much branched, flexuous, leaflets ovate.clliptic, obtuse, very 
entire; stipules awned; heads of flowers ovate-cyliudric, solitary, dense; lower teeth 
of the calyx shorter than the corolla. 

Wools. June — Sept. Per. Flowers fine red. Pesembles T. medium of Lin. 
na-us. Introduced. Beck's Hot. I voiBJjlbtt this to be merely a variety of T. ptroicntC. 

3. T. arvense, L. Rabhit-foot Clover. Stone Clover. 

Stem branching; leaflets obovatc-linear or narrowly wedge-form, minutely 3-tooth- 
ed at the apex; stipules oval acuminate; spikes oblong-cylindric, very villous; 
calyx-teeth longer than the corolla plumose, woolly. 

Old fields and roadsides; common; naturalized. May — Sept. Annual. Stem 6 
to 12 inches high, much branched round, hairy. Leaves hairy, iu short petiole?. 
Leaflets narrow, \/ 2 to 1 inch long. Heads }/> to l)/ 2 inches long becoming greyish 
and very softly woolly. Flowers minute white or'pmk. 

* * Corolla white or yellow ; flowers in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle. 

4. T. repens, L. White Clover. 

Smooth, the slender stem spreading and creeping; le 1 flets inversely heart-shaped, 
Bomewhat retuse, serrulate, mucronate; stipules scale-like narrow; petioles and 
especially the peduncles, very long: heads small and loose; flotocrt pedicelled. 

Pastures, waste places, and woodlands; common. May — Oct. Per. Stem 6 to 
10 inches high, rooting at the joints several from the same root. Pi-d uncles angular 
much longer than th3 leaves. Flowers whit*, rarely purplish. Legume 4-seeded. 

5. T. procumbens, L. Hop Clover. 

Stems mostly procumbent, spreading, pubescent; leaflets wedge-ovate, notched at 
the end, denticulate, the lower pair at a small distance from the other ; stipule* 
lance-ovate, ciliate, shorter than the petioles ; peduncles equal to or longer than the 
leaves; heads axillary, oval; 

Dry fields; naturalized. May — Aug. Annual. Stems 3 to 6 inches long, many 
from the same root. Leaves on short petioles. Heads about 2-flowered, small on 
b lender peduncles % to 1% inches long. Flowers yellow. Legume 1-seeded. 

6. T. AGRARIUM, L. Golden Clover. Eop Trefoil. 

Steyn ascending, with erect branches; leaves nearly sessile; leaflets oblong-ovate 
or wedge-shaped, denticulate, all from the same point nearly sessile; stipules nar- 
row, cohering with the petiole for more than half its length; heads on rather loDg^ 

peduncles : 



92 LEGUMINOSiE. 



Sandy fields; naturalized. June — Aug. Annual. Stem 6 to 15 inches long, 
branched, minutely pubescent. Common petiole % to 1 inch long. Leaflets % to 1 
inch long, narrow. Heads of Flowers twice as large as in the last, on peduncles % 
to 1% inches long. Flowers small, pale yellow, brown when old. 

22. MELILOTUS. Toum. Melilot. 

Gr. meli, honey, and lotus, the genus, so called. 

Flowers much as in clover, but in spiked racemes, small. 
Corolla deciduous. Legume coriaceous, ovoid, wrinkled, 
longer than the calyx, 1 or few-celled. — Herbs fragrant in 
drying , with pinnately trifoliate leaves and racemose flowers. 

1. M OFFICINALIS, Willd. Yellow Melilot. Sweet Clover. 

Upright ; leaflets obovate, obtuse, remotely serrate ; spikes axillary, paniculate ; 
tegume 2-seedec 1 , rugose ; style filiform, as long as the legume. 

Fields and waste places; introduced. Aug. Annual. Plant 2 to 4 feet high, 
branched. Flowers yellow, in long racemes. Native of Europe. 

2. M. LEUCANTHE, Koch. White Melilot. 

Upright, branched ; leaflets ovate-oblong, truncate, mucronate at the apex, re- 
motely serrate ; standard longer than the keel and wings; legume 1 to 2-seeded, 
©vate, green. * 

Scarcely naturalized; common in cultivation. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 5 feet high. 
Fkwers white, on longer and less crowded racemes than the last. 

23. MEDICAGO. Linn. 

Cr. medika; because it was introduced into Greece by the Medes. 

Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Legume many-seeded, 
varying in form, always falcate or twisted into a spiral. — 
. Herbs with palmately trifoliate leaves and more or less spiral 
legumes j often resembling snail shells. 

1. M. LUPULINA, L. Nonesuch. Black Medich. 

Stem procumbent ; leaflets wedge-ovate, toothed at the apex ; stipules lanceolate, 
€ucute, somewhat entire; flowers in capitate spikes ; legume reniform, 1-seeded. 

Wcste places; naturalized. June — Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high. Flowers 
email, yellow, crowded. Legume black when ripe, short, compressed, curved or 
tidney-shaped, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 

2. M. sativa, L. Lucerne. 

Trect, smooth ; leaflets ovate-oblong, toothed above, mucronate jlowers in oblong 
racemes ; legume spirally twisted. 

Fields and waste places, scarcely naturalized. Sometimes cultivated for green 
fodder. June, July. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers purple. 

3. M. scutellata, L. Snail. 

Pedicels 2-flowered. Legume unarmed, cochleate, orbicular, convex at the base, 
fat above with concentric folds. Native of South Europe. Cultivated for the 
♦uriosity of its pods, which much resemble snail shells. July. Annual. 

M. intertexta a native of Europe, naturalized in some parts of the U. S. with 
yellow flowers and spirally legumes like the last is sometimes cultivated, in our 
&ard<^«. 






LEGUMINOS^. 



24. CROTALAKIA. Linn. Rattle-box. 

Gr. crotalon, a rattle; the seeds becoming loose in the ripe pods. 

Calyx 5-cleft, somewhat 2-lipped. Standard large, cor- 
date. Keel falcate, acuminate. Filaments all united 
with the sheath often cleft above. Legume inflated, oblong, 
many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with often simple leaves, and 
racemed yellow /lowers. 

C. SAGXTALIS^ L. Arrow-leaved Rattle-box. 

Hairy ; stem erect, branched ; leaves simple, oblong-lanceolate, scarcely petioled ; 
stipules united and decurrent on the stem, inversely arrow-shaped; peduncles few- 
flowered; corolla as long as the calyx. 

Sandy soils. July, August. Ann. Stem 4 to 10 inches high, with spreading 
branches. Leaves alternate, hairy on both sides, rounded at the base. Flowers 
yellow. Seeds few, rattling in the turgid pods. 

25. LUPINUS. Town. Lupine. 

Lat. lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the 

soil. 

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed t 
keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous 
stamens entire ; anthers alternately oblong and globose. 
Legumes coriaceous, oblong, flattened, often torulose. — 
Herbs with palmately 5 — 15-foliate leaves and showy flower$ 
in terminal racemes or spikes. 

1. L. perennis. L. Wild Lupine. 

Somewhat hairy ; stem erect ; leaflets 7 — 11, narrowly obovate-oblong, mucronate ; 
jlowers alternate, in a long and loose terminal raceme ; calyx without appendage I, 
upper lip emarginate, lower entire ; legume linear-oblong, very hairy. 

Sandy woods and hills ; common. May, June. Per. A beautiful plant, some- 
times cultivated in gardens. Stem a foot high, soft, smcothish. Leaves soft, 
downy, on long stalks. Flowers purplish blue, varying to white. It is often 
called Sun-dial, from the circumstance of its leaves turning to face the sun from 
morning till night. 

Several handsome species are sometimes cultivated in gardens, among which is 
It. polyphyllus. from Oregon, a splendid plant 3 — 5 feet high, with racemes of white 
purple or yellow flowers more than a foot long. L. Noofkatensis, from Nootka 
Sound, a handsome species 2 — 3 feet high, flowers purple. L. arboreus, a niagnifi- 
eent exotic shrub, 6 feet high, with large yellow flowers. 

Tribe 5. SOPELORE^ The Sophora Tribe. 

Stamens distinct : Corolla truly papilionaceous. 

26. BAPTISIA. Vent. False Indigo. 

Gr. bapto, to dye ; in allusion to the coloring properties of some of the species. 

Calyx 4 to 5-toothed bilabiate. Petals 5, nearly equal. 
Standard with the sides reflexed. Wings oblong. Keel 
slightly incurved. Stamens deciduous. Legume stalked 



94 LEGUMINOSiE. 



in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, 
several seeded. — Perennial herbs, with pahnately 6-foliate 
(rarely simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and 
racemed flowers. 

1. B. txnctoria, E. Brown. Wild Indigo. 

Smooth ; stem branching; leaves palmately 3- foliate, almost sessile; leaflets 
rounded v/edge-obovate, acute at base, very obtuse, sometimes margined at apex, 
stipules setaceous; racemes few-flowered terminating the numerous branches. 

Sandy woods and gravelly hills ; common. Aug. Plant 2 to 3 feet high, bushy, 
Blender. Leaves bluish-green. Flowers yellow, 6 to 12 or more on each raceme. 
Corolla y 2 inch long. Legume about as large as a pea, on a long stipe, mostly 
lrseeded. 

2. B. AUSTRALIS, Brown. Blue-flowered False Indigo, 

Smooth, tall and stout : leaves ternate on short petioles, the upper ones nearly 
sessile; leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lance-linear as long the petioles, 
rather persistent ; raceme elongated, many-flowered, erect. 

Banks of streams. Near Easton, Pa. Beclc. Sometimes cultivated. June, July. 
Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched. Leaflets 1% to 3 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, 
sometimes acute. Stipules ]/ 2 to 1 inch long. Racemes 2 to 3 inches long, oval- 
oblong, on a stipe about as long as the calyx. 

27. CERCXS. Linn. Bed-bud. Judas-tree. 

(Jr. Icerhis, a weaver's shuttle ; alluding to the form of the legume . 

Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous at base. Petals 5, with claws 
sub-papilionaceous, all distinct. Wings larger than the 
standard. Stamens 10, distinct, rather unequal. Legume 
oblong, flat, many-seeded, the upper suture with a winged 
margin. — Trees with sinvple rounded heart-shaped leaves, de- 
ciduous stipules, and rose-colored flowers in little umbel-lilcc 
clusters along the branches, appearing before the leaves, 

1. C. Canadensis, L. Red-bud. 

Leaves roundish-cordate, acuminate, villous in the axils of the nerves; legume 
on short foot-stalks. 

Banks of streams, Southern part of the State. March — May. A handsome tree 
20 to 30 feet high, often cultivated. Leaves 3 to 4 inches by 4 to 5 entire smooth 
7-vcined, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers appearing before the leaves, 
usually in abundance, in small Ir.teral clusters. Corolla bright purple. Legume 
pbout 3 inches long, acute at each end. 

Sub-ordek II. OESALPINEJB. 

Tribe 6. CASSIEJE. The Senna Tribe. 

Stamens distinct , some of tlem often imperfect: corolla open, irregular or almost 

regular. 

28. CASSIA. Linn. Senna. 
Sepals 5, scarcely united. Petals 5, unequal. Sta-> 



LEGUMINOS^E. 95 



mens 5 to 10, free, unequal, spreading, 8 lower ones longest; 
4 middle ones short and straight; 3 upper ones usually abor- 
tive. Anthers opening at the apex. Legume terete or 
compressed, many-seeded. — Trees, shrubs or herbs (herbs in 
the United States) with simply abruptpinnaie leaves and 
mostly yellow flowers. 

1. C. Marilandica, L. Wild Senna. 

Stem erect ; leaflets 6 to 9 pairs, ovate-oblong, niueronate, equal ; petiole -with a 
club-shaped gland near the base; stipules deciduous; powers, crowded in short 
axillary racernes, panicled at the summit of the branches. 

Alluvial soils, along streams; common. July, Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 4 feet 
high, smooth or slightly pubescent. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, % to % wide. 
Racemes in the upper axils, forming a leafy panicle. Petals bright-yellow, 3 erect 
and 2 declined. Legume compressed, linear, hisped, at length smooth. Medicinal. 

2. C. Ck^EMACRISTAj L. Partridge Pea. . 

Stem erect or decumbent; leaflets in 10 to 15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at base, 
obtuse, mucronatc; gland on the petiole cup-shaped ; flowers on slender pedicels, 
fascicled above the axil3 of the leaves. 

Sandy places. June — Aug. Annual. Stem a foot or more high, spreading, 
round, pubescent. Leaflets crowded, ]/ x to % inch long, smooth, sub-sessile. 
Flowers large, 2, 3 or 4 in each fascicle. Petals bright-yellow, the 2 upper ones 
with a purple spot. StamenslQ, elongated, unequal, 4 of them yellow, the others 
purple. 

3. C. NICTITANS, L. Wild Sensitive Plant. 

Stem erect or decumbent, branched ; leaflets 10 to 20 pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, 
mucronatc; gland on the petiole cup-shaped, on a slender foot-stalk; racemes 
lateral above the axils of the leaves, short, few-flowered; stamens 5, nearly equal; 
style very short; legume pubescent. 

Sandy banks of streams. June — Aug. Ann. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, slender, 
- a little branching. Leaflets crowded, % to }/ 2 inch long. Flowers very small, pale- 
yellow, on short pedicels. The leaves are somewhat sensitive like the Mimosa, 
closing by night and when touched. 

29. GLEDITSCHIA. Linn. Honey Locust. 

In honor of Gleditsch, a German botanist of the last century. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx of 3 — 5 spreading sepals, 
united at the base. Petals as many as the sepals, and equal- 
ing them, the 2 lower somewhat united. Stamens 4 — 5, 
distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. 
Legume flat 1 -many-seeded. Seeds oval, flat. — Trees, with 
supra-axillary branched sjrines abruptly once on twice-pinnate 
leaves and inconspicuous green flowers, 

Gr. triacanthes. L, Honey Locust. 

Ttiorns stout, usually triple or compound ; leaflets lanceolate-oblong or linear- 
oblong, somewhat serrate ; legume much.elongated, compressed flat, often twisted, 
many-seeded. 

Rich woods ; cultivated. July. A handsome tree 30 — 50 feet high, with spines 
©n its branches 2 — 3 inches long. Foliage bright and elegant. Leaflets about 18, 



90 ROSACEA. 



1 — 13^ inches long, 3^3 as wide, several of them usually transformed partly or 
wholly into smaller leaflets. Flowers small, white, succeeded "by flat, crooked, 
hanging pods, 12 — 18 inches long, which appear in autumn like large apple-parings 
pendant from the branches. 

The G-YMNOCLADUS Canadensis, Kentuelcy Coffee-tree, is occasionally met with in 
cultivation, hut i3 probably not native in our State. 

Order 39. ROSACES.— The Rose Family. 

Trees, shrubs or herbs with alternate leaves with stipules ; regular flowers with num&- 
Pous (rarely few) distinct stamens, inserted on the calyx, and 1 — many pistils. Sepals 
5, (rarely 3 — 4 — 8) united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets 
outside. Petals 5, regular, rarely wanting, inserted with the stamens on the edge 
of a disk that lines the calyx tube. Ovaries superior, 1 or several, distinct, 1-celled 
cften cohering to the sides of the calyx and each other. Styles distinct or united. 
Fruit a drupe, pome, acheuia, or follicle. This important family comprises three 
principal sub-orders. 

Sub-order I. AMYGTDALEiE. Almond Family. 

Calyx entirely free from the solitary ovary, deciduous. 
Style terminal. Fruit a drupe (stone fruit.) — Trees or shrubs, 
with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and the bark, 
haves and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor qfjprussic acid. 

PRUNUS. Tourn. Plum. 

Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous. Petals 5 spreading. 
Stamens 15 — 30. Ovary with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe 
oval or oolong, fleshy, smooth, usually covered with a glau- 
cous bloom ; the stone smooth, sharp-edged and pointed, and 
the margins mostly grooved. — Small trees or shrubs with 
serrate leaves, rolled up in the bud, and white flowers, usually 
preceding the leaves from lateral buds, the pedicels in simple 
umbel-like clusters. 

1. P.Americana. Marsh. Wild Yellow Plum. Red Plum. 

leaves ovate or obovate, acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate,very veiny, 
smooth when mature ; umbels 2—5 flowered, drupe roundish-oval, nearly destitute 
of bloom. 

River banks, and along hedges ; common. Flowers in May. Fruit in Aug. A 
Fmall tree 10 — 15 feet high, much branched and thorny. Leaves 2—3 inches long, 
% as wide. Petioles % — % inch long, mostly with 2 glands near the summit. 
Flowars white, preceding the leaves. Fruit % — 1 inch in diameter, yellow or 
orange often tinged with red, with a yellow pulp and thick, tough skin, pleasant 
feasted. 

2. P. spinosa, L. Sloe. Black Thorn, 

Branches thorny; leaves obovate-elliptical, downy beneath, sharply doubly-toothed; 
peduncles solitary ; calyx companulate; drupe globose. 

Hedgerows and cultivated grounds. Introduced. A thorny ehrub 12 to 15 feet 
fcigh, native of Europe. Sparingly naturalized. 






ROSACEA. 9T 



3. P. domesttca, L. Common Garden Plum. 

Branches unarmed; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly solitary; drupe 
globose, oval, ovoid and obovoid. This long cultivated tree or shrub is said to be 
a native of Italy. It rarely exceeds 15 feet in height. Fruit black, varying through 
many colors to white, covered with a rich glaucous bloom, ripe in Aug, Varieties 
very numerous, 

4. P. chicasa, Michx, Chickasaw Plum. 

Branches spinose; leaves oblong-lanceolate, glandular serrulate, acute, nearly 
smooth; umbels 2 to 3-flowered; pedicels short, smooth; drupe globose. A fine 
fruit-shrub, native of Arkansas, often cultivated. Height 8 to 12 feet. Leaves 1 
to 2 inches long, 3^ as wide. Flowers small, white, expanding with the leaves. 
Fruit red or yellowish-red, tender and succulent, ripe in July. 

Aemeniaca, a genus very closely resembling Prunus. 

A. vulgaris. Common Apricot. A tree 10 to 15 feet high, from Armenia. Flow- 
ers white, preceding the leaves. Fruit 1 to 2 inches in diameter, purplish-yellow. 
Cultivated. 

A. dascycarpa. B lack Apricot. A tree about the size of the last, from Siberia. 
Flowers white, preceding the leaves. Fruit dark-purple, when mature. 

2. CERASUS. Tourn., Juss, Cherry, 

Gcrasus, a town in Pontus from where the garden cherry was first brought. 

Flowers, &c, as in Prunus. Drupe globular, without 
a bloom; the stone almost globular, smooth. — Trees or shrubs 
with the leaves folded in the bud, and white Jlowers in umbels 
or racemes. 

* Flowers in racemes at the end of leafy branches. 

1. C. Virginian a, DC. Choke Cherry. Wild Cherry. 

Leaves broad, oval or obovate, abruptly acuminate, often sub-cordate, sharply 
(often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin, smoothish; peitoles with 2 to 4 
glands; racemes short and close, erect or spreading; petals obovate ; fruit sub- 



River banks and woods ; common. FJ-. May. Fr, Aug. A tall overhanging shrub 
or small tree, with greyish bark. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 3^ as wide, with a 
short abrupt acumination. Flowers white. Fruit (cherries) abundant, of a dark 
red color, very austere and astringent to the taste. 

2. C. serotina, DC. Wild Black Cherry. 

Leaves oval-oblong or lance-oblong, acuminate, smooth and. shining above> finely 
eerrate, bearded along the midrib beneath ; petiole mostly with 2 or more glands ; 
racemes elongated ; petals obovate ; drupe globose. 

Woods ; common. Fl. May, June. Fr. Aug,, Sept. A fine large tree, 50 to 80 
feet high of uniform size and undivided to the height of 20 to 30 feet, 2 to 4 feet in 
diameter. Bark of the trunk black and rough, that of the branches reddish- 
brown. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, % as wide, with 1 to 1 pairs of reddish glands 
■at base, Flotvyrs white, in long racemes or clusters, which are at length pendu- 
lous. Fruit nearly black when mature, slightly bitter. The wood is close-grained 
and very valuable for cabinet work. 

* * Flowers sub-umbellate or solitary. 

3. C. Pennsylvania, DC. Bird Cherry. 

Leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, shining, 
green and smooth on both sides, mostly with 2 glands at the base; flowers many in 
a cluster, on long pedicels ; fruit globose. 

T 



98 ROSACEiE. 



Rocky woods and thickets- FI. May. Fr. Aug. A small tree 20 to 30 feet high, 
■with light red-brown bark. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, % as wide. Flowers white, 
on slender pedicels 2}/ 2 inches long, collected into a sort of umbel. Fruit small, 
red, thin, and sour flesh, 

4. C. PUMILA, Michx. Dwarf Cherry. Sand Cherry, 

Smooth, depressed and trailing; leaves obovate-laneeolate, acute or obtuse, serru- 
late, smooth, glaucous beneath; umbels sessile, few-flowered; drupe ovoid. 

Gravelly soils. May. A small trailing shrub, with ascending branches 1 to 2 
feet high. Flowers white, 3 to 5 in each umbel ; pedicels smooth, 1 inch long. 
Fruit small, dark-red, acid, agreeable to the taste. 

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES. 

5. C. VULGARIS, Mill. Red or Sour Cherry. 

Bra7icJies spreading; leaves ovate, lanceolate or obovate, acute at apex, mostly 
narrowed at base, smoothish ; umbels sub-sessile ; flowers rather preceding the 
leaves ; "0ruit globose; pedicels rather short. A tree 12 to 20 feet high, with a 
roundish compact head. Flowers white, 2 to 3 from each bud appearing in April. 
Fruit large, various shades of red and brown, acid or sub-acid ~y 2 to % inch in 
diameter. There are about 50 varieties of this species cultivated in the United 
States. 

6. C. Avium, Moench. English Cherry. Black Cherry. 
Sweet Cherry. Bleeding-heart. Ox-heart. Duke Cherry. 

Brandies erect or ascending ; leaves oblong or obovate, acuminate, doubly and 
rather coarsely serrate-dentate, smooth above, pilose beneath ; umbels sessile ; - 
jlmvers scarcely preceding the leaves ; fruit roundish-ovoid, or sub-cordate at base ; 
pedicels drooping. A common cultivated tree 20 to 50 feet high with an oblong or 
pyramidal head. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, % as wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches 
long, often with 2 glands. Flowers white. Fruit various shades of red, black or 
mottled, firm and fleshy, generally sweet. Varieties numerous. 

3. PEHSICA. Tourn. Peach. Nectarine. 

Named from Persia its native country. 

Calyx 5-cleft, tubular, deciduous. Petals 5. Drupe 
fleshy, tomentose or smooth. Stone somewhat compressed, 
ovate, acute, rugosely furrowed and perforated on the sur- 
face. — Small trees. Leaves co?iduplicate in aestivation. 

1. P. vulgaris, Mill. Common Peach. 

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, with all the serratures acute ; flowers solitary, sub- 
sessile, preceding the leaves; drupe tomentose. A common cultivated tree or 
^hrub 8 to 15 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, % as wide, smooth ; petioles 
fhort with 1 or 2 glands. Flowers rose-color. Fruit large, 1 to 2% inches i 
diameter, yellowish, tinged with purple, densely tomentose. Numerous varieties 
of this delicious fruit are now cultivated in the United States. 

2. P. LiEVlS. Nectarine. 

A tree closely resembling the peach in form, foliage and flowers. The fruit Is 
1 to 3inches id diameter, smooth, yellow, purple, red, &c. Native of Persia. 



es 

■■ 



ROSACEA. 99 



4. AMYGDALUS. Willd. Almond. 

Specific character as in Persica, except the fruit, which is 
not fleshy ; compressed. Stone perforate and furrowed, ovate, 
compressed, one edge acute, the other broad, obtuse. 

1. A. COMMUNIS, Willd. Common Almond. 

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, -with the lower scrratures glandular ; flowers in pairs, 
sessile, appearing before the leaves. Native of Barbary. Scarcely cultivated in 
this country, 10 to 20 feet high. 

2. A. PUMILA, Dwarf double-flow eriny Almond. 

Leaves lanceolate, doubly-serrate; flowers in pedicels. A low branching shrub, 
2 to 3 feet high. Native of China. Highly ornamental, common in cultivation. 
Flowers very double, pale rose-color, very numerous, clothing the whole shrub in 
their roseate hue while the leaves are yet small. May, June, 

Sub-order II. RGSACEiE proper. 

Calyx free from the ovaries, but sometimes enclosing 
them in its tube. Pistils few to many, (sometimes single); 
fruit achenia or follicular. 

Tribe 1. SPIRABJE. The Meadow-sweet Tribe. 

5, SPLRiEA. Linn. Meadow-sweet. 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish, equal. 
Stamens 10 to 50 exserted. Carpels 3 to 12, distinct, 
rarely united at base, follicular, sessile, rarely stiped. Seeds 
2 to 15. — Unarmed perennial shrubs or herbs, with alter- 
nate leaves and branches, and white or rose-colored flowers ; 
rarely dioecious ; never yellow. 

* Shrubby ; leaves lobed and toothed. 

1. S. OPULIEOLIA, L. Nine-baric. 

Nearly smooth ; leaves roundish, somewhat 8-lobed and cordate, doubly-toothed 
and crenate, petioled'; corymb umbel-like; pedicels filiform; carpels 3 to 5, at length 
spreading. 

Rocky river banks' and along streams; common. June. A shrub I to 10 feet 
high, much branched. Leaves 1 to 2]A inches long, nearly as wide, sometimes 
cordate at base with 8 obtuse lobes above. Corymbs resembling simple-umbels, 
hemispherical, 1 to 2 inches in diameter. Flowers white, often tinged with purplw 
Follicles diverging smooth, purplish, 2-seeded. 

* * Shrubby ; leaves entire or toothed. Spir^a proper. 

2. S. CORYMBOSA, Raf. Meadow-sweet. 

Kearry smooth ; leaves oval or ovate, on short petioles, whitish beneath, incisely 
aerrate towards the apex; corymbs large and flat, several times compound ternj. 
sal ; carpels 3 to 5-seeded. ' 



100 ROSACEA. 



Alleghenies; rare. June. Stem I to 2 feet high, slightly pubescent, reddish, 
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to Vy^ wide, nearly smooth above, entire towards the 
base. Flowers very numerous, white or rose-colored, in a corymb 4 t© 6 inches 
broad. 

3. S. SALICIFOLIO, OL Meadowsweet, 

Nearly smooth; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; racemes in 
dense terminal-compound panicles; carpels 5, distinct, smooth. 

Meadows along streams ; common. June, July^ A small bushy shrub 2 to 5 
feet high, with purple and brittle branches. Leaves varying in form, mostly acute y 
but sometimes obtuse, 1% to 3 inches long, % to %inch wide. Flowers numer- 
ous, white, often tinged with red, small, with conspicuous stamens. 

4. S. tomentosa, L. Hard-hach Steeple-bush, 

Stem and peduncles reddish-tomentose ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally ser- 
rate, densely tomentose beneath; racemes terminal, compound, crowded; carpels 
5, woolly. 

Low grounds and meadows ; eommon. July, Aug. A small shrub 2 to 3 feet 
high. Stems very hard, brittle. Leaves 1% to 2 inches long, ~% as wide, dark 
green above, rusty white beneath. Flowers very numerous, small, light-purple, 
with conspicuous stamens forming handsome pyramidal clusters. 

* * Herbaceous perennials. 

5. S. LOB AT A, Murr. Queen of the Prairie. 

Leaves interruptedly pinnate, the terminal leaflets very large 7 to 9-parted, the 
lobes incised and toothed ; lateral leaflets 3-lobed, the lobes all serrate, mostly 
incised or toothed ; flowers in a compound clustered panicle ; sepals reflexed. ' 

Moist grounds. June, July. A beautiful herb 4 to 8 feet high. Stem angled. 
Flowers large, deep rose-color, numerous, and very delicate, in panicled compound 
clusters, on a long naked peduncle. Carpels 6 to 8, smooth. 

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES. 

6. S. Ulmaria. Double Meadow-sweet. 

Leaves 3 to 7-foliate, with minute leaflets interposed; lateral leaflets ovate-lanceo- 
late ; terminal ones much larger, palmately 5 to 7-lobed, all doubly serrate, and 
whitish tomentose beneath ; stipules reniform, serrate ; panicle corymbose, long- 
pedunculate. Native of Europe; cultivated in gardens. Flowers numerous, 
white, mostly very double, appearing in July. 

7. S. EILAPENDULA. Pride of the West. 

Leaves int erruptedly pinnate ; leaflets 9 to 12, pinnatifidly serrate, with many 
minute ones interposed ; stipules large, semi-cordate, serrate ; corymb on a long 
terminal peduncle. Native of Europe. A handsome delicate herb 1 to 3 feet high 
with white flowers % to % inch in diameter. Cultivated in gardens. 

6. GILLENIA. Moench. 

Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, constricted at the throat, 5- 
cleft; teeth erect. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, somewhat 
unequal, elongated in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 
10 to 20, mostly included. Styles 5, filiform, terminal. 
Carpels 5, distinct, 2-valved, 2 to 4-seeded, included in the 
calyx. — Perennial herbs with almost sessile 8-foliate leaves, 
doubly serrate and incised, and pale rose-colored or white 
flowers in paniculate corymbs. 



ROSACEA. 101 



1. G% trxfolxata, Moench. Indian Physic. 

£eatfe«ternate; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-oblong, pointed irregularly cut-serrate; 
Stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. 

Rich shady woods; common, June. A handsome plant 2 to 3 feet high, slender 
^nd nearly smooth. Lewer leaves petiolate; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long, "% as wide, 
pubescent beneath, sub-sessile. Flowers axillary and terminal, few, nearly white. 
Medicinal. 

2. STIPULACEA, Nutt. American Ipecac. 

Eadkal leaves pinnatifid; those of the stem alternate; leaflets serrate, deeply 
incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised and clasping. 

Western part of the State. June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching. Readily 
distinguished from the former by the large clasping stipules, Flowen few, rose- 
colored. Medicinal. 

Tribe 2. DRYADEiE. The Bramble Tribe. 

• JPktili mostly numerous, forming seed-like achtnia or UtMe drupes in fruit. 

7. AGRIMONIA. Tourn. Agrimony. 

Calyx 5-cleft ; tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, 
armed with hooked bristles above, indurated and enclosing 
the fruit; limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals §» 
Stamens 12 to 15, inserted with the petals upon the calyx. 
Achenia 2, invested by the hardened calyx. Styles ter- 
minal. — Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves 
and yellow flowers in slender-spiked racemes; bracts 3 -cleft. 

1. A. Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony. 

SUm and stalks hairy ; leaflets oblong-ovate, crenate dentate, the terminal one 
p€tioled; spike long and slender, terminal, many-flowered; petals twice the length 
©f the ealyx; fruit distant, top-shaped, hisped, smooth at base. 

Borders of woods and hedges; common. July— Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, 
branching, leafy. Leaflets 3 — 5—7, with small ones interposed, nearly smooth. 
Racemes 6 to 12 inches long, spicate. Flowers yellow, about % inch in diameter 
on very short pedicels, Calfs tube fluted with 10 ribs, and surrounded with red- 
dish hooked bristles. 

2. A. parviflora, Ait. Small-flowered Agrimony, 

Stem and stalks bristly with brownish spreading hairs. Leaflets numerous, 
linear-lanceolate, in«isely serrate, crowded, 11 to 19, with smaller ones intermixed; 
spikeslong and slender; petals small. 

Woods and dry meadows. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaflets 2 to 3 
Inches by 14 to %. Flowers pale yellow, numerous, in long slender racemes* 
Fruit roundish divaricately hispid, 

8. SANGUXSORBA. Linn: Great Bwrnit. 

Lat. sanguis, blood, sorbeo, to absorb, the plants having been esteemed as vulneraries. 

Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous. Calyx deleft 
with 2 to 3 scales or bracts at base externally. Petals 
none. Stamens 4, the filaments usually enlarged upward 



102 ROSACEJ5. 



opposite tie calx segments. Achenium dry, included in 
the hardened 4-winged calyx-tube. — Perennial (rarely an* 
nual) herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves and small fioicen 
in close spiked heads. 

1. S. Canadensis, L. Burnet Saxijiage. 

Smooth: fca res- pinnate] Uajlets ovate-oblong, sub-cordate, serrate: ipikei eylin- 
drie, long; iftltoimil longer than the corclla. 

Wot meadows. Aug., Sept. Stem 4 2 to 4 fret high, smooth, rtxtafr, sparingly 
branched, SiiyUes leafy, serrate. F JO Wi white, in crowded spikes, which are 
from I to B inches long, terminating the long naked branches. iXilym greeuith- 
vhite, resembling a corolla. 

9. POTEKIUM. Linn. 

Lat. pottrittm* a drinking vessel. 

Flowers monoecious. Oalyx-tube contracted at the 
mouth, 3-bracteate, limb 4-parted. Petals none. Sta- 
mens 20 to 30. Ovaries 2; style filiform. Achenia dry, 
included in the calyx. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves. 

P. SANGUISORBA, L. Burnet, 

Smooth; sftai unarmed, angular; Isqjlsb 7 to 11, orate or roundish, deeply fer- 
rate; spike or heads sub-globose, the lower flowers stamiuate. Per. Occasionally 
cultivated, and at one time held in high repute for its supposed medicinal pro* 

10. GEUM. Linn. Avins. 

Gr. ffevc, to give an agreeable odor: some of the roots being aromatic. 

Calyx bell-shaped or concave, deeply 5-elcft, usually with 
5 small bractlets alternating with the segments. Petals 5. 
Stamens numerous, inserted with the disk that lines the 
fcase of the calyx. Achenia numerous, hooked on a coni- 
cal or cylindric dry receptacle, the long persistent styles 
forming hairy or jointed tails. — Perennial herbs, with pin- 
nate or lyrate leaves. 

1. G-. Virginianum, L. White Avens. 

Stem rather hairy below; radical leaves pinnate, lyrate, or rarely simple p.nd 
rounded ; those of the stem 3 to 5-lobed or divided, all unequally and incisely 
dentate, softly pubescent ; sU'pulet obovate, entire or incised; pet-alt wedgo-obovato 
scarcely as long as the calyx. 

Woods and meadows; common. June, July. Siem simple or branched. Leavts 
very variable in form; lower ones often 3-foliate, with appendaged petioles 6 to 8 
inches long. Upper leaves simple, acute, sessile. Flowers rather small, whit* or 
pale yellow on peduncles 1 to 3 inches long terminating the branches, at first 
somewhat nodding, at length erect 

2. G. rivale, L. Water Avens. Purple Avem. 
Pubescent ; stem sub-simple ; rcMsal kavtt lyrate and interruptedly pinnate* 



103 






11. WALDSTEINIA. Willd*. 

In honor of Franca von Waldstein, a German bot&i 

Calyx-tube inversely c with 5 

alter m inmate and Petals 5 

to 10. Stamens uu c th« throat of 

calyx. > c Achznia 2 t 

minutely Lai; fcuz2 herls, with 3 
to b-hled or divided, leaves and small yellow /lowers on IracU 
ed so 

W. fbagarioides, Traut. Dry Strawberry. 

Low; Uajtett 3, broadly we/hn-fortr- fpei MTexaI» 

flowered br acted ; j>ek<; 7 - 1 ry . 

ant with scapes 8 * 
Learei or; - I^a/l<tt 1 to 2 ii^ 

is Bonaded ^, dark, ehining gieea 

above. Flmt,T4 yellow i^ fa 

12. DALIBARDA, Linn. 

In honor of Z?:;. ;ry. 

Calyx inferior deeply 5 to 6 parted, 3 of the divisions 
larger and toothed. Petals 5 ; senile, deciduous. Stamens 
numerous. Styles 5 to 8, long deciduous. Acuenia five, 
dry, adhering to the calyx. — Low perennials, vjiih creeping 
and tufted stems, roundish heart-shaded leat aderjpeti* 

oU% and. 1 to 2 white /lower* on scape-like peduncles. 

D. repens, L. False Violet 

Depressed, in tufts; leaves simple, roun^h-corlate, imillll zti^vXtx linear-seta- 
ceoua ; calyx spreading in flower, erect in fruit. 

Motet ih&ly places. June— Aug. Stem herbaceous, creeping and rooting, 2 to 12 
inches long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, 1 to 3 

inches long, Flotvers white on lor.g nearly. ancles. Fiids oboYfct*» 

longer than the sepals. 

13. RUBUS. Linn. Bbamblb. 

Celtic rub, red, the color of the fruit of tome species. 

Calyx 5-parted, spreading. Petals 5, deciduous. Sta- 
mens numerous, inserted into the border of the stick. 
Style nearly terminal. Frttfp mmwMp^ nf m»flv rminv 



104 KpsACEm 



carpels aggregated on a spongy receptacle, persistent or de- 
ciduous.— Perennial half shrubby plants, with usually biennial 
$tem$ armed with prickles, white (rarelj reddish) flowers, and 
edible fruit. 

Fruit concave beneath, separating frm the dry, conical, persistent mepfc&k. Bam* 

Urtim. 

• Leaves simple ; flowers large reMish;prukUs mm. 

. 1. B. odobattjSj L. Rose-flowering Raspberry. 

Hipped with glandular hairs ; stem erect, branebed; haves large 3 to 5 lobed, the 
lobes acute or acuminate, unequally serrate ; peduncles many-flowered, compound ; 
mty&ldheB tipped with a narrow appendage as long as themselves; petals rounded. 

Rocky places; common. June— Aug. Stem 4 feet high with the stalks, bran- 
ches and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, 
nearly as wide, cordate at base. Flowers large, purple, resembling a rose. Stamen* 
very numerous, 1 to 200, whitish. Fruit broad and flat, bright red, sweet when 
ripe. 

* • Leaves 3 to 7-foliafe. 

2. E. TMFhORVBf EicL Dwarf Raspberry. 

sterns ascending or trailing; leaves ternat© ©r pedate-quinate, on slender petioles? 
leaflets rhombic-ovate or lance-ovate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, 
terminal one petiolate, thin; peduncle terminal 1 to S flowered ; sepals lanceolate. 

Moist woods and hills. June. Stem flexuous, smooth, reddish. Leajkts 1 to 3 
Inches long, 34 to 1 wide. ,PetioUs 1 to 2 inches long. Petals White, rather longer 
than the reflexed sepals. Fruit small, dark red, usually sour, ripe in August* 

3. E. STRIGOSUS, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry. 

Stem erect, shrubby, strongly hisped; leaves teanate or quinate ; leaflets oblong* 
ovate, pointed, cut-serrate white tomentose beneath, the terminal one of ten rob* 
eordate; peduncles 4 to 6 flowered. 

Reeky places, common in mountainous regions. May. Stem reddish-brown, 2 to 
3 feet high, covered with strong bristles. Leaflets 1}4 to 2 inches long, % to % as 
wide, terminal one distinctly petiolate. Flowers white. Sepals spreading, nearly 
m lofeg as the petals. Corolla eup-ehaped. Fruit hemispherical, light red, rish fla- 
vored, ripe in June— Aug. 

4. E. occidentaliS; L. Black Raspberry. 

Shrubby, glaucous, armed with recurved pritkles; learn pinnately 3-foliate' 
leaflets ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened downy underneath ; flowers 
axillary and terminal. 

Thickets and fields along fences ; common. May. Mem 4 to 8 feet long, sparing* 
ly branched. Leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, % to % as wide, on long round petioles* 
Flowers white, 1 to 3 on axillary peduncles, in terminal leafy racemes. Fruit 
roundish, nearly black, sweet, and well flavored, ripe in July. 

5. E. IDiEUS, L. Garden Raspberry. 

Hisped or armed with recurved prickles; leaves pinnately 3 to 5 foliate; leajkts 
broad-ovate or rhomboidal, pointed, unequally and ineisely serrate, hoary tomen- 
tose beneath, sessile; flowers in panicled corymbs. Stem shrubby, 3 to 5 feet high. 
Leaflets smoothish above, 2 to 4 inches long, % as wide. Petals white, entire, shor- 
ter than the hoary tomentose calyx. Fruit red, amber color or white, ripe in June 
and July. Many varieties of this plant are cultivated for the delicious fruit. 

Blackberries. Fruit inseparable from the juicy, deciduous reesptacU. 

6. E. VILLOSUS, Ait. Sigh Blackberry. 

Prickly; stem angular, and with the branches, peduncles and lower surface of the 

I* *^* ^t T -s- a? •" -'-•w*™!**. Unites t6*rm.*<» imrt r*»rlftf«»,mifnftt,ft: leaflets ov*t«. tvtfn- 



ROSACEA. 105 



ted, unequelly serrate, the terminal one somewhat cordate, conspicuously stalked ; 
flowers in elongated terminal racemes ; sepals acuminate, much shorter than the 
©borate spreading petals. 

Var. frondosus, Torr.: smoother and much less glandular; flowers lower corym- 
bose with leafy bracts. 

Fields and borders of thickets ; common. May, June. Stem erect or declined, 4 
to 8 feet high. Flowers white, numerous. Fruit ovoid-oblong, }/ 2 to 1 inch long,, 
purple or nearly black when ripe, sweet and well flavored. Aug., Sept. 

7. R. CANADENSIS, L. Low Blackberry. Dewberry. 

Stem procumbent or trailing, somewhat prickly; leaves ternate or pedately 5 to 
7-parted ; leaflets oval or lance-oval, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply 
and unequally cut serrate, the terminal on petioles and sub-cordate ; flowers in 
racemes, with leaf-like bracts. 

Sandy and gravelly fields; common. May, June. Stems ascending at base, 
trailing several yards on the ground. Flowers white, on slender pedicels. Petals 
twice as long as the calyx, obovate. Fruit % to 1 inch in diameter, black, sweet 
and juicy, ripe July and Aug. • 

8. R. HISPIDUS, L. Running Swamp Blackberry. 

Stems long, slender, somewhat shrubby, prostrate, beset with small prickles 
turned backwards ; leaves ternate or pedate, 5-foliate ; leaflets somewhat coriaceous*, 
obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire towards the base, smoothish ; flowers in 
corymbs or racemes, without bracts; sepals spreading, half as long as the petals. 

Swamps and wet woods ; common. May, June. Stem profusely trailing with 
short erect branches. Leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, nearly sessile, persis- 
tent through the winter on the common petiole 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers white.. 
Fruit composed of a few large blackish grains, red or purple. 

9. R. CUNEIFOLIUS, Pursh. Sand Blackberry. 

Low shrubby armed with stout recurved prickles ; leaves ternate and pedately 
5-foliate ; leaflets wedge-form, obovate, thiekish, serrate towards the apex, pubes- 
cent tomentose beneath; peduncles 2 to 4-flowered. 

Sandy fields and woods. May, June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Petioles often 
prickly. Flowers white or roseate. Petals 3 times as long as the tomentose oblong 
mucronate sepals. Fruit black, juicy, well-flavored, ripe in July, Aug. 

10. - R. trivialis, Mich. Lotc Bush Blackberry. 

Procumbent with many leafy and nearly erect branches, armed with numerous 
recurved prickles ; leaves mostly ternate ; leaflets ovate or oval, unequally serrate, 
more or less pilose; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered. 

Dry woods or rocky neglected fields. April, May. Stem 4 to 8 feet long, slender, 
often several from the same root running in differenc directions, smoothish, purple, 
and giving out numerous leafy flowering branches 2 to 6 inches long, nearly erect. 
Flowers terminal, white, rather large. Petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx. 
Fruit oblong or roundish, % to 1 inch in diameter, very succulent and sweet, black 
when ripe. July. 

14. ROSA. Tourn. Rose. 

Celtic rhos, red; Gr. rodon,; Lat. rosa. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, :fleshy r contraeted at the orifice; 
limb 5-parted, the segments often with a leafy appendage. 
Petals 5, inserted with the numerous stamens into the edge 
of the calyx-tube. Pistils numerous, nearly included, in- 
serted oyer the whole inner surface of the disk. Ovaries 



106 KOSACEJ3. 



many becoming bony achenia in fruit included in and fixed 
to the fleshy tube of the calyx. — Prickly shrubs with odd- 
pinnate leaves, stipules cohering icith the petiole, and shoicy } 
mostly red and white fragrant flowers. 

NATIVE SPECIES. 

1. E. Carolina, L. Swamp Rose. 

Prickles recurved, often wanting; leaflets 5 to 9, elliptical, often acute, sharply 
serrate, glaucous beneath, dull-green above ; flowers in corymbs, rarely solitary ; 
lobes of the calyx very long, appendaged, spreading, with the panicles glandular- 
bristly; fruit depressed-globose, somewhat bristly. 

Swamps and low grounds: common. July — Sept. A handsome species 3 to 8 
feet high, erect and bushy, with reddisb branches sometimes unarmed. Leaflets 
1 to 2 inches long, y 2 as wide, somewhat variable in form. Flowers 5 to 7 inter- 
minal corymbs. Petals large, crimson, inversely heart-shaped. 

2. E. LUCIDA, Ehr. Low Wild Pose. 

Armed with scattered unequal bristly prickles, mostly deciduous, the stouter 
persistent prickles nearly straight, slender ; leaflets 5 to 9, lance-elliptical shining 
above, sharply serrate; stipules dilated, long, smooth; peduncles somewhat hisped, 
1 to 3-fiowered; segments of the calyx entire appendaged,. spreading but not 
refiexed ; fruit globose-depressed, hispid or smooth. 

Dry soil or borders of swamps; common. June, July. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high, 
slender, with greenish branches. Leaflets 1 to 1}4 inches long, half as wide, acute 
or obtuse, odd one petiolate. Flowers rather large, pale red. Petals inversely 
heart-shaped. Fruit small, red, mostly smooth when mature. 

3. E. blanda, Ait. Early Wild Rose. 

Prickles few, straight, slender, deciduous; leaflets 5 to 7, oval or oblong, obtuse, 
serrate, pale and mostly pubescent beneath ; stipules large ; flowers 1 to 3 on short 
smooth peduncles. 

Dry hills and recks; common. May, June. Stems 2 to 3 feet high with reddish 
bark, prickly near the base. Bracts large, downy. Flowers rather large, rose- 
color. Petals obcordate, longer than the sepals. Fruit globose, red, crowned with 
the persistent erect and connivent calyx lobes. 

JSATURALIZLD SPECIES. 

4. E. RUBIGINOSA, Ait. Sweet Brier. Eglantine, 

Stan smooth, armed with numerous very strong recurved prickles; leaflets 5 to 
7, ovate or somewhat rounded with rusty glands beneath, doubly serrate; flowers 
mostly solitary ; fruit ovoid or obovate, and with the peduncles hisped. 

Hedges and roadsides; common. June, July. A stout prickly shrub 4 to 10 
feet high. Leaflets % to 1 inch long. % as wide, acute, bright green above, rusty 
beneath, and when nibbed over, fragrant. Flowers solitary or 2 or S together, rale 
red, fragrant. Fruit orange-red, crowned with the persistent calyx lobes. Yarw- 
tUi in cultivation about 25, single and double. 

OULTIYATED EXOTIC SPECIES. 

5. E. GALLICA, L. Common French Rose. 

This is the common red rose of gardens. Stem and petioles armed with numerous 
fine scattered prickles. Leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or broad oval, thick flower* 
•rest, large; sepals ovate. Fruit ovoid, and with the peduncles hisped. NumerouJ 



ROSACEA. 107 



varieties are known in cultivation, among which are the velvet, carmine, carna- 
tion, &c. 

6. R. pimpinellifolia, Ser. Scotch or Burnet Rose. 

A shrub 2 to 3 feet high with the stems densely covered with straight needle- 
shaped prickles. Leaflets 5 to 9, small, roundish, obtuse, smooth, simple serrate. 
Flowers small, numerous, globular, usually roseate, but changing in the numerous 
varieties to white, red or yellow. Native of Scotland. 

7. R. EGLANTERIA, 8. Australian Eglantine. Yellow Rose. 

A bushy shrub about 3 feet high, with ash-colored stems and red branches, both 

armed with straight, slender, scattered prickles. Leaflets 5 to 7, small, broa.d, oval 

or obovate, smooth, shining above, sharply serrate. Flowers numerous, golden 

yellow, of very short duration. Varieties numerous, both single and double^ 

► variegated with red. 

8. R. damasoena, L. Damask Rcs\ 

A fine species 3 to 4 feet high, branching, bushy stems, armed with unequal 
sp-'n^s, mostly stipular or hooked. Leaflets large, broadly elliptical, white downy 
beneath. Sepals reflexed. Flowers rather numerous, of a delicate pale roseate 
hue, usually with numerous petals and a delicious fragrance. Among its numer- 
ous varieties is the common monthly rose. Native of the Levant. 

9. R. centifolia. Hundred-leaved Rose. Provens Rose. 

A shrub 2 to 4 feet high. Stems covered with numerous neariy straight prickles. 
Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate glandular ciliate on the margin, sub-pilose beneath. Sepals 
spreading in flower. Floivers usually of a pink color, but varying in hue, form 
and size in the numerous varieties. Native of S. Europe. 

10. R. ALBA. White Garden Rose. 

A fine shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with slightly glaucous stems, armed with slender 
recurved prickles, sometimes none. Leaflets roundish ovate, shortly pointed. 
Sepals pinnatifid. Petals spreading. Flowers large corymbose, sweetiscented, gen- 
erally pure white, sometimes tinged with blush. Native of Germany. 

11. R. mxjltiflora. Japan Rose. 

A free growing shrub with long shoots easily trained to the height of 15 to 20 
feet armed with slender] scattered prickles. Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, soft 
and slightly rugose. Flowers corymbose, often numerous. Sepals short. Stylet 
exserted. Petals white, varying through roseate to purple. Native of Japan. 

12. R. Indica. Chinese Monthly or Bengal Rose. 

An erect or climbing shrub, with purplish stems, armed with strong, remota 
prickles. Leaflets 3 to 5, acuminate, r thickish, shining, smooth, serrulate. Flowers 
solitary or paniculate, in the numerous varieties every hue from pure white to 
crimson, blooming from April to November. 

13. R. setigera, Michx. Michigan Rose. Prairie Rose. 

Branches long, ascending, smooth, spi?ies few, strong, stipular; leaflets large, 3 to 
5, ovate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; stipules narrow, pointed ; flowers corymbose, 
calyx glandular, segments sub-entire; styles united; fruit globose. 

This splendid species is a native of Michigan and other Western States. Stems 
hardy a id of rapid growth, capable of being trained 12 to 20 feet. Flowers in 
very lar^e clusters, changeable in hue, nearly scentless, and of short duration 
About 20 varieties are cultivated. 



108 ROSACEA. 



Sub-order III. PGMEiE. The Apple Family, 

Trees or shrubs with alternate simple or compou/nd leaves-. 

U. CRATAEGUS. Linn. Hawthorns. 

Gr. kratos, strength ; in allusion to the hardness of the wood. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, round- 
ish. Stamens many or only 10 to 15. Styles 1 to 5, 
smooth. Fruit a pome, containing 1 to 5 bony 1-seeded 
carpels. — Thorny trees or shrubs, with simple mostly lobed 
leaves, subulate deciduous bracts, and showy white (rarely rose- 
color) flowers in corymbs. 

* Leaves serrate sub-entire, not lobed. 

1. C. Crus-galli, Ait. CocJcspur Thorn. 

Smooth ; leaves wedge-obovate, thickish, shining, serrate, entire near the base ; 
spines very long; corymbs smooth; styles 1 to 3. 

Borders of woods and thickets; rare. May, June. A thorny shrub or imall 
tree 10 to 20 feet high, much branched. Thorns 2 to 3 in ( hes long. Leaves nearly 
sessile 1 to 2]4, inches long, % to % as wide. Flowers white, fragrant on corymbs, 
on very short "lateral bractlets. Sepals lanceolate, smooth, sub-serrate. Style often 
solitary. Fruit red, pear-shaped or ovoid-oblong. 

2. C. punctata, Jacq. Common Thorn. 

Leaves wedge-obovate, cut-serrate, smooth, narrowed at base into a margined 
petiole, furrowed by the impressed straight veins ; corymbs compound, and with 
the calyx pubescent when young. 

Thickets, hedges and swamps ; common. May. A small tree 12 to 25 feet high 
with rugged branches, usually armed with stout sharp thorns 1 to 2 inches long, 
sometimes nearly unarmed. Baric ash-colored. Leaves light green, mostly hairy. 
Flowers white, numerous. Styles 1 to 3. Fruit large, red or yellowish, globose, 
dotted. 

3. C. PARVIFOLIA, Ait. Dwarf Thorn. 

Leaves wedge-obovate or cuneate, nearly sessile, rounded at the apex, cuneate, 
serrate, rarely somewhat incised, pubescent; flowers subsolitary ; calyx lobes folia- 
ceous, incised as long as the petals; styles 5; fruit roundish, pyriform. 

Sandy woods and banks of stream ; not common. April, May. A much branched 
Fhrub 4 to 7 feet high, armed with a few long and sharp thorns. Flowers white, 
mostly solitary and terminal. Fruit % to % iuch in diameter, red or yellow, eata- 
bll when ripe. 

^ * Leaves incised, more or less lobed. 

4. C. TOMENTOSA, L. Black Thorn. 

Leaves ovate-elliptic or oval-wedge-form, and narrowed at base into a short mar- 
gined petiole, incisely serrate and sub-lobed towards the apex, smooth and furrowed 
above, tomentose beneath when young ; styles 3 to 5 ; fruit pyriform. 

Borders of woods and thickets ; common. May, June. A large shrUb 12 to 15 
feet high, branching, armed with sharp thorns 1 to 2 inches long. Leaves 3 to 5 
inches long, % to % as wide, acute at apex, on petioles Y /i to 1 inch long. Flowers 
large, white, fragrant, in a large leafy compound corymb. Fruit large, orange- 
red, eatable, ripe in Sept. 

5. C- COCCINEA, L. White Thorn. 

Leaves roundish-ovate, thin, sharply exit and toothed, 5 to 9-lobed, somewhat 
cordate at base, on long slender petioles, nearly smooth; styles 3 to 5; fruit globow# 



ROSACEA. 109 



Thidkets on borders of streams. May, June. A thorny shrub or small tree 12 
to 20 feet high, with crooked -end spreading branches. Branchlets white. Thorns 
etout, rigid, a little recurved, white, 1]/, inches long. Flowers white in corymbg 
terminating the young branches. Fruit large, bright red or purple, eatable, ripe 
in Sept. Very variable. 

6. C. CORD at A, Ait. Washington Thorn. 

Smooth; leaves broadly-ovate and sub-cordate, on long and slender petioles 
acuminate, incised and serrate, mostly 3-lobed near the base; styles 5; fruit small, 
globose-depressed. 

Banks of streams. June. A shrub 15 to 20 feet high, cultivated in the Middle 
Slates for hedge-rofas. branching; the branches dark purple and armed with very 
Sharp and slender thorns 2 to 3 inches long. Leaves often deeply 3 to 5-lobed, 
about 2 by 1% inches. Flowers white, numerous, in corymbs terminating tha 
branches. Fruit small, bright purple or red. numerous. 

7. C. Oxycantha, L. Hawthorn. English Thorn. 

Smooth; leaves broadly ovate, cuneate, 3 to 5-lobed, incised and serrate ; segments 
-of the calyx acute or acuminate: styles 1 to 3 ; fruit ovoid. 

Roadsides, hedges, &c, sparingly naturalized. June. A very branching shrub 
4 to 10 feet high ; the brauches armed with sharp, short, tapering thorns ]/ 2 inch 
long. Leaves variously lobed, pale beneath. Petioles ]/> to 1 inch long, with 2 
leafy stipules at base. Flowers white, in corymbs. Fruit small, purple when 
mature. Introduced from Europe. 

16. AMALANCHIEK. DC. June Berry. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong-obovate or ob-lanceo- 
late. Stamens many, rather shorter than the calyx. Styles 
5, somewhat united at base. Pome when mature 8 to 5- 
06116(1. — Small frees or shrubs with simple serrate leaves and 
white flowers in racemes. 

1. A. Botriapium, DC. June Berry. Shad Berry. 

Leaves cordate-oval, conspicuously acuminate, pubescent when young, smooth 
when mature; flowers in loose racemes, appearing before the leaves; petals liuear- 
lanccolate, four times as long as the calyx. 

Rich moist woodlands and hills; frequent. April. A handsome tree 10 to 20 
feet high, with rather slender distant branches forming an open top. Leave* 2 to 
3% inches long, 1 to 2 wide, acutely serrate, on petioles % * ncn long. Flowers 
large white in loose racenies 2 inches long, terminating the branches, somewhat 
penlulous. Fruit dark purple, pleasant tasted, ripe in'june, July. 

2. A. ovalis, DC. Mcdler-bush 

Leaves roundish elliptic, or oblong-oval, acute or acuminate, serrate, emooth 
when mature; flowers in compact racemes ; petals obovate, oblong. 

Fence-rows and woodlands ; rare. April, May. A slender branching shrub 2 to 
o feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and % to 1 wide. Flowers white, in erect 
Yillose racemes. Fruit dark-purple or nearly black, pleasant tasted, ripe in July. 
Supposed by some botanists to be a variety "of the preceding, but considered dis- 
tinct by Beck, Darlington and others. 

17. PYRUS. Linn. Pear. Apple. 

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals round* 
igh. Stamens numerous. Styles 2 to 5. Pome fleshy 
U 



110 ROSACEA. 



or berry-like, the 2 to 5 carpels of a cartilaginous texture, 
each 2-seeded. — Trees or shrubs with simple or pinnate 
leaves, and handsome white or flesh-colored flowers, in cymott 
corymbs. 

* Sorbus, Tcnrn. Petals spreading. Styles 2 to 5. Leaves pinnate. 

1. P. Americana, DO. Mountain Ash. 

Leaflets 13 to<15, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, 
common petiole smooth when full grown ; flowers in large compound eymes ; fruit 
globose. 

Swamps and mountain woods. May. A large shrub or low tree, 15 to 20 feet 
high, with the younger branches pubescent. Leaves 10 to 15 inches long. Leaflet* 
2 to 4 inches long, % to 1 wide, sub-opposite, often acute. Floicers small, white, 
very numerous. Fruit scarlet, very showy, remaining through the winter, some- 
what acid. A low, smaller fruited variety is found on the Aileghenies. 

* * Adenobachib, DC. Petals spreading, with claws. Styles 2 to 5. Leaves «i» 
pte, the midrib beset with glands along the upper side. Fruit berry-like. 

2. P. arbutifolio, L. Choke Berry. 

Leave* o novate, oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, crenate- serrate, smooth 

above, veiny beneath, with 2 rows of glands along the midrib ; flowers in corymbs ; 

fruit nearly globose. 

1. Yar. melanocap.pa is nearly smooth, with purplish-black fruit 

Damp thickets; common. May. A slender branching shrub 2 to 5 feet high. 

Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % to 1 vride, the under surface usually very tomentose. 

Flowers numerous, nearly black, sweetish and astringent, ripe in Aug., Sept. 

* * * Malus, Tourn. Petals spreading, flat. Styles 5, nearly united. Leaves siwpU 
without glands. 

3. P. CORONARIA, L. Sweet-scented Crab Apple. 

Leaves broad ovate, rounded at base, eut serrate or lobed, smoothish; corymbs 
terminal, few-flowered, on long peduncles ; styles woolly and united at base ; fruit 
globose, depressed. 

Borders of woods ; common. May. A small tree 10 to 20 feet high, with spreading 
branches. Flowers large, fragrant, pale rose-color, in loose corymbs of 3 to 10. 
Fruit iy 2 inches in diameter, pale-greenish-yellow, firm and hard, very add, 
translucent and fragrant when ripe. Sept. 

4. P. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Ait, Narrow-leaved Crab Apple. 

Leaves oblong, or lanceolate, often acute at the base, crenate-dentate or almost 
entire, smooth, shiny above; flowers in corymbs; styles smooth and distinct; pedi- 
cels smooth. 

Woods. April— May. A tree 15 to 20 feet high resembling the last, but with 
smaller leaves and fruit. 

5. P. MAliTJS, L. Common Apple Tree. 

Leaves ovate, or oblong-ovate, serrate, acute or short acuminate, pubescent 
above, tomentose beneath, petiolate, corymbs sub-umbeilate ; pedicels and calyx 
villose-tomentose; petals with short claws; styles 5, united and villose at base; 
pome globose. Native of Europe, and almost naturalized with us. Probably 
nearly 1000 varieties are cultivated in the United States. 

6. P. communis, L. Pear Tree. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sub-serrate, smooth above, pubescent beneath, acute of 
acuminate; corymbs racemose; calyx andpedicels pubescent ; styles 5, distinct and 
villose at base; pome pyriform. Native of Europe, Flowers white. Numerous 
varieties are cultivated in the United States. 



CALYCANTHACE.E AND MELASTOMACE.E. Ill 

18. CYDONIA. Tourn. 

Named from Cydonia,, a town in Crete, from whence it was brought. 

Calyx urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 
many. Styles 5. Pome 5-carpellecl; carpels cartilaginous, 
many-seeded. Seeds covered with mucilaginous pulp. — 
Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, and mostly solitary flowers. 

C. vulgaris, Pers. Quince. 

Leaves oblong-orate, obtuse at base, acute at apex, very entire, smooth above, 
tomentose beneath; peduncles solitary, and with the calyx woolly; pome tomen- 
tose, oboroid. Shrubs about 8 to 12 feet high, with crooked straggling branches. 
Flowers white, with a tinge of purple, large, terminal. Fruit clothed with a soft 
down, yellow when ripe, highly esteemed for jellies and preserves. 

C. Japoxica, or Scarlet Pyrus, a low straggling shrub with beautiful eearles 
showy flowers, is occasionally met with in cultivation. 

Order 41. GALYG AWTHA0B2E. 

Shrubs with square stems exhibiting 4 axis of growth surrounding the central om« 
ttilh opposite, entire, simple leaves, vjithout stipules, and axillary solitary flowers. 
Sepals and petals confounded, indefinite, imbricate, combined in a fleshy tube= 
Oyables several, simple. Achenia hard, enclosed in the calyx-tube. 

CALYCANTHUS. Linn. 

Gr. kalux,& calyx and anthos, a flower ; the calyx resembling a corolla. 

Lobes of the calyx imbricated in many rows, lanceolate, 
colored, all more or less leathery or fleshy. Stamens about 
12, unequal, deciduous, the outer ones fertile. Anthers 
extrorse. — Shrubs with lurid purple, fragrant forcers, and 
with the baric and leaves exhaling the odor of camphor. 

C. Floridus, L. var. Icevigatus, Torr. & Gr. Sweei 
Scented Shrub. Carolina Allspice. 

Lmves oblong or oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green 
*n both sides; branches straight, erect; lobes of the calyx lanceolate. 

Mountains and fertile soils along streams; rare. May, June. A handsome 
-tfirub, cultivated in gardens, 4 to 6 feet high. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. 
HUyx brownish-purple, very fragrant. 

Order 41. MELASTGMAQEJE. 

Herbs, shrubs or trees, with opposite mostly entire ribbed leaves, end terminal 
vlilary or cymose flowers. Anthers opining by pores at the apex; otherwise 7rmeh 
%s in Onoqracsjs. (Evening Primrose Family.) 

1. EHEXIA. Linn. Meadow Beauty. 
Calyx- tube urn-shaped, narrowed at the apex, the limb 



♦• 



112 LYTHRACEiE. 



4-cleft. Petals 4, obovate, inserted with the 8 stamens on 
the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers 8, long, curved, 
attached to the filaments behind, naked at base. Style 1. 
Stigma 1. Capsule free in the calyx, with 4 many-seeded 
placentae projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled 
like a snail shell, without albumen.-— .Low? 'perennial herbs, 
often bristly, with sessile 3 to b-nerved, and bristle-edged leaves, 
and sliowy cymose purplish flowers. 

1. K. ViRGiNlCA, L. Deer Grass. Meadow Beauty. 

Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, sessile, ciliate y 
serrate, sprinkled with hairs onhoth sides; calyx hisped. 

Wet meadows and sandy swamps. July, Aug. Stem a foot high, often dichoto- 
mously branched above. Leaves with 3 (rarely 5 or 7) prominent nerves, 1 to 3 inches 
long, half as wide. Flowers large, in corymbose cymes. Petals reddish-purple, 
obovate, hisped beneath, caducous. Anthers long and prominent, crooked, golden 
yellow above with a purple line beneath. Style long, a little declined. 

2. R. Mariana, L. Maryland Deer Grass. 

Stem nearly round, covered with bristly hairs; leaves lanceolate, or linear-oblong, 
acute at each end, sparingly hisped on both sides, ciliate-serulate ; calyx hisped. 

Wet grounds. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, slender, with opposite branches. 
Flowers situated in the forks and terminations of the branches. Petals obovato, 
hairy on the outer surface, flesh-colored or white dilated with rose-red. Anthers 
yellow. Style larger than the stamens. 

Order 42. LYTHRACE2E. 

Herbs rarely shrubs, with usually 4,-sided branches, mostly opposite entire leaves, 
without stipules, and rarely irregular flowers, axillary or whorled, sometimes in 
racemes or spikes. Calyx tubular, the limb 4 to 7-lobed, sometimes with as many 
intermediate teeth. Petals inserted between the teeth of the calyx, sometimes 
wanting. Stamens as many, or 2 to 4 times as many as the petals, inserted into 
the tube of the calyx. Style 1 ; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. Ovary superior, 
1 to £-celled. Capsule membraneous, covered by the calyx, dehiscent. Seeps 
numerous, small. 

1. DECODON. Gmcl. 

Gr. delca, ten, and odous, a tooth, from the ten-toothed calyx. 

Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped, with 5 erect teeth and 
5 longer and- spreading horn-like processes. Petals 5, 
wedge-lanceolate. Stamens 15, 5 very long, the alternate 
ones shorter. Styles filiform. Capsule covered with the 
calyx, globose 3 to 4-celled, many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, 
with opposite or whorled lanceolate almost sessile leaves, and 
clustered pedicelled flowers in their axils. 

1. D. verticellatum, Ell. Swamp Willow Herb. 

Swamps and wet places. Aug. Stems 2 to 6 feet long, sometimes prostrate and 
rooting, 4 to 6-angled, smooth or pubescent. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, 3 to 



ONAGRACE.E. 118 



5 inches long, gradually acuminate or acute at apex, on short petioles. Flowers 
in axillary sub-sessile umbels, apparently whorled, constituting a long, leafy, 
terminal and showy panicle. Petals 5 to 6, large, and of a fine purple. 

CUPHEA. Jacq. 

Gr. Jcuphos, curved ; in reference to the form of the calyx. 

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gib- 
bous or spurred at the base, on the opposite side, 6-toothed 
at the apex, with usually as many little intermediate pro- 
cesses. Petals 6 to 7, unequal. Stamens mostly 12, 
approximate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Style filiform. 
Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule membranaceous, 1 to 2-ceiled, 
few-seeded. — Herbaceous or half shrubby plants, with opposite 
entire leaves, and axillary and terminal flowers. 

C. VISCOSISSIMA, Jacq. Clammy Cvphca. 

"Viscid-pubescent ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, long-stalked, rough; Jk-wtrs 
• lateral, and solitary, on short peduncles; petals ovate, short-clawed. 

Fields and roadsides. July, Aug. Annual. Stem 10 to 15 inches high, erect, 
branching. Leaves 1 to 2 inches loDg, % as wide, on petioles % to % inch long. 
Calyx often purple, ventricose. Petals violet-colored. Stamens included. OqjiuU 
bursting lengthwise before the seeds are ripe. 

Ceder 43. QMAGEAGEJE. 

Herhaceous plants or shrubs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, and axillary 
terminal flowers of various colors. Petals 4, (sometimes 2 or 3). Stamens 1— 2— 3 
inserted with the petals into the throat of the calyx. Ovary 2 to 4-celled, cohericg 
with the calyx-tuhe; placenta in the axis. FRUiT baccate or capsular, 2 tv 
4-celled, many-seeded. There are two sub-orders.. 

Sub-order I. ONOGRACEiE proper. 

Calyx-tube often prolonged beyond the ovary, the petals 
and stamens inserted on its summit. Stamens 2 — 4 — 8. 
Styles single, slender. Stigma 2 to 4-lobed, or capitate, 
Ovary 4-celled. Seeds without albumen. 

1, EPILOBIUM. Linn. Willow-herb. 

Gr. epi, upon, lobou, a pod, ion, a violet, viz : a violet on a pod. 

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary, 4-sided; 
limb 4-parted, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. An- 
thers short, fixed by the middle. Stigma often with 4 
spreading lobes. Ovary and capsule linear, 4-cornered, 
4-celled ; 4-valved. Seeds numerous, crowned with a tuft of 
XJ* 



114 ONAGRACE^S. 



hairs. — Herbaceous perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and 
violet, purple or white flowers. 

1. E. ANGUSTIFOLIUM, L. Willow Herb. Rose-bay. 

Stem simple, erect; leaves scattered, lanceolate, 'sparingly denticulate with a 
marginal vein ; flowers large, pedicellcd, in a terminal spike; petals clawed; star 
mens unequal, declined; style at length deflexed. 

Newly cleared land, and waste places. July. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, often 
branched above. Leaves sessile, smooth, 2 to 5 inches long, *4 a8 wide, acuminate 
with pellucid veins. Flowers numerous and showy, colored in all their parte, 
deep-lilac-purple, in a raceme often a foot long. 

2. E. COLORATUM, Muhl. Colored Epilobium. 

Stem subterate, erect, very branching, pubescent; leaves mostly opposite, lanceo- 
late, setfulate, acute, somewhat petiolcd, smooth; petals tmall, 2-cleft at the apex; 
stigma club-shaped. 

Ditches and wet shady grounds; common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, 
much branched, often purplish. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, % as wide, with minute 
white dots, upper ones alternate and sessile, lower on short petioles. Flowert 
email purplish fading to white, axillary near the extremity of the branches. 

3. E. palustris, L. Marsh Willow Herb. 

Minutely hoary; stem slender, roundish, at length much branched; leaves nearly 
sessile, lanceolate or linear, acutish at both ends, slightly toothed or entire; petal* 
small, obcordate, twice as long as the calyx; style included; stigma undivided, 
clavate. 

Swamps and marshy places. Aug., Sept. S'em 1 to 2 feet high, very branching. 
Leaves mostly alternate, 1 to 3 inches long, % a3 wide. Flcwers numerous, axil- 
lary, rose-color. Capsule 1 to 2 inches long, pubescent. 

4. E. MOLLE, L. Soft Willow Herb. 

Soft downy all over ; stem round, straight, erect, branching above ; leaves crowded, 
lanceolate or linear-oblong, alternate or opposite, mostly entire. 

Swamps ; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves numerous, % to V/^ 
inches long, }4_ as wide. Fhwers rofe-color, axillary in tie upjer rrrtof the 
etem. Petals deeply notched, twice as long as the calyx. Stigma large and thick. 
Capsule 3 inches long on a short pedicel. 

(ENOTHERA. Linn. Evening Primrose. 

Gr. 019205, wine ; and thera, a chase : application uncertain. 

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the 
lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Anthers mostly 
linear. Stigma 4-lobed or capitate. Capsule 4-valved f 
many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Herbaceous plants, with alter- 
nate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. 

1. CE. BIENNIS, L. Common Evening Primrose. 

Stem erect, mostly hairy; leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed, pubes- 
cent; lower ones on short petioles ; flowers in a teiminal rather leafy f pike; petalt 
obcordate; capsule sessile, obtusely 4-angled, somewhat swelled. Var. 1. muricata 
CE, muricata, Ph.) Stem muricatc or strigosely hirsute, red; pttah scarcely longer 
than the stamens. Var. 2. grandifloe a (CE, granai flora, Ait.) Petals much longer 
than the stamens, deeply obcordate. Stem branched. BienniaL 



ONAGRACE^l. 115 



Fields and waste places; common. June, Aug. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, simple 
or branching from the base. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, % to 1% wide, roughly 
pubescent ; radical ones tapering into a petiole. Flowers numerous, light-yellow, 
fragrant, opening after sunset and closing next day, in a spike 3 to 12 inches long. 

2. CB. fruticosa, L. Sundrops. Per. Eve g Primrose, 

Stem erect, simple or nearly branched, pubescent or hirsute; leaves oblong or 
lanceolate, slightly toothed; pe.'als broadly obcordate, longer than the calyx-lobe* 
and stamens : capsule oblong-club-shaped, 4-winged, longer than the pedicels. 

Open places; common. June — Aug. Per. Stem hard, rigid, 1 to 3 feet high, 
branched, purple. Leaves variable in pubescence, form and size. Flowers large, 
1% inches in diameter, bright yellow, in a peduncled corymb. 

3. OS. pumila, L. Dwarf Evening Primrose, 

Low, pubescent; stem ascending; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, mostly obtuse, 
attenuate at base, entire ; flowers in a loose and prolonged Jeafy raceme; petals 
obcordate, scarcely longer than the stamens. 

Dry fields. July, Aug. Biennial. A small half-erect plant, 6 to 10 inches long, 
■with a round, slender simple stem. Leaves 1 to l}4 inches long, % to }/> inch 
wide; radical ones spatulate, petioiate. Flowers yellow, % hich broad, opening in 
euccession, 1 or 2 at a time. Capsule oblong-club-shaped, nearly sessile, 8-angle4. 

GAURA. Linn. 

Gr. gauros, superb; on account of the showy flowers of some, species. 

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; 
limb 4-cleft, reflexed. Petals 4, clawed, somewhat unequal, 
inserted into the tube. Stamens 8, declinate. Style long. 
Stigma 4-lobed. Fruit 4-angled, dry and indehiscent, by 
abortion mostly 1-celled, 1 to 4-seedcd. Seeds naked. — 
Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate leaves and rose- 
color or vjhite changing to red flowers^ in wand-like spikes or 
racemes. 

G. BIENNIS, L. Biennial Gaura. 

Whole plant softly hairy or downy ; leaves lanceolate, remotely dentate, alter- 
nat, sessile ; flowers numerous, sessile, in terminal spikes ; fruit sub-sessile, 8-ribbed, 
pubescent. 

Banks of streams. July, Aug. A handsome biennial 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves 
pale-green, acute at each end. Calyx reddish. Corolla rose-color, changing todoep 
red. Fruit rarely with more than one mature seed. 

LUDWIGIA. Linn. 

In honor of C. D. Ludivig, Prof, of Botany at Leipsic, about 1750. 

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyong the ovary; limb 4-lobed, 
usually persistent. Petals 4, equal, obcordate, often small 
or wanting. Stamens 4, opposite the apex. Style short. 
Capsule short, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded and crowned 
with the persistent calyx lobes. — Perennial herbs, with entire 
mostly alternate leaves and axillary fiowers } often yellow or 
apetalous. 



116 ONAGRACE^l. 



1. L. alternifolia, L. Seed-box. 

Nearly smooth ; stem erect, branched ; leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute or 
pointed at both ends, sessile, pale beneath ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, 2-bracted 
above the middle; petals scarcely as long as the spreading acuminate sepals ; capsule 
large, with 4 winged angles, crowned with the colored calyx. 

Shady swamps. July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, round with a strong bark, and 
several branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to 1 wide, with marginal veins. 
jSepals large, reddish. Petals large, ovate, yellow, soon falling off. 

* Petals very minute or none. Isnakdia. 

2. L. SPHiEROCARPA, Ell. Round-fruited Ludwigia. 

Nearly smooth ; stem erect, much branched; leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering 
at the base, alternate ; floivers solitary, axilliary, or clustered towards the summit 
of the branches ; petals mostly none; capsule globular, obscurely 4-sided, very 
email. 

In water and swampy places ; rare. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, angular 
reddish. Margin of the leaves rough. Flowers greenish, inconspicuous. 

3. L. PALUSTRIS, L. Water Purslane. 

Smooth, low; stem procumbent at base, rooting or floating; leaves opposite 
ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile; 
capsule sub-ovate, slightly angled. 

Floating in water, or creeping in muddy places: common. Juno — Oct. Stem 
succulent, purplish, 10 to 20 inches long. Leaves and slender petioles 1% by % 
inches, ovate-spatulate. Flowers very small. Calyx-lobes and style very short, 
Petals when present, flesh-color. 

CIRCiEA. Tourn. Enchanter's Nightshade. 

Named from Circe, the enchantress. 

Calyx slightly produced above the ovary, deciduous; 
limb 2-parted. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 
2 ; alternating with the petals. Capsule reflexed, obovate, 
2-celled ; 2-seeded ? bristly with hooked hairs. — Low incon- 
spicuous perennials, ivith opposite leaves on slender petioles, 
and small whitish flowers in racemes. 

1. C. Lutetiana, L. Common Enchanter's Nightshade. 

Stem erect, mostly pubescent; leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate, toothed, 
longer than the petiole ; bracts none ; fruit reflexed, bristly. 

Moist woodlands ; common. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, sparingly branched, 
tumid at the nodes. Leaves dark-green, 2 to 4 inches long, % as wide. Flower* 
small, reddish-white, in a long terminal raceme. 

2. C. ALPINA, L. Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade. 

Low, smooth and weak ; leaves cordate, shining, coarsely toothed, the lower ones 
as long as the petiole ; bracts minute. 

Cold, moist, shady places. July. A small delicate plant 3 to 8 inches high. 
Stem transparent, juicy. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Flowers whito, 
minute, in terminal racemes. 

Sub-order II. HALORAGE^E. 
Marsh or water plants, with very small axillary sessilt 



ONANGRACEJS. 117 



flowers, often monoecious or dioecious. Calyx-tube not at 
all prolonged, the lobes obsolete or none. Petals 3 to 4, 
often none. Stamens 1 to 8. Ovary inferior, 1 to 4-celled. 
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 to 4-celled. Seeds pendulous, 1 
in each cell. 

PROSEKPINACA. Linn. Mermaid-weed. 

L&t.proserpo, to creep ; the stems creeping and rooting at the base. 

Calyx-tube 3-sided, limb 3-parted. Petals none. Sta- 
mens 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit- long, 3-angled, 8-celled, 
3-seeded, nut-like. — Low perennial aquatic herbs, with the 
stems creeping at the base, alternate leaves, and small fertile 
flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3 or 4 together. 

1. P. palustris, L. Common Mermaid-weed. 

Upper leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate; lovjer ones often pinnatifid; fruit sharply 
3-angled. 

Wet swamps; rare. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 18 inches long, roundish. Leaves 
about 1 inch long, l£ wide, acute at each end, lower ones on short petioles, if sub- 
merged pinnatifid with linear segments like the teeth of a comb. Flowers greenish, 
Bedside, 1 to 3 together. Stigmas purple, cylindrical. 

2. P. PECTINACEA, Lain. Cut-leaved Mermaid-weed. 

Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl-shaped; fruit rather obtusely 
3-angled. 

Sandj r swamps; rare. Aug. Stems 5 to 15 inches high, ascending at base from 
long creeping roots. Leaves all regularly and finely divided into very narrow 
segments like the teeth of a comb. Styles none. Stigmas attenuate above. 

MYRIOPHYLLUM. Vaill. AVater Milfoil. 

Gr. murios, a myriad, phullon, a leaf; from the numerous divisions of the leaf. 

Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx of the 
sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 
4, or none. Stamens 4 to 8. Fruit nut-like, 4-celled, 
deeply 4-lobed. Stigmas 4, recurved. — Submersed aquatic 
perennial herbs, with crowded often whorled leaves, those im« 
mersed p innately parted into capillary divisions, and sessile 
flowers in the axils of the upper leaves: upper ones staminate. 

* Stamins 8 ; petals deciduous ; leaves whorled in threes. 

1. M. SPICATUM, L. Spiked Water Milfoil. 

Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary ; floral ones or bracts shorter than the 
flowers, ovate entire; lower ones sub-serrate and larger; petals broadly ovate; 
stamens 8. 

In water. Aug., Sept. Stem slender, branched, varying in length with the 
depth of the water, the flowers only rising above the surface. Leaves composed of 
innumerable, hair-like segments. Flowers greenish sessile. Carpels smooth. 



118 CACTACEJE. 



2. M. yerticillatum, L. Whorled Water Milfoil. 

Leaves verticellate pinnately divided into capillary or setaceous segments ; floral 
haves pectinate pinnatifid, usually longer than the flowers ; petals oblong-oboyate ; 
oarpels smooth and even. 

In water. July — Sept. Stem long and stouter than in the preceding, only the 
npper part emerging. Flowers small, green, in a terminal spike with conspicuous 
floral leaves. 

3. M. heterophyllum, Michs. Various-leaved Water 
Mil/oil. 

St-.m rather stout ; floral leaves ovate and lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply 
serrate ; lower leaves pinnatifid ; petals oblong ; fruit obscurely roughened. 

In sluggish water. July. Stein thick and branching. Leaves very various, 
lowest finely divided. Flowers purple, whorled in the axils of the upper leavei. 
Sepals minute. Fetals somewhat persistent. Stamens sometimes only 4 to 6. 

& * Stamens 4; leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower finely divided. 

4. M. AMBIGUUM, Ambiguous IVater Milfoil. . 

Submersed leaves cut into capillary segments ; the emersed ones pectinate ; floral 
ones linear, tapering into a short petiole, toothed or entire ; flowers mostly perfect ; 
petals oblong; carpels smooth and even. 

Ponds ami ditches. July, Aug. Stems 2 to 6 inches long and creeping in the 
mud, or when floating in water, long and slender. Leaves variously divided, when 
thesterrs are procumbent and rooting the leaves are all linear, rigid, and often 
entire, but when submersed they are finely divided like the teeth of a comb. 
blowers small purplish. 

HIPPURIS. Linn. Mare's-tail. 

Gr. hippus, a horse, and oura, a tail. 

Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen 1, inserted on 
the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stig- 
xnatic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes 
of the anther. Fruit nut-like, i-celled, 1-seeded. — Peren- 
nial aquatics with simple entire leaves in who7*ls } and minute 
floicers sessile in the axils , perfect or polygamous. 

'i H. VULGARIS, L. Common Mare! s-tail. s < 

Leaves in whorls of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire. 

Borders of ponds and springs; rare. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, simple, erect. 
Flowers at the base of the upper whorls, one to each leaf, small. 

Order 44. GAGTAQ1JE. Cactus Family. 

Fleshy and thickened leafless plants of peculiar aspect, globular or columnar and 
many-angled or flattened and jointed, usually withpricldes. Flowers solitary, sessile; 
the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in several rows. Stamens numerous, 
with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed 
l>7 the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1. Stigmas numerous. Feut a 
1-ct-lled succulent berry, many-seeded. 



GROSSULACE^i. 119 



OPUNTIA. Tourn. Prickly Pear, 

Sepals and petals not prolonged into a tube, spreading, 
the inner roundish. Stamens numerous; shorter than th© 
petals. Style with numerous erect stigmas. — Stem com- 
posed of flat and usually broad joints, bearing clusters of 
bristles often with spines intermixed, arranged in a special 
order. 

0. VULGARIS, Mill. Indian Fig. Cozvs-tongue. 

Stems low, -prostrate-spreading, of obovate joints, armed with short barbed bris- 
tles, rarely with a few spines; flowers sessile, on the margin of the joints. 

Dry recks and sandy soils; rare. June, July. Flowers large, sulphur-yellow. 
Fruit obovate, umbillicate, nearly smooth, eatable. Seeds numerous, immersed ia 
the crimson pulp. Cultivated. 

Order 45. GEOSSULAOS®. Qurrant Family. 

Low shrubs, sometimes prickly, with alternate palmately loled leaves, a 5-lobed 
talyx cohering with the 1-celled ovary, and tearing 5 small petals and 5 stamens 
Fruit a 1-celled berry, with 2-parietal placentae crowned with a minute embryo e$ 
the base of hard albumen. 

KIBES. Linn. 

Calyx companulate or tubular, 5-parted, sometimes col- 
ored. Petals small, inserted alternately with the stamens 
in the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 
2, distinct or united. Berry crowned with the shrivelled 
remain of the flowers, 1-celled, pulpy, many-seoded. — Leaves 
often clustered in the axils, with the flowers from the satm 
clusters or from separate buds. 

* Stem unarmed; flowers in racemes : berries never prickly. Currants. 

1. R. floridum, L'Her. Wild Black Currant. 

Leaves sub-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, sprinkled on both sides with yellowish resinots 
dots, doubly serrate, on long petioles; racemes drooping, many-flowered, downy; 
bracts longer than the pedicels; calyx tubular, bell-shaped; fruit obovoid. 

Woods and hedges; common. May. A handsome shrab 3 to 4 feet high. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long 1% to 2% wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long. Flc-wtra 
somewhat bell-shaped, greenish yellow. Fruit black, smooth, insipid. ; 

The R. nigrum or black currant of the gardens. Native of Europe, is proiabiy 
not distinct from this species. 

2. R. PROSTRATUM, I/Her. Mountain Currant. 

Stem reclining or prostrate ; leaves deeply cordate, § to 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes 
ovate, acute, doubly serrate ; racemes erect, slender ; calyx rotate, segments ebovate ; 
petals spatulate, small ; fruit glandular-hisped. 

Mountains and rocky hills. May, June. A small procmibent shrub with creel 
branches 1 to 3 feet high. Facemes erect, about 8-flowereJ, at length pendulona. 
Bracts very short. Flowers marked with purple. Berrizz red, ill-scented, Gilt? 
■srhole plant has a disagreeable odor. 



120 GROSSULACEJ2. 



S. R. rubrum, L. Red Currant. 

Stems straggling or reclined ; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 to 5-lobed, 
fcerrate, downy beneath; racemes nearly smooth, drooping from lateral buds, di»- 
tinet from the leaves; calyx flat; fruit globose, smooth. This is the common red 
currant of the gardens, so universally cultivated. Indigenous in swamps and 
mountains from New York to Wisconsin, and may probably be found in Western 
Pennsylvania. 

4. R. AUREUM, Pursh. Missouri, or Golden Currant 

Plant smooth; leaves 3-lobed, lobes spreading entire or with a few large teeth. 
petioles longer than the leaves ; bracts linear; racemes loose, many-flowered; calym 
tabular; segments cblong, obtuse ; petals linear ; fruit smooth, oblong or globose; 
A beautiful shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, with numerous yellow, very fragrant flowers, 
appearing from April to May. Fruit yellow, finally brown. Native of Missouri 
and Oregon. Common in cultivation. 

* * Stem usually armed with sub-axillary spines, often pricldy : berries prickly or 
smooth. Gooseberries. 

5. R. Cynosbati, L. Pricldy Gooseberry. 

Stem unarmed or prickly; sub-axillary spines 1 to 3; leaves cordate, roundish, 
pubescent, with 3 to 5 incisely toothed lobes ; peduncles slender, 2 to 3-flowered ; 
stamens and style not longer than the broad companulate calyx-tube; pctali 
obovate shorter than the calyx segments. 

Rocky woods and mountains. May, June. A handsome shrub 2 to 4 feet high, 
branching, the lower part of the stem often prickly. Flowers greenish-white, in 
pendulous racemes. Berries usually with long prickles, brownish purple. 

6. R. hirtellum, Miclix. Rough Wild Gooseberry. 

Stem unarmed, rarely prickly ; leaves roundish, cordate, 3 to 5-lcbed, toothed, 
pubescent beneath ; jpeduncles very short, deflexed, 1 to 2-flowered, smooth; calyx- 
tube bell-shaped, the segments twice as long as the petals; styles hairy, 2-cleft ; 
fruit smooth. • 

Rocky places. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet long. Leaves % to 1}4 inches in 
diameter, generally cleft half to the middle. Flowers nodding, greenfsh. Fruit 
i>l uish-purple, pleasant-tasted. 

7. R. ROTUNDIFOLIUM, Miclix. Wild Gooseberry. 

Stem without prickles; sub-axillary spines mostly solitary, short; leaves roundish, 
nearly smooth, 3 to 5-lobed, incisely dentate; peduncles slender, 1 to 2-Cowcred; 
stamens and 2-parted style slender, longer than the narrow cylindrical calyx; fruit 
emooth. 

Mountain woods ; common. May, June. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, with a whitish 
bark. Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, mostly truncate at base, shining above, on 
ciliate petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers whitish, with a tinge of purple. Fruit 
purple when ripe, w T ell flavored, resembling the garden gooseberry. 

8. R. LACUSTRES, Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. 

Young stems clothed with bristly prickles, and with several weak thorns ; leaves 
deeply 3 to 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes deeply incised; raceme 5 to 9-flowcred, 
pilose; calyx broad and flat; stamens and style not longer than the petals; fruit 
bristly. 

Mountain swamps ; rare. May, June. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, reddish from the 
numerous prickles, which differ from the spines only in size. Leaves shining above, 
1 l A to 2]/ 2 inches in diameter, on ciliate hisped petioles longer than the leaves 
Flowers small; greenish-yellow. Fruit bristly, dark-purple, unpleasant to tne 
taste. 



PASSEFLORACEJE AND CUCURBIT ACE M. 121 

9. R. Uva-crispa, Garden Gooseberry. 

Stem prickly; leaves roundish, 3 to o-lobed, hairy beneath, on short hairy petioles; 
peduncles hairy, 1-flowered ; calyx bell-shaped ; style hairy; fruit smooth or hairy, 
globose. Native of England. Common in cultivation. Varieties numerous, with 
red, green and amber fruit very large. 

Order 46. PASSIFL0RACE2E. 

Herbaceous or shrubby plants, usually climbing by tendrils, alternate, often glan- 
dular leaves, foliaceous stipules, and axillary and terminal flowers often "With a 
3-leaved involucre. Sepals 5, combined in a tube, the throat crowned with a double 
or triple fringe. Petals 5. arising from the throat of the calyx, sometimes wanting. 
Stamens 5, monodelphous, rarely indefinite, surrounding the stipe of the ovary. 
Styles 3. Ovary superior, on a large stipe, 1-celled. Fruit many-seeded, placentae, 
sometimes 3-valved. 

1. PASSIFLORA. Linn. Passion-flower. 

Xat. passio, passion, and flos, a flower; the several parts of the flowers, were 
compared to the instruments of the Savioui's passion. 

Calyx colored, deeply 5-parted ; the throat crowned with 
a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, inserted into the 
calyx, or none. Stamens 5 ; their filaments situated on the 
ttif e of the oyary, separate and spreading. Anthers large, 
fixed by the middle. Stigmas 3, club-shaped, capitate. 
Fruit a pulpy berry, many-seeded. — Perennial climbing 
herbs or shrubs, with palmately lobed leaves, generally with 
stipules, and showy flowers on axillary peduncles. 

1. P. lijte A, L. Yelloiv Passion-flower. 

Smooth, slender ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed ; petioles without glands ; stipules min- 
ute; peduncles mostly in pairs; petals narrow, much longer than the calyx. 

Banks of streams ; Southern part of thQ State. June, July. Stem climbing, 
slender, 3 to 10 feet long. Leaves yellowish-green, nearly as broad as long. Flowers 
small, greenish-yellow. Crown in 3 rows, the inner row a membraneous disk with 
a fringed border. Fruit dark-purple. 

2. P. incarnata, L. Flesh-colored Passion-flower, 

Leaves smooth, 5-nerved, deeply 3-cleft, lobe oblong, acute, serrate; petioles with 
2 glands; involucre 3-leaved, obovate, glandular, serrate; crown triple; ovary 
smooth. A handsome cultivated species, native of the Southern States, ^em- 
climbing, 10 — 20 — 30 feet. Flowers large and showy, on pedicels. Petals white, 
^val-oblong. Two outer rows of filaments long, purple with a whitish base, the 
inner row of short rays, flesh-color. Berry pale-yellow, eatable. 

Order 47. CUCURBIT ACE JE. 

Herbaceous mostly succulent vines, with tendrils, alternate palmately veined leaves, 
and axillary monoecious or dioecious flowers. Calyx 5-toothed, sometimes indis- 
tinct. Corolla 5-parted, scarcely distinguishable from the calyx, strongly marked 
with reticulated veins. Stamens -"5, disftnet, or cohering in 2 or 3 sets, Anehers 

v 



122 CUCURBITACE^. 



sinuous. Ovahy adherent, 1-celled; Sttlb short; stigma very thick, velyety or 
fringed. Fruit &pepo more or less succulent, often 1-celled tj obliteration. Seeds 
flat, with no albumen, often winged. 

1. SICYOS. Linn. 

Gr. sikuos, the ancient name of the cucumber. 

Flowers monoecious. Petals 5, united below into a 
bell-shaped or flattish corolla. Stamens 5, monodelphous 
or at length triadelphous ; anthers contorted. Styles 3, 
united at the base. Fruit ovate membranaceous, filled by 
the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which 
are readily detached. — Climbing annuals, with compound 
tendrils, and whitish flowers, the sterile and fertile mostly 
from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a 
long-peduncled capitate cluster. 

1. S. ANGULATUS, L. Single-seed Cucumber. 

Stem branching, hairy ; leaves roundish, heart-shaped, and 5-angled-lobed, the 
lobes minutely toothed, pointed; pistillate flowers much smaller than the staminate. 

Banks of streams. July, Aug. A weak climbing Tine with long spiral tendrils. 
Leaves 3 to 4 inches broad, on long stalks. Flowers whitish, marked with green 
lines. Fruit Y 2 inch long, ovate, spinous, 8 to 10 together in a crowded cluster. 

2. ECHINOCYSTIS. Torr. & Gray. 

Grr. ekinos, prickly, and Tcustis, a bladder; in allusion to the appearance of the fruit 

Flowers monoecious, Calyx flattish, segments 5, fili- 
form subulate. Petals 6, united at the base into an open 
spreading corolla. Stamens 8, diadelphous. Style 1; 
stigmas 3, fringed. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in 
each cell. Fruit globose-ovoid, bristly-echinate, 2-celled, 
4-seeded. — A rank tall-climbing annual, with branching ten- 
drils, sharply b-lobed thin leaves, and very numerous small 
greenish- white flowers. 

E. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam Apple. 

Leaves palmately 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes acuminate, denticulate; flowers 
small, the barren ones very numerous, in axillary racemes, the fertile ones solitary 
or several, situated at the base of the raceme. 

Rich river soils. July — Sept. A smoothish running vine. Stem deeply furrowed, 
with long 3-parted tendrils placed nearly opposite the long petioles. Fruit 1 to 2 
inches long, at length dry and membranaceous, with 4 large seeds. 

3. MELOTHMA. Linn. 

Flowers polygamous or monoecious. Sterile Flowers, 
calyx 3 to 5-toothed ; corolla companulate ; filaments 5, in 
3 sets. Fertile Flowers, calyx and corolla as in the 



cucurbitace,£. 123 



sterile; style Ij stigmas 3 , fimbriate. Fruit 3 -celled, many- 
seeded. — A slender climbing annual, with simple tendrils. 
Jive lobed leaves, and small yellowish flowers. 

M. PENDULA, L. Small Creeping Cucumber. 

Leaves roundish-cordate, 5-lobed or angled, slightly hispid; fiowers axillary, the 
sterile in-small racemes, the fertile solitary, on long peduncles. 

Banks of streams. June, July. A slender vine, climbing over other vegetables. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches in diameter, on petioles. Tendrils 5 to 6 inches long. Floweri 
yellowish, small. Fruit small, oval. 

CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 

i. MOMOKDICA. Linn. 

Tlowers monoecious. Calyx 5-cleft, Petals 5, united 
at the base. Stamens 5, triadelphous. Style 3-cleft; 
pepo fleshy, bursting elastically. Seeds compressed with a 
fleshy arillus. — An annual climbing herb, with simple tendrils, 
palmately lobed leaves, and pale yellow flowers. 

M. Balsamina, L. Common Balsam Apple. 

Leaves palmately 5-lobed, dentate, naked, shining; peduncles solitary, filiform, 
I^flowered, with an orbicular-cordate dentate bract above the middle; fruit 
roundish-ovoid, angular, tuberculate, bursting elastically on one side. Native of 
the East Indies. Stem slender, climbing by simple tendrils. Flowers pale-yeilow= 
Fruit orange-color, balsamic and eatable 

5. CUCUMIS. Linn. 

Celtic, cuce, a hollow vessel. 

Flowers monoecious or perfect. Calyx tubular, bell- 
shaped, with awl-shaped segments; corolla deeply 5-parted. 
Stamens 5, triadelphous. Style short; stigmas 3, thick, 
2-lobed; pepo fleshy, indehiscent. Seeds ovate, flat, acute 
and not margined at the edge. — Annual herbs, creeping or 
climbing by tendrils^ alternate leaves, and axillary solitary 
yellow flowers, 

1. C. sativus, L. Common Cucumber. 

.Stem prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; leaves sub-cordate, palmately 5-angledor 
lobed, lobes sub-entire, acute, terminal one longest; fruit oblong, obtusely pris- 
matic, prickly on a short peduncle. Native of Tartary and India. Numerous 
varieties are now cultivated for the table. Cratheted and eaten before maturity, 
June — Sept. 

2. C. Melo, L. Musk Melon, 

Stem prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; leaves sub-cordate, roundish, obtuse, 
palmately 5-angled; lobes rounded, obtuse, obscurely denticulate ; flowers pistillate, 
^er/ect; and staminate, the perfect on short peduncles; fruit oval or sukglobose^ 



124 CUCURBITACE^I. 



longitudinally torulose. Native of Asia, cultivated for the juicy, yellowish, 
delicately flavored flesh of the mature fruit. June, July. 

3. C. Anguria, L. Prickly Cucumber. 

Stem prostrate, slender, hisped; tendrils simple; leaves palmately and deep sin- 
uate lobed, cordate at base ; fruit oval-ovoid or sub-globose, prickly. Native of 
Jamaica. Fruit about the size of a hen's egg; cultivated and used for pickles. 

4. C Citrullus, Ser. Water Mehn. 

Stem prostrate, slender, hairy; tendrils branching; leaves palmately 5-lobed, 
rery glaucous beneath; lobes mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, all the segments obtuse ; 
flowers solitary, on hairy peduncles, bracted at h&se; fruit elliptical, smooth. 
Native of Africa and India. Cultivated for its large and delicious fruit. June y 
August. 

6. LAGENARIA. Ser. 

Gr. lagenos, a flagon or bottle ; from the form of the fruit. 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, obo- 
vate. Stamens 5, triadelphous ; anthers very long, twisted. 
Stigmas 3 ; thick, 2-lobed, sub-sessile. Pepo woody, 1-celled 
many-seeded; seeds ariled, obcordate, compressed, margia 
tumid. — An annual herbaceous plant, climbing by branching 
tendrils, with axillary solitary, white fioioers. 

L. vulgaris, Ser- Calabash. Bottle Gourd. 

Softly pubescent; leaves roundish-cordate, abruptly acuminate, denticulate, with 
2 glands beneath at base; flowers on peduncles ; fruit club-shaped, inflated, at 
length smooth. Native of the Tropics; cultivated for the rind of the fruit, which 
is used for dipping water, &c. Flowers white. July, Aug. 

7. CUCURBITA. Linn. 

A Latin word signifying a vessel. 

Flowers monoecious. Corolla bell-shaped j petals united 
and coherent with the calyx. Stam. Fls. Calyx 5-toothed. 
Stamens 5, triadelphous; anthers syngenesious, straight, 
parallel. Pist. Fls. Calyx 5-toothed, upper part decidu- 
ous after flowering. Stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed. Pepo 
fleshy or woody, 3 to 5-celled. Seeds numerous, thickened 
at the margin, obovate, compressed, smooth. — Annual herbs 
with prostrate running stems, mostly branched tendrils, and 
yellow solitary axilary flowers. 

1. C. Pepo, L. Pumpkin. 

Hispid and scabrous ; leaves (very large) cordate, palmately 5-lobed or angled, 
finely toothed; flowers axillary; stem fls. on long peduncles ; fruit very large, 
roundish or oblong, smooth, furrowed and torulose. Native of the Levant, 
fcong cultivated as a useful kitchen vegetable, or for cattle. Flowers large, yellow . 



CRASSULACEJE. „ 125 

Fruit sometimes 3 feet in diameter, yellow when mature. The Barrel Pumpkin 
and 7-year Pumpkin are varieties of this species. July. 

2. C. Melopepo, L. Flat Squash, Sweet Pumpkin. 

Hairy; leaves cordate, somewhat palmately 5-lobed, finely toothed; flowers pedun- 
culate; fruit depressed-orbicular or club-shaped, often elongated and incurved at 
base, more or less furrowed with the ridges swelling. Native country unknown. 
A useful and well known kitchen vegetable. 

3 . C. VERRUCOSA, L. Warted Squash. Club Squash. 

Hairy; leaves cordate, palmately and deeply 5-lobed, denticulate, terminal lobes 
narrowed at h^se; flowers pedunculate, large; fruit roundish elliptic, or club- 
shaped, often elongated and curved at base. Probably a native of North America, 
as Mr. Nutall says it has been long cultivated by the Indians West of the Missis- 
sippi. Common in cultivation; with numerous varieties. July. 

Order 48. CRASSULAOEJE. 

Succulent herbs, with simple mostly sessile leaves, and perfectly symmetrical flowers ; 
the petals, pistils and sepals equal (3 to 20), and the stamens the same or double their 
number. Sepals more or less united at base. Petals distinct, rarely cohering. 
Ovaries as many as the petals and opposite to them. Filaments distinct. Anthers 
2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Fruit. Follicles as many as the ovaries, opening 
t>y the ventral suture, many-seeded. 

1. TILLJEA. Linn. 

In honor of Tilli, an early Italian botanist. 

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, 3 to 4. Carpels 
3 to 4, distinct, opening by the inner suture, many-seeded. — - 
Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and 
axillary flowers. 

T. simplex, Nutt. Pigmy Weed. 

Stem diffusely branching from the base and rooting ; leaves linear-oblong, thei'r 
bases somewhat confluent ; flowers solitary, nearly sessile, calyx half the length of 
the petals, carpels 8 to 10-seeded. 

Muddy banks of streams ; rare. Near Philadelphia. July, Aug. Stems 1 to 3 
Inches long, Leaves % to % inch long, spreading. Flowers very minute, white, 

2. SEDUM. Linn. 

Lei stdeo, to Bit; alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves 
upon rocks and walls. 

Sepals and petals 5, rarely 4. Stamens 10, or rarely 
8. Carpels 5, many-seeded, with a little scale at the base 
of each.— Mostly herbaceous thick-leaved perennials^ with 
cymose flowers. 

1. S. ternatum, Michx. Three leaved Stone-crop. 
Stem low and spreading; lower leaves, whorled in threes, wedge-obovate ; u$fw 



126 SAXIFRAGACE^. 

leaves oblong, scattered; cymes mostly 3-spiked, spreading; terminal flowers decan- 
drous, the rest octandrons ; stamens shorter than the linear-lanceolate petal*. 

Rocky woods; sometimes cultiyated. May, June. Stems 3 to 8 inches long, 
branching and decumbent at base. Leaves from 3^ to 1 inch long. Flowers white, 
loosely arranged on the 3-branched spreading cymes. 

2. S. telephoides, Michx. American Orpine. 

Stems erect, leafy at the top ; leaves scattered, lance-ovate or oval, flat, acute at 
each end, somewhat to5thed, smooth and fleshy ; flowers in a terminal capitate 
cyme, decandrous; petals ovate-lanceolate. 

Rocks : Allegheny mountains. July. Stem branching, 10 to 12 inches high. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long,. % as wide. Flowers pale purple, with leafy bracts inter- 



" 3. S. telephium, L. Common Orpine. Live-forever, 

Stems erect, leafy to the top ; leaves flat, oval, obtuse, serrate, tapering at the 
base; cymes dense, compound. Native of Europe, cultivated and nearly naturali- 
zed. July. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, simple, leafy, round, smooth, purplish. Leaves 
sessile, fleshy. Flowers white and purple, in dense terminal leafy tufts. 

4. S. Anacampseros, L. Evergreen Stone-crop. 

Boot fibrous; stems decumbent; leaves wedge-form, tapering at the base; cymes 
corymbose, leafy. Native of Europe. July. Stems reddish. Leaves fleshy, bluish- 
green. Flowers purple. 

5. S. ACRE ; L. English Moss. Wall Pepper. 

Procumbent, spreading, branching from the base; leaves very small, somewhat 
ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate, closely sessile, obtuse^ cym& few-flowered, trifid, 
leafy. Native of Great Britain. Common in cultivation, spreading very rapidly 
on walls, borders of flower beds, &c, densely covering the surface. Flowers yellow. 

PENTHORUM. Gron. 

Gr.pente, five, and oras a rule or mode; in allusion to the quinary flowers. 

Sepals 5, united at base. Petals 5, or none. Stamens 
10. Pistils 5, united at the base so as to form a 5-angled ? 
5-horned and 5-celled capsule ; which opens transversely on 
the inner sides of the beaks. Seeds numerous, minute. — 
Upright perennials, with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green 
flowers loosely-spiked along the upper side of the naked 
branches of the scorpoid cyme. 

P. SEDOIDES, L. Bitch Stone-crop. 

Stem branched, angular above; leaves alternate, lanceolate,, acute at both ends 
unequally serrate. 

Ditches and overflowed grounds; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 12 to 15 inches 
high. Flowers pale yellowish-green. 

Oeber 49. SAXIFRAGACEffi, 

.Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with alternate leaves, dnd simple flower stems (often 
naked). Calyx free or more or less adherent to the ovary, superior Or inferior, 4 
to 5-cleft. Petals 5, rarely none. Stamene 5 to 10, inserted either into the calyx 
or beneath the. ovary. Qtajri 1 or 2-eeUed. Utiles none. Stigmas gessile, on the 



SAXIFRAGACE^. 12T 

J* __ — 



tips of the lobes of the ovary. Fruit a capsule or berry with numerous small 



Sub-order I. SAXIFRAGES. 

Herbs; the petals imbricated (rarely convolute) in the bud ; capsule 2-beaked ; 
tolyx free or partly adherent; petals 5 (rarely 4 to 6). 

SAXIFKAGA. Linn. 

Lat. sazwn, a rock, and frago, to break ; in allusion to the root penetrating the 
crevices of rocks and stones. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, entire, with short claws- 
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, 
many-seeded, opening between the beaks or sometimes 2 
almost separate follicles. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with clus- 
tered root-leaves , the sUm leaves alternate, and yellow white 
and greenish flowers, 

1. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Virginian Saxifrage. 

Pubescent; leaves obovate or spatulate-obovate, often obtuse, crenate-dentate^ 
tapered at the base into a broad petiole ; fiowers in a clustered eynie which at 
length becomes open and loosely panicled; petals oval, twice as long as the calyx; 
capsules 2, united at the base, divergent. 

Exposed rocks and hilly places; commoD. April — June- Scape 4 to 12 inches 
high. Leaves in a radical spreading tuft. Floivers white, with a tinge of purple, 
A well known and pretty species, flowering in early spring. 

2. S. Pennsylvania, Linn. Sioamp Saxifrage. 

Pubescent; leaves- oblanceolate or oval, narrowed at the base into a short and 
broad petiole, obscurely toothed ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ; 
fiowers pedicellate ; petals lance-linear, about the length of the nearly free recurved 
calyx lobes; filaments awl-shaped. 

Wet grounds; common. May, June. A homely species 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves 
4 to 8 inches long, all radical. Flowers small, greenish-yellow. Capsules at length 
divergent. 

2. S. erosa, Pursh, Lettuce Saxifrage.. 

Leaves all radical oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply-toothed, tapering into 
a-short winged petiole; scape slender; panide elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels 
Blender; calyx reflexed, 3-nerved, free from. the ovary nearly as long as the oval: 
obtuse petals ; filaments club-shaped. 

Cold mountain brooks, near Bethlehem. Mr.WoUe. June. Root fibrous. Stem 
12 to 30 inches high. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long. Petals small, white, with &- 
yellowish spot near the base. 

2. HEUCHERA. Linn. 

In honor of John Henry LTeucTier, a German botanist. 

CaIyx bell-shaped, cohering at the base with the ovary,. 
5*cleft, Petals 5, spatulate, small, entire, erect. Stamens 
9, inserted alternately with the petals into the throat of the 
e%s. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal many* 



128 SAXIFRAGACE^l. 



seeded placentae, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. — 
Perennial herbs, with round heart-shaped radical leaves, and 
greenish-white tinged with purple flowers in small clusters 
disposed in a prolonged mostly loose panicle. 

1. H. Americana, L. Alum Root. 

Hairy-pubescent and somewhat visced ; lobes of the leaves short and rounded ; 
panicle loose; stamens at length much exssrted. 

Rocky woodlands ; common. June, July. Scape 2 to 3 feet high, somewhat 
clammy hairy. Leaves deeply cordate. Flowers small, in a long simple panicle. 

2. H. pubescens, Pursh. Pubescent Alum Root. 

Scajcendikeif minutely glandular pubescent, or smooth below, often 2 to 4-leaved; 
leaves orbicular-cordate ; lobes rounded, sharply-toothed, with broad pointed teeth, 
ciliate with bristly hairs ; flowers in a contracted panicle ; stamens shorter than 
the erect lobes of the calyx. 

Mountains and hills. May, June. Scape 10 to 15 inches high, slender. > Flowers 
nearly % inch in length. Calyx-lobes unequal, greenish-white. Petals yiolet-pur- 



pie, yeiny. 

3. MITELLA. Tourn. 



A diminutive of the Latin mitra, a mitre or cap ; in allusion to the form of tho 



Calyx short, bell-shaped, coherent with the base of the 
ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, inserted into the calyx, slender, 
pinnatifid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. 
Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valved; valves equal. 
Seeds numerous. — Low and slender perennial herbs, with 
round heart-shaped leaves on slender petioles, those of the 
scape opposite, flowers small, greenish and white, borne in a 
simple slender raceme or spike. 

1. M. DIPHYLLA. L. Two-leaved Bishop's- Cap. 

Radical leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3 to 5-lobed r toothed ; scape leaves 
2, opposite, nearly sessile; flowers in a terminal raceme ; petals toothed-pi nnatifid. 

Hillsides and rich woods. May. Stem 8 to 12 inches high. Radical leaves on 
long petioles. Scape many-flowersd. Flowers small, white, in a raceme 4 to 8 
inches long. Plant hairy. Two-leaved Mitre-wort. 

2. M. nuda, L. Heart-leaved Bishop 7 s-Cap. 

Stem slender ; radical leaves somewhat 3-lobed, deeply and doubly-crenate ; scape 
naked, or with a single leaf, few-flowered ; petals fimbriate-pinnatifid. 

Deep moist woods with mosses. May — July. Scape 4 to 8 inches high, occa- 
sionally prostrate with creeping suckers. Root-leaves on long petioles; stem leaves 
much smaller and sessile. Flowers greenish-white, few, in a terminal spike. 



t 



4. TIAKELLA. Linn. 

Latin tiara, a head dress; in allusio 
capsule. 

Ca£YX 5-parted ; bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary. 



A diminutive of the Latin tiara, a head dress; in allusion to the form ©f tho 

capsule. 



SAXIlKAaACE^l. 12$ 

Petals 5, with claws, entire, inserted into the calyx. Sta- 
mens 10, long and slender. Styles 2, distinct. Capsules 
l-celled, 2-valved; valves unequal. Seeds few, globular 
near the base of the capsule. — Perennial herbs, with radical 
cordate leaves and ichite floicers. 

T. CORDIFOLIA, L. False Mitre-wort 

Scape naked; leaves arising from, the root-stock or runners, heart-shaped, acutely 
lobed and toothed, slightly hairy above, downy beneath. 

Rich rocky woods. April, May. Leaves on long petioles. Scape 6 to 12 inches- 
high. Flowers white, in a simple terminal raceme. A handsome plant in flower 

5. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Tourn. 

Gr. Jcrusos, golden, and splen; in allusion to its supposed medicinal virtues. 

Calyx-tube coherent with the oyary, the limb 4 to 
5-parted, lobes obtuse, yellow within. Petals none. Sta- 
mens 8 to 10, very short. Styles 3. Capsule obcordate,. 
2-beaked, flattened, l-celled, 2-yalved at the top. Seeds 
numerous. — Low and smooth herbs growing in wet places f 
with fleshy leaves, and small solitary or leaf y-cymed flowers, 

C. Amerioanum, Schwein. Amer. Golden Saxifrage. 

Stem decumbent, slender, spreading, forked; leaves opposite, upper ones some- 
times alternate, roundish-ovate, slightly crenate lobed ; flowers distant, incon- 
spicuous, nearly sessile. 

Springs and brooks. April, May. An inconspicuous succulent creeping plant? 
with small greenish flowers. Stamens mostly 8, hisped; anthers orange-color 4 
Considered distinct from the European C. oppos'itifolium. 

Sub-order II. ESCALLONIE.E ? 

Shrubs; leaves alternate; petals valvate in the bud. 

6. ITEA. Linn. 

The Greek name of the willow ; from a resemblance of foliage. 

Calyx conipanulate, 5-cleft, free from the ovary; seg- 
ments subulate. Petals 5, lanceolote, much longer than the 
calyx and stamens. Stamens 5, inserted into the calyx. 
Styles 2, united. Capsule 2-celled, 2-grooved, 8 to 12- 
seeded. — A shrub, with alternate simple and minutely serrate 
leaves, and tvhite flowers in simple spicate terminal racemes. 

1. I. VlRGINICA, L. 

Leaves oval acuminate serrulate, on short petioles ; capsuUs oblong, aiumin&te 
tipped with the 2 united styles. 
Margins of swamps. May, June. A shrub about 3 to 8 feet high, 



130 SAXIFBAGACE^;. 



Sob-order III. HYDEANGEiE. 

Shrubs; leaves opposite; petals valvate in the bud; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. 

7. HYDKANGEA. Gronov. 

Gr. hudor, water, aggion, a vase ; in allusion to the form of the capsule. 

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8 to 10-ribbed, adherent to 
the ovary ; limb 4 to 5-toothed, persistent. Petals ovate, 
sessile. Stamens 8 to 10, slender. Styles 2. Capsule 
2-celled, many-seeded, crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 
opening by a hole between the styles. — Shrubs with opposite 
petioled leaves and numeroits flowers in compound cymes. The 
margined flowers are often sterile and radient. 

1. H. arborescens, L. Wild Hydrangea. 

Leaves ovate, obtuse, or cordate at base, pointed, serrate, nearly smooth; flowers 
in fastigiate cymes. 

A handsome shrub, native along the banks of the Susquehanna, flowering in 
June. Stem 5 to 6 feet high. Fertile flowers small, white, yellowish or roseate, 
very numerous. In cultivation, the marginal flowers become radiate. 

2. H. quercifolio, Bartrani. Oak-leaved Hydrangea. 

Leaves deeply sinuate-lobed, dentate, tomentose beneath. Cymes paniculate, 
radiant ; the sterile flowers very large and numerous. Native of Florida. A 
handsome shrub from 3 to 5 feet high, with very large leaves, and showy flowers 
at first a dull white becoming reddish. 

3. H. HORTENSIS, L. Changeable Hydrangea. 

Leaves elliptical, crowned at each end, dentate-serrate, strongly veined, Smooth. 
Cymes radiant. Flowers mostly radiant. Native of China. This beautiful species 
has long been cultivated for its showy flowers which are at first green but pass 
successively through straw-color, white, purple and pink. The var. H. Japonica 
has the central flowers all fertile, bluish-purple, hardy about Philadelphia. 

Sub-order IV. PHILADELPHE.E. 

Shrubs: leaves opposite; petals convolute in aestivation ; capsule 3 to 4rceUed i Icculicidal 

8. PHILADELPHIA. Linn. 

Name from Philadelphus, King of Egypt. 

Calyx 4 to 5-parted, half-superior, persistent. Corolla 
4 to 5-petalled. Style 4-cleft. Stamens 20 to 40, shorter 
than the petals. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, with loculici- 
-dal dehiscence. Seeds many, ariled. — Shrubs, ivith opposite 
exstipulate leaves and showy white flowers. 

1. P. GRANDIFLORUS, Willd. Large-flowered ' Syringa. 

Leaves ovate, acuminate, denticulate, 3-veincd, axils of the veins hairy. Stigmas 
4, linear. Style undivided. A handsome shrub 4 to 8 feet high, with long slender 
branches. Native at the South, cultivated for its large showy white flowers, which 
are borne in a terminal umbel of 2 or 3 together.. 






HAMAMELACE^E AND TJMBELLIFER.E. 131 

2. P. coronarius, L. False Syringa. 

Leaves ovate, sub-dentate, smooth. Style distinct. Cultivated. Native of South 
Europe. Stems 4 to 6 feet high with opposite reddish twigs hearing leafy clusters 
of numerous fragrant showy white flowers. 

Order 50. HAMAMELACE2E. 

Shrubs with alternate simple leaves, the deleft calyx cohering with the base of the 
ovary. Petals 4 to 5, linear. Stamens 4 to 24, inserted on the calyx ; ovary con- 
sisting of 2 pistils united at the base, forming a 2-beaked woody capsule opening 
at the summit, 2-celled below, with a single pendulous bony seed in each cell. 

HAMAMELIS. Linn. 

Origin of the name uncertain. 

Calyx 4-leaved or cleft, with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. 
Petals 4, long, linear. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 
alternate with the petals fertile, the other imperfect and 
scale-like. Styles 2, short. Capsule nut-like, 2-celled, 
2-beaked. — Shrubs or small trees, with short-petioled straight' 
veined leaves , and yellow flowers. 

H. Virginica, L. Witch Hazel. 

Leaves obovate or oval, with wavy-toothed margins, downy when young, on 
short petioles; flowers sessile, 3 or 4 together. 

Damp woods; common. A lrtrge shrub consisting of several crooked branching 
trunks from the same root, 6 to 12 feet high, flowering in Oct. and Nov. Leaves 
nearly smooth, obliquely cordate at base. 3 to 5 inches long. 2 to 3 wide, on petioles 
14 inch long. Calyx downy. Petals, yellow, curled or twisted. Capsule woody, 
containing 2 nut3. 

Order 51. UJ&3ELLIFER33S — Parsley Family. 

LTerbaceous plants with hollow stems, alternate, mostly compound leaves, petioles 
expanded or sheathing at the base. Flowers in umbels, the calyx entirely adherent 
to the ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the 
ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 coherent car- 
pels separating from each other by their faces (commissure) into 2 halves called 
merocarps. Seeds solitary and suspended from the summit of each cell, anatro- 
pons, with a minute embryo. 

Sub-order I. ORTHOSPERMiE. 

Inner face of the seed flat or nearly so (not excavated). 

1. HYDROCOTYLE. Tourn. Marsh Penny-wort. 

Gr. hvder, water, and Jcotile, a broad or flat cup; in allusion to the leaves of soma 
of the species. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals equal, ovate ; spreading, 



132 ^JMBELLEFEKJE. 



entire, apex straight. Stamens 5. Styles 2, shorter than 
the stamens. Fruit laterally flattened, orbicular or shield- 
shaped, the ^commissure narrow; carpels 5-ribbed, two of the 
ribs enlarged, often forming a thickened margin. — Low and 
smooth aquatic perennials, with slender stems, round peltate 
or kidney -form leaves, and small ivhite flowers in simple um- 
bels or clusters, single or proliferous. 

1. H. Americana, L. American Marsh Penny-wort 

Smooth and shining; leaves round, kidney- form, doubly crenate, slightly-lobed ; 
flowers in sessile umbels, 3 to 5-fiowered ; fruit orbicular. 

Moist shady places. June, July. Small delicate plants, with filiform, branching 
stems 2 to 6 inches long, sending out running suckers. Leaves thin, 1 to 2 inches in 
■diameter on petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers greenish-white, small, in very 
small axillary umbels. 

2. H. ranunculoides, L. Lohed Marsh Penny-wort. 

Smooth; leaves round-kidney-form, 3 to 5-nerved, the lobes crenate ; umbels-S to 
10-flowered ; pedicels very short ; fruit roundish, smooth, scarcely ribbed. 

In water. June, July. Stems weak, 1 to 2 feet long, creeping or floating. Leaves 
mostly deeply 3-lobed, the middle lobes smaller than the other, 1 to 2 inches im 
diameter, on petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Flowers white on peduncles shorter than 
the petioles. 

8. H. interrupta, Muhl. 

Smooth; stem filiform; leaves peltate, orbicular, crenate, 11-nerved; umbels capi- 
tate*, subsessile, 5 to 8-flowered ; fruit orbicular. 

Wet places; rare. June — Aug. Stem and roo£ creeping. Leaves almost centrally 
peltate. }/ 2 to 1 inch in diameter, on petioles 2 to 3 inches long. Fed-uncles about as 
long as the leaves, bearing clusters of a few sessile flowers, interruptedly along 
its length. Flowers small, white, on yery short pedicels. Fruit notched at the 
"base. 

4. II. umbellata, L. Umbellate Penny-wort. 

Smooth; stems rooting at the joint; leaves peltate in the middle, orbicular, 
notched at the base, doubly crenate; umbel many-flowered on an elongated peduncle. 

Ponds and boggy places; rare. June — Aug. Stem creeping or floating, 2 to 4 
inches long. Leaves on petioles 2 to 4 inches long. % to 1 inch wide. Umbels 20 to 
30-fiowered, the upper pedicel often proliferous with 2-or 3 umbels. Flowers smalL 
Fruit notched at the base and apex. 

2. CRANTZIA. Nutt. 

In honor of Prof. Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century. 

Calyx-teeth indistinct. Petals roundish, entire, obtuse. 
Fruit roundish; the carpels hollowed on the inner face, 
5-ribbed, 3 of the ribs on the back, narrow, the lateral ones 
thickened and spongy. — Small perennial creeping plants, 
with linear or filiform, entire fleshy leaves., and few flowers 
on simple involucrate umbels. 

C. lineata, Nutt. 

Leaves cuneate-linear, obtuse, with transverse veinj?,, shorter than the peduncles. 



UMBELLIFEIUE. 133 



Muddy banks of streams. July. Stem 1 to 2 inches long, rooting and creeping 
in the mud. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, nearly terete. Umbels 4 to 8-flowered. 
Flowers white, pedicelled. Fruit with red vittse. 

3. SANICULA. Linn. 

Lat. sano, to heal ; on account of its supposed medicinal virtues. 

Calyx-tube beset with prickles, segments acute, leafy, 
persistent. Petals obovate, erect, converging, deeply 
notched. Fruit sub-globose, thickly clothed with hooked 
prickles; carpels without ribs. — Perennial herbs, with pal- 
mately-lobed or parted leaves, those of the root longpetioled ; 
umbels irregular or compound, the greenish or yelloicish flow- 
ers capitate in the umbellets, perfect, with siaminate ones 
■intermixed, -and involucre of few often cleft leaflets, invohccel 
of several, entire. 

1. S. Marilandica, L. Sanicle. 

Leaves 5 to 7-parted, mostly radical, segments oblong, incisely serrate; sterile 
flowers numerous, on slender pedicels, about as long as the fertile ones; styles 
long and recurved. 

Woods and thickets; common. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching at 
the top. Radical leaves on petioles % to 1 foot long, 3-parted at the base, with the 
lateral segments deeply 2-parted. Stem leaves few, nearly sessile. Petals white or 
yellowish, obcordate. Fruit several in each umbellet. 

2. S. Canadensis, L. Canadian Sanicle. 

Leaves 3 to 5-partcd, the segmentsincisely and sharply serrate ; sterile flowers 
few, on very short pedicels, shoiter than the fertile ones; styles shorter than the 
prickles of the fruit. 

Woods. June, July. Plant 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves thin, divisions wedge-obo- 
vate or obloug, sharply cut and serrate (the upper ones only 3-parted). Fru£ 
about 3 in each umbellet. 

4. BAUCUS. Tourn. Carrot. 

(The ancient Greek name.) 

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals oboyate ; emarginate mth an 
infleked point. Fruit ovoid or oblong, the carpels with 5 
primary, slender, bristly ribs, 2 of which are on the inner 
face, and 4 secondary ones, (equal, more or less winged,) each 
bearing a single row of slender bristly prickles. — Biennials, 
with finely 2 to ^-pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, pinnatifid in- 
volucre, involucels of entire or deleft bracts, white flowers, and 
concave umbels, dense in fruit 

D. Carrota, L. Carrot 

Stem erect, hisped; leaves trl-pinnate; leaflets pinnatifid^ .negmenU linear-lanceo- 
late, acute. 

w 



134 UMBELLIFERJ3. 



Old fields and roadsides ; naturalized. July — Sept. Root fusiform. Stem 2 to 
8 feet high. Leaves pale-green, numerous. Umbels large and compact, concave 
in fruit, resembling a bird's nest. Flowers white or cream-color, central one of 
6>aoh umbellet abortive and dark-purple. 

5. HERACLBUM- Linn. Cow Parsnip. 

Dedicated to Hercules* 

Calyx 5-toothed, teeth minute. Petals obovate, emar- 
ginate, with the point inflexed. Fruit compressed, flat, 
with a broad, flat margin, and 3 obtuse dorsal ribs to each 
carpel; intervals with short club-shaped oil-tubes. — Stout 
perennials, with large sheathing petioles, large fiat umhels, 
deciduous involucres, and many -leaved involucels. 

H. LANATUM, Mich. Cow Parsnip. 

Pubescent; stem grooved; leaves 1 to 2-ternately compound; leaflets petioled, 
round-cordate, lobed : fruit nearly orbicular. 

Moist cultivated grounds. June. A very large coarse looking strong scented 
plants to 8 feet high. Stems thick, furrowed, branching. Leaves large, on broad 
channelled membranaceous petioles. F'Loioers white, in very large terminal umbels, 
sometimes 1 foot in diameter. Petals inversely heart-shaped, the outer commonly 
larger and radiant, appearing 2-cleft, 

6. PASTINACA. Tourn. Parsnip, 

Lai. partus, food or repast ; from the nutritive properties of the root. 

Calyx with the margin obsolete or minutely 5-toothed. 
Petals roundish, entire, involute. Fruit oval, flat, with 
a thin entire winged margin ; the carpels minutely 5-ribbed, 
3 of the ribs equi-distant on the back, the lateral ones dis- 
tant from and contiguous to the margin: — Chiefly biennial 
I >lants, w ith sp in dle-sh op cd roots, p in n a tely compound lea ves, 
ydloin flower's with roundish entire petals, none radient, and 
small or no involucres or involucels. 

V. sativa, L. Common Parsnip. 

&&m grooved, smooth; leaves pinnate; leaflets sessile, cblong, incised; iermmai 
me* 3-iobed, downy beneath, shining above; umbels large, terminal. 

Fields and waste places; naturalized. July. Moot large, sweet-flavored, and 
nutritious in its cultivated state, but in its wild state becomes hard, acrid and 
Prisonous. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, furrowed, branching. Flowers small, 
y©ilow. Fruit large, Hat. 

7. ARC II ANGELIC A. Hoffman. 

So named from its highly esteemed qualities. 

Calyx-teeth short. Petals lanceolate, equal, entire, 
acuminate, point inflexed. Fruit flattened, the carpels each 
^-ribbed on the back and winged at the margins, forming a 



UMBELLIFEIi,S. 1B£ 



double winged border to the point ; the seeds separating, and 
coated all over with the numerous oil-tubes.— Stout and often 
very large perennials, with 1 to 2-pinnately compound leaves, 
and usually large inflated petioles, scarcely any involucre, 
many-leaved involucels and perfect umbels of greenish or 
white flowers. 

1. A. ATROPURPUREA, Hoffm. Great Angelica. 

Smooth; leaves 2 to 3-ternately compound; the leaflets pinnate, 5 to 7, sharply 
oat serrate, acute, pale beneath ; petioles much inflated; involucels 8 to 10, veyy 
ghort ; fruit smooth. 

Meadows and fence rows; common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, stout, 
hollow, dark-purple, farrowed. Petioles large, inflated, channelled on the upper 
side, with inflated stipules at base. Umbels 3, terminal, rounded, 4 to 8 inches in 
diameter. Flowers greenish white. A popular aromatic herb. 

2. A. hirsuta, Torrey&Gray. Hirsute Angelica- 
stem striate, downy at the top; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; 

leaflets ovate-oblong, equally serrate, smooth; involucels of 6 to 8 subulate leaves 
directed to one side; peduncles and fruit downy. 

Dry open woods. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, simple, erect, straight. 
Leaves on petioles 6 to 10 inches long. Umbels 3 to 4, on long velvety pedunclw. 
Flowers numerous, white. 

8. THASPIUM. Nutt. Meadow Parsnip. 

From the Isle of Thaspia, which gave name to the ancient allied genus Thapsia. 

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals elliptic, with a long 
inflated point. Fruit elliptical or ovoid, not compressed 
laterally ; carpels with 5 winged ribs, interstice with single 
vittse. Involucre none. — Perennials with 1 to 4 ternately 
compound' leaves, and yellow or dark-purple flowers. 

1. T. barbinode, Nutt. Hairy -jointed Thaspium. 

Leaves 2 to 3 ternately compound ; leaflets wedge-ovate, acute, unequally and 
incisely serrate, entire towards the base; umbels terminal and opposite the leaves. 

River banks, Northern part of the State. June. Stem tall and branching, 
downy on the joints, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves smooth; upper ones 3ub-opposite, 
Flowers deep yellow, numerous. 

2. T. aureum, Nutt. Golden Thaspium, 

Stem smooth; lower and middle stem leaves biternately, and the upper oqsi 
ternately divided; segments oblong-lancelate, finely serrate, with cartilaginous 
teeth, the root-leayes often simple and round heart-shaped; fruit oval. 

Banks and moist meadows. June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple. Leaflets very 
smooth, thickisk; the larger often heart-shaped, the upper wedge-shaped at the 
base. Umbels on long peduncles 10 to 12-rayed, with very short involucres. 
Flowers yellow. Fruit oval. 

3. T. ATROPURPUREUM, Nutt. Purple Alexanders 

Stem smooth or slightly pubescent ; root-leaves simple and heart-shaped, &cm&° 
times ternate, serrate; stem leaves tcrnate; leaflets heartovate and oblODg~ova^> 
er9n*te-serrate« 



136 UMBELLIFEE^S. 



Rocky hills and woods. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers dark purple. Fhm 
strongly winged, as broad as long. 

9. ZIZIA. Koch, ©olden Alexanders. 

In honor of J. B. Zizie^ a German botanist. 

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals elliptic, apex acu- 
minate, inflexed. Fruit ovate or oval, flattened, didymous; 
carpels 5, ribbed, without wings ; ribs narrow ; vittce 1 to 
S in each interstice. — Smooth perennials, with divided leaves, 
no invohicre, few-leaved involucels y and perfect umbels of 
yellow flowers. 

1. Z. CORD AT A, Koch. 

Boot-leaves simple, cordate, rarely lobed, crenate-serrate; stem-leaves sub-sessile^ 
ternate, segments petiolate, orate or oblong, serrate. 

Meadows; common. May, June. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, smooth. Eoo&* 
leaves sometimes slightly lobed. Tnvolucels 1 to 2-leaved. Umbels on long nake<& 
peduncles. Flowers yellow. Fruit short, oyal, black. 

2. Z. aitrea, Koch. 

Lower leaves biternate ; upper ones biternate or ternate; segments oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute, sharply serrate and often cut, the end ones attenuate into a wedge-form 
base or winged stalk ; involucels 3-leaved. 

Rocky hills, woods and river sides. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching 
at the top, rather slender, erect, hollow, smooth. Lcwer leaves on long petioles*. 
Umbels about 2 inches broad, 10 to 15 rayed. Flowers numerous, orange-yellow^ 
Fruit oval, brown, with prominent ribs. 

3. Z. INTEGERRIMA, DC. 

Leaves all 2 to 3-ternately divided ; segments ovate or oblong, entire, obtus6>, 
smooth and glaucous ; involucels 1-leaved, very short. 

Rocky woods ; rare. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branching above. Leaves- 
til petiolate, pale beneath. Umbel with elongated filiform rays 1 to 3 inches long, 
with minute involucels. Flowers yellow. Fruit' roundish, compressed laterally^ 
dark brown. 

10. CICUTA. Linn. Water Hemlock. 

(The ancient Latin name of Hemlock.) 

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, the points 
inflected. Fruit roundish, a little contracted at the sides; 
carpels with 5 flattish strong ribs ; the lateral ones margined; 
interstice with single vittse. — Smooth marsh perennials, with 
hollow stems, thrice pinnately or ternately compound leaves, 
few-leaved involucre, many-leaved involucels, and perfect um- 
bels of white flowers. 

1. C. MACULATA, L. Water Hemlock. 

Lower leaves triternate and quinate; upper ones biternate, segments oblong- 
lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; umbels terminal and axillary. 

Wet meadows; common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, streaked with 
purple, smooth, jointed, glaucous, branched above. Petioles dilated at base into* 
long abrupt clasping stipules. Leaflets 1 to 3 inches long, x /ito% wide, soJQ&etim&a. 
k>bed, pointed. Umbels numerous, 2 to. 4 inches* broad* Poisonous. 



TJMBELLIFER^. 



1ST 



2, C. bulbifera, L. Bulbous Hemlock- . 

Leaves ternate and biternate; leaflets linear, remotely toothed or cutrloba&J 
tipper axils bearing bulbs; umbels terminal and axillary, small. 

Wet meadows and swamps; rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, round, smooth 
and slender, striate, green, branching. Involucels of 3 to 5 subulate leaves. Umbtir 
lets of small, close, white flowers. 

II. SIUM. Linn. Water Parsnip. 

Celtic siu, water; in allusion to its place of growth. 

Calyx with the margin 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals 
obcordate, with an inflexed point. Styles divergent, re- 
flexed. Fruit ovate or globular, flattish or contracted at 
the sides; carpels with 5 rather obtuse ribs; interstice with 
several vittse. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, with grooved- 
angled stems ; simply pinnate leaves^ lanceolate serrate leaflets 
(immersed ones cut into capillary divisions); several-leaved 
involucres, and perfect umbels of white flowers. 

1. S. LATIFOLIUM, L. Water Parsnip. 

Stem angular and sulcate; leaflets broadly lanceolate, pointed serrate, sessile 
smooth, sometimes pinnatif-d. 

Swamps. July — Sept. A tall plant found in ditches and swamps. Stem 3 to 5 
feet high, smooth, hollow, about 7-angled. Leaflets 7 toll, 4 to 7 inches long, 
1 to 2 broad, equally serrate, Petioles clasping the stem. Umbels long, with many- 
flowered rays. Flowers small, white. 

2. S. lineare, Michx. Narrow-leaved Water Parsnip. 

Leaflets narrowly lanceolate or liner.?, finely and sharply serrate, acute; calyth 
teeth obsolete. 

Swamps; more common than the last. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, 
Bmooth, about 7-angled. Leaflets 9 to H, 2 to 1 inches long, \^ to l /% wide. Involu- 
cre of 5 or 6 linear bracts. Umbellefs with numerous small white flowers. Fruit 
very strongly ribbed, crowned with the broad, yellowish stylopodium. 

12. CRYPTOTLENIA. DO. Honewobt. 

Qr. kruptos, hidden, and tainia, a fillet, from the concealed vite. 

Calyx with the margin obsolete. Petals obovate, with an 
inflexed point. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides; 
carpels equally 5-ribbed; vittce very slender, one in each 
interstice, and one under each rib. — A perennial smooth herb } 
with thin 3-parted lobed and toothed leaves; no involucre, 
few-leaved involucels , compound umbels with very unequal 
rays, and white flowers. 

CL Canadense, DC. Canadian Honewort 

Leaflets rhomboid-ovate, distinct, entire or 2 to 3-lobed, doubly serrate, latesaJ 
one* oblique at base. 



138 UMBELLIFERJS. 



Rich moist woods. June— Sept. Stem erect, 1 to 2 feet high, branched above. 
Leaflets 3, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 wide. Petioles clasping, 2 to 6 inches long. 
Umbels numerous, paniculate, the lower ones rising from the axils of the upper 
leaves. Flowers small, white. Fruit oblong beaked with the persistent style. 

13. ARCHEMOKA. DO. Cqwbane. 

A fanciful name given by DeCandolle in allusion to Archemarus, who is said to 
have died from eating parsley. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Petals obcordate, inflexed. Fruit 
oval, with a broad winged margin ; carpels with 5 sub-keeled 
equi-distant filiform ribs ; vittce one in each interstice, and 

4 to 6 on the inner face. — Smooth perennials, with rigid 
leaves , of 3 to 9 linear or lanceolate leaflets ; scarcely any 
involucre; involucels of numerous small leaflets, and ichite 
flowers. 

A. RIGIDA, DC. Rigid Cowbane. 

Stem rigid, striate, erect; leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3 to 9, varying from- 
lanceolate to ovate oblong, entire, or remotely toothed, in Var. ambigua, linear, long 
and narrow. 

Swamps ; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, slender. Leaflets 2 to 4 by 
14:^0% inches, varying in outline. Umbels 2 to 3, of many slender rays. Petals 
white. Fruit with sub-equal greenish ribs, and large purple vittse filling the 
intervals. Poisonous. 

14. BUPLEUKUM. Tourn. Thorough Wax. 

Gr. bous, an ox, pleuron, a rib; it is uncertain why so called. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals somewhat orbicular^ 
entire, with a closely inflexed point. Fruit ovate -oblongs 
laterally flattened, or somewhat terminal; carpels 5-ribbed, 
with or without vittse. — Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with 
simple entire leaves; various involucres, and yellow flowers, 

B. ROTUNDIFOLIUM, L. Modesty Thorough Wax. 

Leaves roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate; involucre none; involucels of 5, ovate, 
mucronate bracts. 

In cultivated grounds; escaped from gardens. Annual. July, Aug. fttem 10 
to 15 inches high, branching. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, % as wide, rounded at 
base, acute at apex, very smooth. Involucels longer than the umbellets. UmheU 

5 to 9-rayed. Fruit crowned with the wax-like shining base of the styles. CarpeU. 
mostly without vittse. 

CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 

15. CAKUM. Linn. Caraway. 

From Caria, the native country of the plant. 

Calyx-margin obsolete. Petals obovate, emarginate, 
tbe point inflexed. Styles dilated at base ; spreading. Fault 






UMBELLIFEEJE. 13& 



oval, laterally compressed; carpels £ -ribbed, lateral ribs mar- 
gined; intervals with, single vittse. — Herbs with dissected 
leaves, perfect umbels, various involucres, and white flowers, 

C. Carvi, L. Caraway. 

Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, smooth, striate. Leaves somewhat bipinnatifid, 
with numerous linear segments, lower ones large, on long petioles, with tumid, 
clasping sheaths. Umbels on long peduncles; involucrate bract when present 
linear-laneeolato. Native of Europe. Cultivated for its fine aromatic fruit, 

18. APIUM. Linn. 

Celtic apon, water; the plants grow in watery situations. 

Calyx- margin obsolete. Petals roundish, with a small 
or narow inflexed point. Fruit loundish, laterally com- 
pressed ; carpels 5-ribbed, the inteivals with, single vittse. — * 
European herbs, with pinnately disset ted leaves; perfect umbels 
and white flowers. 

1. A. GRAVEOLENS, L. Celery. 

Lower leaves pinnately dissected, on very long petioles, segments broad wedge* 
shaped, incised ; upper leaves 3-partcd, segments wedge-shaped, lobed and incisely 
dentate at apex. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching,, furrowed. Umbels with unequal 
spreading rays. Native of Britain. The stems v hen blanched are used as a Ballad, 
June, Aug. 

2. A. PETROSELINUM, Willd. Parsley. 

Leaves decompound, segments of the lower ones wedge-ovate, terminal ones trifid,. 
all incised; cauline segments lance-linear, sub-entice; involucels of 3 to 5 subulate 
bracts. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Lecves smooth and shining. Juno, 
Sative of Sardinia and Greece. Esteemed as a pet herb. 

17. PIMPINELLA. Linn. Anise. 

Calyx-limb obsolete. Petals obeordate, somewhat un~- 
equal. Styles capillary as long as fruit. Fruit ovate, 
ribbed, with convex intervals. — European perennial herbs, 
with pinnately many-parted leaves, compound umbels without 
involucres, and white flowers. 

P. Anisum, L. Anise. 

Radical leaves incisely trifid ; these of the stt m many-cleft, with narrow-linear 
segments, smooth and shining. Umbels large, n any-rayed. Native of Egypt. A 
^eU known aromatic carminative of the garden. 

18. FCENICULEM. Adans. Fennel. 

Lat. diminutive of famum, hay;, from the resemblance of its odor. 

Caly^-margin obsolete. Petals revolute, with a broad^ 



140 TJMBELLIFERJS. 



retuse apex. Fruit elliptic-oblong, laterally sub-compress- 
ed; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, those of the margin a little 
broader; intervals with single vittas. — Autumnal herbs , with 
biternately dissected leaves, no involucre or involucels, perfect 
umbels, and yellow flowers. 

F. vulgare, Gart. (Anethum, Willd.) Fennel 

Leaves biternately dissected, segments linear subulate, elongated ; rays of the 
ttmbel numerous, unequal, spreading; carpels turgid, ovate oblong. Native of 
England. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, round and smooth, 
branched. Leaves large and smooth, finely cleft into numerous very narrow segr- 
Stents, Seeds warmly aromatic. 

Sub-order II. CAMPYLOSPERJm 

Bmer face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins involide- 

19. CH^ROPHYLLUM, Linn. 

€fe» hiirO) to gladden, and phullon, a leaf; alluding to the agreeable odor of the 

leaves. 

Oalyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate, cmarginate, 
point inflexed. Fruit laterally compressed, linear or oblong; 
carpels with 5 obtuse equal ribs, inner face deeply furrowed 
lengthwise, intervals with single vittse. — Annual or biennial 
plants, with bi or tri-ternate leaves, incisely cleft or toothed 
segments, no involucre, many -leaved involucels, and mostly 
white flowers. 

C, PROCTJMBENS, Lam. Wild Chervil 

Stems slender, spreading, somewhat hairy; segments of the leaves pinnatifid, 
Tsrfth obtuse oblong leaflets; umbels diffuse, few-flowered, often simple. 

Hoist shady places; not common. May. Stems 1 to 2 feet long. Umhels quite 
Irregular, often with leaves in the place of the involucre. Flowers white. 

20. OSMQRHIZA. Raf. Cicmr. 

Gh\ osma, a scent, and riza, a root; in allusion to the aromatic root. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals oblong, nearly entire, 
the sharp straight point inflexed. Fruit linear-oblong, 
angled, attenuated at base, contracted at the sides, crowned 
with the styles ; carpels with hisped angles and 5 acute ribs, 
inner face with a deep bristly channel ; vittoB none. — Per en- 
nials, with thick aromatic roots, large 2 to S-ternately compound 
haves, few-leaved involucre and involucels, and white flowers. 

1, 0. LONGISTYLIS, DC. Sweet Cicily. Sweet Myrrh. 

Leaflets sparingly pubescent or smooth when old, short pointed, cut-toothed 
sometime* lobed; 6tyles slender, nearly as long as the ovary. 






UMBELLIFEE^. 141 



Rich moist woods ; common. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branching, 
purplish, nearly smooth, striate. Leaves mostly bi-ternate, those of the root on 
long petioles; leaflets oblong ovate. Flowers white, much larger than in the next. 
Fruit blackish, one inch in length, crowned with the persistent styles. Boot with' 
the flavor of anise. 

2. 0. BREVISTYLIS, DC. Short-styled Cicily. 

Leaflets pinnatifid cut, acuminate, downy-hairy; styles conical, not longer thai* 
the breadth of the ovary ; fruit somewhat tapering at the summit. 

Moist rocky shady places ; commoner than the last. May, June. Stem about 2 
feet high, branching, pale-green, at length smooth. Leaves bi-ternate; leaflets 
incised, often pinnatifid"! Fruit similar to the last, but crowned with convergent 
styles. Root nearly tasteless, said to be poisonous. 

21. COMUM. Linn. Poison Hemlock. 

Konieon, the Greek name of the Hemlock by which criminals and philosophers 
were put to death at Athens. 

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an acute 
inflected point. Fruit ovate, flattened at the sides ; the car- 
pels with 5 prominent waving ribs; inner face with a deep 
narrow groove; vittce none. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with 
large ob-compound leaves, 3 to 5 -leaved involucres and involve 
eels, and ichite flowers. 

C. MACFLATUM, L. Poison Hemlock. 

Stem spotted; leaves tri-pinnate; leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid; involucels shorter 
than the umbellets ; fruit smooth. 

Waste places, naturalized along Chillisquaque creek, Montour county. A large 
branching herb, about 4 feet high, very smcoth. Stern much branched, round, 
hollow, with purplish spots. Lower leaves -\ ery large, bright green, on long 
sheathing foot-stalks. Umbels terminal, the in volucre with 5 to 8 lanceolate bracts^ 
the involucels with the inner half wanting. I lowers small, white. Whole plant- 
highly poisonous ; fetid when bruised. 

Sub-order III. CCELOSPERftLE. 

Seeds incurved at base and apex. 

22. ERIGENIA. Nutt. 

Greek erigeneia, a name of Aurora, the harbinger of day, or of the spring; ort 
account of its being the first conspicuous flowering plant in the U. S. Nutt. 

Calyx-teeth inconspicuous. Petals obovate or spatu- 
late, flat, entire. Fruit somewhat laterally compressed, 
reniform or ter mined with 5 very slender acute bristly ribs. — 
A smooth and slender perennial, with 2 to 3 ternately divided 
leaves, a somewhat leafy br acted compound umbel, with white 
flowers. 

E. bulbosa, Nutt. Bulbous Erigenia. 

Alluvial soil; Western part of the State. March, April. Root globose, tuberous* 
Stem simple, 4 to 5 inches high, 2-leavcd. Leaves 3-parted; divisions 6Ub-pinnafc&. 
Umbels terminal, 3 to 5-flowered. Flowers white. 



142 ARALIACEEJE. 



23. COMANDHUM. 

Gr. Jcoris, a bug; on account of the smell of the leaves. 

Calyx with 5 conspicuous teeth. Petals obcordate, 
infiexed at the point; those of the outer flowers radiate, 
bifid. Fruit globose; carpels cohering, with 5 depressed 
primary ribs, and 4 secondary, more prominent ones ; seeds 
concave on the face. — Smooth annuals with bi-pinnate leaves; 
involucre one-leaved or none, involucels 3-leaved, unilateral^ 
and white flowers. 

C. SATIVUM, L. Coriander. 

Leaflets on the lower leaves broad, wedge-shaped, upper with linear ones ; carpels 
lieinisphcrical. A well known plant, cultivated chiefly for its aromatic seeds. 
Native of Europe. Stem 2 feet high. Leaves much divided, strong scented, Ura- 
li&ls with only the partial involucre. Flowers white. July. 

Order 52. ARALIAGEEiE. 

Screes, herbs or shrubs, with the habit of the Umbelliferce, but with usually 6 to 10 
(k(t petals, 5 to 10 stamens, 2 to 5 styles, and the fruit 2 to o-cclled drupes. 



1. ARALIA. Linn. Spikenard. 

Calyx with the margin very short, 5-toothed. Petals 
stamens and pistils 5. Fruit a berry-like drupe, 3 
5-eelled, 5-seeded ; crowned with the remains of the caly: 
and styles. — Low trees, siwubs or perennial herbs, with large 
2 to Z-ternately or pinnaidy compound leaves, and panicled 
umbels of greenish-white flowers. 

1. A. nudicaulis, L. Wild Sarsaparilia. 

Herbaceous, smooth ; stem very short; leaf solitary, decompound; leaflets oblon g- 
ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each division ; scape naked, bearing 3 umbels. 

Moist rocky woods; common. May, June. Root large, fleshy and aromatic, 
running underground several feet in length, from which arises a single leaf-stalk 
and scape, without a proper stem. Scape about 1 feet high, with 3 simple umbels 
of greenish flowers. 

2. A. RACEMOSA, L. Spikenard. 

Herbaceous; stem widely branched, leafy; leaves decompound; leaflets heart- 
ovate, doubly serrate pointed, slightly downy; umbels small, very numerous. 

Rich rocky woods. June, July. Roots large, spicy, aromatic. Stem 2 to 5 feet 
high, dark green or reddish. The leaf-stalks are 3-parted, each division of which 
bears 3 or 5 large leaflets. Flowers greenish-white, in panicles 4 to 8 inches long. 

3. A. HISPIDA, Michx. Bristly Sarsaparilia. 

Stem shrubby at base, hispid; leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong ovate, acute, 
cut-serrate; umbels on long peduncles, axillary and terminal. 

Rocky places. June— Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, the lower part woody and 
thickly beset with sharp stiff bristles, the upper part branching, herbaceous* 



to 



ARALIACEE^l. 143 



Leaflets numerous, long. Umbels numerous, simple, globose. Flowers greenish- 
white. Fruit blackish, nauseous to the taste. 

4. A. spinosa, L. Angelica Tree. 

Arborescent; stem and petioles prickly ; leaves large, 2to3-pinnate; leaflets ovate, 
pointed, serrate, sessile, glaucous beneath; umbels in a branched panicle, nur 
merous. 

Damp woods, Southern parts of the State. Cultivated. July, Aug. A small 
tree 8 to 12 feet high, (sometimes 20 to 40,) the leaves crowded near the summit. 
Flowers white, in very large terminal panicles. The bark is said to be emetic and 
cathartic. 

2. PANAX. Linn. Ginseng. 

Gt. 2)2n, and alcos, a medicine, i. e. &pznacea. or a universal remedy. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals 
and stamens 5. Styles 2 to 3. Fruit a 2 to 3-lobed, 2 
to 3-celled, and 2 to 3-seeded drupe, often fleshy. — Perennial 
herbs or shrubs, w ith palmate!?/ compound leaves, (in our spe- 
cies 3 stem leaves in a whorl,) and whitish flowers in a single 
simple umbel on long peduncles. 

1. P. trifolium, L. Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut. 

Root globular; leaves 3-verticillate, 3 to 5-foliate; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, ser- 
rate, sub-sessile; styles 3; berries 3-seeded. 

Low moist woods; common. May. A neat little plant 4 to 8 inches high with a 
tuber deep in the ground. Stem smooth, slender, simple. Leaves 3, in a whorl at 
the summit, compound, with a central peduncle terminating in a little umbel of 
pur? white flowers. Barren and fertile flowers on different plants, the latter with- 
out stamens succeeded by green berries. 

2. P. quinqueeolium, L. Ginseng. 

Root fusiform; leaves 3, verticillate, 5-foliate; leaflets oblong-ovate, pointed, 
serrate, long-petioled, the lateral ones smaller; peduncles shorter than the petioles; 
styles 2; fruit flattened; seeds 2. 

Rich woods and mountain sides; not common. June, July. Root spindle 
shaped, 3 to 6 inches long, often forked, aromatic. Stern round, smooth, about 1 
foot high, with a terminal whorl of 3 compound leaves, and a central peduncle 
bearing a single umbel of yellowish, flowers. Berries light-scarlet. The root is 
highly esteemed by the Chinese and Tartars for its supposed medical properties* 

3. HEDERA. Linn. Ivy. 

Celtic kedra, a cord ; from the vine-like habit. 

Calyx 5-t.oothed. Petals 5, dilated at the base. Berry 
5-seeded, surrounded by the permanent calyx. — European 
shrubby, climbing or erect plants, with simple evergreen leaves^ 
and greentsh /lowers. 

H. helix, L. English Ivy. 

Stem and branches long and flexible, attached to the earth trees or walls by its 
xrotnerou3 radicating fibres ; leaves dark green, smooth, with white veins, petiolate; 
lower ones 5-lobed, upper ovate, £ owers in numerous umbels, forming a corymb} 
terry black, with a mealy pulp. Native of Britain. Cultivated, 



144 CORNACE^. 



Order 53. CORK" ACE®. 

Low trees, shrubs or rarely herbaceous plants, with simple mostly opposite and 
entire leaves. Calyx sepals adherent to the ovary, with the limb minute, 4 or 
5-toothed or lobed. Petals 4 or 5 distinct, alternate with the teeth of the calyx. 
Stamens 4; style single; stigma capitate; ovary 1 to 2-celled, with a single ana- 
iK>pous ovule suspended from the apex of each eell, and fruit a gloBose 2-celle4 
and 2-secded drupe. 

1. CORNUS. Toarn. 

Lat. cornu, a horn; on account of the hardness of the wood. 

Calyx minutely 4-tootlied. Petals 4, oblong, spreading, 
Bessile. Stamens 4. Style 1. Drupes "berry-like, sepa- 
rate.— Trees, shrubs or perennial herbs, with mostly opposite 
entire leaves, and white or wliitkli flowers in cymes, often 
involucrate. Bark bitter and tonic. 

* Flowers capitate, surrounded by a petal-like Cleaved white involucre ; fruit bright 
red. 

1. C. Canadensis, L. Dwarf Dogwood. 

Herbaceous; stem low and simple; lowzr leaves small, upper ones whorled, veiny, 
on short petioles, ovate or oval, pointed ; leaves of the involucre ovate. 

Damp cold woods. May — July. A handsome little plant 5 to 7 inches high, 
arising from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody rhizoma, with 
1 to 2 pairs of opposite leaves and a whorl of 4 to 6 at the summit, 2 of which 
ere large, placed a little lower and opposite. Flowers greenish, surrounded with 
a large showy involucre of 4 white leaves, sometimes mistaken for a single flower . 

2. C. FLORIDA, L. Flowering Dogicood. 

Arborescent; leaves ovate, pointed, downy beneath when young; leaves of the 
Involucre inversely heart-shaped: flowers and fruit in a close head. 

Rocky woods; common. May, June. A tree 15 to 20 feet high, very showy in 
flower. Flowers inconspicuous, greenish-yellow. Involucre, very large and showy, 
obovate, veiny, white, ending in a callous point, which is turned up or down so 
abruptly as to give an emarginate appearance to the leaf. Berries red, very showy 

* * Flowers in cymes : involucre none ; shrubs. 

3. C. CIRCINATA, L'Her. Round-leaved Dogwood. 

Branches warty-dotted; leaves round-oval, abruptly pointed, white, downy 
beneath; cymes crowded, depressed ; drupe globose.. 

Banks of streams. June, July. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high. Stem greyish, upright, 
with opposite, round, green, spotted or warty branches. Leaves large, 4 to 5 inches 
in diameter, opposite, somewhat acuminate. Flowers white. Berries light-blue, 
hollowed at base, crowned with the remains of the style. 

4. C. SERICEA, L. Red Osier. Silky Dogwood. 

Brandies spreading ; leaves ovate, acuminate, silk-downy (often rusty) beneath; 
cymes flat, close; calyx-teeth lanceolate ; drupe globose. 

Wet places, banks of streams; common. June. Shrub 4tol0*R?ct high, with 
purplish bark, and opposite branches and red shoots. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 
y 2 ^ wide. Flowers yellowish-white. Fruit pale-blue. 

5. C. PANICULATA, L'Her. Panided Dogwood. 

Branches erect, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oval, acuminate, acute at ba*% 
^bitiah beneath; cymes convex, loose, often paniclcd; fruit depressed-globose 



CAPRIFOLIACE^. 145 



Thickets and hillsides. June. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, very much branched, 
with a yellowish bark. Leaves small, 1 to 2 inches long, % to % as wide. Flowers 
profuse, pure white, in small conical cymes. Drupes small, white or bluish. 

6. Q. stolonifera, Michx. Red- Osier Dogwood. 

Stem often with running shoots; branches spreading, smooth; leaves ovate 
rounded at base ; abruptly acuminate ; cymes small, flat, rather crowded ; drupe. 
globose. 

Bogs and wet banks of streams. May, June. A small tree 8 to 10 feet high, 
with smooth, slender, spreading branches, which are mostly red in winter. It 
multiplies by prostrate running suckers which send up red shoots forming large 
clumps 3 to G feet high. Leaves distinctly veined, minutely pubescent, and whitish 
beneath, petiolate. Flowers white, in small cymes. Drupe small or lead colored. 

7. C. ALTERNIFOLIA, L. Alternate-leaved Dogwood. 

Leaves alternate, oval, long-pointed, acute at the base, whitish and minutely 
pubescent underneath ; drupes globose. 

Hillsides and moist shady woods. June. A small tree or shrub 8 to 20 feet 
high, with spreading one-sided branches forming a depressed summit. Bark 
greenish, marked with warty streaks. Flowers in broad open cymes, pale buff- 
color. Fruit dark-blue. 

DIVISION IL 

MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the 
latter composed of petals more or less united (monopetalous.) 

Order 54 OAPRIFOLIAGEJE.— Honeysuckle Plants. 

Shrubs or rarely herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves, no stipules, the calyx 
-tube coherent with the 2 to 5-celled ovary. Corolla tubular or rotate, regular or 
irregular. Stamens as many, or one less than as many, as the lobes of the corolla, 
and inserted on its tube. Styles 1; stigma 1 to 4. Fruit a berry, drupe, or 
capsule. 

Tribe 1. LONICERE^E. 

Corolla tubular, often irregularly cleft ; style slender ; stigma capitate, 

1. LONICERA. Linn. 

In honor of Lonicer, a German botanist of the 16th century. 

Calyx 5-toothed; teeth very short. Corolla tubular or 
funnel-form, often swelled at the base, irregularly or nearly 
regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 to 3 -celled. Stig- 
ma 'capitate. Berry several seeded. — Climbing or erect 
shrubs, with opposite and often connate entire leaves, and often 
showy, fragrant flowers. 

* Caprifolium. Stem climbing; flowers in sessile whorled clusters from the axite 
Of the leaves. 

x 



146 CAPEIFOLIACE^;. 

1. L. semper VIRENS, Ait. Trumpet Honey-suckle. 

Leaves oblong evergreen, pale beneath, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs 
united a ound the stem ; flotvers in nearly naked spikes or distant whorls. 

Borders of swamps; common in cultivation. May — Oct. A beautiful climber 
blooming all summer. Stem 6 to 20 feet long, woody, twining with the sun. 
Leaves deciduous at the north. Corolla trumpet-shaped, nearly 2 inches long, 
dilated at the mouth, with 5 short, nearly regular segments, of a rich scarlet with- 
out and yellow within. A variety has pale yellow blossoms. Berries scarlet. 

2. L. GRATA ; Ait. American Woodbine. 

Leaves obovate, smooth, glaucous beneath, the upper pairs united ; flowers in 
sessile, terminal and axillary whorls; corolla ringent, tube long, slender, not 
swelled. 

Rocky woodlands. May, June. A beautiful climber with very obtuse leaves, 
ending in an abrupt point, opposite or in whorls of 3. Flowers large and very 
fragrant, 5 or 6 in each whorl. Corolla white, within a purple, fading yellowish. 
Berries red. Cultivated. 

3. L. parviflora, Lam. Small-flowered Honey-suckle. 

Leaves smooth, elliptical or oblong, shining above, glaucous beneath, the upper 
pairs united, all closely sessile ; flowers in heads of several approximate whorls j 
corolla ringent; tube short, swelled at the base; filaments bearded. 

Rocky banks ; common. May, June. A low branching species. Leaves thickish, 
wavy and revolute on the margin, very glaucous beneath. Flowers small, yellow, 
tinged with dull red. Stamens and styles exserted. Berries orange-colored. 

4. L. Periclymenum, Tourn. Woodbine Honey-suckle. 

Leaves elliptical, on short petioles, deciduous. Flowers in ovate imbricated 
terminal heads; corolla ringent, yellow and red, fragrant. Ferries red. May — 
July. A woody climber, native of Europe. Cultivated. 

5. L. Caprifolium, L. Italian Honey-suckle. 

Leaves deciduous, the upper pair united. Flowers in a terminal verticel, yellow, 
red and white. Much admired for its beauty and fragrance. Native of Europe. 
June — Aug. Cultivated. 

* * Xylosteum, Juss. Stem erect; leaves distinct ; peduncles axillary, si:~gls, 
Urbracted and 2-flowered at the summit. 

8. L. CILIATA, Muhl. Fly Honey-suckle. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, often cordate, distinctly petioled, thin, downy beneath; 
peduncles shorter than the leaves; bracts minute; corolla funnel-form, swelled at 
the base. 

Rocky woods, Northern parts of the State. May, June. A branching erect shrub 
3 to 4 feet high. Flowers pale straw-yellow, in pairs, at the top of the peduncle, 
with an obtuse spur turned outwards at the base. Berries ovoid, red, in pairs. 

7. L. Tartarica, L. Tartarian Honey-suckle. 

Stems erect, much branched ; leaves ovate, cordate, obtuse, shining and dark- 
green above, pale beneath, entire, on short petioles ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 
2-fiowered; segments of the corolla oblong, obtuse, equal. An elegant shrub 
much admired in cultivation. Native of Russia and Tartary. Stems 4 to 8 feet 
high, forming large clumps. Leaves 1 to 2 by % to \ X A inches, coriacious. Flowers 
sinall, pale-purple, varying to pure white, very fragrant. May — June. 

2. DIER VILLA, Tourn. Bush Honey-suckle, 

In honor of M. Dierville, who sent this species from Canada to Tournefort. 

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, 



CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 14T 



awl-shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, nearly 
regular. Stamens 5. Capsule oblong, acute, 2-celled, 
2~valved, septicidal, many-seeded. — Low upright shrubs, tvith 
opposite, ovate, serrate pointed leaves, a,nd yellowish flowert 
in cymosely -sever al-floioered peduncles. 

D. trifida, Mcench. Bush Money -suckle. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, petioled ; peduncles mostly 2-flowered ; capsuU 
long-beaked. 

Rocky woods and banks of streams. May-— July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, 
branching. Leaves 2 to 4 by 1 to V/ 2 inches, finely serrate, long-pointed. Flower* 
greenish-yellow. Style much exserted. Stigma capitate. 

3. TRIOSTEUM. Linn. 

Gr. treis, three, and osteon, a bone ; alluding to thethree bony seeds. 

Calyx-lobes 5, linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent, 
Corolla tubular, swelled at the base, somewhat equally 5 
lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5, included. 
Stigma capitate, lobed. Fruit a drupe, mostly 3-celled ? 
crowned with the calyx, containing 3 angled and ribbed, 
bony nuts. — Coarse hairy perennial herbs, with the stem 
leafy to the top, and the ample entire pointed leaves tapering 
to the base, but connate around the stem. 

1. T. perfoliattjm, L. Fevemvort. 

Softly hairy; leaves oval or spatulsite-ovate, acuminate, entire, abruptly nar- 
rowed at the base, crenate, downy beneath; flowers sessile, 1 to 3 in the axils c-f 
the leaves. 

Rich woodlands. June. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 6 by 3 inches. Fruit a 
rather dry drupe, orange-colored. The root is large and fleshy, and in some repute 
in medicine. 

2. T. angustifolium, L. Narrow-leaved Feverwort 

Bristly hairy; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base; flowers mostly solitary in 
the axils, sessile or pedunculate. 

Shady places, along fences. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers green- 
ifh-cream-color, mostly singly clustered in the axils of the leaves. 

4. SYMPHORICARPUS. Dill. 

Gr. symphoreo, to bear together, and carpus, fruit; from the clustered berries* 

Calyx-tube 4 to 5-toothecl; persistent; teeth small. Co- 
rolla bell-shaped, nearly regularly 4 to 5-lobed. Stamens 
4 to 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla. Ovart 
4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule ; the berry 
therefore 4-celled and 2-seeded. Seeds long. — Low and 
branching upright shrubs, with oval shortly petioled leaves, 
and small white flowers tinged with rose-color r in close shortt 
spikes or clusters. 



148 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 



1. S. VULGARIS^ Michx. Indian Currant. Coral-berry. 

Leaves round-oval ; flowers in small spikes or clusters in the axils of nearly all 
the leaves ; corolla sparingly bearded. 

Banks of streams. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, with numerous purplish 
branches. Corolla greenish-red, companulate, lobes nearly smooth ; stamens and 
bearded style included. Berries small, purplish. 

2. S. RACEMOSUS, Michx. Snov>~berry. 

Leaves oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or quite smooth, paler 
beneath, on short petioles ; flowers in a terminal loose and somewhat leafy inters 
Eupted spike. 

Cultivated; native from Lake Champlain to Wisconsin. June, Sept. Stem 2 to 
4 feet high. Corolla rose-color, the throat filled with hairs. Berries large, round 
or ovoid, of a snowy white, remaining till winter, very ornamental. 

5, LINN^EA. Gron. 

In honor of Linn&us, the most profound of naturalists, ancient or modern, with 
whom this charming little plant was an especial favorite. 

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla nar- 
row, bell-shaped, nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 of 
them shorter, inserted near the base of the corolla. Ovary 
3-celled, 1-ovuled, (2 cells abortive,) forming a 1-seeded dry 
berry. — A slender creeping and trailing evergreen \, with 
round-oval leaves and delicate nodding flowers, widely dis- 
seminated through the northern temperate zone. 

L. BOREALIS, Gron. Twin-flower. 

Stem slender creeping and trailing; leaves round-oval, sparingly crenate, con- 
tracted at the base into short petioles ; peduncles filiform, forking into 2 pedicels 
at the top, each bearing one flower. 

Moist mossy woods ; common northward. June. Stems long, filiform, brownish, 
rooting and branching their whole length, and covering the ground in large 
patches. Leaves small, opposite, with obtuse lobes or teeth and scattered hairs. 
JFlowers nodding, delicate and fragrant, rose-colored. 

Tribe 2. SAMBUCEJB. The Elder Tribe. 

Corolla regular, rotate ; stigmas 3 to 5, nearly sessile. 

6. SAMBUCUS. Toura. Elder. 

€fcr. sambuca, an ancient musical instrument, supposed to have been made of 

Elder-wood. 

Calyx small, 5-par.ted. Corolla urn-shaped, with a 
broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3, 
obtuse, small, sessile. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, conr 
taining 3 seeds. — Shrubby plants, xoith pinnate leaves, serrate 
pointed leaflets, and numerous small white flowers in com- 
pound cymes. 









CAPKIFOLIACEJS. I4£ 



1. S. Canadensis, L. Common Elder. 

Stems scarcely wo@dy; leaflets 7 to 11, oblorg, smooth, the lower often 3-paxted^ 
cymes fiat, 5-parted. 

Thickets and waste grounds; common. May, June. Stem 5 to 10 feet high, 
filled with a light porous pith, especially wl.em young. Flowers numerous, in 
very large (1 foot broad) level-topped cymes, white, rather fragrant. Berries dark 
purple or black. 

2. S. PUBENS, Michx. Red-berried Elder. 

Stems woody ; leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-lanceolate, downy beneath; cymes panicled,. 
convex-pyramidal. 

Rocky woods. June. July. Stem 6 to 8, sometimes 15 feet high, warty, often 
round-topped and tree-like. " Leaves simple and unequally pinnate. Flowers in a 
close ovoid thyrse or panicle. Corolla white. Berries small, scarlet. 

7. VIBURNUM. Linn,. 

Calyx. 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla rotate, spreading, 
deeply 5-toothed. Stamens 5, equal. Stigmas o, sessile. 
Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe with thin pulp and a hard 
flattened stone. — Shrubs or small trees, with petioled- leaves, 
and ichite flowers in flat compound cymes. 

* 1. Lentago, DC. Flowers all alile and perfect; fruit bluz or bloc!: wlien ripe, 
glaucous. 

leaves serrate or toothed, entire, 

i. V. prunifolium, L. Black Haw. 

Branches spreading, smooth ; leaves broadly oval, obture at both ends, fme T y and 
fharply serrate, shining above, smooth; petioles naked; cymes sessile; fruit ovoid- 
oblong. 

Woods; common. May. A shrub or small tree 10 to 20 feet high, with spread- 
ing, sometimes stinted branches. Leaves about 2 inches long. 1]/, wide, on short, 
slightly margined petioles. Cymes large, terminal, sessile. Flowers white. Frmt 
dark-blue or blackish, sweet and eatable. 

2. V. nudum, L. Withe Rod. Swamp Haw,, 

Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, revolute at the edge, sub-crenate; 
(i/me'rhcrt peduncled-.; fruit rouod^ovoidi 

Cold swamps: common. May, June. A handsome shrub 6 to 10 fjet high. 
Leaves 3 to 4 inches lon<r, punctate -do t-tel beneath like th) short petioles and 
cymes, with small brownish scales, smooth above, the margin more or less rolled. 
Floivers numerous, white. Berries dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, 
eatable. 

3. V. Lentago, L. Sweet Vibitrmim. 

Leaves ovate, acumina L e, acutely and sharply serrate; petioles with wavy mar- 
gins; cymes terminal, sessile; fruit oval. 

Rocky woods. May, June. A small handsome tree 10 tc,23: feet high. Leaves 
smooth, long-acuminate, 3 inches long, \4 as wide, on long wavy margined petioles. 
Petioles midribs and branches of the cyme sprinkled with rusty glands when 
young. Flowers white, in broad spreading cymes- Berries % inch long, blue- 
black when ripe. 

4. V. dentatum, L. Arrow*wood. 

Smooth; leaves broadly-ovate, coarsely and sharply-toothed, sub-plicate ; petioles 
riender; cymes peduncled; fruit ovoid-globose. 

x* 



150 RUBIACE^J. 



Damp grounds, rather common. June. Shrub 8 to 12 feet high, with long, 
straight, slender branches when young, and ash-colored bark. Leaves on slender 
petioles, roundish, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, strongly straight-veined, and often 
with hairy tufts in the axils of the veins beneath. Flowers white, in large expand- 
ing cymes. Fruit small, dark-blue. 

5. V. PUBESCENS, Pursh. Downy Arrow-wood. 

Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or pointed, rarely toothed, sub-plicate ; cymes 
peduncled ; fruit ovoid. 

Dry rocky places ; rare. June. Shrub about 2 to 6 feet high, somewhat strag- 
gling. Leaves 2 inches long, strongly straight-veined, each with a pair of short, 
hairy, stipular appendages at the base of the short petiole. The lower surface and 
petioles velvety-downy. Cymes small, few-flovfered. Flowers white. 

Leaves lobed or incised. 

6. V. ACERIFOLIUM, L. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood. 

Leaves 3-lobed, cordate at the base, coarsely and unequally toothed ; cymes on 
long peduncles, many-fiowered ; fruit oval. 

Rocky hillsides. June. A shrub 4 to 8 feet high, with yellowish-green bark. 
Leaves broad, heart-shaped, or rounded at the base ; lobes acuminate, with sharp 
serratures; veins and stalks hairy; under surface and young stalks downy. 
Flowers white, with a slight tinge of red ; filaments long. Fruit nearly black. 

* * Opulus, Tourn. Marginal fiowers of the cymes destitute of stamens and 
with large showy corollas. 

7. V. LANTANOIDES, Michx. Hobble-bush. 

Leaves round ovate, abruptly pointed, closely serrate; cymes closely sessile, 
broad and flat.; fruit ovoid. 

Rocky woods, near streams. May. A straggling shrub 4 to 8 feet high, the 
decumbent branches often taking root. Leaves heart-shaped at the base, many- 
veined, the veins, veinlets, stalks and branch-lets very scurfy with rusty colored 
tufts of minute down. Flowers white, the sterile ones very large. Fruit red, 
when ripe, black. 

8. V. Opulus, L. Cranberry-tree. 

Leaves 3-lobed, wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, 3-nerved ; lobes spreading, 
pointed, toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles glandular; cymes pedun* 
cled, radient ; fruit ovoid. 

Woods; rare. June. A handsome shrub 8 to 12 feet high, with spreading 
branches. Leaves with large remote teeth, the stalks with 2 or more glands at the 
base, channelled above. Flowers white, the central fertile, those of the border 
large, barren. Fruit red, very acid, resembling the common cranberry in flavor, 
and is sometimes substituted for it. 

Var. b. koseum, L. Guelder JRose. Snow-ball. Leaves rather acute at base, longer 
than broad, lobes acuminate, with long pointed teeth; petioles glandular; jlouers 
all sterile in globose cymes. This is a well known European variety, cultivated 
for its large, dense spherical clusters of snow-white flowers, which are all barren. 

Order 55. RUBIAOEB — Madder Family. 

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or 
rarely whorled without apparent stipules. Calyx usually coherent with the 2 (rarely 
3 to 4)-celled ovary, or in one group, free. Stamens as many as the lobes of the 
regular corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovary 2-celled. Style mostly simple; 
stigmas & Fruit various. 



RUBIACE^E. 151 



Sub-order I. STELLATE. The true Madder Family. 

Leaves whorled, with no apparent stipules; ovary 2-celled, entirely coherent with 
the calyx-tule. Herbs. 

1. GALIUM. Linn. Cleavers. 

Gr. gala, milk, which some species are used to curdle. 

Calyx minute, 4-toothed. Corolla 4-parted, rotate. 
Stamens 4, short. Styles 2. Fruit twin, globular, sepa- 
rating when ripe into the 1 seed-like indehiscent ; 1-seeded 
carpels. — Slender herbs, with ^-angled stems, verticellate 
leaves, aiul small cy mo se fioicers. 

* Annual: leaves about 8, in a whorl; peduncles few-flowered. 

1. G. Aparine, L. Cleavers. Goose-grass. 

Stem weak, procumbent, rctror.~ely prickly, hairy at the joints; leaves in whorls 
of 6s, 7s or 8s, bncar-oblanceolate, mucronate; peduncles axillary, 1 to 2- flowered; 
fruit bristly, with hooked prickles. 

Moist thickets. June. St-.ms 2 to 6 feet long, leaning on other plants and closely 
adhering to objects in their way by their hooked prickles. Leaves 1 to 2 inches 
long, b^ wide, rough on the margins and midribs. Flowers numerous, small, 
white. Fruit rather large, aimed with hooked prickles. The root is sometimes 
used to dye red. Medicinal. 

* '■'■' Perenni il: hives 4 to G, and sometimes 8 in a whorl; peduncles axillary and 
terminal few-flowered ; fruit smooth. 

2. G. asprellum, Michx. Rough Bedstraw. 

Stem diffuse, weak, much branched, rough backwards; leaves in Gs, 5s or 4s, 
lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate ; peduncles many, short, 2 to 3 times forked. 

Low thickets; common. Juby. Stem weak, 2 to 5 feet long, reclining on other 
plants, and closely adhering to them by their minute retrorse prickles. Leaves b£ 
to % inches long, % as wide. Fluioers numerous, small, white. Fruit minute^ 
smooth. 

3. G. trifidum, L. Small Bedstraw. Dyer's Cleavers. 

Stem decumbent, very branching, roughish with retrorse prickles: leaves in whor's 
of 4 to 0, linear or oblancoolate, obtusc ; the margins and. midribs rough; peduncles 
1 to 3-£owered; pedicels slender; ccrolla-hbes and stamens often 3. 

Yar. 1. TiNCTomoi ; stem stouter with nearly smooth angles, and the parts of the 
flowers usually in fours. 

Yar. 2. latifolium.; .'fern- smooth, widely branched; leaves elliptical or oblong, 
quite rough on the midribs and margins. 

Swamps and low grounds; common and very variable. June — Aug. Leaves x /± 
to y 2 * Bcn I 011 ?? }4- as wide, often wedge-shaped at the base. Peduncles mostly in 
3, axillary. Flowers small, white. 

4. G. triflorum, Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. 

Stem weak, often procumbent, bristly on the angles, turned backwards; leaves 
in 5s and 6s, elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate ; peduncles o-B.ov?eve&;floiuers 
all pedicelled; fruit hisped, with hooked hairs. 

Eich woodlands; common. July. Stem 1 to 4 feet long, slightly branched. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, b^ as broad, 1-veined, scarcely ciliate on the margin- 
Flowers small, greenish-white; lobes of the corolla pointed. Fruit whitish. 

* * * Peduncle several-flowered; petals pointed ; fruit densely hoolced, prickly*. 



152 RUBIACEiE: 



5. G. PILOSUM, Ait. Hairy Bedstraw. 

Stem ascending, somewhat simple, hairy; leaves in 4s, oval, dotted, hairy, indis* 
tinctly 3-veined; peduncles several times forked, each division 2 to 3-flowercd, tho 
fiowers all pedicelled. 

Dry woods; rare. June- 1 — Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high acutely 4-angled, with & 
few short spreading tranches. Leaves % to 1 inch long, % as wide, very hairy. 
Ficwers purplish. 

6. Gr. CIRCJEZANS, Michx. Wild Liquorice. 

Stem smooth or downy, erect or ascending; leaves in 4s, oval, mostly obtuse, 
3 : nerved, ciliate; peduncles lateral and terminal, diverging, few-flowered. 

Var. 1. lanceolatum, Torr. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to 
the point, slightly ciliate. 

Var. 2. montanum, Torr. & Gr. Dwarf; leaves obovate, nearly smooth. 

Bich woods. July, Aug. £1cm at out 1 feet high, simple, or with a few fbort 
tranches near the top. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, ]k as vide. Fidurxle?. usually 
cnee forked, the tranches elongated ard widely divergir g in fruit, and tearing 
several ovate flowers on very shcrt lateral pedicels. Flowers purple. Fruit elcthed 
w-ith dense white bristles resembling Circaca. Ihe leaves and loet have, a sweet 
taste like the liquoiice. 

*** * Peduncles many-flcwered, in close terminal panicler. 

7. Gr. BOREALE, L. Northern Galium. 

Stem upright, smooth ; leaves in 4s. linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, smooth ; fioiven 
in a terminal, pyramidal panicle; fruit minutely bristly. 

Rocky shady places, and fence-rows. June — Aug. £ Urns 12 to 18 irehes high, 
branched above. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, *% as wide, tape ring to an cbtuse point. 
Flowers numerous, small, white, in an elongated panicle, making rather a hand* 
some appearance. Fiud small. 

Sub-ori>er II. CINCHONB^E. The Cinchona Family. 

Leaves opposite with stipules letween them; ovary coherent with the calyx-tube, or the 
apex rarely free. 

2. CEPHALANTHUS. Linn. Button-bush. 

Gr. lephale, a head, and anthos, a flower. 

Calyx small, angular, inversely pyramidal, 4 -cleft. Co- 
rolla tubular, slender, 4-t coined. STYLE filifeim, much 
exserted ; stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, 2 to 4 -celled, 
2 -seeded, mostly 2 -parted. — Shrubs -with opposite leaves, short 
stipules, and white jioicers densely aggregated in glolose heads. 

L C. OCCIDENTALIS, L. Button-bush. Pond Dogwood. 

Mostly smooth; leaves opposite, or in 3s, petioled, cvatc-oblong, pointed, with, 
cfcort intervening stipules; peduncles long. 

Borders of ponds and streams, forming thickets; common. July, Jug;. Stem 
4 to 6 feet high, branched. leaves rprcading, entire, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 
wide. Heads of flowers about 1 inch in diameter. Corolla white, tulular, with, 
long projecting styles. Flowers inserted en all sides cf the round receptacle. 

3. MITCHELLA. Linn. Partridge-berry. 

In honor of Dr. John Mitchell, a botanist of Virginia. 

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 



ItUBIACE^E. 153 



4-toothed. Corolla funnel- form, 4-lobed, the lobes spread- 
ing, densely bearded inside. Stamens 4. Styles slender; 
stigmas 4. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with 
the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, each containing 4 small 
seed-like bony nutlets. — Smooth and trailing evergreen 
herbs, with rose-color flowers, and bright scarlet cdiblcberri.es 
remaining over winter. 

1. M. REPENS, L. Partridge-berry. 

Stem creeping; leaves roundish-ovate., often slightly cordate, petiolate; pedun- 
cles 2-fiowered. 

Woods: common. June. July. A handsome trailer. Leaves dark-green and 
shining, usually variegated "with whitish lines. Flowers fragrant. Berries re- 
markable for their double structure, well flavored, but full of stony seeds. 

4. HEDYOTIS. Linn. 

Gr. hedos, sweet, and ous, otos, an ear, of no obvious application. 

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, salver- 
form, or wheel-shaped, the limb 4-parted. Stamens 4, 
Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded.. — Herbs, rarely 
shrubs, with opposite leaves and stipules connate with the petiole. 

* Amphiotis, DC. Corolla funnel-shaped, longer than the calyx-teeth ; JJoiccrs In 
terminal racemes; perennials. 

1. H. purpurea, Torr. & Gray. Purple Hedyotis. 

Pubescent; leaves ovate or lanceolate, 3 to 5-veincd, closely sessile: calyx-lobes 
longer than the capsule, lance-lincar; cymes 3 to 7-flowered, often clustered. 

Woods and river banks. May — July. Stems a?cendirg, 8 to 15 inches high, 
clustered, branching, 4-angled. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long. 1 - as wide. Flowers 
3 to 7 in a cluster, pink-purple, or nearly white. 

2. H. LONGIFOLIA, Hook. Long-leaved Hedyotis. 

Smooth; radical leaves oval-elliptic, narrowed to each end : stem leaves linear or 
lance-linear, 1-veined ; flowers in small paniculate cymes; calyx-lobes scarcely as 
long as the capsule. 

Dry hills and shady banks. June. Stems somewhat tufted, 5 to 10 inches high, 
4-angled. Leaves 1 to 13/o inches long, J^ as wide, sessile on the stem. Flowers 
2 or 3 together, on very short pedicels, pale purple, with dccpei colored lines in 
the throat. 

* * Houstonia, Linn. Corolla nearly salver-form, with a long iulc, limb smcoth; 
peduncles 1-ftowered. 

3. H. C^ERULIA, Hook. Innocence. Venus' Pride. 

Smooth ; stems erect, numerous, dichtcmous ; radical leaves ovate-spatulate, petio- 
late ; pedicels filiform, 1 to 2-fiowered. 

Moist banks: common. May — Aug. An elegant little plant 3 to 5 inches high,, 
producing in spring a profusion of handsome bright blue flowers, with a yellow 
eye. The stem leaves are small, opposite, lance-ovate. 

Sub-order III. LOGANEJE. 

Leaves opposite, with stipules between them, united with the petioles; ovary free from 

the calyx. 



154 VALERIANACEJE AND DIPSACE.E. 

5. SPIGELXA. Linn. Pink-root. 

In honor of Prof. Spigelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of the 17th 

century. 

Calyx 5-parted ; persistent; the lobes slender. Corolla 
tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit. Stamens 5. 
Style slender, hairy above. Capsule short, twin, 2-celled, 
separating at maturity into 2 carpels, few-seeded. — Chiefly 
herbs r with opposite leaves, united by means of stipules , and 
showy flowers in spikes or \~sided cymes. 

S. Marilandica, L. Pink-root. Worm-grass. 

Erect, simple, nearly smooth ; stem square ; leaves sessile, oval-lanceolate, acute 
or pointed, roughish, hairy on the margin and ribs ; spike 3-fiowered. 

Rich woods; rare. June. A beautiful herb with dark green foliage and scarlet 
flowers. Stem 1 foot high. Leaves 8 to 4 inches long, ]/ 2 as wide, entire. Flowers 
l 1 ^ to 2 inches long, somewhat clavate,. scarlet without, yellow within. StyU 
esserted. 

Order 56. YALERIA1TACE®. 

Herbs with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, 
Corolla tubular or funnel-form 4 to 5-lobed, sometimes spurred at the base. 
Stamens 1 to 5. Style slender ; stigmas 1 to 3. Fruit indehiscent with 1 fertile 
cell and 2 empty ones. Seeds suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no 
albumen^ 

FEDIA. Gasrt. Corn-salad. 

Calyx with the limb 3 to 6-toothed and persistent or 
obsolete. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, regular. Stamens 3.. 
Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes con- 
fluent into one, the other 1 -seeded. — Annuals and biennials, 
with forking stems, opposite sessile leaves, and white or whitish 
cluster ed-cymose small flowers*. 

F. olitoria, Vahl. Lamb Lettuce. 

Leaves spatulate, obtuse; radical leaves petiolate; fruit compound, oblique at 
length, broader than long, the cross section elliptical, with a corky or spongy mass 
at the back of the fertile cell. 

Fields ; naturalized. June. Stem smooth, 4 to 10 inches high, forked. Leaves 
mostly entire. Flowers in dense corymbs, white.. 

Order 57. DIPSACE2E.— Teasel Family. 

Herbs with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, flowers in dense heads, upon a 
common receptacle, surrounded with a many-leaved involucre. Calyx adherent, often 
pappus-like. Corolla tubular, somewhat irregular, the limb 4 — 5 parted. Stam- 
ens 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Style 1, simple. Fruit dry, tnde- 
Mscent, with a single suspended seed.. 



COMPOSITE. 155 

1. DIPSACUS. Toum. Teasel. 

Gr. dipsao, to thirst, alluding to the water held in* the axils of the leaves. 

Flowers in heads. Involucre many-leaved, longer than 
the chaffy, leafy-tipped, pointed bracts among the capitate 
flowers. Calyx superior. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, nearly 
regular. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Fruit 
I-seeded, crowned with the calyx. — Stout and coarse bienni- 
als, hairy and prickly ', with opposite, connate (sometimes dis- 
tinct) leaves, and bluish or lohitish flowers in large oblong 
heads. 

1. D. SYLVESTRIS, Mill. Wild Teasel. 

Leaves lance-oblong, toothed, or the uppermost entire, connate ; leaves of the in- 
volucre slender, longer than the head of flowers. 

Naturalized by hedges and roadsides. Aug. Native of Europe. $£em3to4feet 
high, angled and prickly with the opposite and lanceolate leaves united around it. 
Bracts (chaff ) tapering into a long flexible awn with a straight point. Flowers 
bluish, in a large oval or cylindrical head. 

2. D. fullonum, L. Fuller's Teasel, 

Leaves connate, entire or serrate; heads of flowers cylindrical; bracts hooked, 
involucre spreading. A cultivated European plant, used by the clothiers who em, 
ploy the heads with the hard, hooked scales to raise the nap upon woolen cloth 
JStem erect, farrowed, prickly, hollow, about 5 feet high. Leaves 2 at each node' 
united at their bases around in such a way as to hold a quantity of water. Flow- 
ers whitish, in large oval or ovoid heads. July. 

2. SCABIOSA. Linn. 

Lat. scabies, leprosy; said to be useful in cutaneous diseases. 

Calyx 5-parted divisions long, bristly, sometimes partial- 
ly abortive. Involucre many-leaved. Involucel nearly 
cylindrical with 8 little excavations.— Biennial and perennial 
mostly European herbs, with opposite leaves and showy flowers 
in heads. 

1. S. SUCCISA, L. Devils'-bit. 

Root premorse ; stem leaves remotely toothed; heads of flowers nearly globose; 
corolla in 4 equal segments. Cultivated in gardens. Stem 1 foot high. Corolla 
pale violet. Sept. 

2, S. atropurpurea, L. Mourning Bride. 

Leaves pinnatifid and incised; heads of flowers radiant; receptacle cylindrical; 
outer crown of the seed short, lobed and crenate. A handsome species, 2 to 4 feet 
high, with dense heads of dark purple, pink, and whitish flowers. Sept. 

Order 58. COMPOSITE. 

An immense family, chiefly herbs intemperate regions, without stipules uriih perfect) 
jpotygamous, monoecious or dioecious flowers. Flowers in. close heads (the compouad 



156 COMPOSITE. 



nower of the older botanists) upon a common receptacle, surrounded by an involu- 
cre. Calyx closely adherent to the ovary, the limb wanting or membranaceous and 
divided into bristles, hairs, &c, called pappus. Corolla superior, consisting of 5 
united petals either Ugulale (strap-shaped) or tubular. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious). Style 2-cleft at the apex. 
Fruit seed-like {achenium,) dry, containing a single, erect anatropous seed, with no 
albumen. 

Sub-order I. TUBULIFLOR^. 

Corolla of the perfect or disk flowers tubular, regular, the limbs 6-cleft, or lobed; 
theligulate or ray-flowers, when present, either pistillate only or neutral {with neither 
Stamens nor pistils), and occupying the border. 

Tribe I. VERNONIACEiE. 

Heads discoid (without ray flowers); the flowers all alike, perfect, tubular; 
branches of the style slender and thread-form, or bristle-form, acute, hairy all over, 
the stigmatic lines only on the lower part, (corolla often slightly irregular). 

1. VERNONIA. Schreb. Iron-weed. 

In honor of Wm. Vernon, an English botanist who traveled in this country. 

Heads 15, many -flowered, in corymbose cymes. Flowers 
all tubular. Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many 
appressed closely imbricated scales. Receptacle naked. 
Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double, the outer 
chaffy ) the interior capillary. — Perennial herbs, with alter- 
nate leaves and mostly purple flowers* 

Noveboracensis, Willd. Common Iron-weed. 

Stem erect, smoothish ; leaves on short petioles, elliptical-lanceolate, pubescent 
beneath; heads numerous, 20 to 30-flowered; scales of the involucre tipped with 
a long bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage, or awn. 

Low grounds; common. Aug., Sept. Stem branching at top, reddish, 3 to 6 
feet high. Leaves crowded, paler beneath; root-leaves sometimes lobed. Flowers 
deep purple, in terminal fiat-topped compound cymes. Scales purple, ending in 
long thread-like appendages. 

2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Linn. Elephant' s-foot. 

Gr. elephas, elephant, andpous, foot. 

Heads 3 to 5-fiowered, clustered into compound heads. 
Involucre narrow and flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. 
Achenia many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy, 
dilated at the base. — Perennials, with alternate subsessile 
-leaves and violet-purple flowers. 

E. Carolinianus, Willd. Carolinian Elephants-foot. 

Stem branched, leafy, somewhat hairy ; leaves ovate-oblong, thin, obtuse, ere* 
siatc serrate; heads terminal and sub-terminal. 



COMPOSITE. ■ 157 



Dry soils. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, divaricately "branched. Lower 
stem leaves 5 to 7 inches by 3 to 5, upper y 2 as large. Heeds composed of four 
clusters, each 4-flowered, with the involucre 9 to 10-leaved. Corclla purple. 

Tribe 2. EUPATORIACE^, 

Heads discoid or radiate ; branches of the style mucli elongaidd, oltuze or club- 
shaped, minutely pubescent towards the summit outside; anthers zoithcut tails at the 
bate : leaves mostly opposite. 

Sue-third 1. Eupatorie-ss. Heads discoid. Flowers all alike. perfect and tubular 
seldom yellow. 

3. LIATRIS. Shreb. Button Snake-root. 

Heads several-many-flowered. Scales of the Involu- 
cre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Flowers all tubular. 
Corolla 5-lobed ; the lobes slender. Pappus of 15 to 40 
capillary bristles, plumose or barbellate. Style with the 
branches much exserted. Achenia slender, about 10-ribbed ; 
somewhat cylindric. — Perennial herbs, with tuberous roots, 
chiefly with simple wand-like stems, many narrow rigid alter- 
nate entire leaves., and the heads of show?/ flowers arranged 
in an elongated spike or raceme, 

* Heads 16 to ZOjtowered. 

1. L. squarrosa, Willd. Blazing Star, 

Stem simple, smooth or scabrous-pubegcent; leaves linear, elongated ; Jicads few, 
eessile or nearly so; pestles of the involucre numerous, with elongated and leaf-like 
spreading tips; inner cms pointed, scarcely colored ; flowers numerous; poppas 
plumose. 

Drv soils. Aucr, A handsome plant 1 to 3 feet high, thickly beset with long 
linear leaves. Heads 5 to 20, generally 4 to 5. Flowers brilliant purple, 



2. L. SCARIOSA, Willd. Gay Feather. 



Scabrcu.=:-puboscent; stem stout: leaves lanceolate, lower on long petioles, upper 
linear or linear-lanceolate much smaller; heads few or many. 33 to 60- flowered, 
remotely racemed; cca-cs of the somewhat spherical invclucrc obevate or spatulate, 
witb dry and scarious often colored tips or margins; pappus scabrous. 

Dry sandy roils ; rare. Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout. Leaves 
numerous, entire, lower 3 to 9 inches long, upper 1 to 3 inches long, %to l /^Qi 
an inch wide, rough-edged. Heads 4 to 20, 1 inch in diameter. Flowers bright 
purple. 

* * Heads 5 to Ih-foiozrcd. 

3. L. spicata, Willd. Blue Blazing Star. 

Smooth or romewhat hairy; stem wand-like, very leafy; leaves linear or lanoe- 
linear, entire smooth, the lower 3 to £-ncrv(d; heads densely crowded in along 
spike, nearly sessile, 8to 12-tlowcred; involucre bell- shaped, cylindrical, with slight 
sca-ious margins; achenia pubescent or smootbish; pappus scabrcus-plumose. 

Moist grounds; rare. Aug. A handsome species, ecmotlmcs cultivated, 2 to. 5 
feet high, mostly stout. Spile terminal, to 8 inches long. Invchtere scracwhat 
resinous. Heads numerous, with bright purple £ owers. 



158 COMPOSITE. 



4. KUHNIA. Linn. 

In honor of Dr. Adam Rutin, of Pennsylvania. 

Heads 10 to 25-flowered. Scales of the involucre loosely 
imbricated, lanceolate, in 2 or 3 series. Corolla slender, 
5-toothed. Keceptacle naked. Pappus in a single series, 
plumose. Achenia cylindrical, many striate. — A perennial 
herb, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves with resinous dots 
and whitish /lowers in panicled corymbs. 

K. eupatorioides, L. Thoroughwort-lihe Kuhnia. 

Leaves varying from linear and entire to broadly lanceolate and toothed ; corymbs 
terminal, few-flowered. 

Dry soils. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, somewhat branched, often 
purple. Flowers whitish or pale-yellow. 

5. MIKANIA. Willd. Climbing Hemp- weed* 

In honor of Prof. Mikan, of Prague. 

Heads 4 to 6-flowered. Flowers all tubular. Involu- 
cre of 4 scales. Receptacle naked. Pappus capillary, 
simple, scabrous. Anthers partly exserted. Achenia 
angled. — Climbing perennials, with opposite mostly heart* 
shaped leaves and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers. 

M. scandens, Climbing JBonesett. 

Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat triangular heart-shaped or halberfc- 
ibrm, pointed, toothed at the base ; heads in pedunculate axillary corymbs. 

Copses along streams, climbing over bushes; rare. July — Sept. Every part 
smooth. Leaves 2 to 8 inches long, 1 to 2 wide, on petioles 1 to 2 inches long, apex 
tapering to a long point. Branches short, each bearing a small corymb of whitish 
or pink-colored flowers. 

6. CONOOLINIUM. DC. Mist-flower. 

<Sr. Gonon, a cone, and cline, a bed ; referring to the conical receptaale. 

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle conical. Involu- 
cre bell-shaped. Scales linear-awl-shaped, somewhat imbri- 
cated. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus 
a single row of slender capillary bristles. — Perennial erect 
lierbs y with opposite petioled leaves, and violet-purple flowers 
in crowded terminal corymbs. 

C. ccelestinum, DC. 

Somewhat hairy, much branched ; leaves triangular-ovate and slightly hearfc- 
jmapod, crenato-serrate, veiny ; petioles slender; corymbs numerous, sub-umbellate; 
scales numerous, setaceous. 

Hedges, thickets and roadsides. Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, terete with oppo- 
site branches, somewhat tuffced. Lmv&s 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide. Ftewtri 
30 to 60 in a head, bluish-purple, fading reddish. 



COMPOSITE. 159 



7. EUPATORIUM. Tourn. Thoroughwort. 

Dedicated to Eupator Miihridates, who is said to have used a species of the genu* 
in medicine. 

Heads 3 -many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or bell- 
shaped. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. 
Pappus simple, a single row of slender capillary longish 
bristles. Achenia 5-angied. — Perennial herbs, ivith oppo- 
site or verlicillate leaves, corymbose heads, and flowers white, 
blue , red, &c, never yellow. 

1. E. purpureum, L. Trumpet-weed* 

Stem tall and stout, simple ; leaves 3 to 6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, 
pointed, very veiny, roughish, finely glandular serrate ; corymbs very dense ami 
compound with whorled peduncles. 

Low grounds ; common. July — Sept. Stein 6 to 12 feet high, smooth glaucous- 
purple, striate or fistular spotted or unspotted. Leaves in about 12 whorls of 3 to 
6s, largest in the middle of the stem, 8 inches long, and 2 wide, on petioles 1 inch 
long. Corymbs often 1 foot in diameter. Floicers purpte, showy. 

* Heads 5 to 20-flowered ; involucre of "7 to 15, more or less imbricated and unequal 
scales; flowers white; leaves mostly opposite, sessile or nearly so; heads mostly 
5-flowered. 

2. E. hysopifolium, L. Narrow -leaved Thoroughwort. 

Minutely pubescent ; leaves opposite (the upper ones alternate) often whorled, 
narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1 to 3-nerved, lower ones guth 
serrate, upper ones entire ; scales of the involucre obtuse. 

Dry fields and sterile soil. Aug., Sept. Slem 1 to 2 feet high, branching, with 
numerous narrow leaves. Corymb spreading at the summit. Meads 5-flowered* 
Flowers purplish. 

3. E. altissimum, L. Fall ThoroughicorL 

Stem toll and stout, pubescent; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, suV 
sessile, acutely serrate above the middle, conspicuously 3-nerved ; corymbs numes- 
ous, dense; heads 5-flowered; scales 8 to 12, obtuse, shorter than the flowers. 

Wcods and sandy soil. Sept., Oct. Stem 3 to 7 feet high. Leaves 3 to 4 inches 
long, y 2 to % wide, small ones often fascicled in the axils* Corollas whitish, musk 
longer than the scales. 

4. E. album, L* White-flowered Thoroughtcort. 

Stem pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, veiny ; heads clustered 
in the corymb, 5-flowered; scales of the involucre closely imbricated, rigid, narrow* 
pointed, white and sea; Ims above* 

Sandy and barren places. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 3 inches long, ^ to 1 wide, 
upper ones entire and alternate. Heads very white. Involucre concealing th# 
flowers, sprinkled with resinous dots. 

5. E. teucrifolium, Willd. Vervein-leaved Thoro'worL 

Roughish-pubescent; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate,, 
rough, veiny, coarsely toothed towards the base, upper ones alternate ; corymb 
compound, somewhat panicled with few branches; heads 5 to 6-flowered; scales of 
the involucre 10, oblong lanceolate, rather obtuse. 

Low grounds. Aug.— Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, erect, rather slender. Leaves 
sometimes almost incised; the lower broad at base and closely sessile. Headt 
somewhat clustered, corymbose. Flowers white. Scales scarious on the margin* 
whita at the tips.. 



160 COMPOSITE. 



6. E. HOTUNDIFOLIUM, L. Round-leaved Thorougliwort 

Downy-pubescent ; leaves opposite, sessile, roundish-ovate, obtuse, sub-cordate at 
base, 3-nerved, veiny, roughish, coarsely serrate; heads about 5-flowcred, in largo 
and dense corymbs; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed. 

Dry soil. Aug., Sept. A slender species 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves sprinkled with 
resinous dots 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, sometimes almost orbicular, mostly- 
obtuse. Flowers white. Pappus longer than the corolla. Styles much exserted. 

7. E. PXJBESGENS, Muhl. Hairy Thoroughicort 
Pubescent; leaves ovate, opposite, sessile, junto, obtusely dentate, somewhat 

3-ncrved, veiny; involucre 7 to 8-flowcred, with lanceolate, acute scales. 

Dry grounds. Aug., Sept. A large rough plant, 3 to 4 feet high, with the lower 
branches opposite. Leaves thin and slightly scabrous, slightly truncato at tho 
base. Involucre of about 12 scales, the outer shortest. Flowers white. 

8. E. SESSILIFOLIUM, L. Sessile-leaved Thoroughicort 

Stem smooth, branching; leaves opposite, sessile, distinct, roundish-ovate or 
lanceolate, somewhat clasping the stems, smooth, serrate ; involucre 5 to 12-flovr- 
crcd, with oval and oblong obtuse scales. 

Ilocky woods and banks. Sept. Stem slender, erect, branching at top. Leaves 
large, somewhat truncate at has?, tapering regularly to a long point, minutely 
dotted beneath. Flowers white, in a widely Spreading terminal corymb. 

9. E. RESINOSUM, Torr. Resinous Thorougliwort 

Minutely velvety-downy; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, closely sessile or 
clasping at the base, serrate, slightly veiny beneath; corymb fastigiate, compound; 
heads 10 to 15-flowered, with obtuse hoary»tomcntosc scales. 

Wet sandy soils. Aug., Sept. Styme 2 to 3 feet high, growing in tufts. Leaves 
4 to 6 inches long, ]/ L to y 2 inch wide, membranaceous, viscid with resinous glo- 
bules. Heads very numerous, rather small. 

10. E. PEiiFOLTATUM, L. Thoroughicort Boneselt 

Stem stout, hairy; leaves lanceolate, connate-perfoliate, tapering to a slender 
point, serrate, very veiny; corymbs compound; heads 8 to lO-flowered, with linear 
lanceolate scales. 

Low ground's, meadows; abundant. Aug. A well known common plant 2 to 4, 
feet high, hairy or woolly, branched at the top. Leaves large, united at the base 
around the stem, the two measuring from 8 to 14 inches in length. Heads in largo 
clustered corymbs. Flowers white. Medicinal. 

* * Leaves opposite ; flowers ivhite, 8 to 30 in a head. 

11. E. AGERATOIDES, L. Nettle-leaved Thorougliwort 

Smooth, branching; leaves opposite, on long petioles, brcadly ovate, pointed, 
coarsely and sharply toothed ; heads 12 to 2>flowered, with narrow" lanceolate scales ; 
corymbs compound. 

Rich woods and rocky hills; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, some- 
what branched. Leaves on petioles 1 to 2 inches long, sometimes slightly cordate, 
3 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 wide. Heads numerous, in small clusters, forming a 
compound corymb. Flcivers pure white, somewhat fragrant. 

12. E. AROMATICUM, L. Aromatic Thoroughicort. 

Smooth or nearly so ; stem teret> pubescent, nearly simple; leaves opposite, on 
short petioles, ovato, rather obtusely toDthod, acuminate, 3-nerved; corymb some- 
what panicled; heads about 23-flowered. 

Low woods. Aug., Sept. Stem about 2 feet high. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, 1 
to 2 wide, on petioles *4 to 1 inch long. Heads of the flowers large. Involucre 
with 10 to 12 linear, acute, equal scales. Flowers in small corymbs, large, white, 
*ud aromatic. 



COMPOSITE. 161 



Scb-tribe 2. TUSSILAGINEiE. 

Heads radiate; ficwers dissimilar, or dicecious. 

8. NAEDOSMIA. Cass. 

Gr. nardos, spikenard, and osna, odor. 

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dioecious. Sterile 
flowers of the ray in a single series, ligulate, pistilate, 
those of the disk tubular. Fertile flowers with many 
rows of minutely ligulate ray-flowers, and a few tubular per- 
fect ones in the centre. Receptacle flat Achenia terete. 
Pappus of soft capillary bristles, longest and most copious 
in the fertile flowers. — Perennial woolly kerbs, icith radical 
leaves, the scape with sheathing seal]/ bracts, and the heads of 
purplish fragrant flowers in a corymb. 

N. PALMATA, Hook. Palmate Sweet Cotts-foot. 

Zeai'es'rounded cr kidney-form, palmately 5 to 7-lobed, the lobes toothed and 
cut, white, woolly beneath. 

Swamps; rare. May. S'ape 1 to 2 feet lr!gh, stout, clothed with numerous 
sheathing scales. Leaves large, 6 to 10 inches broad. Heads numerous, in a- 
corymlose thyrse. 

9. TUSSILAGO. Tourn. Colt's-foot. 

Lat. tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy. 

Heads many-flowered. Ray flowers narrowly ligulate,- 
pistillate, fertile, in many rows ; the tubular disk floicers few, 
staminate. Scales op the involucre nearly in a single 
row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindric-ob- 
long. Pappus capillary, copious, in the fertile flowers. — A 
low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, radical 
leaves, and simple scaly scapes bearing a single head of yellow 
flowers. 



T. Farfara, L. Common Colt's-foot. 



Leaves rounded-hcart-Fhaped., radical ; flowers with very narrow rays. 

Wet places, brooksides. A low plant sending up a single scape about 5 inchcjr 
high in March or April, with a single, terminal, many-rayed head of yellow flowers 
before a leaf is to be seen. Leaves arising after the flowers are withered, 4 to 5 
inches broad, cordate angular, toothed, dark-green above, woolly underneath., on 
long petioles. 

Tribe 3. ASTEROIDE^E The Aster Tribe. 

Heads radiate, rarely discoid; brandies of Hit style more or less flattened flf$ 
Unear, mnvidy and equally pubescent above; leaves mostly aXtei-mte. 



162 COMPOSITE. 



Section 1. Heads radiate ; rays cyanic. 

10. ASTER. Linn. Starwort. Aster, 

Gr. astro, a star; from the appearance of the radiate heads of flowers. 

Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers in a single series, fertile ;' 
disk flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre 
more or less imbricated, often with leaf-like tips. Recep- 
tacle flat, alveolate (honey comb-like). Achenia usually 
more or less- flattened. Pappus simple, of capillary bris- 
tles. — Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, corymbed, pani- 
cied or racemose heads of flower s r with white blue or purple 
■rays, and yellovj dishy often changing to purple. 

1. Biotia, DC. Scales imbricated with oppressed greenish tips; rays 6 to 15" (white 
WC nearly so) ; lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petiolate ; heads in open corymbs*. 

L A. "COEYMBOSUS, Ait. Cory mbed Aster. 

$tem slender; leaves ovate, mostly cordate, coarsely and unequally serrate, 
acuminate, petioleti; heads loosely corymbose; rays 6 to 9. 

Dry woods; common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves thin, large, 
lower ones heart-shaped, pointed ; middle ones ovate; upper becoming lanceolate: 
Flowers in a. broad flat-topped corymb, large., very open, with long, narrow, white 
rays, 

% A. MACPvOPHYLLUS, L. Large-leaved Aster. 

Mem stout, branched, diffuse ; leaves rough, thickish, serrate ; lower and radical 
fm^s on long petioles, cordate ; upper on winged petioles or sessile; heads in large 
corymbs; rays 12 to 25, 

Woods; common. Aug., Sept, Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rigid, the branches rough, 
downy above. Lower leaves 4 to 10 inches long, and 3 to 6 inches wide on some- 
what winged petioles. Heads in a spreading terminal corymb. Scales of tfie 
'involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Bays white or pale-blue. 

2. Ca.lma.strum, T. & (x. Scales imbricated with spreading green tips; rays 12fo3G, 
violet; achenia narrow, smoothish; pappus rigid, of unequal thickness; heads full f 
large and slvowy ; stem-leaves all sessile ; lower ones not cordate. . 

% A. RAdula, Ait. • Rough-leaved Aster.. 

n erect, simple below, angular, smooth; leaves oblong-laneeolate, pointed, 
simple, sharply serrate, rough on both sides and rugose-veined; involucre bell- 
shaped, with oblong appressed scales, and small spreading green tips; achenia 
smooth, linear-oblong. 

Bogs and low grounds; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem Ito 3 feet high, very leafy, with 
a few spreading undivided branches at the summit, purplish, each bearing a single 
large head, rarely more. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, nearly equal throughout, 
Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins. Hays light violet-purple. 

4. Ac Spectabilis, Ait. Showy Aster. 

Stem erect, minutely rough and glandular-pubescent at the summit; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, very rough, upper sessile and entire, lower ones serrate in the 
middle : branches corymbose ; heads hemispherical, with numerous linear-oblong 
obtuse scales^ and conspicuous spatulate downy tips; achenia slightly pubescent. 

Sandy soil. Aug.— Nov. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branched above into a nearly 
aimple corymb of 10 to 15 heads. Rays about 20 in a head, narrowly-lanceolate, 
©early 1 inch Long, very deep-violet blue. Probably the handsomest of the genus.. 



COMPOSITE. 16§t 



3. Aster proper. Scales green or with green tips: rays' numerous; pappus bristles, 
soft and nearly unifoi'm; achcAid flattened. 

5. A. CONCOLOR, L. Silky Aster. 

Stem nearly simple, wand-like ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, crowded, appressed, tha 
•upper appearing like small bracts; heads in a simple or compound virgate raceme; 
involucre obovoid, with closely imbricated, appressed, somewhat rigid, lanceolate, 
silky scales, in several rows ; achenia silky. 

Dry sandy soil. Aug. — Nov. A handsome plant 1 to 3 feet High, sparingly 
branched. Leaves 1 inch in length, ~%, as wide, reduced in size upwards, greyish- 
silky, and of the same hue on both sides. Heads middle-sized, in a long raceme, 
showy. Rays bright violet-purple. Pappus rust-colored. 

3» * Lower leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or less clasping bp 
a cordate or auHcled base; rays large, deep purple or blue. 

6. A. PATANS, Ait. Spreading Aster. 

Rough : pubescent ; stem simple, paniculate above; leaves oblong-lanceolate o? 
ovate-oblong, generally contracted below the middle ; panicle lo?se, few-flowered ; 
scales imbricate, lanceolate, loose. 

Dry grounds; common. Aug.-- -Nov.. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, branching 
into a loose terminal panicle above. Leaves large, 3 to 6 inches long below, becom- 
ing small and bract-like on the branches, all clasping by a deep auricled-heart- 
shaped base, rough. Heads solitary, on the ends of the leafy branchlets, large, 
with 29 to 30 'violet-colored rays. 

7. A. L.EVIS, L. Smooth Blue Aster. 

Very smooth, glaucous; stem angular; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 
thickish, mostly entire, shining; involucre closely imbricate, with broadly-linear, 
thick and rigid scales ; achenia smooth. 

Rich woodlands and banks ; common. Sept. — Nov. A very small and beautiful 
species, 2 to 3 feet. high.. Stem polished, green. . Leaves rather fleshy, the upper 
more or less clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base. Heads in a close panicle, 
large and showy, with'numerous rays of a fine bright sky-blue, becoming "purple, 
and triangular green tips. 

4. * * Lower leaves all heart-shaped and petioled, conspicuously serrate; raysbright 
blue, pale or nearly white. 

8. A. cordifolius, L. Heart-leaved Aster. 

Stem much branched above, smooth; lower leaves all heart-shaped, on slender 
petioles; involucre inversely conical, with closely imbricate appressed scales, tipped 
with short obtuse or acutish points. 

"Woodlands ; very common. Sept., Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, smoothish below, 
more or less pubescent above. Leaves varying from heart-shaped to narrow-ovate. 
Lower leaves more or less winged, on hairy petioles. Upper leaves gradually reduced 
to small bracts. Heads very numerous, in racemed panicles, rather small, angled 
on the spreading branches. Bays 10 to 15, pale-blue varying to white. 

9. A, SAgittijtolius, Willd. Arrow-leaved Aster; . 

Stem erect, rigid, with racemose ascending branches; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
pointed, serrate in the middle ; lower ones cordate-sagittate, on slender narrowly- 
winged petioles ; involucre oblong, with closely imbricate linear-subulate scales. 

Dry woods. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with erect branches above, bearing 
numerous racemose heads, forming a compound panicle of racemes. Heads small,, 
almost sessile, each with about 12 bluish or white rays. 

10. A. UNDULATUS, L. Wave-leaved Aster. 

Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; stem spreading; leaves ovate or- 
lanceolate, with wavy or slightly-toothed margins ; heads numerous, in racemose 
panicles; involucre obovoid, with closely imbricate scales.:,.. 



164 COMPOSITE. 



Dry wocds; common. Sept., Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, spreading, bearing 
numerous heads in racemose panicles. Lower leaves heart-shaped, on long winged 
petioles, winch ore dilated and clasping at the case, or directly sessile v by a heart- 
shaped base. Heads middle-sized, with viotet-blue rays and yeilow disks, at length 
becoming purple. 

5, * ** Loiuer leaves never heart-shaped; those of the stem sessile or clasping ; heads 
pmallor middle-sized; rays white or pale bluish-purple. 

11. A. ERICOIDES; L. Heath-leaved Aster. 

Smooth or sparingly hairy; loiver leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed; 
the topper ones linear lanceolate or linear awl-shaped, acute at both ends; scales of 
the involucre imbricate, linear obtuse, somewhat squarrose. 

Dry open places. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, with the simple branchlets 
or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches. 
Leaves very numerous and somewhat rigid, those of the stem 3 inches in length. 
Heads small, about 20-rayed. Mays white or pale purple. Disk at length purplish 

12. A. multiflorus, Ait. Many-flowered Aster. 

Hoary with minute pubescence ; leaves crowded, linear, entire, with rough or 
eiliate margins, somewhat 3-nerved; those of the branchlets spreading and partly 
clasping at the base ; involucre linear or spatulate with loosely imbricate oblong, 
ciliate, squarrose scales. 

Dry gravelly or sandy soil; common. Sept., Oct. Stem about 2 feet high, with 
numerous spreading racemose branches, usually covered with a dense white pubes- 
cence. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, obtuse, very narrow. Heads small, in crowded 
terminal racemes, on horizontal branches. Hays white or purplish. Lisle at length* 
purplish. 

6. **** Leaves none of them heart-sliaped ; heads small or middle-sized; rays 
white or pale buish-purjile. 

13. A. dumosus L. Busliy Aster. 

Nearly smooth ; leaves linear entire or remotely serrate, rough on the margin 
sessile; those of the branches smaller and acute; involucre inversely conical or 
hell-shaped, with closely imbricated, linear-spatulate, obtuse scales. 

Thickets in dry or moist soil; common. Aug. — Oct. A variable species 1 to 3 
feet high. Stem loosely branched, racemesely compound, with the scattered heads 
mostly solitary at the end of the spreading branchlets. Leaves decreasing in size- 
to the branchlets, the upper small. Hays pale-purple or blue. 

14. A. Tradescanti, L. Tradescant's Aster. 

Smoothish; leaves sessile, smooth, with rough margins ; caidine linear-lanceolate 
pointed ; involucre with imbricated, narrowly-linear, acute scales in 3 to 4 rows. 

Var. fragilis; leaves entire or nearly so, except the lowest; heads more scattered' 
on the branchlets. 

Moist banks, fields, &c; very common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, 
smooth, bushy, the numerous heads closely racemed along the erect spreading or 
diverging branches. Lower dem leaves about 4 inches long, narrowly lanceolate, 
remotely serrate in the middle with fine sharp teeth, gradually reduced in size 
upwards. Heads small, very numerous. Lays white or pale-purple. 

15. A. miser, L. Starved Aster. 

More or less hairy ; stem much branched; leaves lanceolate, pointed or acuminatG 
at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; involucre imbricated with linear, acute 
or rather obtuse scales in 3 or 4 rows. 

Thickets, fields, &c.; very common. Aug.— Oct. A very variable species, varying 
in height from 8 to 10 inches to 3 to 4 feet, erect or diffuse. Stem very branching 
or nearly simple, the branches usually diverging, bearing racemose often scattered 
heads. Leaves varying from narrow-lanceolate to broad-ovate, 1 to 5 inches in 
length. Heads usually numerous, with short, inconspicuous pale bluish-purples 
or white rays.. 



COMPOSITE. 165 



16. A. SIMPLEX, Willd. Simple Aster. 

Nearly smooth; stem tall and much branched; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the 
lower serrate; involucre lecsely imbricate with linear awl shaped scales. 

Shady moist banks: common. Aug. — Oct; Another variable species from 1 tor 
5 feet high, the branches and scattered heads somewhat corymbose at the summit. 
Leaves sessile, 2 to 4 inches long, }/> to 1 iwh wide, tapering to a slender point, 
those of the branches small in proportion. Heads middle-size, loosely racemose or 
a little crowded on the short branchlets. Bays pale purple. Lisle yellowish, at. 
length purple-brown. 

17. A. tenuifolius, L. Slender -leaved Aster. 

Nearly smooth; leave"- linear-lanceolate, tapering into a long slender point J 
lower somewhat serrate in the middle; involucre hemisperical, with closelv- imbri- 
cated., numerous, linear awl-shaped, acute scales: heads in panicles or racemes. 

Low, grounds. Aug. — Nov. Stem 2 to 5 Jfeet hi rb. mostly stout, much branched* 
Stem leaves 2 to 6 inches long, smaller in proportion on the branches and branch- 
lets. Heads small or middle-sized. Lays £0 to CO, short and narrow, pale purple- 
or whitish. 

18. A. carneus, L. Flesh-colored Aster. 

Smooth, rough " or pubescent; item much branched; Haves lanceolate, pointed;, 
upper short and partly clasping; involucre obevate, with closely imbricated. lanceo- 
late, abruptly acute scales; heads racemose along the ascending leafy branches. 

Moist soils; rare. Sept., Cct. A handsome 1 ushy srecies, very variable, about 
2 feet hij>h. Stem often purple. Leaves firm in texture, smooth or rough above-,, 
those of the stem 3 to 5 inches long, ]4 inch wide, those of the branches much 
smaller. Heads numerous, middle-sized, somewhat 1-sided on the branches. Ltays- 
20 to 30, rather long, flesh-colored or nearly white. 

0. ***** Stem leaves sessile, the upper more cr less clasping; heads middle-sized or 
large ; rays blue cr purple. 

19. A. longifolius, Lam. Lovgdeaved Aster. 

Smooth or nearly so; stem branched; leaves lanceolate or linear, entire or spa- 
ringly serrate in the middle, acuminata, shining above; involucre imbricate with 
linear scales in 3 to 5 rows, crowned with acute or awl- shaped spreading or recurved 
green tips; heads in corymbose panicles at the summit. 

Mo'st places along streams; common. Nov. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. Leaves varia- 
ble in form, the lower sometimes ovate- lanceolate, pale beneath, both sides smooth, 
4 to 6 inches long. Heads numerous, large and showy, with 25 to 30 large bright 
purplit-h-hlue rays. This variable plant includes several nominal species, including 
A. laxus, Willd., A. preseltus, Pcir., and A. elcdes, Torr. &. Gray. 

20. A. PTJNTCEUS, L. ' Rowjli-stemmed Aster. Cocash. 

£Yemhisped, stout; leaves oblong-lanceolate, clasping by an auricled base, coarsely . 
serrate in the middle; involucre scales loose, narrowly linear, acute, equal in about 
2 rows; lieads in panicles. 

Low thickets and swamps; common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, usually 
purple axd very rough with ligid bristly hairs. Leaves sparingly toothed in the 
middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath. Heads large and" showy. RaysbQ. 
to 80, long and narrow, lilac-purple er bluish. 

21. A. prenanthoides, Mulil. Frenanthesdike Aster. 

Stem low, and with the branches hairy in lines; leaves spatulate-lanceolate cr 
ovate-lanceolate, incisely serrate in the middle ; involucre imbricated, with narrowly 
linear scales, crowned with recurved spreading tips; heads in corymbose panicles. 

Moist woods. Sept., Oct. Stem 1 to 3. feet high, sparingly branched. Leaves 
conspicuously acuminate, tapering below into a long contracted entire portion, 
which is abruptly dilated into an aurielcd-heart-shaped clasping base; hranch 
leaves smaller, nearly entire. Heads about middle-size, rather few, clustered, 
towards the ends of the branches. Mays violet, lilac or light-blue- 



166 COMPOSITE. 



22. A. Novje ANGLiyE ; L. New England Aster. 

Stem stout, hairy; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, acute, entire, auriculate- 
r clasping, roughish pubescent ; involucre-scales linear-awl-shaped, loose, equal, near- 
ly in a single row, viscid, as long as the disk ; heads in a loose terminal panicle ; 
achenia hairy. 

Moist grounds ; common. Sept. — Nov. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, almost hisped, with 
spreading branches. Heads showy, large, crowded in close corymbs* Hays violet* 
purple, sometimes rose-purple, very numerous. 

23. A. oblongifolius, Nutt. Ohlong -leaved Aster. 

Stem rigid, much branched above ; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, mucron- 
ately pointed, entire, partly clasping, rougbish ; involucre imbricated with broadly 
linear scales appressed at the base, crowned with long and. spreading foliaceous- 
tips; heads in corymbose panicles; achenia canescent. 

Banks of the Juniata, Huntingdon Co. Dr. Porter ! in Gray's Flora. Stem 1 to 
2 feet high, with the branchlets, the uppermost leaves and involucre minutely 
roughish-glandular with resinous dots. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % to % wide. 
Meads fewer and much smaller than in A. Novas Anglise.. Rays violet-purple"; 

4. ****** Orthomeeis, Torr. & Gray.— Scales imbricated, with membranaceous 
margins, destitute of green tips ; pappus of soft and unequal capillary bristles. 

24. A. ACUMINATUS, Michx. Pointed-leaved Aster. 

Somewhat hairy; stem simple, flexuous, angular; leaves oblong-lanceolate acumi* 
nate, serrate; involucre imbricated with linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin scales j. 
Mads in corymbose panicles. 

Mountains and woods.. Aug. Stem about 1 foot high. Leaves conspicuously 
pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire at the base, 3 to 5 inches 
long. Panicle corymbose, terminal, fuw-fiowered, nearly or quite naked. Heads 
sather large with 12 to 18 long, white, often tinged with purple rays. 

5. ******* OxYTRiPOLiuM, DC— Pappus soft and capillary; achenia striate ? 
leaves thickish or succulent. 

25. A. flexuosuS; Nutt. Perennial Salt Marsh Aster., 

Stem very smooth, flexuous, sparingly branched ; leaves linear; lower lance-linear 
thick and fleshy, pointed, entire ; involucre bell-shaped, with ovate-lanceolate imbri-, 
cated scales in many rows ; heads large, terminal on the ends of the branches ; rays 
numerous, shorter than the involucre. 

Salt marshes. Sept. — Nov. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with the whole plant very 
emooth, usually with a few spreading branches at the summit. Heads large, 1 to 2: 
on the branchlets.. Bays numerous, large, pale purple. Disk yellow. 

26. A. LINIFQLIUS, L. Annual Salt Marsh Aster. 

Smooth; stem much branched, erect, spreading ', leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed,, 
entire, flat, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre oblong, with linear awl shaped, 
scales in few rows ; heads in racemes or panicles. 

Salt marshes. Aug. — Oct. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, thick, smooth, reddish, 
very branching. Leaves emooth, sessile. Heads small, in a loose terminal panicle, 
Says somewhat in two-rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerou* 
than the disk flowers, pale purple or nearly white.. 

10. GALATELLA. Cass. 

Heads many-flowered, the rays few, sterile. Involucre 
shorter than the flowers, the scales closely imbricated in 3 or 
4 rows, the outer often 3-nerved. Receptacle alveolate* 



COMPOSITE 167 



Achenia oblong, silky-hairy. Pappus of copious capillary 
bristles. — Perennial plants with straight stems, narrow 1 to 3 
nerved, rather rigid entire leaves, often dotted, and flowers 
with purple or pale rays, and a yellow dish. 

1. Gr. HYSSOPIFOLIA, Nees. Hyssop-leaved Galaiella. 

Stem erect, corymbose at the summit ; lower leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, dotted, 
entire, rough, 3-nerved ; branch leaves linear-subulate, 1-nerved ; involucre scales acu- 
tish ; rays elongated. 

Sandy fields and open woods. Aug.— Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, with 
spreading branches, terminated with a single head. Rays 5 to 10, white or pal© 
purple. The G. Unifolia of Nees is perhaps only a variety of this species. 

11. ERIGERON, Linn. Fleabane, 

<3t. er, the spring, and geron, an old man ; because it is hoary early in the season* 

Heads many-flowered, mostly hemispherical ; the ray 
Jlowers numerous, very narrow, pistillate ) those of the dish 
tubular, perfect. Scales of the invloucre narrow, nearly 
equal and almost in a single row. Receptacle naked, flat 
Achenia flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved. Pap- 
pus mostly simple.-— Her bs -with alternate leaves, mostly ses- 
sile, entire or toothed, a?id solitary or corymbed [flowers with 
white or purple rays* 

* Rays not exceeding the disk* 

1. E. canadense, L. Horse-weed. Butter-weed. 

Bristly-hairy; stem erect, wand-like: leaves linear or lance-linear, mostly entiro 
filiate, lower sometimes serrate ; heads small, very numerous, panicled ; rays crow 
ded. scarcely longer than the cylindric involucre. 

Fields and waste places, very common. July — Nov. A common annual weed of 
no beauty, growing everywhere, from 6 inches to 6 feet high, mostly very hairy. 
Leaves very narrow with rough edges. Flowers small, white, of mean appearance* 
irregularly racemose upon the branches, and forming a large oblong panicle. The 
giant varies greatly in size, according to the soil. 

* * Rays longer than the disJc. 

2. E. bellidifolium, MuhL Robin's Plantain. 

Hairy ; radical leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed ; stem-leaves sessile; 
distant, lance-oblong, partly clasping, entire; heads few, large, corymbose; rays 50 
to 100, twice as long as the involucre. Perennial. 

Shady woods and moist banks, common. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, producing 
offsets from the base, rather naked above, bearing 1 to 9 large heads, on slender 
peduncles. Leaves 2 to 3 inches by % to % mostly widest above the middle. Ray* 
bluish-purple sometimes nearly white. 

3. E. Philadelphicum, L. Philadelphia Fleabane. 

Hairy ; stem leafy ; lower leaves wedge-obovate, sometimes obtusely serrate or in- 
trisely toothed; upper clasping, usually entire; heads few, on elongated peduncles J 
rays very numerous, 150 to 200. Perennial. 

Woods and fields, common. Aug., Sept. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, loosely 
corymbed at the summit, bearing several small heads. Leaves 2 to -i inches long by 
hi to % wide. Rays reddish-purple or flesh-colored, very narrow. 



168 COMPOSITE. 



4. E. ANNUUM, Pers. Daisy Fleabane. 

Sparsely hairy; stem tall ; lower leaves ovate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, tapering 
into a margined petiole ; upper leaves ovate lanceolate, acute and entire at both end3; 
rays very narrow. Annual. 

Fields and meadows; very common. June— Oct 'Stem 3 to 5 feat high, stout, 
angular, more or le?s hirsute, hearing numerous corymbed heads. Rays 100 or 
more, white, tinged with purple, scarcely the length of the somewhat hisped invol- 
ucre. 

5. E. strigosum, Muhl. Strigose Fleabane. 

Stem slender, hairy ; leaves toothed or entire; lower spatulate-lancedlate, 3-nerved 
tapering to a long narrow peticle; upper lanceolate; heads in panicled corymbs 
rays narrow-linear. 

Fields and meadows; common. June — Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, angular, fur- 
rowed with short stiff hairs, and bearing a large, loose corymb. Bays white, twice 
the length of the minutely hairy involucre. Plant smaller and more simple than 
' the last, but with longer rays, 

12. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass. 

Gr. diploos } double, and pappus, pappus, the character which distinguishes the genua 

from Aster. 

Heads many-flowered; ray flowers 8 to 12 in a single se- 
ries, pistillate; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involu- 
cre with imbricated, appresseel, lanceolate or awl-shaped 
scales, 1 -nerved or keeled, destitute of herbaceous tips. Re- 
ceptacle fa', alveolate (honey-comb-like). Achenia flat- 
tish. Pappus double, the outer very short, subulate, the 
inner long, capillary.— Perennials with entire alternate leaves, 
and corymbose or simple heads of flowers with cyanic rays and 
yellow disks. 

1. D. linearifolius, Hook. Violet Diplopappus. 

Stem erect, or somewhat decumbent, roughisE; leave j rigidj spreading, linear,' 
strongly 1-nerved, smooth, with very rough margins; heads terminating the simple 
slightly hoary branches. 

Dry soil. Aug., Sept. A handsome species 8 to 20 inches high, several from the 
sam^ woody root, very leafy, purplish. Leaves numerous rigidly upright or 
tv curved, obtuse^ pale beneath, saining above. Iliad; large for the size of the 
pa it, solitary and terminal on the branches, with long showy violet-colored stays. 

2. D. UMBELLATUS, Toit. & Gray. Umbelled Diplopappus. 

Smooth, leafy at the top ; leaves lanceolate, elongated, acuminate and tapering at 
the base; heads very numerous; scales of the involucre closely imbricated, obtusely 
lanceolate. 

Moist thickets, river batiks. Aug*, Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, bushy at the top. 
Leaves somewhat rough above, smooth beneath, 3 to 6 inches long, narrow, tho-ie 
of the branches smaller. Haade numerous, in a level-topped corymb. Mays about 
12, white. 

3. D. AMYGDALTNUS, T. & G. Almond-leaved Diplopappus. 

Smooth or rough ish above, leafy; leaves ovate-laneeolate, acute, abruptly r.a-rvved 
at the base; heads numerous; scales of the involucre loosely imbricated, obtuse. 

Low grounds. Aug. Kescmblins the last, usually lower, rough, and with 
fcroadcr and shorter icaves. 



COMPOSITE. 169 



4. D. CORNIFOLIUS, Darl. Gomel-leaved Diplopappus. 

Stem slender, low, pubescent and loosely panicled above; leaves elliptical or ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate-hirsute on the margin, hairy on the veins beneath. 

Woods. July— Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves conspicuously pointed at 
both ends, pale beneath on very short stalks. Heads usually few, on rather j-igid 
peduncles. Rays white. 

13. BOLTONIA, L'Her. 

In honor of J. Bolton, a botanist of the last century. 

Heads many-flowered, the ray-floicers numerous, pistillate; 
those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre hemispheri- 
cal with imbricated appressed scales, somewhat in 2 rows, 
crowned with narrow membraneous margins. Receptacle 
conical, punctate. Achenia flat 2 or 3 winged. Pappus 
of several minute bristles with 2 to 4 longer awns. — Smooth 
branching perennial herbs, with lanceolate entire, sessile leaves, and 
loosely corymbose heads of flowers, with white or purplish rays. 

1. B. ASTEROides, L'Her. Aster-like Boltonia, 

Leaves entire or obscurely serrate; pappus of few minute bristles and no awns; 
achenia broadly oval. 

Moist places, along streams. July — Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, with a diffusely 
branched summit. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long by % to % wide, reduced upwards to 
setaceous bracts 1 to 2 inches in length. Heads terminal on the filiform bractlets. 
Hays purple, % incn lon o* 

2. B. glastifolia, L'Her. Glaucous Boltonia. 

Leaves lanceolate, somewhat glaucous ; pappus of several short bristles, and 2 or 
3 more or less prolonged awns ; achenia obovate, broadly winged. 

Rich moist soil. Sept. Stem 3 to 7 feet high. Stem leaves 2 to 4 inches long by 
% to 3 4 wide, those of the branches smaller. Heads in a loose corymb. Hays pur- 
plish, % of an inch long. LHsJt yellow. 

14. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. 

Gr. serijios, silky, and karpos, fruit. 

Heads 12 to 15-flowered ; ray-flowers 4 to 8 pistillate ; 
disk-flowers 6 to 10, perfect. Involucre oblong or club- 
shaped, closely imbricated with appressed cartilaginous scales 
in several rows with short and abrupt green tips. Recepta- 
cle alveolate-toothed (honey-comb-like). Achenia short, 
obconic, very silky. Pappus simple, of capillary bristles. — 
Perennial tufted herbs, with sessile alternate leaves, and small clus- 
tered heads of flowers with white rays and yellow disks, disposed in 
a flat corymb. 

1. S. SOLID AGINEUS, Nees. Narrow-leaved Sericocarpus. 

Smooth ; stem erect, slender ; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, entire, with rough mar 
gins obscurely 3-nerved, tapering to the base; heads very small, in close clustery 
few-fiowered ; rays slender. 

z 



170 COMPOSITES. 



Woods and low places ; rare. Aug., Sept. Stem simple, about 2 feet high, often 
several from the same root. Leaves smooth, pale green, 1 to 2 inches long, % to % 
inch wide. Heads in a flat-topped corymo. Rays white, longer than the disk. 
Pappus white. 

2. S. CONYZOIDES, Nees. Broad-leaved Sericocarpus. 

Slightly pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, obscurely 
3-nerved, smooth beneath, acute at each end, ciliate ; lower serrate towards the 
apex ; involucre top-shaped ; heads rather loosely corymbed ; rays short. 

Dry woods ; common. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat 5-angled. 
rigid, but rather slender. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Heads few in small clusters! 
Bays longer than the disk, white, 

15. CALLISTEPHUS, Cass. 

Gr. kallos, beautiful, and stepTws, a crown. 

Kay-flowers pistillate, numerous; disk-flowers perfect. 
Involucre hemispherical. Receptacle sub-convex. Pap- 
pus double, each in one series, outer series short, chaffy, 
bristly, with the bristles united into a crown ; inner series of 
long, thread-like, rough, deciduous bristles. — Exotic annuals 
with alternate leaves and showy heads of flowers. 

1. C. Chinensis, Nees. China Aster. Queen Margaret 

Stem hisped ; branches divergent, 1-flowered ; leaves ovate, coarsely dentate, petio- 
late ; stem leaves sessile, wedge-shaped at the base. — Native of China. Cultivation 
has produced many beautiful varieties, double and semi-double, with white, blue, 
red, flaked and mettled rays. Stem 15 to 20 inches high, with long branches, each 
terminated by a single large head. Disk yellow. July— Sept. 

16. DAHLIA, Linn. 

In honor of Andrew Dahl, a Swedish botanist. 

Involucre double, the outer series of many distinct 
scales, the inner of 8 scales united at base. Receptacle 
chaffy. Pappus none. — Showy Mexican perennial plants } 
with opposite pinnate leaves, and showy large heads of flowers. 

1. D. variabilis, Desf. (D. super flua. Ait.) 

Stem green; r aches of the leaves winged ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, puber- 
ulent or nearly smooth ; outer involucre refiexed; ray-jiowers pistillate, sterile or 
fertile. — Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves coarse and roughish resembling those of the 
common elder. Flowers large and beautiful, sporting into innumerable varieties., 
single and double, of every conceivable shade of white, scarlet, crimson, purple, 
red, rarely yellow, blooming Irom Aug. until arrested by frost. 

2. D. coccinea, Cav. (p.frustranea. Ait.) 

Stem frosty, or hoary, hollow; leaves with the rachis naked; leaflets roughish be - 
ncath ; outer involucre spreading ; rays neutral .—Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves 
glaucous. Mays scarlet, orange-colored or yellow, never purple or white. 

gECUOK 2. Heads radiate; rays ycllvw. 



COMPOSITE. 171 



17. SOLXDAGO, Linn. Golden-rod. 

Lat. solido, to join, or make whole; in allusion to its reputed vulnary properties 

Heads few, or many-flowered. Kays 1 to 16, pistillate. 
Receptacle small, alveolate (honey-comfc-like). Scales of 
the oblong involucee imbricated appressed. Achenia 
many-ribbed, neatly round. Pappus simple, of equal capil- 
lary bristles. — -Perennial lierhs with stems branching near the 
top, wand-like ; alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow (one spt* 
cies whitish) Jlowers expanding in the autumnal months. 

* Stems much branched, corymbose ; leaves all linear, entire, sessile, 

1. S. LANCEOLATA, Ait. Bushy Golden-rod. 

Stem angular, hairy, much "branched ; leaves lance-linear, 3 to 5 nerved, rough- 
margined; heads obovoid-cylindrieal, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15 to 20. 

Woods and meadows ; common. Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, terminating in a 
flat-topped corymb. Leaves numerous, long and narrow, distinctly 3- veined, acute- 
ly pointed. Flowers in terminal crowded clusters. Whole plant somewhat frag- 
rant. 

* * Stem simple, corymbose above; lower leaves oval or lanceolate, petiolate. 

2. S. rigida, L. Rigid Golden-rod. 

Rough and somewhat hoary; stem stout, erect, very leafy; lower leaves oval, ere 
nate-dentate, rigid ; upper ovate-oblong, sessile, entire, veiny, thick and rigid ; hea 
about 3 to 4 flowered, large, in compact erect racemes ; rays 7 to 10. 

Dry fields and rocky woods. Aug., Sept. A tall species, 3 to 5 feet high, very 
pubescent when young. Leaves rigid, the radical ones sometimes near a foot long 
Heads very large, many-flowered, clustered near the summits of the branches. 
Kays deep yellow. 

* * * Heads in glomerate axillary clusters. 

3. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Large spiked Golden-rod. 

Stem stout, simple, densely pubescent above ; leaves smooth, oblong or the lower 
spatulate-oval, serrate, veiny; scales squarrose with spreading green tips; 7iectds 
many-flowered. 

Rocky wooded hills. Sept. Stem 3 to 5 feet high. Lower leaves large, tapering 
into a margined petiole. Heads in dense axillary clusters, forming a long leafy 
compound spike. Rays 10 to 12, elongated, bright yellow. 

4. S. c^esia, Ait. Blue-stemmed Golden-rod. 

Smooth ; stem terete, ereet ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, 
sessile ; heads in short axillary clusters or racemes ; rays 5 to 7. 

Moist rich woodlands ; common. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, slender, usually 
dark purple and glaucous, simple or branched. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, long- 
pointed, scs i ! ~, glaucous beneath, Heads middle-sized, in numerous axillary ra- 
cemes. Flowers deep yellow. 

5. S. latifolia, L. Broad-leaved Golden-rod. 

Nearly smooth; stem angled, mostly flexuous, smooth; leaves broad, ovate or oval, 
long pointed at each end, coarsely dentate-serrate ; heads in very short axillary 
clusters or racemes. 

Moist woods and shaded banks ; common. Aug.— Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, 
Blender, mostly smooth. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 4 wide, with acute and oftcix 
long serratures. Clusters of heads short,]the stem terminating with a long terminal 
one. Mays 3 to 4, Dislc-Howers to 7. 



172 COMPOSITE. 



6. S. BICOLOR; L. White-rayed Golden-rod. 

Ilairy; stem simple ; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at each end ; lower 
ones serrate, short-stalked; racemes short, dense, leafy, erect; scales of the involucre 
obtuse. 

Woods and dry hills ; common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Lower 
leaves tapering into a petiole. Clusters or short racemes from the axils of the 
upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle. Kays about 8, 
small, cream-color or nearly white. Var. concolor, Torr. & Gray. Flowers all yel- 
low. 

* * * * Heads in erect, terminal, simple or compound racemes. 

7. S. ruBEitULA, Nutt. Puberulent Golden-rod. 

Minutely puberulent; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base; lower 
leaves wedgo-lanceolatc, subserrato; heads very numerous, crowded in compact 
erect-spreading short racemes ; scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, appresscd ; 
rays about 10, elongated. 

Low woods in sandy so il. Aug. — Oct. Stem straight, purplish, 1 to 3 feet high. 
Leaves very minutely pubescent, 2 to 3 inches long ; the lower ones on dense winged 
stalks. Heads rather large, bright yellow, in a prolonged and dense narrow ot 
pyramidal panicle. 

8. S. stricta. Ait. Upright Golden-rod. 

Smooth throughout; Stem simple, strict; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower ones 
tapering gradually into winged petioles, somewhat sheathing at the base, minutely 
serrate above the appresscd teeth; racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense 
wand-like panicle ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse ; rays 5 to G, small. 

Wet woods. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, very smooth. Root leaves 6 to 10 
inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Panicle terminal, close, compound, of short, dense, 
appressed racemes. Heads 12 to 18 flowered. 

9. S. speciosa, Nutt. Shoioij; Golden-rod. 

Stem smooth, simple ; leaves oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong- 
lanceolate, the lower ones contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat 
crowded in numerous erect racemes; peduncles and petioles rough-hairy; involucre 
cylindrical with oblong, obtuse scales. 

Woods ; rather common. Aug. — Oct. A very handsome species, sometimes 6 fee^ 
high. Leaves thickish, 4 to 6 inches long and 2 to 4 wide in the larger forms. Heads 
very numerous with conspicuous, rays of a rich yellow, in a large showy pyramidal 
panicle. Hays about 5, large, 

* *** * Heads in one-sided racemes; leaves triple-veined. 

10. S. NEMORALis, L. Grey Golden-rod. Field Aster. 

Minutely greyish, hoary, pubescent ; stem simple or corymbed at the summit 
leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-dentate and 
tapering into a petiole; heads in numerous paniculate-secund racemes; scales of the 
involucre linear oblong, appressed; rajys 6 to 9. 

Dry, sterile fields ; very common. Sept. A common starved looking species, 1 to 
2 feet high, with a greyish, dusty aspect. Heads small but with conspicuous yellow 
rays. Racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a crowded compound 
panicle, which is usually turned to one side. 

11. S. Canadensis, L. Canadian Golden-rod. 

Stem tall and stout, rough, hairy ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, more 
or less pubescent beneath ; heads small ; racemes paniculate, one-sided, recurved ; 
rays very short. 

Borders of thickets and fields ; very common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, 
furrowed. Leaves sessile, 3 inches long, sometimes nearly entire, rough oa the up- 



COMPOSITE. 17& 



per side. Heads very numerous, small, with very obscure yellow rays. — Varies 
greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter varying' 
to oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate. 

12. S. serotinA) Ait* Late-flowering Golden-rod. 

Stem very smooth, tall and stout, often glaucous; leaves lanceolate, pointed, 
serrate, roughish, slender, pubescent ; rays numerous, short, - 

Thickets and- low grounds ; common. Sept., Oct, Stem 4 to 8 feet high, terete? 
sometimes purplish. Leaves 3 to 7 inches long, % as wide, lower ones slightly 
toothed, upper ones entire. Heads numerous, middle-sized, forming a more or less 
compact panicle inclined at" the summit. 

13. S. GIG an tea, Ait. Gigantic Golden-rod. 

Stem smooth, stout and tall ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very sharply serrate, 
smooth on both sides, margin rough, ciliate ; heads in paniculate racemes ; oranchei 
pubescent; peduncles and pedicels hairy ; rays rather long.- 

Fields and fence rows; common. Aug. — Oct. Stem 4 to 7 feet high, green some- 
times purplish, sometimes much branched above. Leaves 2 to 7 inches long, % as 
wide, acuminate at each end. Heads larger than in the two preceding species. 
Panicle diff use on spreading, leafy branches. 

*■* **** Heads in one-sided racemes; leaves feather-veined, all entire. 

14. S. SEMPERVIRENS, L. Evergreen or Salt Marsh G.-rod. 

Smooth ; stem stout; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, closely sessile or somewhat clasping;- 
the radical leaves oval or lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-nerved ; heads in erec£ 
racemose panicles ; rays 8 to 10, elongated. 

Salt marshes and river banks near the water. Sept. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, pur- 
plish, somewhat glaucous, with numerous long and narrow leaves. Heads snowy, 
with golden yellow rays; 

15. S. ODORA, Sweet-scented Golden-rod. 

Smooth; radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lance-oval y leaves lincar-lanceo- - 
late, entire, smooth, pellucid-dotted, scabrous on the margin; racemes paniculate 
one-sided. - 

Borders of thickets, sunny hills and fertile woodland. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 3 
feet high, yellowish green, with lines of pubescence from the base of the leaves. 
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to % wide. Heads middle-sized, in one-sided racemes, 
forming a terminal pyramidal panicle. Rays 2 to 4, oblong, large. The leaves and 
flowers when dried form-an excellent substitute for tea. The leaves are aromatic, 
and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil. 

** ***** Heads in one-sided racemes ^leaves feather-veined, the lower ones toothed. 

16. S. PATULA, MuhL Spreading Golden-rod. 

Stein smooth, strongly angled ; leaves ovate 3 acute, serrate, very smooth and veiny, 
underneath, upper surface very rough ; racemes paniculate, spreading. 

Swamps ; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, often purple, branched 
above. Leaves often 6 to 8 inches long, lead-colcred ; the lower ones oblong-spatu- 
late, the upper surface remarkably rough. Heads rather large on- numerous ra- 
cemes, on the spreading branches. Hays £ to 7, oblong. 

17. S. neglecta, Torr. & Gray. Neglected Golden-rod. 

Smooth; stem stout; leaves thickish, varying from narrow-lanceolate to ovate- 
lanceolate, tupering to both ends, feather-veined, entire, the lower ones serrate; ra a - 
temes dense,one-sided, at length spreading, on elongated, slender, sub-erect branches. 

Swamps. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, straight, round, dividing at top into ; 
several nearly erect branches. Lower leaves 5 to 7 inches long. Heads middle-sized, 
10 to 20 flowered. Racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. 

18. S. ARGUTA, Ait. Sharp-toothed Golden-rod. 
Smooth j rvdical and lower stem-haves, eliptical or lance-oval, sharply serrate, wiii^ 

z* 



174 COMPOSITE. 



spreading teeth, obscurely 3-nerved, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate peti- 
oles; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, tapering to each end, mostly entire; racemes 
dense, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like 
panicle; rays 8 to 12, small. 

Woods and banks ; common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, round, sometimes 
l>urple. Heads small, very numerous. Scales of the involucre closely appressed.— 
Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes. S. juncea of Ait. is a variety 
with narrow leaves and less dense panicles. 

19. S. MuhlenbekgiI; T. &.GL Muhlenberg's Golden-rod. 

Smooth ; stem angled ; radical leaves ovate, on margined petioles ; stem leaves ellip- 
tical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly serrate, pointed at both ends ; racemes 
one-sided, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle. 

Low grounds. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, bearing a long 
open panicle. Leaves large and thin, notched with very acute teeth, feather-veined. 
Heads middle-sized, with 6 to 7 large spatulate-oblong rays. 

20. S. altissima, L. Tall Rough Golden-rod, 

Hough, hairy ; stem erect, hisped, with rough hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, ellip- 
tical or oblong, acute or pointed, coarsely serrate, rough and wrinkled ; racemes pa- 
niculate, spreading or recurved; rays 6 to 9. 

Borders of fields and woods ; very common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 7 feet high, - 
much branched at top. Leaves numerous on the stem and branches, variously 
toothed or serrate. Branches widely spreading, each terminating in a recurved 
panicle with the flowers turning upwards. A very variable species. 

21. S. ulmieolia, Muhl. Elm-leaved Golden-rod. 

Stem smooth, the branches hairy ; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate? 
pointed, tapering to the base, coarsely serrate ; racemes panicled, reeurved-spreading ; 
involucre scales lanceolate-oblong ; rays about 4. 

Low grounds ; common. Aug., Sept, Stem about 3 feet high, rarely with scat- 
tered hairs.. Boot-leaves tapering to winged petioles. Heads in racemes which are 
t slender and usually recurved. Bays deep-yellow. Distinguished from the. 
last by its smooth stem and the larger leaves. 



18. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. Golden Aster. 

Gr. chrusos, gold, and opsis, aspect, in allusion to the golden blossoms 

Heads inany-flowered. Bay-elowers numerous, ligu 
late, pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, perfect. Involu 
ore imbricate, with linear scales destitute of herbaceous 
tips. Receptacle flat. AcHENiA.obovate, flattened, Eairy. 
Pappus double, the exterior short, interior copious, capilla- 
ry. — Perennial hairy herbs, luith alternate entire leaves, rather 
large, often corymbose heads of golden yellow flowers terminating 
the branches. 

1. C. Mariana, Nutt. Maryland Chrysopsis, 

Clothed with long somewhat silky hairs ; leaves oblong or elliptical, veiny, nearly 
entire, the upper closely sessile,, the lower spatulate and generally obtuse ; corymb 
nearly simple 

Sandy soil. Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, mostly simple, leafy, and with the leaves 
clothed with scattered long, silky hairs. Heads rather few, large, 12 to 20 rayed. 
iH a terminal somewhat umbellate corymb. Peduncles viscid, glandular. . 



a- 



composite. 175 ; 



Section 3. Heads radiate; rays yellow ; anthers with tails at the base; receptacle 

naked. 

19. INULA, Linn. Elecampane, 

The ancient Latin name. 

Heads many-flowered. Ray-elowers in a single series..- 
pistillate, ligulate, rarely tubular; disk-flowers perfect « 
tubular. Involucre imbricated. Pappus of capillary 
bristles. Receptacle flat, or somewhat convex, naked. 
Heads solitary or corymbose. — Coarse European perennial 
herbs with alternate leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers. 

Helenium, L. Common Elecampane. 

Stout ; root-leaves ovate, tapering into a petiole; stem-leaves somewhat clasping, 
all of them acute, toothed, woolly underneath; outer involucre scales leaf-like; 
rays narrow, very numerous ; aclienia prismatic, 4-sided. 

A large coarse-looking plant, naturalized by road-sides. Native of Europe, 
Aug. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, furrowed, branching and downy above. Radical-lmves 
1 to 3 feet long, G to 12 inches wide. Flovjers large, solitary, terminal, bright yel- 
low. Rays linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the end. She root is mucilaginous, and is- 
highly esteemed as a domestic medicine. 

20. ECLIPTA, Linn, 

Qv.eldeipa, tc be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus. 

Heads many-flowered. Ray-elowers pistillate, in one 
series, ligulate, very narrow and short ; disk-flowers per- 
fect, tubular, 4-toothed. Involucre in 2 series ; the scales 
10 to 12, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat, fur- 
nished with linear thread-like chaff. Achenia short, 3 to 
4 sided, in the disk 2 sided, sometimes hairy at the summit. 
Pappus none, or an obscure toothed crown. — Annual or hi- 
ennial rough herbs, with slender stems , opposite lanceolate or oblong 
leaves, and whitish flowers, axillary, or solitary and terminal ; an* 
thers brown* 

E. procumbens, Michx. Procumbent Eclipta. 

Rough with close appressed hairs; stem procumbent, ereeping or ascending; 
leaves oblong lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, slightly serrate ; peduncles axil^ 
lary or terminal longer than the head. Annual. 

Damp sandy soils, western parts of the State. June — Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet longj 
often rooting at the base. Leaves % to 1 inch by 34 to 3^ > rough, obscurely triple- 
reined. Heads small, withminute flowers and short rays on peduncles many times 
longer than the head.— Tar. bbachypoda has the peduncles scarcely longer than the 
head. 

Section 3.— Heads discoid.- - 

21. PLUCHIA, Cass. Marsh Fleabane, 

Named in honor. of W. PHuche, a French botanist. 



176 COMPOSITES. 



Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular; the central 
ones perfect or sterile, few, with a five-cleft corolla; the outer 
inmany series, with thread-shaped truncate corollas, pistillate 
and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, na- 
ked. Achenia grooved. Pappus capillary in a single row. 
—Herbs somewhat glandular, emitting a strong camphoric smell, 
with alternate entire leaves and corymbs of purple flowers. 

P. FCETIDA, DO. Fcetid Marsh Fledbane. 

Nearly smooth; stem erect, very leafy; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute at- each 
end, distinctly petioled, veiny, obtusely serrate ; heads numerous, in paniculate 
©orymbs. 

Open, billy grounds and river banks, western parts of the State. Aug. Per. 
Stem 2 to 4 feet high, sub-simple. Leaves 4 to 7 inches long, 1}% to 3 wide, sprin- 
kled with minute dots, on petioles % to 1 inch long. 

Tribe IV: SENICIONIDEiE. The Groundsel Tribe. 

Heads radiate or discoid ; branches of the style linear, hairy or hisped at the apex, 
which is either truncated or produced into a conical or elongated appendage; leaves 
opposiU or alternate. 

Section 1.— Heads radiate ■; jlowers yellowish or greenish. - 

22. POLYMNIA, Linn. 

Dedicated to one of the ancient Muses, for no imaginable reason. 

Heads many-flowered. Kay-flowers pistillate, ligulate r 
in one series ; disk-flowers perfect, tubular, sterile. Re- 
ceptacle flat, chaffy. Involucre double; the outer scales 
about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading, the inner small and 
membranaceous, surrounding the round obovoid achenia. 
Pappus none.- — Tall, branching, viscid and hairy perennial 
herbs, with large opposite leaves, the upper lobed with dilated appen- 
dages at the base, and light yellow heads of Jlowers in panichd co- 
rymbs. 

1. P. Canadensis,. L. Leaf-cup: 

Clammy, hairy; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, or lyrate; the uppermost triangu- 
lar-obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre. 

Moist, shaded ravines. June, July. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, roughly pubescent 
and somewhat viscid, branching. Leaves opposite or alternate, very thin, mostly 
3 to 5 lobed at the apex. Flowers light yellow, with short rays, surrounded by the 
concave leaflets of the double involucre, so as to form a sort of a cup, hence called 
leaf-cup. Heads % inch in diameter. 

2. P. Uvedalia, L. Large Leaf -cup. 

Roughisb, hairy, stout; leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile, 
the lower palraately lobed, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer scales of 
the involucre very large ; rays 10 to 15. 

Bteh soils. July, Aug. Stem 3 to feet bigb, round, Lower leaves very, large. 



composite. 177T 



Heads of flowers large, few, arranged in loose panicles, the rays much longer than 
the involucre, bright yellow; disk dull yellow* 

23. SILPHIUM, Linn. Rosin-plant. 

Gr; silphion, the ancient name of a medicinal plant of Africa, transfered to the ge- 
nus by Linnaeus. 

Heads many-lowered. Ray-flowers numerous, ligu- 
late, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated 
in 2 to 3 rows; disk-flowers perfect but sterile, tube short. 
Receptacle somewhat convex, chaffy. Involucre bell- 
shaped, with imbricated scales in several rows, the outer with 
loose leaf-like summits. Achenia broad and flattened, sur- 
rounded by a ring which is notched at the top, destitute of 
pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin; 
those of the disk abortive, with an obsolete crown-like pap- 
pus. — Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, ivith a copious 
resinous juice % and large heads of yellow flowers in corymbose pan** 
ides. . 
* Stem round or slightly Wangled, leafy: leaves undivided, 

1. S. trifoliatum, L. Three-leaved Rosin Plant" 

Stem tall and rather slender, smooth, often glaucous ; stem leaves lanceolate? - 
pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, on very short petioles, in whorls of 3 or 
4; upper leaves opposite; heads loosely panicled ; involucre smooth; scales broadly 
oyate, rather obtuse; achenia broadly oral, sharply 2-toothed at the top. 

Dry woods and plains. Aug. Stem & to 6 feet high, slightly angled, purplish' 
Leaves thick, 3 to 5 inches long. Heads loosejy cymose on rather long peduncles* 
Rays 12 to 16, expanding about 2^ inches, bright yellow. 

• : * Stem square; leaves opposite, connate. 

2. S. perfoliatum, L. Cup Plant 

Stem stout , square ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, connate-perfoliate, narrowed . 
towards the base; heads in a trichotomous cyme, the central on a long peduncle. 

Rich soil along streams. Aug. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, often branched above* 
Leaves 6 to 16 inches long, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup" 
shaped disk, the lower narrowed into winged petioles, which are connate by their 
bases. Heads large, with 15 to 25 yellow rays. Achenia winged and variously 
notched. 

24. AMBROSIA, Tourn. Rao-weed. 

Gr. ambrosia, the food of the gods, a term strangely applied. 

Heads monoecious ; the fertile at the base and the. sterile 
at the top of the spike. Sterile involucre flattish or 
top-shaped, composed of 7 to 12 scales united into a cup, 
containing 5 to 20 funnel-form staminate flowers. Fertile 
involucre oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, and usu- 
ally with 4 to 8 horns near the top in one row inclosing a 
single pistillate flower. Achenia ovoid. — Herbaceous chief- 



178 COMPOSITES. 



ly annual coarse weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected 
leaves } and inconspicuous greenish or whitish flowers* 

1. A. trifida, L. Great Rag-weed. 

Stem tall and stout ; leaves 3-lobed serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate, acuminate J 
racemes panicled ; fruit 6-ribbed, the ribs terminating in as many crested tubercles 
Var.— -iNTEGMFOLiA has all the leaves, or the upper ones, undivided, ovate or oval, 
pointed. 

Low moist grounds, and banks of streams ; common. Aug. Stem 4 to 12 feet 
1 Igh. square, rough and hairy as well as the large le xver. Leaves 4 to 7 inches broad, 
opposite. Flowers obscure and unattractive, in long leafless spikes, axillary and 
terminal. 

2. A. artemis^folia, L. Roman Wormwood. Hog- 
weed. Common Rag-weed. 

Stem slender, much branched hairy or roughish-pubescent; leaves opposite, and 
the upper alternate, twice pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; 
racemes or spikes loosely panicled ; fruit obovoid globular, pointed, armed with 
about 6 short teeth.— Var. heterqphylla, has the stem leaves pinnatifid, those of the 
branches lanceoloie. 

Waste places ; common everywhere. July — Sept. An extremely variable weed} 
1 to 3 feet high, with finely cut leaves, embracing several nominal species. 

25. XANTHITJM, Toura. Cockle-burr. 

Gr. zant7ius 9 .jell(yw 9 in allusion to the color the plants are said to yieicl. 

Fertile and sterile flowers occupying different heads 
on the same plant; the fertile clustered below; the sterile in 
short spikes or racemes above. Fertile involucre closed, 
coriacious, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles, so 
as to form a rough burr, 2-celled, 2-fiowered, the flowers pis- 
tillate, with a slender filiform corolla. Sterile involucre 
sub-globose, many-flowered, with the scales in one series. 
Achenia oblong, flat. — Low coarse annuals, toith stout bran- 
ching stems and alternate lobed or toothed petiolecl leaves. 

1. X. strumarium, L, Common Cockle-burr. Clot-weed. 

Stem unarmed, branching; leaves cordate, lobed, 3-veined, unequally serrate, 
rough) fertile involucre oval, somewhat pubescent, the beaks straight. 

Roadsides and waste places ; introduced. July — Sept. Stem bristly, spotted, 2 
to 3 feet high. Leaves large, 3 to 6 inches broad, on long stalks, rigid. Fertile 
flowers in sessile axillary tufts. Sterile flowers few together, terminal, globular, 
green. Fruit a hard 2»celled burr, near an inch long, covered with stiff hooked 
prickles. 

2. X. spinosum, L. Thorn Clot-burr. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, wedge-shaped at the base, entire or slightly 3- 
lobed, minutely pubescent above, hoary underneath. 

Waste places; introduced. Sept.— Nov. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, armed with 3-par- 
ted slender spurs. Leaves entire or repand-denticulate. Heads few, axillary, soli- 
tary ; fertile in the lower and sterile in the upper axils. 

Tribe V. HELIANTHE^E. The Sun-flower tribe. 






COMPOSITE. 179 



Heads radiate or rarely discoid; Vie disk-ffoivers always perfect and fertile; recep- 
tacle chaffy ; anthers blackish, without tails at the lase; pappus none, or crown-like, or 
of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary or of uniform chaffy scales; leaves chiefly 
opposite. 

26. HELIOPSIS, Pers, Ox-eye. 

Gr. helios, the sun, and opsis, appearance, from the resemblance of the flower?. 

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flower 10 or more in one 
series, ligulate, fertile; bisk-flowers tubular, perfect. 
Involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat 
spreading; the inner shorter than the disk, Keceptacle 
conical ; chafe linear. Achenia smooth, 4-angled. Pap- 
pus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, vriih opposite 
petioled leaves, and large showy heads of flowers with conspicuous 
yellow rays* 

H. l^evis, Pers. Common Ox-eye, 

Nearly smooth ; leaves oval-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, petiolate, 
3-veined. 

A large showy plant in hedges and thickets ; common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 6 
feet high, angular, 2 or 3 times forked above. Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, 1 to 4 wide. 
Branches thickened at the summit, each terminating with a large, solitary, yellow 
head.— Yar. scabra, has roughish foliage, and the involucre somewhat hoary, 6 feet 
high. Yar. graciles is small and slender, with ovate-lanceolate leaves, acute at the 
base. 2 feet high. 

27. RUDBECKIA. 

In honor of Olaus Eudbeck, Professor of Botany at Upsal, in Sweelen. 

Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers neutral, in a single 
series, ligulate ; disk-flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of 
the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Re- 
ceptacle conical or columner, with short concaYe chaff. 
Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat topped, 
Pappus none, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly per- 
ennial herbs, with alternate leaves and showy large heads of flowers 
terminating the t>tem branches, with long and drooping yellow rays. 

* Disk pale green or purplish. 

1. R. laciniata, L. Tall Cone-flower. 

Stem smooth, branching; leaves smooth or roughish, the lower pinnate, with 5 
to 7 cut or 3-lohed leaflets ; upper leaves irregularly, 3 to 5-parted ; the lobes ovate- 
lanceolate, pointed, or entire; chaff truncate and downy at the tip. 

Low thickets ; common. July — Sept. A tall, showy plant, 6 to 8 feet high. 
Leaves gradually less and less divided from the lowest to the uppermost ones. 
Heads rather large, terminal. Hays linear, 1 to 2 inches long, bright yellow, 
spreading or drooping. Disk greenish yellow. 

* Disk broadly conical, dark purple or brown. 

2. R. triloba, L. Three-hoed Cone-flower. 

Hairy; stem much branched, the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves 
-lanceolate, somewhat clasping, serrate or entire ; lower leaves 3-lobed, taper* 
at the base, coarsely serrate; scales of the involucre linear, 



180 COMPOSITE. 



Dry soil. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet "high, very branching. Leaves 2 to 4 
inches long, 3- veined. Heads small, numerous and showy. Rays about 8, deep 
yellow, %io\ inch long, % as wide. 

3. R. speciosa, Wender. Shoivy Cone-flower. 

Roughish-hairy, branched ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both 
ends, petioled, 3 to 5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or cut ; involucre much 
shorter than the numerous elongated rays ; chaff of the dish acutish, smooth. 

Dry soil. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, the branches upright, 
elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads. Leaves rather thin, 
those of the root 4 to 5 inches long by 3 to 4 wide, on petioles, 6 to 10 inches long. 
Rays about 18, oblong-linear, bright yellow. 

4. R. fulgida, Ait. Small-flowered Rudheelzia, 

Hairy; stem with slender branches; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly 
clasping, 3-nerved, the 'upper entire, mostly obtuse ; scales oblong, spreading, as 
long as the spreading rays ; chaff linear-oblong, obtuse. 

Dry soil. July — Oct. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, branching, the upright branches 
naked at the summit and bearing single heads. Rays 12 to 14, scarcely longer 
than the leafy involucre, deep orange-yellow, 2-cleft at the summit. Disk nearly 
hemispherical, purple. 

5. R. HIRTA, L. Hairy RudhecMa. 

Very rough and bristly-hairy; stem simple or branched near the base; leaves 
nearly entire ; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile ; the lower spatulate, 3-nerved, 
on petioles ; scales nearly equalling the rays ; chaff hairy at the tip. 

Dry soil. July — Sept. A showy plant, 2 to 3 feet high, with the stem simple or 
branched near the base, naked above, bearing single large heads. Rays 12 to 15, 
bright yellow, 1 inch long, surrounding a broadly conical disk of dark purple or 
brown chaff and flowers. 

28. LEPACHYS, Raf. 

Or. lepis, a scale, and pakus, thick, refering to the thickened tips of the chaff. 

Heads many-flowered; the rays few, neutral, in a single 
series ) those of the disk small, tubular, perfect. Scales 
of the involucre few, small, spreading. Receptacle 
oblong or colunmer ; the chaff truncate, thickened and 
bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and mar- 
gined achenia. Pappus none, or 2 teeth. — Perennial herhs, 
with alternate pinnate leaves, and showy heads of yellow flowers j with 
long drooping rays ,- disk grayish. 

L. PINNATA, Torr. & Gray. Tall Lepacliys. 

Hairy with minute, appressed hairs ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 3 to 7, lanceolate, 
aeute at both ends, toothed or entire ; disk oblong; rays much longer than the disk. 

Dry soil. July — Sept. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, grooved, with naked branches 
above, terminated by single showy heads. Rays yellow, about 2 inches long, 
slightly toothed at the apex. Disk ovate, exhaling an anisate odor when bruised. 
Achenia of the ray 3-angled, hairy; that of the disk compressed, smooth or ciliate. 

29. HELIANTHUS, Linn. Sunflower. 

Gr. helios, the sun, and anthos, & flower. 

Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers in one series, ligu- 
late ; neutral; those of the disk ; tubular, perfect. Inyol- 



COMPOSITE. 181 



tjcre imbricated. Receptacle flat or convex; the persis« 
tent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally achenia. 
Pappus very deciduous, consisting of two thin chaffy-awned 
scales (sometimes additional smaller ones). — Coarse and 
stout herbs, mostly perennials, with mostly opposite leaves, generally 
triple- veined, and solitary or corymbed heads, with yellow rays, 

* Disk flowers dark purple. 

1. H. atrorubens/L. Dark-red Sunfllower. 

Stem erect, "branched above, hisped with long scattered hairs: leaves mostly cp- 
: posite, oblong-spatulate or orate, slightly serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous ; involucre 
scales lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, as long as the disk. 

Gravelly soils. Aug., Sept. Per. — Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Loiver leaves very 
large and often slightly cordate. Heads in a loose terminal panicle; rays about 
: 16, yellow ; disk dark purple. 

*JL H. annuus, L. Common Sunflower. 

Leaves cordate, 3-nerved, loiver ones opposite; peduncles thick; flowers nodding' 
Native of South America. July, Aug. Stem 7 to 15 feet high. Heads of flowers 
very large, with broad rays of a brilliant yellow color. A splendid variety occurs 
-with the flowers all radiate. 

* * Disk flowers yellow; leaves opposite, or the tipper sometimes alternate. 

3. H. mollis. Lam. Downy Sunfloicer. 

Stem villous; leaves ovate with a somewhat cordate and clasping base, pointed 
: nearly entire, hoary above; involucre scales lanceolate, downy. 

Low grounds. July— -Sept, Per.— Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, 
leafy, 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves hoary above, very soft white-hairy and reticulate 
• underneath. Heads few, rather large ; rays 15 to 25, about one inch long, yellow. 

4. H. strumosus, L. Pak-leaved Sunflower. 

Stem tall, rather simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate, serrate, 3-nerv- 
ed, rough above, whitish and pubesbent beneath, abruptly contracted into short 
margined petioles ; in volucre scales broadly lanceolate with- spreading tips, equal- 
ling the disk. 

River banks and dry woods; common. Aug., Sept, Per. Stem rough above, 
smooth below, 2 to 4 feet high, slender, simple or sparingly branched. Heads few, 
on roughly pubescent peduncles ; rays about 10, bright yellow. 

5. H. divaricatus, L. Cross-leaved Sunflower. 

Stem smooth, simple or forked at the top; leaves sessile ovate-lanceolate, rounded 
at the base, tapering to the point, opposite and divaricate, 3-nerved, serrate, thick 
r i >h rough ; involucre scales lanceolate, acuminate from a broad base, ciliate, spread- 
ing ; equalling the disk. 

Thickets and barrens ; common. - Aug., Oct. Per. — Stem 1 -to 5 feet high, some- 
times purple and glaucous, simple or forked and corymbed above. Leaves 3 to 5 
inches long. Heads small, few, in- a terminal panicle; rays 8 to 12, bright yellow; 
disk yellow. 

6. H. TRACHELIFOLius, Willd. Throatwort Sunflower. 

Slem tall, hairy, loosely branched above ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, ox oblong- 
■ lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, emoothish or roughish-pubescent on both 
sides, contracted into short petioles; involucre scales lance-linear, elongated aad 
•very acuminate, loose, outer ones larger and equarroee. 



COMPOSITE. 



Dry swamps. Aug.— Oct. Per. Stem 3 to 6 feet 'high, purplish. Xeam 8 to 6 
inches long, by 34 to 3 inches wide on petioles % to 1% inches long. Heads mid- 
dle sized, borne at the top of the slender suberect branches ; rays expanding 2 to 3 
Inches long. 

7. IT. 'Of GANTEUS, L. Tall Sunflower, 

fe^ rough or hairy, branched above ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, very 
rough above, rough-hairy beneath, narrowed cnl dilate at the base, nearly sessile ; 
inquire scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate. 

Thickets and swamps ; common. Aug., Sept. Per. — Stern 3 to 10 feet high, pan- 
ieuiately branched at the summit, sometimes smoothish below. Heads numerous, 
in a loose terminal panicle ; rays 12 to 20, pale \ellow ; disk greenish yellow. 

8. Ii. PECAPETALUS, L. Thin-leaved Sunflower. 

•Stem erect, tall and branching, smooth below, rough above ' f leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late, on short margined petioles, acuminate coarsely serrate, 8-nervcd, thin and 
* light! y scabrous; involucre scales lance-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, ths 
outer longer than the disk. 

Copses and low banks of streams ; common. Aug. — Oct. Per. — Stem & to 5 feet 
}.igh, slender, somewhat brandling at the summit. Outer involucrol scutes gOinc- 
liniiS foliacecus or changing to leaves. Heads in a fastigiate corymb; rays 8 to 10. 
narrow, parle yellow. 

9. II. MICROCEPHALUS; Torr. & Gt. Small-headed 
Sunfloic-er. 

Stem smooth, with 4 to G slender branches above; leaves opposite, or the upper 
cues alternate, thin ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, somewhat serrate, veiny, petio- 
led, rough above, downy or hairy underneath ; peduncl-es slender, rough ; involucre 
scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, the outer with equarrose tips. 

Woods and thickets, western part of the State. Stem 3 to 8 feet high, usually in 
tufts. Heads small, oblong, % to yi inch broad ; rays 6 to 0, nearly 1 inch long, 

* * Leaves alternate, sometimes opposite below. 

10. H. multiflorus, L. Many-rayed Sunflower. 

Stem erect, branching, scabrous ; leaves alternate, petioled, toothed, 3-nerved ; 
lower cordate, upper ovate ; -involucre scales linear-knccolate. ciliate, inner cnog 
lanceolate. 

Mountain woods. July — Sept. Per. Stem and peduncles rough hairy. Leaves 
sometimes opposite, rough, serrate. Invvlv.cre with 40 to £0 scales, imbricate, tct 
gqua-rrose. Heads erect; rays numerous, oblong. Perhaps introduced. 

11. II. TUBEROSUS L. Jerusalem Artichoke. 

llooi bearing tubers; Stem stout and tall, branched, rough; leaves alternate, 
ovate, pcticlate, 3-nerved, rough, serrate ; lower cordato-ovate ; petioles ciliate at 
ba?e; involuere scales linear lanceolate. 

Fields end cultivated grounds; naturalized, also cultivated. July — Sept. Per. 
Sljm 4 to 8 feet high, branched, leaves large wtdge-£h aped at base : fc«rer cnts 
opposite, rarely termite or lobed. Heads rather large, terminal, on angular pubes- 
cent peduncles : i\:ys 12 to .20, vcllc.w. The root is ^emetijnes U; ed for pkkimg. 

30. COREOPSIS, Lir.ii. Tickseed. 

Cr. lor is, a uvg, and opsis, resemblance; from the form of the fruit. 

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers about 8 ; neutral, in a 
single series ; disk flowers, small, tubular, perfect. Lnyol- 
UCRE double: each of about 8 scales, the cuter ?:omesvliati£>- 



COMPOSITE. 183 



liaceous and spreading the inner broader and appressed. — - 
Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chafE. Achenia flat, 
often winged, 2 toothed, 2 awned ; or sometimes naked at 
the Bumviit. — EFerhs with mostly opposite leaves, and yellow 
or parti-colored, rarely purple rays. 

* Rays wani'nj. 

1. C. BIDENTOIDES, N\ltt. 

Dwarf, diffusely branched, smoofchish; l&vii lan<nofate4iaear, etrt, toothed t_«- 
jHjring into a petiole ; awns slender, upwards barbed, much longer than the corol- 
la, or the bristly young achenia. 

Near Philadelphia, Nutt&ll. — Prof. Gray thinks this a very obscure and undoubt- 
ful plant 

*** Ray. i a:id disk yelkno; leaves opposite, divided. 

2. C. trichosperma, Michx. Flc/cseed Sunflower. 

Smooth, branched; leaves short petioled, 5 to 7-divided; l&aflets lanceolate or lin- 
ear, cut-toothed or the upper leaves only 3 to 5 cleft and nearly sessile ; outer invoh 
ucre, scales subspatulate, ciliate-serrate ; heads in corymbose panicles. 

Swamps, near the coa;;t. Aug.— Oct. Biennial. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely 
4-angled, much branched, smooth. Branches and leaves mostly opposite. Leaves 
thin, subsessilo. Leaflets narrow tapering to a long point with a few unequal re- 
mote serraiuro3. Hvili large showy, yellow. Achenia narrowly wedgc-obloog, 
bristly eiliato above,, crowned with 2 triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth. 

3. C. THIPTERI3, Michx. Three-leaved Tickseed. 

Smooth; Stem simple, tall, corymbose at summit; -haves 3 to 5-divided; leajkCa 
lanceolate, acute, entire, scabrous on the margins; heads small on short peduncle?, 
Banks of stream?. Aug, — 'Vt. Per: An elegant species, -4 to 6 feet high, slen. 
4er, terete. Divisions of the leaves 3 to 5 inches long, by p4 to 1)^ inches wide. 
li --.ids rather smalL in a loose terminal corymb, on short peduncles; rags about 8, 
spreading y z inch long, yellow. The heads exhale tho odor of anise when bruised. 

CVL TIVA TED t PEC IES. 
* *'* Rays or dish purple. 

4. C. tinctobiAj, Nuttv JDj/er's Coreopsis. Elegant 
Coreopsis. 

Leaves alternate, thoss of the root subpinnabe; leajlets oral, entire, smooth ; stem 
leaves subpinnatc ; leajlets linear ; achenia naked. A handsome border annual, na- 
tive of the Upper Missouri. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, with light smooth foliage, 
Heads with yellow rays, beautifully colored with brownish purple at their base. 
^lowering ail summer. Partially naturalized in Union Co, 

5. C. BRUM3IONDII-, T. & (3-. BrmvmoruVs- Coreopsis. 

Pubescent; leaves pinnately divided, sometimes simple, segments (or leaves) 
oval, entire; involucre scaZes.lanc-eolate-acuminato; rays unequally 5 toothed, twic* 
Longer than the involucre.; achenia oboyate, incurved, scarcely toothed. A beau- 
tiful annual from Texas. Stems 10 to 20 inches high. Mays largo, yellow, with 
* purple spot at the base. 
Jk atrosanguiiua, a variety in cultivation, with dark orange flowers.. 

81. ZINNIA, Linn. 

Dedicated to John Godfrey Zinn, a German botanist, 1557. 

Heads many-flowered | rays 5 ; pergigteat ; .entire, ...pistil- 



184 COMPOSITE. 



late ; disk flowers perfect. Receptacle chaffy, conical. 
Pappus of the disk of 2 erect awns. Involucre scales 
oval, margined, imbricate. Annual?, native at the South, 
common in cultivation , with opposite entire leaves and showy heads 

of flowers. 

1. Z. elegans, Ly Elegant Zinnia. 

Stems hairy; leaves cordate, sessile-amplexicaui ; heads on long peduncles ; chaff 
serrated. July, Aug. Several varieties are known in cultivation with violet, white, 
purple, scarlet and yellowish flowers* 

2. Z. MULTIFLORA, L. Many-flowered Zinnia. Youth 
and old age. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate on short petioles ; heads on long peduncles with dull scar* 
let rays. Z. pauciflorum, with bright yellow flowers r is also found in cultivation* 

32. TAGETES, Lion. Marigold. 

Named for Tages, a Tuscan divinity. 

Heads heterogamous ; Ray-flowers 5, persistent. In- 
volucre simple, tubular, of 5 united scales. Receptacle 
naked. Pappus of 5 erect awns.— Annual herbs, natives of 
tropical America, with pinnately divided leaves and showy heads of 
flowers-. 

1. T. patula, L. French 'Marigold. 

Stem erect, with spreading branches; segments -of the leaves linear-lanceolate; pe* 
dundes elongated, sub-cylindric, one-flowered; involucre smooth. Stem 1 to 2 feet 
high. Flowers yellow-orange, striped and variegated with deep brown. 

2. T. erecta, L. African Marigold. 

Leaves pinnately divided; segments lanceolate; cilliate-serrate ; peduncles 1-flow- 
ered, yentricose and thickened at the summit; involucre angular. Stem 2 to 3 feet 
high, with large heads of deep yellow and orange colored flowers.. 

33. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. 

Gr. al'iin, a ray, and mcris, a part, alluding to the small number, or irregularity 

of the rays. 

Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers neutral, few, elon- 
gated or rarely wanting; disk, flowers tubular, perfect. 
Involucre foliaceous., .nearly. equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Re- 
ceptacle convex, chaffy, the outer chaff embracing the out- 
er margin of the flat, obovate, compressed and winged ache^ 
nia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns.— Tall and branch** 
ing perennial herbs, with serrate feather^viened leaves, and corym- 
bed heads of chiefly yellow flowers, 

1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Tall Achtinonieris. 

St$m erect, somewhat hairy and winged above; leaves alternate, or the lower op- 
posite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; licads in an open corymbed - t 



COMPOSITE. 185* 



panicle; involucre scales in 2 rows, tlie outer linear spaiulate; achtnia broadly 
winged. 

Moist grounds; commonv- Aug., Sept. — Stem 4 to 8 'feet high, slender, smooth be- 
low. Heads small, in a terminal leafly corj-mbose panicle ; rays 4 to 10 irregular, - 
oblanceolate, yellow; disk greenish-yellow. Iiecept&cle globular. 

34. BIDENSj Lira* . Burr Marigold. 

Lat. oldens, haying two teeth ; m 'allusion? ifi the two a^ns of the achenia. 

Heads man y-flowered, the ray-flowers 3 to 8 neutral, , 
often wanting; disk-flowers tubular, perfect. Involucre 
double, unequal, the outer series often large and leafy. Be- 
oeftacle fiattisb, chaffy, the chaff deciduous with the fruit, 
A'CHENIA flattened, parallel with the scales of the involucre, 
or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and 
persistent awns whieh are downwardly barbed. — Annual or 
'perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves, and mostly yellow ; 
jjowcrs. 

* Hays inconspicuous or mn& - 

1. B. frondosa, L^ Common Beggar-ticks: 

Smooth or somewhat hairy; stem tall and branching ; leaves 3 to 5-dividcd, the ' 
Imjiits lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed, mostly petioled; outer leafy involucre '- 
much longer than the head, ciliate- below > ra^noEe; achenia wedge-obovate, 
2-awned, somewhat ciliate on the margin. 

Moist waste places; common. July — Sept. Avery troublesome" weed 2 to 4 feet 
Lugh, sending out many spreading -branches. Lower leaves pinnate, upper ones ter=- 
nate, lanceolate, serrate. Flowers in clusters at the ends of the brauches. without 
rays, yellow, surrounded bya large and leafy involucre. Achenia 2-awned, and as 
in the other species, adhering by tkeir -retrorsely. barbed *awaa to the dress, and to - 
tie fleece of animals. 

2. B. CONNATA, Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks. 

Smooth; leases lanceolate, serrate, connate at the base; lower ones mostly trifid 
scales of the outer involucre longer than the head, mostly obtuse, scarcely ciliate ; 
rays none; achenia narrowly wedge-form, 3-awned, . 

Wet grounds; common. . Aug. Annual. Stem l 7 to 2 feet high, smooth and ' 
4 furrowed, with opposite branches. Leaves tapering into margined petioles which 
& e slightly united at the base; the lower often divided ; the lateral divisions united 
at the base and d (.current on the petiole. . Flowers terminal, solitary, without rays, „ 
consisting only of the tubular yellow florets, surrounded by a leafy 'nvolucre. . 

3. B. CERNUA, L~ Nodding Burr-Marigold. 

Noarly smaoth, low ; Isiives all ! undivided^ lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely ■■* 
connate; heads discoid or radiate, nodding; outer involucre longer than the head 
achenia wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. 

Swamps and ditches. Aitnua-li- Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, purplish^ stri- 
ate above, branched around the base. Branches opposite. Leaves opposite, slightly ' 
connate. Flowers yellowish-green, with or without rays. Jtays when present, 
abftvit 8, smaller than B. chrysanthemoides, the leaves irregularly toothed and the 
outer involucre more le&fdiks, . 

4. B. BIPISTNATA, L. Spanish Needles. . 

Smooth, branching ; leaves petioled bipinnately parted, the segments lanceolate • 
or oblong ovate, mostly wedge-shaped at the base; Twads on slender peduncles, with i 

A2* 



186 COMPOSITE. 



2 to 4 small rays ; outer involucre of linear scales as long as the inner ; achenia long 
and slender, 4-grooyed and angled, nearly smooth, 3 to 4 awned. 

I>ry soil* waste places. Annual. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, branching, 
smooth, 4-angled. Leaves 1 to 2 pinnately parted. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, nearly 
smooth. Heads of -flowers on long -peduncles, each with 3 - to 4 (or none) obscure, 
obo.vato yellow rays. 

* * Rays am#pimo%$i 

5.. B. CEEYSANTHEM0ix>ES ; Miehx. Large-fiowered Burr- 
Marigold. 

Smooth, erect or reclining at the base ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, 
more or less connate, acute, serrate ; heads erect or nodding, conspicuously radiate ; 
outer involucre mostly shorter than the long rays ; achenia wedge-shaped, with 2 to 

4 awns. 

Swamps and ditches ; common. Annual* Aug., Sept. Alow plant, with largo 
yeilow-rayed flowers. Stem 6 to 20 inches high. Leaves smooth, with few remote 
teeth. Meads rather large, solitary at the ends of the branches, erect or somewhat . 
nodding; rays elliptic, 8 to 10, bright yellow. 1 inch long, . 

35. YERBESINA, Linn. Chownbeaed. 

"Name altered from Verbena." 

Heads few and many-flowered, mostly .radiate ; rays, pis- 
tillate. . Scales of the erect involucre few, imbricated in 2 
or more rows. Receptacle fiat or somewhat convex, the 
chafe concave and embracing the flowers. Achenia flat 
(compressed laterally), usually winged at the angles, crowned 
witu2rip'id awns. — American perennial plants, with the toothed 
or lobed leaves decurrent on the stem, and solitary or corymbose heads 
vf ydlow fioujerss 

1. V. . Siegesbeckia, Michx, . Siegesbecfc's Crownbeard, . 

iS&m smooth, 4-wingcd; leaves opposite, ovate, 3-nerved, serrate, pointed at both 
ecid 3, smooth or pubescent underneath; heads in compound corymbs; imolucw 
States obtuse, few; achenia wingless. 

Itieb soil. Aug., Sept. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, erect, with 4 leafy wings. Leaves 

5 to 8 inches wide, thin, tapering to a winged petiole. Heads in corymbs, yellow. 
Mays i to & lanceolate, 3 toothed, % inch long, 

2. Y. ViRGlNlCA) Virginian Crownbeard. 

Stem narrowly winged, downy pubescent above ; leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, 
feather-veined, serrate, acute at eaehend, the lower decurrent ; heads in compound ; 

- yrok?, crowded; rays 3 to 4 oval ; achenia narrowly winged. 

Dry woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. Heads about 20-11 owered. in 
crowdjed corymbs. Rays very short, the. tube (and involucre) pubescent, pale yel- 
tow, ova^, scarcely y 2 inch long. . 

Section 2. — Pappus composed of several distinct chaffy scales. 

38. HELEXIUM, Linn. False Sunflower. 

Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus. 

Heads many-flowered; radiate 5 the hay-flowers in asiar 



COMPOSITE. 18T 



r 



gle series, pistillate, ligulate or rarely tubular, 3 to 5 cleft, 
disk-flowers perfect, tubular^ very shot 1 4 to 5 toothed. In- 
volucre small, re flexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped." 
Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Ach&nia top-sha- 
ped, ribbed. Pappus of 5 to 8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy 5 
scales, each extended into a bristle or point. ; — Erect branch- 
ing herbs, with alternate leaves d-ecurrent on the angled stem 
and branches, which are terminated by .single or, corymbed 
heads of yellow flowers. 

H. autumnale, K S eeze-weed." 

Nearly smooth; stem erect, branched; leaves lanceolate, toothed, acute, deeur- 
ront ; disk globose ; rays 3 to 5 cleft, spreading or renesed-. 

Alluvial soils, low ground.?. Per. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, winged by 
the decurrent leaves. Leaves narrowed at the base, • the upper, nearly entire. 
Heads showy middle-sized, in a terminal corymb ; rays yellow, wedge-shaped ;-disk 
greenish-yellow. Whole plant intensely bitter." 

Section 3, Pappus nonet or a very slwri crown. Heads radiate or discoid. 
Leaves alternate. 

37. MAKUTA; Cass. May-weed. 

Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers, ligulate, neutral; 
bisk-flowers perfect. . Involucre somewhat imbricated 
shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, more or less chaf- 
fy;. AcHENiAoboYoiclyri'bbed, smooth. Pappus none. — -Aip- 
nual acrid lierbs ) with a strong, odor, finely thrice pinnately divi< 
ded leaves, and single heads with white rays and yellow disk termed 
netting the branches, 

M. cotula, DC. Common May '-weed '/ 

Smoothish; leaves 2 or 3 times pinnatiM, the segments subulate-linear scales of 
the involucre with whitish margins : receptacle conic. • 

RoadsideSj common. Annual. June — Oct. Stem a foot higb, erect, brauched: 
Ltaves pale green, more or less pilose; segments very narrow. Heads on elongated 
slender peduncles; pays abiwii 12,*? white ;- disk convex, yellow. Receptacle chaffy 
only among the upper Howers, - An exotic, every where naturalized.. • 

S8-. ANTHEMiS r Linn. Chamomile. 

*3r. Anthcmis, the ancient name, given in allusion to the profusion of the' flower?. 

Heads man y-flowered ; ray-flowers inone series ligulate, 
pis!illate;-Disx-ELOW-£R8 tubular perfect. Involucre scales 
imbricate in a few series. Receptacle convex oblong or 
conic. Achenia terete, striate or smooth. Pappus none - 
or a minute crown. — Annual or perennialherbs, unth aromatic, • 
or strong odor, 1 to 2 p innately divided leaves, and the branches itr^ - 
minated. by .single heads, with white rays. and. yellow disk.- 



188 COMPOSITE. 



1. A. arvensis, L. Corn .Chamomile. 

Pubescent; leaves pinnately parteotf divisions linear-lanceolate, toothed, very 
acute ; branchlets leafless at the summit; involucre scales obtuse; cfaz^T lanceolate, 
pointed; achenia crowned with a very short margin. 

Fields and cultivated grounds. Introduced from Europe. June — Au<r. Bienn V 
al. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, branched. : Leaves grayish-pubescent. Heads large ; 
rays broad, white, spreading; disk yellow, convex/ - 

2. A. nobilis, L.< Garden Chamomile.- 

Stem prostrate, branching from the base, wcolly ; leaves decompound-pinnatifid ;' 
segments linear-subulate; chaff with a thin membraneous margin, lanceolate, 
scarcely as long as the flowers. . Per. Native of Europe;- Cultivated in gardens 
for its tonic and anodyne properties. The agreeable scent of the chamomile is well ' 
known. 

&9. ACHILLEA; Linn. Yarrow. 

So' named because its virtues arc said to have been discovered by Achilles. 

Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers i to 6 pistillate, ligu- 
late, short, or -none ; disk-flowers perfect, tubular 5-toothcd. 
Eeceptaole chaffy, flattish. Achenia oblong, flattened, 
margined. Bappus none. — -Perennial herbs, with much di- 
vided alternate leaves and small corymbose heads of whitish flowers, 

1. A. Millefolium, L.' Common Yarrow. Milfoil. 

Stems mostly simple, erect, somewhat hairy; leaves twice-pinnately parted; the 
divisions linear, 3 to 5 cleft, crowded; corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre ob- 
long; receptacle small. 

Fields and hills ; common. Aug. - Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched at the top. 
Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, cut into very numerous narrow segments. Heads nu- 
merous, in a dense- terminal fastigiate corymb; rays 4 to 5, short, white or rose col- 
ored." 

40. LBUOANTHEMUM. Tdura. Ox-eye Daisy. 

Gr. leu&QSj white, and antlizmon, a flower. '. 

Heads rnany-flowered; ray-flowers numerous, fertile-, or 
rarely neutral ; disk-.flowers perfect, with a fleshy somewhat 
2-winged tube. Involucre broad and flat, imbricated ; 
scales with scarious margins. . Eeceptagle naked, flat or 
convex*: Achenia of the disk and ray similar, striate, des- 
titute of pappus. — Peremiial herbs, with toothed or p in nat i- 
f id, alternate leaves and large single heads., with white rays and yeU 
low disk terminating the branches. 

1. L* VUlGare, Lam. Ox-eye. White Daisy. White* 
weed. 

Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above; root-leaves sp&tulate, petioled, toothed? 
Stem^.eaves somewhat clasping, cut or pinnatifid-toothed ; involucre scales with a 
narrow rusty brown margin. 

A pernicious* weed, extensively naturalized in fields and meadows. June — Aug. 
/Stent 1 to 2 feet liigh, erect or gutKlccuaibentat base, sinoothieh... Leaves cowpar- 



COMPOSITE. 189 



atively few and small. Heads largo, solitary on the branches, with 20 to 30 showy 
white rays, and numerous, yellow disk flowers. {Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum* 
Linn.) 

41. PYRETHRUM, Linn. Feverfew, 

Involucre hemispherical, imbricate ; scales with mem- 
braneous margins. Receptacle naked. Pappus a mem- 
braneous margin crowning the achenia. — European herbs 3 . 
chiefly perennials, with alternate leaves, .and white flowers. 

P. parthenium, L. Feverfew. 

Stem erect ; leaves petiolate, flat tripinnate ; segments orate ; heads on branching 
corymbose peduncles ; involucre pubescent. Several varieties are common in cul- - 
tivation, and are in great favor with many florists, on account of their pure^ white -_• 
double flowers., borne on a pyramidal corymb. 

42. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Linn. 

Gr. Jcrusos, gold, anthos, flower ; many species bearing golden colored flowers. ■ 

Heads many-flowered ; ray-flowers pistillate, ligulate * 
12 or more ; disk-flowers perfect. . Involucre imbricate^ 
hemispherical; scales with membraneous margins. -Re- 
ceptacle naked. Pappus none. — Annual and perennial, 
ornamental cultivated plants natives of China and other Eastern 
countries, with alternate lobed leaves and large thowy heads of flow* - 
ers. 

1. C. CORONARXUM, L., Shewy Aster. 

Stem branched; leaves bipinnatifid. broader at the summit, acute. Annual. Na- 
tive of S. Europe and N. Africa. Aug. Stem about 3 feet high, striate smooth, 
erect, with alternate clasping leaves. Flowers large, terminal, solitary, of a deep 
yellow color, double in cultivation. 

2. C. carinatum, Willd.: Three-colored Chrysan the- 
mum. 

Mostly smooth; 7e<z#e$ bipinnate, fleshy; involucre- scales carinate. Native of 
Barbary. Annual. July— Oct. Heads largo and beautiful ; disk purple, rays 
white with a yellow base. 

3; C. sinensEj. Sabine. Chinese Chrysanthemum. 

Leaves coriaceous, petiolate, serrate-pinnatifid, dentate, glaucous ; rays very nu- 
merous, long. Native of China, -where it has long been cultivated and highly es- 
teemed for its beauty. Numerous varieties have been produced, with double ? 
semi-double and quilled flowers of every possible shade of color. . Blooming in No- - 
vember, when all other flowers have disappeared, makes them desirable plants for 
every flower garden. .'. 

43. TANACETUM, Linn. TAnzt. 

Said to be a corruption of atlianasia, undying, from its durable flowers. 

Heads many-flowered; nearly discoid; all fertile; the mar*- 



190 COMPOSITE. 



ginal flowers chiefly pistillate and 3 to 5 tootlred, forming, a 
kind of ray. Involucre hemispherical ) scales imbrica- 
ted, dry. Receptacle convex, naked. Achenia angled or 
ribbed, with' a large flat top. Pappus a short crown. — Bit- 
Mr and acrid sir on g- scented, herbs, with alternate 1 to 2 v innately 
dissected leaves and corymbed heads of yellow flowers, 

I. T. vulgare, L. Common Tanzy. 

Slem erect, smooth ; leaves twice-pinnately parted, the leaflets and the margined 
petiole cut-toothed; cori/Hfb dense; rays terete ; pappus 5-lobed. 

Cultivated and naturalized, common. Aug. Per. Stems clus tered 2 to 3 feet 
high, branched above into a handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Na'aye of Etuopc. 

Var. crispum has the leaves more, cut and crisped. 

44. ARTEMISIA, Linn. Wormwood, 

Dedicated to the Goddess Artemis. 

Heads discoid, few to many-flowered ; the flowers all tu- 
bular, those of the disk perfect; marginal ones pistillate, or 
sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre ovoid ; scales 
imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle 
small and flattish, naked. Achenia obovoid, with a small 
summit and' no pappus. — Bitter herbs or shrubby plants, with 
alternate leaves and small heads of yellow or purplish flowers, 
in panicled sjjikes or racemes, 

■* Feccptaole naked. Absotanum, Tourn. 

1. A. vulgaris, L. Common Mugwert.. 

Branches and lower surface of the leaves whitish-woolly; stem-leaves pinnatiM ; 
segments lanceolate, variously, cut or entire ; heads erect, ovoid, subsessile, in op/:n 
leaHy panicles. 

Banks of streams, and waste places. Per. Sept., Oct. Stem 2 to 3 feet. high, 
branching into a panicle of spicate racemes. Leaves very variable. Heads few, pur- 
X>lish. Introduced from Europe and naturalized. 

2. A. Abrotanum,.L. Southernwood, 

Stem erect ; lower leaves bipinnate ; upper ones capillary, pinnate ; involucre hem- 
is pherical, downy. A well known shrubby plant, common in cultivation. Stem 
about 3 feet high. Leaves alternate much divided into linear segments . Flowers 
numerous, nodding, yellow. Native of South Europe. 

* * Receptacle hairy. Fmo>rs all fertile. Absinthium, Tourn; 

3. A. absinthium, L. Common Wormwood. 

Shrubby, erect, silky-can escent; leaves bipinnatifiel; segments lanceolate, often 
incised, obtuse; heads hemispherical, in leafy paniculate racemes, nodding; rtc$p« 
taale hairy. Common in gardens. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular, several/ 
from one root.. Heads numerous. Flowers yellowish. The whole plant is very 
bitter, and possessed of valuable medicinal properties as a tonic, stomachic, &c 

4 V . A. pontica, L. Roman IVormwood. 

J8J$73i*Uav$3 hipirmato;.fca;/fc£s-luiear ; tomentose beneath; 7*^& roundish, .pcduiis 



composite. 191 



cled, nodding, -Cultivated in gardens. Stem 3 to 4 feet nigh, with simple brooch- 
es and racemes of yellow Sowers. Heads about -24 flowered. From Austria. 

45. GNAPHALIUM, Linn. Cudweed. 

QT.gnap] talon, a lock of wool-; in allusion to the flocccse down of the leaves. 

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the out- 
er pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. Invol- 
ucre ovate ; scales imbricated in several rows. Recepta- 
cle flat, naked. Pappus a single row of capillary rough 
bristles. — Woolly herbs, with alternate sessile or decurrent en- 
tire leaves, and clustered or corymhed heads of 'whitish-yellow or pur- 
plish flowers. 

1. €t. polycephelum, Michx. Fragrant Life-everlast- 
ing. 

Stem, erect, woolly ;'le. i. ves lanceolate, tapering to the base, with wavy margins', 
not deearrcnt, smcothish above, white tomentose beneath; heads obovate, cluster- 
ed at the summit of the panicled-corymboGe branches: involucre scales ovate and 
oblong. 

Old fields find woods ; common. Annual. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
often much branched at the summit. Leaves- sessile, cottony beneath. Flower* xl 
crowded clusters at the ends of the branches, yellowish-white. Whole plant fra- 
grant. 

2. G-. uligonosum, L. Low Cudweed. Low -Life -ev- 
erlasting. 

Stem simple, or branched, woolly all over; leaves lanceolate or linear: h&ads 
small. in terminal sessile capitate dusters; involucre scales oblong, inner acute. 

Wet grounds, roadsides; common every where. Annual. July — Sept. Stem 4 
to 6 inches high, much branched. Leaves numerous, acute, narrow at the base : 
involucre scales yellowish-brown, shining. Whole plant clothed with whitish 
down. 

3. G\ PURPUREUM, L. Purple Life-everlasting. 

Stem simple or branched from the base, ascending woolly; lcav<s oblong-spatu- 
latc, mostly obtuse, green above, very white with close wool underneath; heads in 
sessile clusters in. the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the summit of the 
stem ; invducre scales lance -oblong, tawny, the inner often marked with purple. 

Gravelly soil, sandy fields and pastures; common. Annual. June. — Stem S 
12 inches high, sending out shoots at the base. Heads somewhat -spiked at the 
top of the stem, with purplish scales and yellow corollas. 

46. ANTENNABLA, Gaert. Everlasting, 

Name in allusion to the bristles of the pappus, which resemble aniennoe, 

Heads many-flowered, dioecious or nearly so, corolla tu- 
bular ; pistillate flowers Aliform, 5-toothed. Involu- 
cre scales dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. 
Receptacle convex or flat not chaffy. Achenia nearly 
terete. Pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flow- 
-ers capillary, i& the staminate club-shaped.— Perennial ichitfr 



192 COMPOSITE. 



woolly herbs, with entire alternate leaves, and corymbose heads with 
white scnles and yellowish corollas, 

1. A. MARGARITACEA, R. Brown. Pearly Everlast- 
ing. 

Stem erect, tomentose ; haves linear lanceolate, acnminate, 1-nerved, sessile.r/er 
tile heads often with a few imperfect staminate flowers in the centre ; scales of the 
pearly white involucre obtuse or rounded. 

Dry hills and woods, common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, and with the nu- 
merous scattered leaves clothed with white and cottony down, corymtose at the 
summit with maiiy heads. Heads hemispherical, pedicellate. Involucre pearly 
white. Flowers yellow. 'Slightly fragrant. 

2. A. plantaginieolia, Hotfk. Plantain -leav >ed '-Ev- 
erlasting. 

Stem simple, with procumbent shoots ; leaves silky-woolly when young, at length 
green above and hoary beneath ; radical leaves oval, petiolate, 3-nerved ; stem leaves 
linear ; heads in a small crowded corymb. 

Wooded banks and sterile hills. April, May. Stem 3 to 8 inches high, often 
branched at the base into severalfrom the same root. Root leaves inuch larger 
than those of the stem, ovate or oval-spatulate. Stem leaves few, bract-like. Heads 
clustered, terminal, purplish white. Scales of the mostly white involucre obtuse, 
in the sterile, and acutish and narrow in the fertile plant. 

47. FILAGO. Tourn. Cotton Rose. 

' I>at. filum, a thread ; in allusion to the cottony hairs that cover these plants. 

Heads many-flowered, heterogamous; the terminal or 
central floicers numerous, pistillate, perfect or infertile, tu- 
bular, 4 to 5-fcoothed, the outer flowers filiform, pistillate, 
scarcely-toothed. Involucre scales few, woolly. Recep- 
tacle elongated, filiform, naked at the summit, chaffy to- 
wards the- margins or base. Pappus of the central flowers 
filiform, of the outer none or dissimilar. — Low annual Iranch- 
ing woolly herbs with entire, alternate leaves and small heads of 
whitish or yellowish flowers in capitate clusters, 

F. Germ ANICA, L. Setha Impia. German Cud-weed, 

Stem erect, short, dichotomous or proliferously branched ; leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, acute, tomentose, crowded ; heads woolly in capitate clusters, terminal and 
lateral ; scales of the involucre* awned. 

Dry fields ; introduced from Europe and sparingly naturalized. - July — Aug.* — 
Stem 4 to 8 inches high, woolly-tomentose, clothed with linear-lanceolate and up- 
right crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which 
rise one or more branches, each terminated by a Bimilar head, and continue in the 
i flame manner. 

SUBTRIBE 6. S^NICIONOIDE^E. 

Pappus soft and capillary. Anthers without tails at the base. MectptacU naked, 
■ Heads radiate or discoid. Leaves mostly alternate. 

'48. ERECHTHITES. Raf. Fibe-weed. 

An ancient aame of gome gpecies of smicio. 



composite. 193 



■Heads many-flowered, discoid, the flowers all tubular and 
fertile; the marginal pistillate with a slender corolla. In- 
volucre cylindrical ; scales in a single row, linear, acute, 

.with a few small bractlets at the base. Achenta oblong, stri- 
ate. Pappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs.— 
Erect and coarse annuals, with alternate simple leaves, and panicu- 

., late corymb td heads of whitish flowers. 

E. HTERACIEOLIA, Raf. Fire-weed. Whipsiwog. 

Stem grooved, simple or paniculate above; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute, cut» 
toothed, sessile ; upper auricuiate at base and partly clasping. (Senicio hieracifo- 
lia, L.) 
Moist woods, and especially recent clearings, where the ground has been burnt 
. over, hence it is called Flreiveed ; common. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, 
stout, succulent, somewhat hairy, branching. Leaves light green, large, irregular- 
ly cut into many deep and acute teeth. Flowers terminal, crowded, destitute of 
rays, white. Whole plant emitting when brui-ed a rank odor. The distilled oil 
i is probably one of the most powerful styptics the vegetable kingdom affords, 

49. CACALIA, Linn. Indian Plantain. 

An ancient name, of uncertain meaning. 

Heads 5 to many-flowered, discoied ; the flowers all tubu- 
lar and perfect. Involucre scales in a single row, 5 to 
80. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Receptacle flat. Achenta 
oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles. — 
Smooth and tail perennial herbs, with alternate often pel iokd leaves, 
and rather lai'ge heads of mostly while or whitish flowers , in flat 
corymbs. 
* Involucre 5-leaved and 5-fcowered. 

1. C. HENiFORMis, Muhl. G rent Indian. Plantain. 

Stem grooved and angled: leaves petioled, smooth above, hairy on the veins t» 
low; root leaves broad-cordate, reniform, repand-toothed and angled, palmately 
Teined; stem-leaves oblong, toothed, wedge-form and very entire at the base ; corymb 
large. 

Pdch, damp woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 4 to 8 feet high, nearly simple, smooth. 
Leaves 3 to 12 inches long by 5 to 8 inches wide, repand-dentate ; lower petioles v ex J 
long. Involucre whitish. Heads white. 

2. C. atriplicifolia, L. Pale Indian Plantain. 

Ste.m erect, smooth, terete ; leaves petioled, smooth, glaucous beneath; lower Imvtl 
deltoid-cordate, sinuate-angled, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed ; involu- 
cre oblong. 

Moist rich woods. Aug.. Sept. Stem 3 to 5 fee thigh, leafy, round. Lower leave* 
4 to 6 inches long, and nearly as wide, on long petioles, unequally toothed. Heads 
numerous, small, in a loose terminal corymb, greenish white. 

** Involucre 25 to ZQ-fiowered ; receptacle flat. 

3. C. suavolens, L. Sweet-scented Cacalia. 

Stem grooved, erect, smooth ; leaves triangular-lanceolate, halbert-shaped, pointed, 
ferrate; those of the 6tem on winged petioles, smooth; scales about .3; involuae* 
mth several slender spreading bractlets. 

B2 



194 COMPOSITE 



Rich woods and banks of streams. Sept. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, grooved and at** 
gled, leafy. Leaves smooth and green on both sides. Root-leaves on long petiole*, 
pointed. Stem-leave* on winged petioles. Flowers whitish, in a terminal compouna 
corymb. 

4. G. COCGINEA, Ourt. Scarlet Gacalia. Tassel Flower, 

Radical leaves ovate-spatulate ; stem-leaves clasping, crenate ; involucre ovate* 
eylindrio; scales linear, at length reflexed; achenia ciliate; pappus in several rows 
A handsome border flower from the East Indies* Stem 1 foot high. Flowers brigh* 
se$rlet. Jane — Sept. Annual. 

50. SENECIO, Linn. Groundsel. 

Lat. senex, an old man ; the pappus resembling a white beard. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid, with the flowers all perfec'i 
and tubular, or mostly radiate, the rays pistillate. Invol- 
ucre scales in a single row, or with a few bractlets at th« 
base. Receptacle flat. Pappus of numerous very soft 
and slender capillary bristles. — A vast genus embracing about 
600 species of herbs and shrubs, with alternate leaves and mostly 
yellow flowers exceeding the involucre in solitary or corymbed head** 

* Rays none; annual. 

1. S. vulgaris, L. Common Groundsel. 

Nearly smooth, or at first woolly ; stem erect, often branching ; leaves pinnatiM 
Kid toothed, clasping, the lowest petioled; heads in a corymb, nodding; pappm 
•quailing the corolla. 

Waste places; common, naturalized. May — Oct. A common weed, growing 
about houses, rubbish, Ac, 6 to 18 inches high, leafy, branching, mostly smooyi. 
leaves thin, bright green. Heads terminal, without rays, yellow. 

••■• Rays present; heads corymbed ; perennial. 

2. S. AUREUS, L. Golden Senicio. Squaw-weed. 

Smooth or downy-woolly when young ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the largest 
Hrostly cordate, crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; the lower stem-leaves lyre-shape§> 
i&per lanceolate, cut pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping ; corymb umbel-like. 

A very variable plant, embracing several nominal varieties, of which the follow** 
ing are the most common: Var. 1, obovatus, with the root-leaves round obovat*» 
generally found in dry places. Var. 2, Balsamite, with the root-leaves cblong> 
•patulate or lanceolate, sometimes cut toothed, tapering into the petiole. Reck/ 
places; common everywhere. May,. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched abo^e, 
cften woolly. Heads middle-sized, numerous, on long peduncles which are thicte 
esued near the involucre. Rays 8 to 12, and with the disk yellow. 

8. S. tomentosus, Miekx. Downy Groundsel. 

TFhite-tomentose and woolly ; radical leaves oval-oblong, obtuse crenate-toothe4* 
«a slender petioles; item leaves oblong, somewhat divided ; corymb flat-topped. 

Dry rocks on the Blue Mountains. P.ursh. May, June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
wswly leafless above. Heads yellow, larger than in S. aureus; rays 12 to 15, elou» 
gftted. 

4. S. ELONGATUS, Pursh. Elongated Groundsel. 

tmooth; radical Uavu *patulate, serrate, attenuated into a petiole ; stem Itcac* 
ifefiatifid, toothed, very remote; h**ds on elo&cated peduncles, arranged in ft 
.JMBWrlkat umbel c4 eoiymfe. 



COMPOSITE 195 



Rocks on banks of streams near Easton. July, Aug, Resembles vax. BgfeQpa* 
&*, feat is destitute of ray-flowers. Beefed Hot. 

51. ARNICA, Linn. 

Name supposed to be a corruption of Plarmica. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate, the rajs pistillate ; those 
&f the disk tubular, perfect. Involucre canpstnulate ; 
scales in 2 rows, equal, lanceolate. Receptacle flat, fim- 
brillate. Achenia spindle-shaped. Pappus in a single 
row, consisting of rather rigid and strongly rough-denticu- 
late bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly natives of alpine re- 
gions, with simple stems, opposite leaves and yellow flowers in sin- 
git or corymbed large heads. 

A. nudicaulis, Nutt. Leopard* s-lane;- 

Hirsute ; leaves sessile ; the radical leaves clustered elliptic-ovate, nerved, entire 
or slightly toothed; stem leaves 1 to 2 pairs, lance-ovate ; heads terminal, on loosely 
corymbose peduncles^ 

Meadows. Chester county. D Arlington; rare. July, Aug. Stem, 1 to 2 fee* 
high, with a few peduncle-like branches at the summit, somewhat viscid. Heack 
large; rays numerous, deep-yellow, 2 to 3-toothed at the apex; disk greenish-yel- 

Tribe V. CYNARE^. The Thistle Tribe; 

iteads ovoid, discoid^ rarely radiate, homogdmous (rarely dioecious), or heterogc* 
flaeus, with the marginal flowers in a singU series ; style in the perfect flowers ofUa 
thickened nzar the summit. 

5-2. CENTAUREA, Linn.- 

Named from the Centaur, Chiron. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the mar- 
ginal mostly falsely radiate and larger, sterile: Involucre 
imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Recep- 
tacle bristly. Achenia compressed. Pappus of filiform 
rough bristles in several series, sometimes none. — Herbs, with 
alternate leaves, and mostly showy flowers in'single heads, 

1. C. JACEA, L. Brown Knap-weed. 

Stem erect, branched; leaves linear-lanceolate ; lower broader and toothed, petj^- 
oled; involucre globular, scales scarious and torn, the outer pinnatifid; heads rajd> 
©te ; pappus very short or none. 

Waste places, July, Aug. Per. Stem about 2 feet high, branching. Head* 
^rith numerous purple flowers. Involucre pale brown, shining. Introduced from 
iturope. Beck's Bot. This is probably only a variety of the next. 

2. C. nigra, L. Black Knap-weed. 

Stem erect, branched; leave* scabrous, lower angular-lyr&te, petioled; upper U*v 
«e<date; involucre globular, scales appendaged, and with a stiff black fringe; rty§ 
gaatingj pappus very short, . 



190 COMPOSITE. 



Meadows and pastures. Aug. Per. Stem- 2 to 3 feet high, simple or often divi- 
ded into elongated branches. Heads terminal solitary. Flowers purple. Invoke 
ere scales almost black, the teeth brown. Native of Europe, naturalized, and be* 
coming in some places a troublesome weed. 

CULTIVATED SPECIES. 

3. C. CYANUS, L. Blue-Bottle. Bachelor's Button. 

CottoDy-tomentose ; stem erect, branched; upper leaves linear, entire; lowermost 
toothed or pinnatifid at base ; involucre globular ; scales fringe-margined ; rays lon- 
ger than the disk ; pappus very short. 

Common in gardens, and in some places naturalized along roadsides, <fcc. July, 
Aug. Annual. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Heads in terminal peduncles ; rays few* 
spreading, white, blue and purple ; disk flowers smaller, mostly purple. Native of 
Jiurope. Justly prized for its handsome flowers which are variable in color. 

4. 0. Americana, Nutfr. American Centaury. 

Stem erect, sulcate, sparingly branched ; lower leaves oblong-ovate, repand-den- 
tate, upper ones lanceolate, acute, all sessile and glabrous; heads few and solitary, 
very large; peduncles thickened at summit; involucre depressed-globose, scales 
•with a pectinate-pinnate refiexed-appendage. Native in Ark. and La. Cultiva- 
ted in gardens. Aug. — Oct. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with very showy heads of pale* 
purple flowers. Scales appendaged with a pinnate reflexed margin resembling the 
teeth of a comb. . 

Ambirboa, De Candolle. Pappus of oolong or dbovate palae, attenuated to the ba$e 3 
all simitar, rarely small or none. 

5. C. MOSCHATAj L. Sweet Sultan. 

Leaves ly rate-den tate ; involucre subglobose, smooth; scales ovate; ray-flowers 
scarcely enlarged, not exceeding the disk ; pappus none. A handsome border an- 
nual from Persia, with white and pale purple, sweet-scented flowers, blooming from 
July to Oct. 

6. C. suavolens, Willd. {Amberboa odorata ; DC.) 
Yellow Sweet Sultan. . 

Lower leaves broadly subspatula'te, dentate, upper leaveslynxte at base or scarce- - 
ly pinnatifid ; heads globose ; ray-flowers enlarged upwards, longer than the disk ; 
pappus chaffy, a little shorter than the fruit. Native of the Levant. Flower 
yellow. . 

53. CIKSIUM, Tourn. Thistle. 

Qt. lirsos, a swelled vein, for which the Thistle was a reported (remedy. 

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, perfect and 
similar, or rarely dioecious. Involucre ovoid or spherical; 
scales imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or 
prickle. Receptacle clothed with' soft bristles or nairs* 
Achenia oblong, flattish, not ribbed. Pappus of numerous 
bristles united into a ring at base, plumose to the middle. — 
Herbs with sessile alternate leaves^ armed with spinose prickles, and 
large heads of purple or cream colored flowers terminating the 
stem with branches. 
*Ltavcs decurrent. 






COMPOSITES. 107 



1. C. LANCEOLATUM, Scop. Common Thistle. 

Stem, branched, hairy ; leaves decurrent, pinnatifid, hisped above, woolly beneafbj 
ugments divaricate and spinous ; scales linear-lanceolate, spinous, outer ones spread- 
ing. 

Pastures and roadsides, common every where, introdmced. July — Sept. B*rv 
Hi el. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, winged by the decurrent leases, which are white with. 
deciduous webby hairs beneath, armed with formidable spines at all points. J3#octe 
j&unierous, large, purple. 

•* Leaves sessile. 

2; C. ALTISSIMUM, Spreng. Tall Thistle. 

SUm downy, branching, leafy to the heads; leaves roughish hairy above, whitr, 
^rith close wool beneath; radical leaves petioled, pinnatifid; stem, leaves Of>long-la»» 
ceolate, sinuate toothed; scales ovate-lanceolate, spinous, appressed. 

Old fields and open woods, common. Per. Aug., Sept. Stem, 3 to 8 feet hig&. 
leaves 6 to 8 inches long, and 1 to 6 wide, oblong-lanceolate, undulate-pinnatifid, 
©? undivided, the lobes or teeth prickly, those from the base pinnatifid ; loi?06 
abort, oblong or triangular. Heads large. Flowers purple.; 

3. C. DISCOLOR, Spreng,..* Two-colored Thistle. 

Stem grooved, hairy, branched, leafy ; leaves all deeply pinnatifid, smoothish 
above, whitened with close wool beneath, the diverging lobes 2 to 3-cleft, linesuh 
laneeolate. prickly-pointed ; involucre, subglobose; scales ovate spinous. 

Meadows and open woods. Aug., Sept. Bienniel. Stem 3 to 6 feet high. Heatk 
terminating the branches 1 inch in diaaietsr, with reddish-purple flowers. 

4. C. VlPvGlNlANUM, Michx. Virginian Thistle,- 

&em woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched, branches on long peduneto» 
naked ; leaves lanceolate revolute on the margins, green above, white with cloia 
Wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles; cuter involucre scales scarcely prickly. 

Woods. July, Sept. Per. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, covered with a white down, es- 
pecially towards the summit. Leaves entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, the lowss 
aometimes deeply sinuate-pinnatifid Heads y 2 inch in diameter ; flowers purple, . 

5. C muticum, Michx. Swamp Thistle. 

Stem tall, angled, smoothish; leaves pinnatifid, acutely cut, ecmewhat hairy 
t&ove, whitish with loose webby hairs beneath, when young ; , divisions lanceolate, 
acute, prickly pointed ; iuvolucre glutinous and webby, scaUs closely appregs*^ . 
pointless or barely macronate. 

Swamps and low places, common. Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 8 feet high, paniclsd : 
at the summit, the branches sparingly leafly and bearing single or few naked heada, 
Leaves armed with spines at each angle. Heads middle-sized; flowers deep pus» 
fcla. 

@. C. pumilum, Spreng. Pasture Thistle, 

Stem low, hairy, lto3 flowered; leaves lance-oblong, partly clasping, green, soma- 
Vhat hairy, pinnatifid; involucre round-ovate, spinose, outer scales prickly-points, 
the inner very slender. 

Low or dry fields, common. July, Aug. Biennial. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, lew 
and btout, bearing 1 to 3 very large heads which are somewhat leafly bracted a% 
the base. Leaves pinnatifid, with short, and cut very prickly-margined lobes. 
Heads V/ 2 inches broad; flowers fragrant 2 inches long, pale purple; rpapfut 
aoore than one inch long* 

7. C. horriduluM; Michx. Yellow Thistle. 

SUm stout, webby-haired when young ; leaves lanceolate, partly clafping, piniMi- 
iLfid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish prickles ; Mud* 
&arge, surrounded at the base by a whorl of leaf-like and very prickly bra«tf; inirtk 
fiwsr* jubglobose : scaUs linear, aeute, scarcely spinoff.. 

B2* 



198 COMPOSITE. 



Sandy fields and hills. June-^-Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 4 feet high, short, webby- 
haired when young, hollow. Leaves somewhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed 
with stiff spines. Heads large, axillary and terminal, with 20 to o0 narrow 
bracts at base, the outer of which have spines somewhat in pairs. Flowers dull 
yellow, rarely purple. 

8., 0. AUVENSE, Scop; Canada Thistle. Cursed Thistle. . 

Low, branched ; roots extensively creeping ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, 
or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; involucre round 
or ovate, with minute spines ; scales close-pressed, ovate-lanceolate. 

Cultivated fields and pastures, naturalized. July, Aug. Per. Stem 3 feet high, . 
with a branching panicle at the top, Leaves alternate, thickly beset with spines. - 
Meads small, numerous, terminal. Flowers purple rarely whitish; the involucre * 
is nearly thornless, and is the only part that can be safely handled. A mosttruh- 
lesome weed, which it is extremely difficult to eradicate. 

54. ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton Thistle. 

Heads discoid, homogamous. Involucre ovate-globose j : 
SCALES coriaceous, tipped with a lanceolate prickly appen- 
dage. Receptacle deeply alveolate, Achenia 4-angled, . 
transversely wrinkled. Pappus in several series ; bristles 
numerous, slender not plumose, united at the base into a 
hoary ring. — Coarse brandling herbs, with decurrent leaves, 
and large heads of purple flowers. 

1. O. ACANTHIUM, ir. , Cotton Thistle. Scotch Thistle. 

Stem and leaves woolly; leaves ovate-oblong, sinuate and spinous, decurrent J 
involucre scales linear-subulate, the outer spreading and woolly at the base. 

Waste grounds, in some places naturalized. Cultivated in Scotland as the 
Scotch Thistle. July. Bienniel. A tall cottony plant 4 to 6 feet high,. branched > 
and winged at the summit, wings very spinous. Involucre round, cottony, spinous* 
Flowers purple, 

55. LAPPA, Tourn. Burdock. 

Lat. lappa a burr, from Gr. labein, to lay hold of, a characteristic term. 

Heads many-flowered, the flowers all perfect and similar.:. 
Involucre globose ; scales imbricated coriaceous and ap- 
pressed at the base, with a long subulate hooked point. Re- 
ceptacle bristly. Achenia" oblong, flattened, wrinkled- 
transeversely. Pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, 
not united at the base, deciduous. — Coarse biennial weeds 9 . 
with large ultimate heart shaped and petioled leaves, with wavy . 
margins, and middle sized heads of purple (rarely white) flowers, ., 
solitary or in clusters. 

1.'. L. MAJOR, Gsert. Common BurdocJc. 

Upppr le aves ovate, lower very large, heart-shaped; involucre smoothish; scales-- 
subulate. . 

Cultivate! and waste grounds, common, introduced. July — Oct. Stem stout $ ' 
to 4 feet hi *h. Root leaves very largo, (often 1 to 2 feet long and a foot wide) with * 
Wfcvyedgc*.* The scales of the involucre ail terminate in a minute, firm hook^ 






COMPOSITE. 190 



vhich seizes hold of every thing that passes by. Heads globose numerous, ofteft 
clustered. Flowers purple. 

Lr Bardana, a species or variety with pinnatifid leaves, has been obserred^y B«r- 
Arlington in C hester county. 

56. ONICUS, Vaill. 

Gv.Jcniso, to prick ; well applied to these herbs. 

Heads many-flowered; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile? , 
shorter than the rest, which are all tubular and perfect. In- 
volucre swelled, imbricate with deeply spinous scales. Re- 
ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia smooth^ , 
striate. Pappus in 3 series, the outer 10 toothed, the 2 in- 
ner each 10 bristled. — Oriental somewhat woolly herbs, with 
clasping leaves and large br acted heads of yellow flowers. . 

1. C benedictus, L. Blessed Thistle. 

Leaves scarcely pinnatifid, decurrent, dentate and spiny; involucre doubly spi* 
nous, woolly, bracteate; 

Cultivated, scarcely naturalized along roadsides; native of Persia. June. Stem • 
1 to 2 feet high, branching. Leaves clasping. Heads large, with yeUow flowers. 
It was at onetime in gr^t repute as a medicine, but is now considered of no !»»-. 
jnortance. 

EXOTICS, . 

57. CALENDULA, Linn. 

liit. calenda, the first day of the month ; some species blossom monthly. 

Heads radiate. Involucre of many equal leaves, in 5 
about 2 series. Receptacle naked. Achenia of the disk 
membraneous, curved. Pappus none. — An oriental genus 
of annual kerbs, with alternate leaves and showy flowers, in iermi** 
nal heads. 

0. OFFICIANALIS, Jf. Fot Marigold. 

Yisced-pubescent; stem erect, branched; leaves oblong, acute, mucronate, sessile, 
•ubdentate and scabrous ciliate on the margin; heads terminal, solitary; achenia 
keeled, muricate incurved. A common showy garden plant, native of South Eu= 
irope. Flowers single and double, large and brilliant* mostly yellow and orang« 
colored. June — Not. 

58. CARTHAMUS, Linn. 

Arabic, quorthom, to paint; from its coloring property. 

Heads discoid; flowers all tubular and perfect. In- 
volucre imbricated, outer bracts foliaceous. Receptacle 
with bristly chaff. Achenia 4-angled. Pappus none. — 
Oriental herbs. 

1* C. tinctorius, L. Common Saffron. 

8Um smooth; leaves ovate-laneeolate, gessile, sj-iooge-denticulate. Kativ«©# 



#»■•■ ■ ■ ' ' ' ■■■ - ' ,,■. "■■ ■ : ■' ■ ' ■- ••"~"™ < b 

gOO COMPOSITE. 

Bgypt, common in cultivation. July. Annual. Stem branching, 1 to 2 feet high, 
igiriate. Leaves sub-amplexicaul, smooth and shining, spinose. Heads large, in- 
aBinal ; with numerous long and slender flowers, useful in coloring tinctures. 

59. XEEANTHEMUM, Linn. 

(Jr. zeros, dry, anthos, flower ; on account of its dry imperishable flowers. 

Heads discoid. Involucre hemispherical ; scales t^- 
fiient, opaque, colored, scarious. Receptacle chaffy. Pap* 
PUS bristly-chaffy. — Annual herbs, natives of South Europe., 
with radient involucre scales which retain their beauty a great length 
rf time, 

X. ANNUUM, Willd. Eternal Flower. Straw Flower. 

Blem ercet branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, alternate, en* 
Ifire ; heads large, terminal, solitary ; involucre scales obtuse, scarious ; inner onet 
•f the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse. A singularly beautiful plant, cultivated 
for its imperishable flowers which retain their beauty through the winter. /£te» 
^to4 feet high. The radiant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there art 
teiao varieties with red, white, blue and yellow rays ; expanding in gunshine, ]MWt. . 
fUiing in rainy weather. - 

Suborder ii. LIGULIFLOR.K 

Flowers all perfect with ligulate corollas throughout. 

Subtribe 6. CICHQRACEJ3. 

Flowers all perfect and ligulate; branches of the style slender, obtuse, unifen»» 
&/ hairy. Plants with a milky juice ; leaves alternate. 

60. CICHORIUM, Tourn. Succory. 

Said to be derived from the Arabic Chikourych, 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer se- 
ries of 5 short spreading scales, the inner of 8 to 10 scales* 
Achenia striate. Pappus of numerous very small chaffy 
Bcales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with 
toothed or pinnati fid radical leaves, and sessile axillary and termi- 
nal heads of bright blue showy flower ?. 

1. C. Intybus, L. Common Succory or Cichory. 

Madicahleaves runcinate; stem leaves small, oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, 
Idothed or entire ; heads 2 or 3 together. 

Cultivated and somewhat naturalized in grass fields, roadsides, Ac. Stem 2 to 3 
&«t high, round, rough, with few long branches. Beads of flowers 1 to 2 inchee 
fca diameter, sky-blue, somewhat remote on the long branches* Corollas flat, #-• 
Ijpothed. July, Sept. Native of Europe. 

2. C. Enmvia, L. Endive. 

t¥t4m*Us Axillary, in pair*, eat ©f the a elongated and l-h«ad«d, the otbei *«*£? 



COMPOSITE. 201 



•hort, about 4-haaded; heads capitate. A -hardy plant from the East Indiet, es» 
teemed and cultivated for salad. 

61. KRIGIA, Shreber. 

In honor of Daniel Krig, an early German hotonical collector in this country. 

Heads 15 to 20 flowered. Involucre in a single series 
with 8 to 12 scales. Receptacle naked. Acblnia tur- 
binate, many striate or angled. Pappus double ; the outer 
of 5 broad, chaffy, rounded scales ; the inner of as many al- 
ternate slender bristles. — Small annual or bienniel acaides- 
cent plants, vjiih radical, lyrate or toothed leaves and solitary heads 
with 20 to 30 yellow flowers, 

2. K. Virginica, Willd. Dwarf Dandelion, 

Leaves lyrate, smooth ; scapes several 1-fiowered ; involucre smooth. 

Dry sandy soil. May — July, Scapes 2 to 10 itches high, fmcoth. Primary 
leaves roundish, entire. Heads foiitary, {mall. I kuurs deep yellow. This plant 
continues in hlocm for seme time, during -which it varies gieatjy in the length ©£ 
the scape. 

62. CYNTHIA, Don. 

Prohahly named after Mount CynJTtus, 

Heads many-fiowered. Involucre nearly simple j 
scales in one or two rows. Acblnia short striate. Pap- 
pus double ; the cuter of numerous very. Email chaffy bristles; 
the inner of numeious elcngated bristles. — Perennial lierlr, 
with alternate or all radical leaves and rather showy single heads 
of 15 to 20 yellow flowers y en scapes or nahed peduncles, 

1. C. Virginica, Don. Virginian Cynthia. 

Smooth and glaucous; stem scape-like, often 2 or 3 parted, few-leaved; root-leaves 
petioled, lyrate, sinuate-dentate or pinnatif d ; sttm-leaies lanceolate, clasping, near- 
ly entire ; peduncles 3 to 5. 

Moist hanks and lew or en woods. June, July. Stdn-l foot or mere high, often 
2 or 3 from one root, divided into leng slender branches, with a clasping leaf at th»- 
forks. Heads solitary, middle sized orange yellow. 

6&. LEONTODON, K, Juss. Hawkbit. 

Gr. leon, lion, and odens, a tooth; in allusion to the toothed margins of the leaves. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated; 
scales lanceolate acuminate with several bractlets at the- 
base. Achenia spindle-shaped > striate, all alike. Pappus 
persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged 
and flattened towards the base. — Low and stemless perennials, 
withtoothed or pinnat i fid root-leaves and one or two heads of yellow 
Jlowers borne on. a scape* 



202 COMPOSITE. 



L. AUTUMNALE ; L. Autumnal Hawhhit. 

Leaves more or less pinnatifid ; scape branched ; peduncles several , thickened at 
She summit and furnished with small scaly bracts ; involucre ovoid-oblong. 

A European plant, naturalized in meadows and roadsides. July — Sept. Scap* 
16 to 18 inches high spreading, branched into a few peduncles. Leaves all radical, 
spreading, 6 inches long, with deep round sinuses, and covered with remote hairs* 
Heads 1 inch in diametor, bright yellow, resembling the Dandelion. 

64. HIERACXUM, Tourn. Hawkweed. 

Gr. hierdk, a hawk, supposed to strengthen the vision of birds of prey. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbri- 
cated; ovoid; scales linear, obtuse. Achenia oblong or 
colunmer, striate. Pappus a single row of tawny fragile 
capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs, with entire or toothed 
alternate leaves, and single or panicled heads of yellow flowers' 

1. H. scabrum, Michx. Rough Hawkweed. 

Stem erect, leafy, rough-hairy ; leaves obovate or oval, entire or somewhat den* 
iiculate, hairy, the lower narrowed, at the base the upper- closely sessile ; panicU 
stiff flexuous, at first racemose, at length rather corymbose. 

Woods and dry hills. July — Aug. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, round, striate, rathe? 
gtout. Leaves subacute, often purplish as well as the 'stem. Involucre 40 to 60- 
fiowered, densely clothed with glandular bristles. Heads large, with yellow flow- 
ers. Achenia obtuse at apex, bright red, with a tawny pappus. 

2. H. Gaotfovn, L ; Gronovius's Hawkweed. 

Stem erect, wand-like, mostly simple,- leafless and paniculate above, leafy and 
hairy below; leaves oblong, and obovate, nearly entire, hairy; involucre and 
peduncles sparingly glandular-bristly. 

Dry sterile soil, common. July — Aug. Stem 1 to 4 feet high, furnished with a 
few leaves below, naked above, and forming a long and narrow panicle. Heads 
rather small, 20 to 30-flowered. Flowers yellow. Achenia spindle-shaped, with a 
Yery tapering summit. 

3. H. venosum ; L. Veiny, Hawhweed, Rattlesnake- 
weed! 

Stem scape-like, naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking abov* 
lato a spreading loose corymb ; leaves obovate oblong and lanceolate, entire or ob- 
scurely denticulate, hairy on the margin and midrib beneath. 1 

Dry soil and pine woods, common. June— Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Radical 
Uaves spreading on the ground, colored with purple veins. Heads 20-flowered on 
yery slender peduncles. Rays rather large for the size of the head, yellow. Im- 
puted as an antidote for the poison oi the rattlesnake. 

4. H, PANICULATUM; Lj Panicled Hawhweed. 

Stem slender, leafy, paniculate, hairy below; leaves lanceolate, acute at bothr 
ends, slightly toothed, smooth; heads' in a loose panicle on slender spreading pe- 
duncles ; achenia short, not tapering at the summit. • 

Damp woods, common. August. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, diffusely branched 
Leaves thin, 2 to 4 inches long. . Heads small, 12 io 20 flowered. Flowers yellov* - 
Achenia ribbed, reddish-brown- . 

65, NABULUS, Cass, 

£ama probably from- the Greek nafc&v a harp, in allusion to the lyrat* learn C*^ 

some species. 



COMPOSITE. 203 



Heads 15 to 30 flowered. Involucre cylindrical. Scales 
6 to 14, linear, in a single row, with a few small bractlets 
at the base. Achenia linear- oblong, striate or grooved, 
truncate at the apex. Pappus in many series of yellow 
brownish, roughish capillary bristles. — Perennial herbs with 
gpindle- shaped; bitter tubers, upright leafy stems, with variable leaves 
and racemose-panicled, mostly nodding heads, with greenish-whiU 
en* cream^colored flowers, sometimes tinged with purple. 
* Involucre smooth or nearly so, 5 to 12-fioiuered. 

1. N. ALBUS, Hook. White Lettuce, BaitlesnaJce-root. 

Smooth and glaucous; stem tall; leaves angular-hastate or angulate, sinuate 
toothed, or 3 to 5-cleft ; the uppermost oblong and undivided ; racemes short, 
paniculate ; involucre with about 8 scales, 8 to 12-nowered. Var. S'crpefitaria m 
e form with deeply divided leaves, with their margins often rough-ciliate. 

Woods and hill sides, in rich soils, common. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, 
simple or much branched. Heads numerous, in a loo?e cory tubed panicle. I> 
volucre purplish. Floivers white. Pappus deep cinnamon-color. Achenia yellow. 
Reputed as a remedy for the bite of the rattlesnake. 

2. N. ALTissiMUS, Hook. Fall White Lettuce. 

Smooth; stem tall and slender, branched; leaves all petioled, undivided, or the 
lower 3 to 5-cleft or parted; the lobes or leaves acuminate, repandly toothed o# 
denticulate; involucre slender, of 5 scales, 5 to 6-fiowered; heads in small axillary 
and terminal loose clusters, forming a long leafy panicle. 

Rich moist woods. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, erect. Leaves very 
rariable, sometimes cordate, deltoid or triangular-hastate, with naked or winged 
petioles. Heads nodding with yellowish white flowers, Pappus dirty white, o* 
pfcle straw color. 

3. N. Fraserii, DC. Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-earih> 

Nearly smooth ; stem erect, branched ; leaves mostly deltoid, roughish; Icxosr 9 
-.to 7-lobed, on margined petioles; upper nearly sessile and undivided; involuem 
emoothish, of about 8 scales, 8 to 12-fi.owered; heads in corymbose panicles. Tjo^ 
tniegrifolia has the thickish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. 

■Dry sandy or sterile soil. Aug. — Oct. Stem 1 to 4 feet high. Leaves very vari^J 
fcle. Involucre greenish or purplish, sometimes slightly bristly. Flowers cresu^ 
•©lor, sometimes with a tinge of purple. Pappus dull straw-color. 

66. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion. 

~<&r. taraktikos, cathartic ; on account of its once celebrated medicinal properties 

Head many-flowered. Involucre double, the outer of 
Short scales ; the upper of long linear scales, erect in a single 
row. Achenia oblong ribbed prolonged into a long beak, 
crowned with the copious, white capillary pappus. — Acavr- 
%tscent perennial herbs, with radical runcinate leaves and slender 
naked hollow scapes, bearing a single It rge head of yellow flower** 

1. T. Dens-leonis, Desf. Common Dandelion. 

.Smooth or at first pubescent ; leaves unequally and deeply runcinate ; outer to* 
ajftlucre scales reflexed. 
JPsjt ores and/fields, common everywhere, alprii— Oct. After blossoming the & 



204 COMPOSITE. 



ner involucre closes for a time, the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus 
while the fruit is forming, the whole involucre is then refiex^d, exposing to the 
wind the naked seeds with the pappus displayed in an open globular form. ..Tht 
leaves are used in spring as a pot-herb. 

67. LACTUOA, Tourn. Lettitce. 

The ancient name of Lottuce, from lac, milk in allusion to the milky juice. 

Heads several-flowered. Involucre cylindric ; Scales 
imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Hecepta- 
-CLE naked. Achenia .flat, Decompressed, abruptly pro- 
duced into a long thread-like beak. Pappus of very soft 
and white capillary bristles. — Leafi/stemed herbs y with: pani* 
tied heads of various- colored flowers. 

1. L. ELON.GATA, Muhl. Wild Lettuce. 

Stem tviXX and stout; leaves partly clasping, pale beneath; the upper lanceolate 
and entire ; the lower runcinate pinnatifid; heads-ma, long and narrow panicle, 
varies greatly. The var. iniegrifolia is mostly smooth, with the leaves nearly all 
entire and the flowers yellow or bluish. Var. s'angumea is smaller, mostly hairy, 
with the leaves chiefly runcinate, and the flowers variously colored. Gr. 

Rich damp soil, h-dg^s and thickets, common. July — Sept.. Biennial. Stem 2 to 
8 feet high, often purple; bearing a leafless, elongated, sometimes corymb* s -spread- 
ing panicle of numerous heads of flowers. Carolies yelicw. A:heaia oblong, eom= 
pressed, about the length of the beak. 

2. sativa, L. Garden ''Lettuce. Sallad. 

Stem corymbose ; leaves suborbicular, those of th3 stem cordate. A well known 
cultivated exotic, with several varieties. The var. capitatahas the leaves so thick aj 
to form heads like the cabbage. Heads numerous, small, with yellowish caroilaSc 
5)he milky juice contains opium. 

68. MULGEDIUM, Cass. 

^tat. mulgeo, to milk. 

Heads many-ilowered. Involucre calyculate-imbricate, 
the outer scales much .shorter than the' inner. Receptacle 
Baked, honey-combed. Achenia smooth, compressed, at- 
tenuated in a beak at the summit, appearing -as if si part ^©£ 
the achenia, and expanded at tjie apex into a ciiiate disk, 
which bears copious pappus of soft capillary bristles. — Leafy' 
stemmed herbs, with panicled or racemed heads of chiefly blue flowers, 

1. M. ACUMINATUM, DC $k r arp-leaved Mulgedium. 

Smooth; stem panicled above; stem-leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed 
merely toothed, sometimes hafry on the midrib beneath, contracted at thi baft 
into a winged petiole; the lower ones sometimes runcinate or sinuate; heads in » 
thyrse-like panicle; peduncles somewhat scaly. 

Borders of thickets and shady woods. Aug.— Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet 
high, erect, smooth, simple. Leaves 3 to 6 iuches long, the lower ones often deltoid- 
hastate or truncate at the base, narrowed into a winged" petiole, fluids small, not 
v«* terminal panicles &atesdark jhirple. Corolla* 
„u W «ous, in a widely spread^ 

■tot. 



COMPOSITE. 205 



• 2. M. Floktoanum, BO* Gall-of-the-earth. 

Nearly smooth; stem erect, paniculate above; leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the 
divisions sharply toothed ; heads in a loose erect panicle. 

Rich soil, woods and road sides. July — Aug,, Biennial. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, 
purplish or somewhat glaucous. Leaves 4 to 8 incher long, variable in form, the 
upper triangular ; lower ones petioled. Heads rather small, in an oblong terminal 
panicle. Flowers blue. Pappus dirty white. Pursh states that this plant is used 

- a3 a cure for the bite of the rattlesnake, and is known by the name of Gall-of-the- 
earth. 

3. M. leucopheum, DC. Tall Mulgedium. 

Nearly smooth; stem tall, very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes 
runcinate, coarsely toothed, the uppermost often undivided; heads in a large and 
dense compound panicle. 

Low grounds, common. July — Sept., Biennial. Stem 3 to 12 feet high. Leaves 
5 to 12 inches long, irregularly divided in a runcinate or pinnatifid manner, the 
eegments repand-toothed, those of the root on long stalks, the upper ones sessile, 
Heads small, with pale -blue or yellowish corollas. Pappus tawny white. 

69. SONCHUS, Xinn. Sow-Thistle, 

The ancient Greek name. 

Heads many -flowered, dilated at base. Involucre im- 
bricated. Receptacle naked. Achenia flattened- lateral- 
ly, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus of numerous soft 
and very white, fine capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, 
chiefly smooth and glaucous, with mostly spinulose leaves and 
corymbed or umbellate heads of numerous yellow flowers. 

1. S. oleraceus, L. Common Sow- Thistle. 

Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed, with soft 
spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricle acute ; involucre downy 
when young ; achenia striate, wrinkled transversely. 

Waste places, naturalized. July — Sept. Stem 2 to 4'feet high, hollow, angular. 
Leaves apparently clasping, with large retreating lobes at base,waTy and serrated 
an a runcinate manner. Heads in a somewhat umbelled corymb. Flowers yellow. 
Pappus very white and silky. Introduced from Europe. 

2. S. ASPER, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-Thistle. 

Stem-leaves mostly undivided, undulate or slightly runcinate, spinulose-toothecL. 
« cordate clasping ; lower ones spatulate or oval ; heads umbellate-corymbose ; achenia 
margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth. 

Fields and waste places. Aug. — Sept., Annual. Stem about 2 feet high, smooth 
or slightly hairy. Leaves with numerous short, spiny teeth; the upper ones 
clasping so as to appear perfoliate. Heads 6mall, somewhat umbelled. Flowers 
. yellow. Introduced from Europe. 

3. S. ARVENSis, L. 'Corn Sow- Thistle. 

Root creeping; stem erect, smooth; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny- tcothed, 

- cordate clasping, the auricle obtuse ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenia trans- 
versely wrinkled on the ribs. 

Near cultivated.grounds. Aug. — Sept. Per. Stem angular, about 2 feet high. 
Heads large with deep; yellow flowers. Introduced from Europe and sparingly na- 
< turaiized. 

70. TRAGOPOGON, Linn. Salsify. 

\Qt. tragoSf a goat, pogon, a beard j in allusion to the tawny, showy pappus, 

C2 



'206 LOBELIACEJ3. 



Involucre simple, of many leaves. Keceptacle naked. 
Pappus plumose. Achenia longitudinally striate, contract- 
ed into a long, filiform beak. — Bienniel European herhs, with 
Img linear grass -like leaves, and terminal solitary heads. 

1. T. PORRIFOLIUS, L. Salsify. Vegetable Oyster. 

L&mes long, linear, undivided, straight ; peduncles thickened upwards ; involucm 
much longer than the corolla. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, flowers terminal, solitary, 
large, bluish purple or sometimes pale straw-color. Native of Europe, cultivated 
for its long tapering root, which is nutritious, and when properly prepared has a 
uaild sweetish taste, similar to that of the oyster. 

Tl. CATANANCHE, Linn. 

<?r. koto, anaglct, from necessity; it must necessarily be admired. 

Xnyoltjcre imbricated, scarious. Receptacle paleaceous. 
Pappus paleaceous, 5-leaved; pale^e awned. — Annual ori- 
ental herbs, with alternate leaves, and solitary heads of showy flow* 

1. G. CCBRULEA, L. Blue-flowered Catananche. 

Leat&es linear and lanceolate, villous somewhat bipinnatifid at base; involucre 
sades ovate, muoronate. A handsome annual from South Europe, 2 to 3 feet 
.high. Heads solitary, on long peduncles. Flowers blue, ligulate. Corollas tooth. 
«'d at apax. July— Sept. 



Order 59. LOBELIA CEE.— Lobelia Family. 



Kerbs {often with milky juice) with alternate leaves and scattered flowers, an 
regv&ar monopetalous b-lobed corolla split down to the base on one side ; the 5 stamens 
free, from the corotta, ond united into a tube both by their filaments and tfieir an- 
tfwrs. — GoJyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded capsule. SttuI; stigma fringed 
Ssebi anatropous. 

I. LOBELIA, Linn. Cardinal Flower. 

In honor of Matthias do Lobel, a Flemish botanist of the close of the 16th century, 

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short ovoid tube. Corolla irreg- 
ular, cleft on the upper side, 2-lipped ; lower lip 3-cleft, up- 
per lip of 2 rather erect lobes. Stigma 2-lobed. Capstjlk 
2-Gelled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Herbaceous 
■plants, with alternate leaves, and blue, white or red flowers, in age- 
itt&ry, or ierminal, bracted racemes, 
* Flowers deep red. 

1. L. CARDINAXIS, L. Cardinal Flower. 

Staoothish; stem erect, simple, pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute atbotfc 
cn<te» slightly toothed ; raceme elongated, rather one sided ; psdieels much ehortgr 
Uisa. the leaf-like bras to; stamens longer than -th« corolla. 






LOBELIACE^. 20T 



Low grounds, common. July, Aug. Perennial by offsets. Stem, 2 to 3 feet 
high, often quite smooth. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, % to 1% inch wide, usually 
denticulate. FU)wers few or numerous, in a nodding raceme, very showy, andhi- 
tensely red. Corolla l)/£ inch in length; 

* * Flowers Uue, or white. 

2. L. SYPHILITICA; L. Blue Cardinal Flower. 

Stem erect, somewhat hairy and simple ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
slightly toothed, somewhat hirsute; raceme or spike leafy; calyx hispidly-ciliato 
■with the sinuses reflexed. 

"Wet meadows and along streams, common. Aug. Per. A handsome plant, 1 
to 3 feet high. Leaves broader- at base, acute at each end, pilose. Calyx lobes half 
the length of the corolla, the obtuse reflexed auricles shorter than the tube, 
Flowers large on short peduncles, each solitary in the axil of an cvate-lanceolato 
bract. Corolla bright blue or purplish, rarely white. I found the white variety 
growing in company with the deep blue in a meadow near Mooresburg, Montour 
Co. 

S. L. PUBERULA, Michx. Downy Lobelia, 

Minutely downy pubescent ; stem erect, simple; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, 
denticulate with glandular teeth ; flowers in a one-sided spike, the leafy bracts 
ovate, acute, serrate, as long as the flower; calyx hirsute at base the lanceolate 
dilate segments as long as the tube of the corolla. 

Moist grounds, rare. Aug., Sept. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, scarcely furrow- 
ed. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and half as wide, the lower ones broadest towards 
the end, covered with a short down or silky pubescence. Flowers large on very 
short pedicels, in a one-sided raceme. Corolla of a bright purplish blue. 

4, L. spicata, Lam. Spiked Lobelia. 

Somewhat pubescent ; stem slender, and very simple ; leaves obtuse, pubescent 
nearly entire; radical leaves spatulate or oblong, those of the stem- oblong-lanceo- 
late; raceme spiked one-sided, elongated; segments of the calyx subulate, nearly 
as long as the tube of the corolla. 

Open woods and fields, common. July, Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, few- 
leaved, ending in a long wand-like raceme. Flowers numerous, crowded, each ax- 
illary to a short bract, pale-blue. 

5. L. inflata, L. Indian Tobacco. Eye-bright. 

Hairy; stem low, panicled, branched above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally 
toothed, the lower obtuse, sessile; racemes leafy, somewhat paniculate ; capsule in- 
flated, ovoid. 

Fields and woods, common. July — Sept. Bienniel. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, becom- 
ing branched in proportion to the luxurience of its growth. Flowers small, pale 
blue, on pedicels much shorter than the pointed braces ; lobes of the smooth calyx 
as long as the corolla. This plant? is much used in the Thompsonian practice of 
medicine, and is an invaluable emetisj as well as a' powerful expectorant, seldom 
Sailing to give almost instantaneous relief in attacks of croup, asthma, &c 

% CLINTONIA, Douglass. 

Calyx 5-sepaled, subequal. Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip 
cuneate, 3-lobed ; upper erect, 2-parted. Stamens incurved^ 
united into a tube. Capsule silique-forin, dry, chartaceous, 
1-celled, many-seeded, dehiscent by 3 strap-shaped valves.— 
Procumbent annual herbs, with minute leaves and axillary solitary 
Jlowers. 



208 CAJMPANULACEJS. 



1. C. elegans, Doug. Elegant Clintonia, 

Smooth; stem slender, angular, sparingly branched ; leaves sessile, ovate, 3-vein- 
ed; ovary sessile, long acuminate, triangular, contorted, much longer than the 
leaves. A beautiful garden annual, native of the Rocky Mountains. Flowers of 
the most intense blue ; corolla wife a white spot in the middle of the lower lip^ 

Order 60. CAMPANULACEffi.— Bell-flower Family, - 

Herbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves, no stipules, and mostly blue, scattered 
jlowers ; the calyx generally 6 -cleft, adherent to the ovary ; the regular bell-shaped 
corolla o-cleft, valvate in aestivation ; the 5 stamens inserted with the cotoIIb, on the 
calyx, free, and usually distinct. Style 1, beset with collecting hairs above; STIG- 
atAjS 2 or more. Capsule 2 or more celled, many-seeded. 

i: CAMPANULA, Tburn. Bell-flower. 

Lat. campanula, a little bell ; from the form of the corolla. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla mostly bell-shaped, 5-lobecD 
Stamens 5 ; seperate, the filaments broad and membranaceous 
at the base. Stigmas 3 to 5. Capsule 3 to 5-celled, 
opening by lateral valves. — Mostly perennial herbs, with ah 
ternate leaves, and -terminal spicate, or axillary flowers. , 

1. C. ROTUNDIE0LIA, E. . Bock Bell-flower. Hair Bell. 

Stem slender, branching; root-leaves round heart-shaped, crenate, on long peti- 
oles ; stem leaves linear, narrow, entire, smooth; Jlowers few,- nodding ; calyx-lobes 
awl-shaped. 

On damp rocks and rocky streams, common. June — Oct. An exceedingly deli« - 
cate species from 6 to 15 inches high, smooth. The root-leaves generally decay on 
the opening of the flowers, when the specific name appears wholly inappropriate. 
Stem-leaves 2 inches long and scarcely a line in width. Flowers terminal, in a . 
loose panicle, bright blue. 

2. C APARINOIDES, Eursh. Skndtr BM-flower. 

Stem weak, slender, simple, somewhat 3-angled; leaves linear-lanceolate; pedun° 
cles diverging, slender, 1-flowered ; calyx-lobes triangular, half the length of the bell- 
shaped corolla. 

Bogs and wet meadows, common. July, Aug. Stem 8 to 20 inches high, rough 
backwards on the angles, by which it supports itself upright among the grass. 
Leaves smooth on the upper surface, denticulate, the margin and veins rough back- 
wards. Flowers small, nearly white, on thread-like, flexuaus peduncles at the top. 
of the stem. 

3. C. Americana, B. American Bell-flower. 

Stem tall and wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, accuminate at 
both ends, serrate, sparingly hairy, thin, the lower somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers 
axillary, sessile ; style exserted ; lobes of the calyx awl-shaped. . 

Moist rich soik common. July, Aug. A tall erect ornamental species, sometimes 
cultivated, 2 to 3 feet high. Stem -nearly smooth. Leaves ending in a long point, 
smooth, with fine teeth. Flowers numerous, sessile or on short stalks, one or more 
in each axil, forming a terminal leafy raceme or spike, sometimes 2 feet long. 
Corolla nearly wheel-shaped, deeply 5-cleft, blue. 






CAMPANULACE.E. 209' 



4. C pyramid ALis, L. Pyramidal Bell-flower. 

Stem upright, elongated, branched below; leaves ovate-cordate acuminate, pe°" 
tiolate; uppptr ones lanceolate ; peduncles about 3-flowered. Native of France. 
July — Sept. A showy perennial cultivated in gardens for its showy bell-shaped 
flowers, which are bonis on pyramidal branches, rising from the border like a Chi- 
nese pagoda. 

5. C. MEDIUM, E. Canterbury Bell. 

Stem simple, erect, hispid ; leaves lanceolate, obtusely serrate, sessile, 3-viened 
at base ; flowers erect. An ornamental biennial from Germany, of the easiest cul- 
ture. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched, rough with bristly hairs. Flowers very- 
large, the base broad, limb reflexed, mostly of a deep blue. Several varieties are 
cultivaled with blue, purple and white corollas. June — Sept. 

6. C. PERSICIFDLIA, Lv Peach-leaved Bell. flower. 

Stem angular, erect ; leaves rigid, obscurely crenate-serrate, radical oblong obo-- 
vate, stem-leaves lance-linear; corolla large, broadly-companulate. A beautiful 
species, native of Europe, ranked among the most ancient ornaments of the Eng- - 
l&h parterres. Flowers large, blue, varying to white. June — Sept. 

7. C Carpatica, L. Ctrpaiic Bzll-Flovoer. 

DnTuse, spreading ; stem trailing, somewhat angled ; leaves heart-shaped, coarsely " 
serrate, wavy on the margin, with a few scattered hairs on the midrib beneath ; 
/lowers terminal; calyx-lobes linear-subutate, spreading; stigma 3-cleft, the lobes 
spreading. A beautiful perennial, native of the Garpatic Mountains. July — Oct. 
Stems prostrate forming dense patches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, ]/ 2 to 1 inch" 
wide on petioles 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers purplish-blue 1 to 1%. inch in diam- 
eter on peduncles 4 to 8 inches long, - 

2. SPEGULAEIA, DC. 

Kamo from; -Speculum Tervcris, the ancient name of one of the European species ,■■ 

Calyx 5- (rarely 3 to 4)-lobed ? tube elongated. Corolla- 
wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, distinct, half as long 
as the corolla ; filaments hairy, shorter than the anthers. 
Style included, hairy; stigmas 3. Capsule elongated, 
prismatic, 3-celled ; opening by= 3 small lateral valves.— Low 
annual herbs, with sessile, axillary and terminal, erect flowers. • 

r. S. perfoliata, DC. Clasping Bell-flower. 

Somewhat hairy ; leaves roundish or ovate, cordate, amplexicaul, crenate; JUajo~' 
vrs sessile, solitary or three together in the axils of the leaves. 

Dry hills, or open fields, common. May — Aug. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, most- 
ly simple. Leaves clasping by the heart-shaped base, distant, alternate. Flowers 
small, purple ; corolla with spreading segments; calyx segments acute, lancee-- 
late. 

2. S. speculum, L. Venus 1 Looking -glass. 

Stem diffuse, very branching ; leaves oblong-crenate ; /lowers solitary. July, 
Aug. Native of Europe, A 'pretty border flower. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, with 
spreading branches. Flowers blue, axillary ; corolla salver-shaped, resembling 
in form, a little round concave mirror. Towards evening the corollas fold up in-- 
to a pentagonal figure, enclosing the parts of fructification, and securing froja- 
%k% damp, air until they are again opened by. the morning sun* 

G2* 



210 ERICACE^. 



Order 61. ERICAGEE.— Heath family. 

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with simple alternate or opposite leaves, often evergreen* 
tvithout stipules, and regular flowers or nearly so, the stamens as many or twice as 
mtmy as the 4 to 5-lobed corolla, and inserted with it Anthers 2-celled, mostly ap- 
pendaged, opening by chinks or pores. Ovaby 4 to 10-celled ; st-yls 1. Fauir cap- 
sular, baccate, or drupaceous. 

Sub-order L VAOCINEiE. Whortleberry Family; 

Ovary adherent to the tube of the calyx, becoming a ber- 
ry or drupe-like fruit, crowned with the calyx-teeth. . Shrub*. 
with scattered leaves, 

1'.- VACCINXUM, Linn.-. Whortleberry. 

Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 to 54oothed. Corolla 
ovoid, bell-shaped, urn-shaped or cylindrical, 4 to 5-clefk 
Stamens 8 to 10. Style erect, longer than the stamens. 
Berry globose, 4 to 5-(rarely 10)-celled; cells many-seeded. — 
Shrubs or under -shrubs, with scattered leaves, solitary or race- 
f)%o$e } , .white or reddish flowers, and succulent many-seeded 
berries. 

Sec. 1. Gaylussacia, Toir. <£ Gray. Flowers in later &l br acted racsTrxs. CorcUa 

deleft ; stamens 10. 

* Leaves thirt and evergreen, not resinous doited. 

1. Yt braCHYCERum, Michx. Box-leaved RucJdeherry. 

Low, very smooth ; leaves oval, finely crenate-toothc-d ; racemes short and nearly* 
se-ssile ; pedicels very short.; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped. (Gaylussacia brachyv 
cera, Torr & Gr.) 

Hillsides, rare. May — June. I found this species in the summer of 1850 very 
abundant on a small hill near Bloomfield, Ferry County. Stem 8 to 12 inches bigh, . 
with leaves resembling those of the Box. 

** Leaves deciduous, entire ; whole plant more or less ruinous dotted. 

%. Y. frondosum, Willd... Blue-tangle. High Blu& 
berry. 

Smooth; branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, pale, 
glaucous beneath; racemes slender, loose, with oblong or linear bracts; corolla 
globular-bell-sbaped. (Gaylussacia frondosa, Torr. & Gr.) 

Low sandy woods, common. May— June. . Shrub. 3 to 6 feet high, with smooth 
slender branches and grayish bark. Leaves twice as. long as widfe. Jiacemcs lateral, 
few-flowered. Flowers small, nearly globose, reddish-white. Berries large, glo- 
bose, blue, covered with a glaucous bloom when mature, sweet. 

3, V. RESINOSUM, Ait, Black Huckleberry or Wlwr- 
$eberry. 

Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young ; leaves potiolate, oval, 
$>Iapg-oyat© or oblong, obtuse, very entire, sprinkled with shining resinous dote ; _ 



ERICACE^. 21 F 



vaeemes short, clustered, one-sided, bracteate ; corolla ovoid-conical or at length 
•ylindrical, contracted at the mouth, at length open. (Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr» 
A.Gr.) 

"Woods and swamps, common. May — June. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high, bushy/ 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, rarely acute, shining beneath with resinous 
spots, on petioles 1 line in length. Flowers reddish in lateral, dense, corymbose 
clusters, small drooping. Corolla greenish or yellowish-purple, longer than the 
ftamens, but shorter than the style. Berries black/ globose, without bloom, sweet 
itnd eatable, ripe in August. ' 

Sac 2. Yacctk ium proper. Flowers in solitary clusters or racemes, white or 
reddish; stamens 8 to 10, * - 
* * Ovary more or less completely 10-ceUcd by false partitions ; corolla b-lob*d. 

4. V.' stamineum, L. Decrberry. Squaw Huckle- 
beny. White Whortleberry. 

Diffusely branched, young branches pubescent; leaves orate or oval, acute, very 
entire, glaucous beneath; pedicels solitary, axillary, filiform, - no&din-g; con,ll» 
bell-shaped, spreading; anthers exsertcd, with 2 awn3 on the back. 

Dry woods, common. May, June. Shrub 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches 
long, % to y 2 as wide, mostly rounded at bageandon very short petioles. Flowers 
on long, slender pedicels, arranged in loose, leafy racemes. Corolla white, spread- 
ing. Stamens conspicuously exsorted, but shorter than the style. Larries large, 
graanish-white, bitter, . 

5. V. Pennsylyanigum, Lam.. Common Low- Shin- 
ing -lea ved Blueberry, 

Dwarf, smooth; leaves cv&te-lanceolate or oblong-i&nc-eolate, acute at etch end,' 
minutely serrulate7"thin; corolla short, ovoid-cylindrical. 

Thickets and dry hills, in hard soil, common. May. A low undershrub, 6 to 15 
inches high, growing in dense patches. Branches green, angled, with 2 pubescent'- 
lines. Leaves sub-sessile, ciu\t cud H to 1 inch long, ^4 to % *? ide. Flowers rt diishr 
white, ^inch long, with mostly colored bracts. Berries abundant, large &ndswe«* ? „" 
feluish-biack, somewhat glaucous, ripening early in July. 

6. V. corymbosum, L. High Swamp Whortleberry v 

Tail ; flowering branches almost leafless ; leaves oblong-oval, rather acute at each 
end, nearly entire, pubescent when young; racemes short, sessile, bracteate ; c*rolL* 
©void i cy li ndrical . 

Swamps and marshy places, common. June. A tall shrub, 4 to 8 feet high,! 
with a few straglmg branches, which are green or purplish when young. Lea*& 
smooth on both sides, (when young somewhat downy on the veins). Ficwers nu- 
sserous, nodding, generally appearing in advance of the leaves, on short bracted 
pedicel*, crowded near the summit of the naked branches. Corolla large, % inck. 
In diameter, purplish-white, contracted at the mouth. Berries large, sub- tela, ' 
eovered with a glaucous bloom ; ripening in July and August. 

7. V. fuscatum, Aik Blach- Swamp. Whortleberry. 

Tall; leaves oval obovate or oblong, downy beneath, and also usually on ike 
Teins above ; racemes shorts' corolla cylindrical. 

Marshes, common. • June. Stem 5 to 9 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long 
■Srhen full grown, at length thickish and somewhat shining above, but always soft 
4owny underneath. Btr-ry purplish-black, destitute of bloom, erowned with vary 
eonspicuous calyx-teeth. Gray.. This may prove to becnly a variety of V. wryuk- 
losum. 

8. V. VACCILLANS, Solander. Sugar Whortleberry. 

Low; branches angular, smooth; leaves oval or obovate, acute or rather obj^fl^- 
serrulate, smooth on both sides, glaueouj beneath; rtoemts T«ry skert, slustemq 
#sr«Sa ty liadrieal-bell-f haped. .- 



212 ERICACEAE. 



Dry liills and open woods, common. May. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with numerous 
yailowi^h-green branches. Leaves pale and dull, fringed with bristly or glandular 
hairs, which tip the serratures. Flowers greenish white tinged, with red, on short 
petioles. Berries dark blue, glaucous, yery sweet, ripening a little later than those 
oi No. 5. 

9. V. LIGUSTRINUM, Michx; Privet Whortleberry. 

Brandies angular, erect, slender; leaves^ sub-sessile, erect, thick, lanceolate 3 - 
mucronate, serrulate, pubescent; fascicles sessile, with short glomerate pedicels; 
&&rolla ovoid-oblong. 

Dry woods and mountains. May — June. A small shrub, with straight and 
slender branches. Flowers purplish-red, Berrits -black. Yery variable in tl&fr 
ghapw and size of- the leaves, • 

2. OXYCOCCUS, Pens.- 

Gr. oxys, acid, and coccus, a berry. 

Calyx superior, 4-cleft. Corolla 4-parted, with elonga- 
ted, revolute divisions. Stamens 8, convergent. Anthers 
tubular 2-parted, opening by oblique pores. Ovary 4= 
celled, many-seeded.- — Slender trailing shrubs, with alternate 
evergreen leaves, with revolate margins* aud red { acid berries. 

1. 0. macrocarpus, Pers. \ Common Cranberry.. 

«S^ems elongated, creeping, the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, ob» •• 
tuse, glaucous underneath ; peduncles lateral, from the base of the young shoots. 

Peat bogs, common. June. Stem creeping, and throwing up short erect branch- 
ed. Leaves about % inch long, and nearly Xk. wide, rounded at each end, on very, 
short petioles, obscurely serrulate. Flower's nesh-colored on slender petioles % to 
1 inch long, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, the 4 segments refkxed. 
Berry large, scarlet or purplish, ripe in October. Highly prized for its fine acid 
fruit 

Sub-order 2 . ERICINEiE. The Proper Heath Family. 

Ovary free from the calyx. Seed-coat close and thin ; 
rarely loose and cellular.-^- Shrubs or small, trees. 

Tribe 2. ANDROMEDEiE. Fruit a capsule o$min$; 
loculicidally. 

* Calyx lt€ominglerry~like in fruit and enclosing the capsule. ■ 

3. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. 

BMicated by Kalm to "Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec. < 

Calyx cylindrical-ovoid, 5-toothed. Corolla ovoid-tubu-- 
lar, limb with 5 small revolute lobes. Stamens 10, in- 
cluded. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved,. 
i^ny-seeded, inclosed when ripe by the calyx which thickens, • 
Incoming fleshy, so as to appear like a globular red berry.-—- 



ERICACEiE. 2 IB 



Somewhat shrubby plants, with alternate evergreen leaves, and 
axillary j nearly white flowers^ on pedicels which are abraded. 

I. Gr. PROCUMBENS, L. Creeping Wintergreen. Box- 
berry, Clieckerberry % 

Stem somewhat creeping, with ascending flowering branches; leaves obovate or 
oval y obscurely serrate, shining; flowers mostly single irr-the axils,- drooping. 

Cold damp woods and mountain sides, common. May — July. Stems slender, S 
to 5 inches high, extensively creeping on or below the surface, the flowering 
branches ascending, simple, leafy at the summit. Leaves thick, acute at each end. 
Corolla white, contracted at the mouth. Iruit having the appearance of a bright 
scarlet berry. The leaves andfruit have the well-known spicy aromatic flavor of • 
the Sweet Birch, 

* * Calyx dry and unchanged in fruit. 

4 EEIGrEA, Linn. Ground Laurel. 

Gr. ejny upon, ge, the earth. 

Calyx deeply 5 parted, with 3 bracts at the base. Corol- 
la salver- form, with a long tube, villous within; limb 5- 
parted spreading. Stamens 10, with thread-like filaments. 
Anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Capsule 
5-celled, 5-valved, many -seeded. — Trailing scarcely shrubbyy 
plants, bristly with rusty hairs , evergreen alternate leaves, and 
pale rose-colored fragrant flowers in axillary, clusters, 

1. E. REPENS, L. Trailing Arbutis. 

Stem prostrate, creeping; leaves roundish-oval and heart-shaped, on slender; 
petioles; tube of the corolla hairy inside. 

Damp woods and north side of mountains,- common. April, May. A small ; 
trailing evergreen, covered with a hairy pubescence in all its parts, 10 to 15 inches - 
long. Leaves 2 inches long, and 1 to 1% wide, roundiph at the end, abruptly 
tipped with a very short point. Flowers very fragrant, white or tinged with va- 
rious shades of red, in small clusters on short stalks, 

5. ANDROMEDA, Linn. 

Named for Andromzda of ancient fable. 

Calyx small, various in form 5-(rarely- 4)-pmrted, persis- 
tent. Corolla ovoid-cylindrical, the limb 5-cleft, reflexed,- 
Stamens 10, rarely 8, included. Capsule 5-celled, 5- 
valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs prostrate or erect, with ever- 
green or deciduous alternate leaves, and mostly racemed or> 
clustered flowers. 

Sec. 1. Andromeda. prqp#r» Calyx without bracts. Anthers 2-awned. Ltavu 
evergreen* , 

1. A. polifolia, 5 L. Marsh Andromeda. Wild Rose*- 
mary. Rosemary Andromeda. 

Erect, very smooth; leaves thick, lanceolate or linear, entire, with strongly »re- 
rolute margins, green, above, white beneath.; flowers .on^short .naked peduncle*-- 



214 ERICACE2E. 



crowded in a terminal umbel ; corolla globose urn-shaped, much contracted at the 
top ; filaments bearded. 

Sides of ponds, and in swamps. May. A beautiful evergreen shrub 1 to 2 feet 
high. Leaves very smooth, 2 to 3 inches long, and less than % ineh wide, on very 
abort petioles. Flowers in pendulous clusters. Calyx white, tipped with red. 
Corolla rose-colored. 

Sec. 2. Lyonia, Nun. Corolla sub-globos'e ; ' capsuU with 5 ^supernumerary taU&s. 
Shrubs with deciduous haves. 

2. A. ligustrina. Mutl. Privet Andromeda: 

Pubescent; leaves obovate-oblong, pointed nearly entire, finely serrulate ; • flow* 
<?rs in racemes, crowded in a somewhat'leafy or naked panicle on terminal branches 
Ci the preceding year; calyx without bracts; capsule globular.' 

Swamps. June. A deeiduous shrub 4 to 8 feet high, minutely downy when 
young, sometimes rusty. Leaves abruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2 to 3 inches 
long, and nearly half as wide, on* short petioles. Flowers small, nearly globosey 
white in dense panicles. 

Sec. 3. Cassandra, Don. Calyx with 5 acute sepals &nd 2 bracUeti capsuU- 
valves double. Shrubs with-evergrem leaves. 

8. A. CALyculata, L. Bex-leaved Andromeda: 

Erect; leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, sub-revolute, nearly entirey rusty dotted; bradi 
ovate ; racemes one-sided, leafy, terminal ; • corolla cylindrical-oblong, the mouth 
slightly narrowed and 5-toothed ; filaments smooth. 

Sw amps and marshy places, common. April — May. Shrub 1 to 3 feet high. 
Leaves coriaceous, shining, dotted, about 1 inch long and % wide, those of the 
racemes not half as large. Flowers numerous. 20 to 30 in eachTraceme, white, each 
fr'oin the axil of a small leaf. 

Sec. 4. Eubotrys, Nutt. Calyx with 2bracllets; capsule depressed-globular. 
Shrubs with deciduous leaves. 

4. A. EACEMOSAj L> Racemed Andromeda. 

Nearly smooth; leaves oval lanceolate or oblong, acute, serrulate; racemes erect 
or spreading ;' senate-' ovat-e-1'aneeolate; corolla cylindrical; anthers 4'awned at the 
summit. 

Swamps and wet woods-. June — July. A branching shrub 3 to 5 feet high. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, minutely notched, veiny, thin. Flowers nu- 
merous, white, closely set in a simple one sided spiked raceme, 2 to 6 inches long. 
Bracts awl-shaped. Carolla 4 to 5 times as long as the calyx. 

Sr.c. 5. Maria, DC. Calyx 'without brdctlets;' anthers awnless ; capsuU+xdwt 
simple. Shrubs with deciduous leaves. 

5. A. Mariana, L. Maryland Andromeda. 

Nearly smooth ; leaves thiekish, oval or oblong, entire, paler beneath ; fiowcring 
tranches nearly naked; calyx leafy; corolla ovoid-cylindrical; filaments hairy. 

Sandy woods. June. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with very smooth leaves on short 
petioles.- Flowers large, nearly % inch in diameter, white or pale red, arranged 
in umbel-like clusters crowded on leafless branches, from buds developed in the 
axils of the deciduous leaves of the preceding year. 

Sao. 6. Oxydendron, DC. Calyx without bractlets, acuminate ; capsule pyramiduX i 
pentangular. Trees with large, acid deciduousfeaves.- 

6. A. ARBOREA. L. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood. 

Arborescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, pctiolate, shining above ; corotta 
oblong-ovoid, narrowed at the summit, 5-toothed; filaments thickened; capsvid 
5-angled. 

JUch woods, raro. June— July. A fine tree, 20 to 60 feet high, trunk 10 to U> 



ERIC ACE M. £15 



filches in diameter, with thick and deeply furrowed bark. Leaves 5 to 6 inche* 
long, and 2 to 3 wide, turning bright scarlet early in autumn. Flowers whitt^ 
arranged in slender, somewhat 1-sided racemes crowded in a large terminal pan> 
ale. Bracts minute, deciduous* 

6, CLETHUA, Linn. Sweet Pepper Bush. 

Klethra, the ancient Greek name of the Alder. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla of 5 distinct obo- 
rate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, exserted. Anthers in- 
versely arrow-shaped. Filaments, subulate. Style slen- 
der. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seed- 
ed, enclosed by the calyx. — Shrubs, with alternate deciduous 
haves, and white flowers in single or panicled racemes. 

1. C. ALNIFOLIA, L. Sweet Pepper Bush. White Alder, 

Leaves wedge-obovate, serrate, entire towards the base, smooth, green on both 
Sides; raceme upright, hoary; bracts as long as the pedicels; filaments smooth. 

"Wet woods and swamps. July — Aug, Shrub 4 to 12 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 
inches long, }/ 2 as wide above, with aleng, wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short 
petiole, slightly pubescent beneath. Flowers white, fragrant, in racemes, 3 to 9 
inehos long; Cbrolla spreading, about equaling the stamens *uid styles. 

7. MENZIESIA, Smith. 

In honor of Archibald Menzias, companion of Vancouver in his voyage around tha 

world. 

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 4. cleft. Corolla globose, 
4-cleft. Stamens 8, included. Filaments subulate, 
smooth. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. — 
Heath-like shrubs, with evergreen leaves, and mostly solitary 
flowers. 

1. M. GLOBULARIS, Salisb. Globose Menziesia. 

Branches and pedicels somewhat hairy ; leaves oval-lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent 
except on the veins beneath, with a sharp glandular point. 

Mountains. June. SJirub 4 feet high. Leaves very hairy when young. Flovwrf 
jjello wish-brown, nodding, and mostly solitary on eaeh terminal pedicel. 

Tribe 3. EHODORJE. Fruit a capsule opening scpti- 
tidaZly. 

8. RHODORA, DuhameX 

Gr. rcdon, a rose, from the color of the Showy flowers. 

'Calyx minute, 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla irregular 
and 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-lobed or 3-cleft, the lower 2- 
parted or of 2 distinct spreading petals. Stamens 10, de- 
v«linate. Filaments unequal. Capsule 5-celled ; 5-valved^ 



216 ericace^:. 



* many-seeded, opening at the top. — A shrub with decickious 
alternate leaves, and pale purple flowers. 

1. R. Canadensis, L. Rhodora. 

Leaves alternate, oval, veiny entire, nearly smooth above, downy beneath ; Jtow- 
ers clustered on short peduncles. 

Mountain bogs. April — May. Shrub 2 to 3 feet high, with erect branches; the 
-stems clothed with a smooth brown bark, each dividing at top into several erect, 
flowering branches. Flowers purple, in terminal clusters of 2 to "5, somewhat 
^preceding the leaves. 

9. AZALEA, Xinn. 

Gr. azaUos, arid, inappropriate as applied to our species, which mostly grow in wet 

places. 

Calyx 5 r parted, often minute. Corolla funnel-form, 5- 
lobed, slightly irregular; the lobes spreading. Stamens S, 
with long exserted filaments, usually declined, as well as the 
4ong style. Anthers short, opening by terminal pores, 
pointless. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. — Up- 
right shrubs, with alternate deciduous leaves, and large and 
showy flowers, in umbelled clusters, }from large scaly -imbri- 
cated buds. 

* Flowers appearing after the leaves. 

€. A. arborescens, Linn. Tree Azalea. 

Branchlets smooth ; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth on both sides, shining 
above, glaucous beneath, the margins ciliate, flowers in leafy corymbs, not viscid, 
tube longer than"the segments; stamens and style very much exserted. 

MJlue Mountains. June. Shrub 3 to 10 feet high, with thickish leaves. Flowers 
large, rose-colored, fragrant. Scales of the flower-buds large, yellowish-brown with 
. a fringed white border. 

2. A. viscosa, L. Clammy Azalea. White Honey- 
suckle. Clammy Swamp Pink. 

Branchlets bristly; leaves obovate and oblong-lanceolate; corolla viscid, hairy; 
■ calyx-lobes minute. 

Woods, common. June — July. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, much branched above 9 
the branches hispid. Leaves' 1 to 2 inches long and about % as wide, smoothish, 
-hispid, ciliate- on the petiole, midvein and margin. Flowers white or tinged with 
rose-color, fragrant, in large clusters. 

* * Flowers appearing before or with the leaves. 

3. A. nudielora, L. Putple Azalea. Pinxter-flower. 

Branchlets rather hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, downy > underneath ; calyx 
,ehort ; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes; stamens and style much exserted* 
Woods and mountains, common. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, much branched above. 
Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 1% broad, with 
ciliate margins. Flowers pale pink or purple, in terminal clusters, appearing a 
little before the leaves. Stamens purple, declinate, twice as long as the corolla. 
Style much longer than the stamens, There are numerous varieties, some with 10 
v or more stamens. 

4. A. calendulacea, Michx. Flame-colored Azalea. 
Uranchkts eomewhat hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, mucronate, pubescent *oo 



ERICACEAE! 2 17 



both sides, ciliate on the margin ; -flowers large in rather naked corymbs, not visced* 
calyx-lobes oblong, conspicuous ; stamens and style much exserted. 

Woods and mountains, southern parts of the State. May. A splendid flowering 
shrub 3 to 10 feet high, covered about the time that the leaves appear with a pro- 
fusion of large and showy yellow or orange flowers, usually turning to flame-color. 
0)rolla about '2 x / 2 inches long and 2 wide. Cultivation has produced many varieties, 
-from golden yeifow to dark crimson;, single and double. 

5. A, hispidum, Torr. Hi.sped Azalea, 

Brandies straight, very hisped; leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, hispebl 
above, smooth beneath, glaucous on both sides, ciliate on the margin; flowers 
very visced, appearing with the leaves; calyx-teeth oblong, rounded; stamens and 
styles exserted. 

Margin of lakes, on high mountains. July, Aug. Shrub of a bluish appearance, 
10 to 15 feet high, very upright. Flowers white, with a red border; the tube 
Teddish- white. Stamens often 10. Professor Gray considers this scarcely distinct 
from A. visoosa. 

10. RHODODENDRON, Linn. Rosebay, 

Rhododendron, rose-tree; the ancient Greek name. 

Calyx 5-parted, mostly small. Corolla somewhat bell- 
shaped, or partly funnel-form, sometimes slightly irregular, 
5-lobed. Stamens 10, vary rarely fewer, commonly de- 
clined. Anthers opening by 2 terminal pores. Capsule 
-5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded — -Shrubs or low trees, with 
evergreen entire alternate leaves, and large showy flowers in compact 
terminal corymbs or clusters from large sec ly^br acted buds, 

1. R. MAXIMUM. L. American Eosebai/. 

Leaves elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed towards the base, very 
smooth, paler beneath, thick and evergreen; corolla companulate. 

Shaded ravines and water-courses, common. July. Shrub 6 to 20 feet high, with 

- crooked stems. Leaves when ycung downy, becoming very smooth when lull 

'grown, 4 to 10 inches long, thick and leathery, remaining on the stem 2 or 3 years, 

Cjrymbs 15 to 20-fiowered. Corolla 1 to 2 inches broad, pale rose-color or nearly 

v/hite, greenish in the throat on the upper side and spotted with yellow or reddish- 

11. KALMIA, Linn. American Laurel. 

Dedicated to Peter Kahn, a pupil oi Linrseus. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between rotate and companul- 
ate, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 
anthers are severally lodged until they begin to shed their 
pollen. Filaments elastic, thread-form. Capsule globose^ 
5-celled, many-seeded.— North American evergreen shrubs, 
with naked flower^buds. alternate coriucious leaves, bracted pedicels 
and showy white and red flowers in umbel like corymbs. 

1. K. latifolia, L. Mountain Laurel. Calico-bush. 

Brandies terete ; leaves mostly alternate, on long petioles, ovate-lanceolate or 
elliptical, tapering at each end, bright-green on both sides; corymbs terminal, 
xaany-fiowered, clammy-pubescent. 

D2 



218 ericace^:. 

Hills and mountains, damp soil, common. Jane, July. A beautiful shrub 4 to 
5 feet high, with irregular branches. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, thick, smooth and 
shining. Flowers very showy, in spreading corymbs, profuse light or deep rose- 
eolor. Corolla % to 1 inch in diameter, with a short tube. Leaves poisonous to 
some animals. 

2. K. ANGUSTIFOLTA; L. JSheep Laurel 

Branches terete ; leaves mostly opposite or in threes, petiolate, narrowly-oblong, 
obtus_e, pa!.o or whitish underneath, light-green above:; corymbs lateral, slightly 
glandular, many-flowered; bvacts linear-lanceolate. 

Sandy woods and hillsides, common. June, July. A beautiful shrub 2 -to 3 feet 
high, upright. Leaves acutely and narrowly elliptic, with rounded ends, 1 to 2 
laches long and ^3 &s wide, on short petioles. Flowers crimson and purple, in 
lateral corymbs, forming a kind of whorled faseicle around the stem. Corolla % 
to % inch in diameter. 

3. K. glauca, Ait. Swamp Laurel. 

BraiicJilets 2-edged ; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong or lanceolate, white- 
glaucous underneath, with revolute margins; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, 
smooth; bracts large. Var. rosmarinifolia, Pursh. Leaves linear, conspicuously 
revolute, nearly green beneath. 

€old peat bogs and mountains, common- June, July, A delicate straggling 
shrub, about 1 foot high, the branches distinctly 2-edged. Leaves smooth and 
shining, about 1 inch long. Flowers pale rose-color, 8 to 10 in each corymb. 
Corolla Y 2 inch in diameter. Calyx red. Bracts 2, concave^ obtuse, 

12. LEDUM, Linn. Labrador Tea. 

Zedon., the ancient Greek name of the Cistus, transfered by Linnaeus to this 

genus. 

Calyx 5-toothed, very gmall. Corolla 5-petaled, 
spreading. Stamens 5 to 10, exserted. Anthers opening 
by 2 terminal pores. Capsule 5-celIed, 5-valved, many- 
seeded, splitting from the base upwards. — Low evergreen 
zhrubs, with alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool under- 
neath, and handsome white flowers in terminal umbel-like clusters 
from large scaly-bracted buds. 

1. L. LATIFOLIUM, Ait. Broad-leaved Labrador Tea. 

Leaves elliptical or oblong, revolute on the margin, ferruginous-tomentose be- 
neath ; stamens 5, sometimes 6 or 7., as long as the corolla ; capsule oblong. 

Cold bogs and damp mountain woods. June. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with ir- 
regular woolly branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, broad-Oblong, obtuse. Flow- 
ers in terminal corymbs, white. 

2. L. PALT5STRE, L. Narrow-leaved Labrador Tea, 

Leaves linear, revolute on the margin, ferruginous-tomentose beneath; stamens 
10, longer than the corolla. 

Swamps. June. A shrub smaller than the last and with narrower leaves 
Both species have been use4 as substitutes for tea, but the latter is considered the 

best. 

Sub-order 3. PYROLEJE. The P/rola Family. 
Oyary free from the calyx. Petals nearly distinct 



- 



ERICACEAE. 21& 



Fruit a capsule. — Mostly herbaceous $lants r with evergreen 
foliage. 

13. PYROLA, Linn. False Wintergreen. 

A diminutive of the Latin pyrus, a pear, from the resemblance of the leaves of 
some species. 

Galyx minute, 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, eoncaye, 
deciduous. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped, naked filaments. 
Style long and generally turned to one side. Stigmas 5. 
Capsule depressed-globose, 5-valved from the base upwards, 
many-seeded. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, bearing a 
cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves^ and a simple, 
raceme of nodding flowers on an upright scaly bracted scape, 

1. P. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Wintergreen, 

Leaves orbicular, thick, entire or crenulate, usually shorter than the dilated pe- 
tioles; raceme elongated, many-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutish; stigma 
clavate. 

Damp or sandy woods, common. July. Scape 6 to 12 inches high, many-bractedv 
Leaves all radical, 1% to 2 inches in diameter, on petioles about the same length. 
Flowers % inch broad, nodding, white, fragrant, 8 to 20 in a raceme. 

2. P. elliptica, Nutt. Shin-Leaf. 

Leaves elliptical or obovate-oval, usually longer than the margined petiole; ra- 
ceme many-flowered, naked or with a subulate bract; talyx-lobes oyate, acute; 
stigma clavate, 5-lobed. 

Rich woods, common. June, July. Leaves all radical, membranaceous, fuel y 
serrate, with an attenuated base much longer than the petiole. Scape 6 to 10 
inches high, slender, bearing 8 to 12 greenish-white fragrant flowers. 

3v P. chlorantha, Swartz. Small Pyrola. 

Leaves small, roundish, retuse, thick, shorter than the petiole ; scape few-flowered, 
nearly naked ; calyx-lobes very short, obtuse ; petals elliptical, converging ; stigma' 
with the disk 5-lobed. 

Open woods, common. June. Leaves about 1 inch long, varying from orbicular 
te broad-ovate, crenulate, smooth, leathery, shining. Scape 6 to 8 inches high, 3 
to 8-flowered. Flowers nodding, greenish-white, fragrant, on pedicels % inch long, 
each in the axil of a very short bract. 

4. P. SECUNDA, L. One-sided Pyrola. 

Leaves ovate, acute, thin, serrate, longer than the narrow petiole; raceme dense 
many-flowered, secund; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than- the oblong petals; style ex.- 
serted; stigma depresssd,. 5-lobed. 

Rich woods, common. July. Leaves somewhat raised on a decumbent stem? 
about 1 inch long, and petioles about the same length. Scape 3 to6inche s 
high, with the flowers all turned to one side. Flowers greenish-white, 

5. P. minor, L. Lesser Pyrola. 

Leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, mostly longer than the margined petioles, 
raceme spiked; brads as long as the pedicels ; calyx-lobes very short; corolla glo- 
bose ; style included ; stigma 5-lobed. 

Base of mountains, rare. July. Leaves on short petioles, mucronate at the 
apex. Scape angular, 5 to 10 inches high. Flowers small, white or rose-color. 



220 ERICACE.E. 



14. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa. 

Gr. Jceima, winter, and phileo, to love. 

Calyx 5-parted, Petals 5, spreading, concave. Sta- 
mens 19. Filaments dilated in the middle. Style very 
short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed 
summit of the globular ovary. Stigma broad and or- 
bicular, the border obtusely 5-toothed. Capsule 5-celled, 
opening from the summit. Seeds numerous. — Low pe- 
rennial, nearly herbaceous plants, with cunning underground shoots % 
evergreen thick shining opposite or whorled leaves, ana fragrant 
white or purplish Jlowers corymbedor umbelled on a terminal pe- 
duncle* 

T. C. umbellata, Nutt. Prince's Pine, Pipsissewa. 

Leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute at the base, in 4s or 6s ; peduncles 
4 to 7 flowered, corymbed ; bracts linear-subulate ; style immersed in the ovary. 

A beautiful evergreen, common, in dry woods. June. Plant 4 to 8 inches high 9 
leafy. Leaves in 2 or more irregular whorls, 2 to 3 inches long, % to ^4 wide, re- 
motely and distinctly serrate, on short petioles, shining of a uniform dark green 
color. Flowers light purple on nodding petioles. 

% C. MACULATA, Parsh; Spotted Wintergreen. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, remotely toothed, discolored, opposite 
©r in threes; peduncles corymbose, 1 to 5-flowered; filaments wooly. 

Dry woods. June, July. A pretty evergreen 4 to 6 inches high, with leaves 1 to 
2 inches long, % as wide, marked with a whitish line along the midvein and vein-' 
lets. Flowers purplish-white, on nodding pedicels. 

Suborder 4. MONOTROPEiE. Indian Pipe Family. 

Ovary free from the calyx. — Leafless herbs, destitute of 
green. 

5, PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Pine-drops. 

®r, pteron, a wing, and spora, seed; alluding to the singular wing borne by the 

seeds. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, 
persistent. Stamens 10 ; anthers 2-celled, peltate. Style 
short; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5- 
Idbed; 5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, 
with the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing. — A 
stout and simple purplish-brown clammy pubescent perennial plant, 
with lanceolate scales in place of leaves scattered along the stem , and 
whitish flowers in a raceme, 

1. P. Andromeda, Nutt. Tall Bird's Nest; 

Hard clayey and limestone soils; rare. July. Plant covered with brownish 
?i»cid hairs. Stem 8 to 21 inches high, straight, simple, grooved, brownish-red or 






AQUIFOLIACE^. 221 



purplish, clothed at the base with imbricated scales. Flowers very numerous, 2Q>- 
to 60 in a long terminal raceme, rose-red and white*- 

16. HYPOPITYS, Dill Pine-sap. 

Gr. hypo, under, tnatl pitus, Pine-tree; from the place of its growth. 

Sepals 4 to 5-colored. Petals 4 to 5, fleshy, with a 
sac-like necteriferous depression at the base. Stamens 8 or 
10; anthers kidney-shaped; filaments subulate, persis- 
tent. Style columner, hollow-; stigma- disk-like, with a 
bearded margin. Capsule ovoid or globose, 8 to 10-grooved, 
4 to 5-celled, many-seeded. — Parasitic tawny white herbs, 
with scaly roots, simple stems, scales instead of leaves, and bracted 
racemes of flowers, at first nodding, bat in fruit erect* 

1. H. LANUGINOSA, Nutt. Pine-sap. False Beech-drops,. 

Plant clothed with a velvet-like pubescence ; pedicels much longer than the 
flower; capsule globose. 

Oak and pine woods.- Plant 4 to 6 inches high in flower, and sometimes 12 
inches in fro.it, tawny-white. Flowers 7 to 12 in a terminal raceme, the terminal- 
With 5 petals and 10 stamens, the other with 4 petals and 8 stamens. The whole 
plant turns black in drying. 

17. MONOTKOPA, G'ron. Indian Pipe; 

Qr. monos, one, and tropos, turn; the solitary flower turned to one side. 

Calyx represented by 2 to 4 scale-like deciduous bracts, 
Corolla 4 to 5-petaled, persistent, gibbous at the base 
Stamens 10 ; filaments persistent, alternating with 10 
reflexed appendages of the torus; anthers short. Stig- 
ma 5-crenate. Capsule 5-celIed, many-seeded. — -A singu- 
lar white fleshy par isitic herb, rising in a cluster from a matted 
mass of fibrous roots, with scales like the petals instead of leaves,, 
bearing a solitary flower turned to one side, 

$. M. ^niflora, L. Indian Pipe. Bird's Nest. 

Stem short; scales approximate; flowers nodding ; fruit erect; stamens 10. 
Deep rich woods ; common. June — Aug. A small succulent plant from 4 to 6 : 
inehes high; white and smooth, becoming purplish-black in dryingo 

Order- 62, AQUIPOLIACEffi.— Holly Family, 

Tree* or shrubs with alternate or opposite leave*, without stipules, and small axifc 
lary 4 to 6-merous white or greenish flowers. Calyx 4 to 5-sepaled, imbricate in 
aestivation. Corolla regular, 4 to 6 parted or cleft, hypogynous. Stamens insert- 
ed into the tube of the corolla and alternate with its segments : anthers adnate, 
opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4 to 6 or united into one, nearly sessile. Ovary fre© 
from* the calyx 4 to 6-celled. Fruit a berry-like drupe, with 2 to 6 stones or nu<. 
«ules : seed suspended, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen* 



222 AQUIFOLIApE^. 



1. ILEX, Linn. Holly. 

Calyx 4 to 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla subrotate, 4 
to 5-parted. Stamens 4 to 5. Stigmas 4 to 5, subsessile, 
united or distinct. Berry 4 to 5-seeded. — Shrubs or trees, 
vjith alternate spinose dentate leaves, and whitish, mostly perfect 
flowers. 

Sec. 1. Aquifolium, Tourn. Leaves evergreen, spiny r ioothed, 

1. I. OPACA, Ait. American Solly. 

Leaves oval, flat, acute, smooth, margins wavy, armed with. scattered spiny teeth; 
fioivers in loose clusters along the base cf the young branches and from the axils ; 
cilyx-tzQsth. acute. 

Moist woodlands, rare. . June. An evergreen tree 10 to 15 feet high. Leaves 
tough and shining, with rigid spines. Flowers small, white, in scattered clusters, 
the fertile ones succeeded by red berries which remain until late in autumn. The 
wood is fine grained and compact, and is employed by cabinet makers and turners. 

Sec. 2. Pkinoides.— Leaves membranaceous, deciduous, 

2. I. MONTANA, Torr. & Gt. Mountain Holly. 

Leaves oblong-ovate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, smooth, closely ap- 
proximated on the ends of the branches ; fertile flowers on very short peduncles ; 
calyx-teeth obtuse. 

Damp woods, along . the Alleghanies. June. Shrub or small tree 6 to 20 feet 
high, straggling. Lednes 3 to 5 inches long, very thin. Fertile flowers perfect, on 
short stalks. Sterile Jlowers,,if any, unknown. Nutlets strongly striae-ribbed on 
the back, 

2.. PRINOS, Linn. Winterberry. 

The Greek name of the Holly. 

Flowers mostly dioecious or polygamous. Ca;lyx mi- 
nute, 4 to 6-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, usually 
6-parted. Stamens mostly 6. Ovary superior, 4 to 6- 
celled. Fruit a drupe, with 6 smooth nutlets.— Shrubs 
with alternate leaves, and inconspicuous flowers* 
* Leaves deciduous ; fruit bright red. 

1. P. YERTICELLATUS, L. Black Alder. Winterberry r 

Leaves oval, obovate, or wedge-lanceolate, pointed, acute at the base, sharply 
serrate, downy on the veins beneath; sterile flowers axillary, subumbeliate ; fertile- 
flowers somewhat clustered or solitary ; berry 6-celled, 6-seeded. 

Swamps, common. June, July. Shrub 3 to 10 feet" high, very variable in 
foliage, often rugose veiny. Flowers numerous, small, white. Fruit globose, 
bright scarlet, crowded so as to appear in whorls on the branches, and remaining 
until late in autumn. 

2. P. LiEVlGATUS, Pursh. Smooth Winterberry. 

Leaves lanceolate, pointed at both ends, minutely serrate with appressed hairs, 
shining above, minutely pubescent on the veins beneath; sterile flowers 2 to 5 in 
a cluster, or single on slender peduncles; the fertile mostly single, and on short 
peduncles. 

Swamps, along cold streams and mountains. June. Shrub 4 to 8 feet highy 



EBJENACE^]. 225 



with grayish and warty branches. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, ^ to 1 inch wide, on 
petioles 3^ to 1 inch long. Flowers mostly solitary, the sterile on pedicels near 1 
inch long, the fertile scarcely ^ as long. JBerrm large red. 
* * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, shining above ; fruit bloxJc. 

3. P. GLABER, L. Ink-berry. Evergreen Winter oerry^ 

Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong, somewhat toothed towards the apex, smooth ; 
pedicels axillary,. of the fertile 1-flowered, the sterile 3 to 6-floweredat the summit, 

Sandy woods. July. S'irub 3 to 4 feet high, much branched. Leaves crowded, 
about V/ 2 inch long, "broadest absve the middle. Flowzrs white mostly 6-parted. 
Barries globose, black and shining. 

3. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Mountain Holly, 

Qrr. mmi, a thread, pous, a foot, and anihos, a flower; a flower with a filiform pe- 
duncle. 

Flowers polygarno-dioecious. Calyx a minute ring,. 
Petals 5, oblong-linear, reflexed, distinct. Stamens 5. 
Ovary hemispherical; stigmas 3 to 4, sessile. Fruit a 
3 to 4-celled globose berry, with 4 to 5 long nutlets. — A 
shrub with alternate entire deciduous leaves, on short petioles, and 
solitary flowers on- long and slender axillary peduncles. 

1. N. Canadensis, DO. Canadian Holly. 

Leaves oval, very entire, smooth, mucronate-poiatel; peduncles nearly solitary, . 
very long ; fruit somewhat 4-sided. 

Damp cold woods. May, June. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, with smooth ash-gray 
"bark. J Leaves about 2 inches long on petioles %as long. Flowers small, greenish- 
white. Berries dry, red. 

O.hdee 63, EBENKGEM.— T.he Ebony Family. 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire haves, and polygamous regular flowers which 
have a calyx free from the ovary, the stamens 2 to A thnes as many- as Hie loves of five 
C2r : olla, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Seeds auatropous, mostly single in each 
cell,. large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument; embryo shorter than 
the hard albumen. 

2. DIOSPYRUS, Linn. Persimmon. 

Gr. Dios, pyrus the fruit of Jove. 

Dioecious. Calyx 4 to 6-cleft. Corolla 4 to 6-lobecL - 
Stamens mostly 16 in the sterile flowers, and, 8 in. the fer- 
tile, in the latter imperfect; filaments shorter than the 
anthers. Berry large ovoid or globular, surrounded at the 
base by the permanent calyx, 4 to 8-ceIled, 4 to 8-seeded. — 
A large genus of shrubs or trees, mostly tropical, with alternate entire- 
leaves and axillary flowers, the fertile axillary and solitary, the 
sterile smaller and often clustered. 

L D. Virginiana, L. Common Persimmon. . 

Leaves ovate-oblong;, newly smooth, entire : peduncles very short > calyx 4-parte4> ; 



224 PLANT AGINIACE/E. 



corolla, somewhat bell-shaped ; stamens 8; styles 4, 2-lobed at the apex. 

Woods and old fields, abundant near Liverpool, along the Suspuehanna. June. 
A small tree 20 to 30 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, glaucous beneath. 
Flowers obscure, pale, yellowish-green, the fertile ones succeeded by a plum-like 
fruit, 1 inch in diameter, which is exceedingly astringent when green, golden-yel* 
low when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to irost. 

Order 64. PLAffiTACMMIAGEJE." 

Chiefly stemless herbs, with regular ^-mcrous spiked flowers, the stamens inserted ; 
mi the tube of the dry and membranaceous veinless monopeialous corolla altenmU ■ 
wiihits lobes;— chiefly represented by the typical genus-' 

1, PL ANT AGO, Linn. Plantain 

The Latin name of the Plantain* 

P Flowers perfect. Calyx of 4 imbricated .persistent 
sepals. Corolla tubular, withering on the capsule, the 
border 4-parted, reflexed. Stamens 4, mostly with long 
and weak filaments. Capsule 2-eelled, 2-several-seeded, 
opening transversely so that the top falls off like a lid. — 
Acaulescent herbs, with radical ribbed- leaves, and- small whitish* 
Jiowers in a br acted 'spike raised on a naked scape, 

1. P. MAJOR, L. Common Plantain. 

Smooth or hairy; leaves oval or ovate, somewhat toothed, 5 to T^nerved, "'abruptly 
narrowed into a channelled petiole; spike long, cylindrical, densely flowered; 
stamens and style long. 

Rich moist soil, about footpaths near houses. June — -Sept. Per. Scape 8 to 12 
ihches high, pubescent. Leaves spreading on the ground, coarsely toothed. Spike 
2 to 6 inches long, close. Flowers whitish. Probably introduced.' 

2. P. CORD ATA, Lam. Heart-leaved Plantain. 

Smooth ; leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, scarcely toothed, thickish, on< 
long stout petioles; spike very long, at length ratherloose; bracts ovate, obtuse ■ 
seeds mostly 4. 

Banks of streams, rare. June, July. Per. Scapes stout 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 
3 -to 8 inches long, the 6 to 8 ribs or veins confluent below with the thick midrib 
Flowers in a slender elongated spike, with white corollas. 

3. P. lanceolata 4 , L. Lance-leaved Plantain. 

Hairy or almost smooth; leaves lanceolate, 3 to 5-nerved, entire or nearly go? 
tapering to each end, on slender petioles, remotely toothed; scape slender, elongated, 
grooved; spike short, ovoid or oblong-cylindrical, very dense; bracts scale-lik«, 
ovate, pointed ; seeds 2. 

Dry fields among grass, common. May — Aug. Per. Scape 12 to 18 inches 
high, somewhat hairy. Flowers whitish, with 2 of the sepals commonly united ■i 
into one. Introduced. 

4. P. Virginica, L. Virginian Plantain. 

Woolly with soft hairs ; leaves oblong or lanceolate-ovate, 5-nerved, sparingly 
toothed, or entire, narrowed into a short margined petiole; spike cylindrical, 
dense-flowered above and interrupted and scattered below ; lobes of the corolla in 
fruit involute and converging. into a sort of beak. 



PLUMB AGIN AGE M. 225^ 



Sandy fields. April — Sept. Biennial. Scapes 3 to 10 inches high, angular, 
Maves 2 to 3 inehcs long, obtuse. Bracts nearly as long as the calyx. Flowers 
yellowish, with the anthers exserted in some specimens, and included and small in. 
others. Seeds oval, concave on the inner face. 

5. P. pusilla, Nutfe. Dwarf Plantain, 

Minutely woolly; leaves linear-subulate, flat, entire, acute ; scape terete, slender,., 
longer than the leaves; spike, loosely-flowered, the lower flowers distant ; bracts^ 
ovate, acute; stamens short. 

Dry bare soil and rocky hills. April- — Aug. Annual. Scape 2 to 3 inches 
high, slender. Leaves crowded, about 1 inch long. SpLLe % to 2 inches long, ths 
flowers interrupted. 

Order 65. FLUKBAGINAGEJi;.— Ltadwort Family. 

Herbaceous plants or under shrubs, with alternate or clustered leaves, somewhat' 
sheathed at base, awl regular 5-merous flowers, in loose panicles or contracted into 
heads. Calyx tubular, plaited, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, or of 5 regular 
petals. Stamens 5, opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla. Ovary. 
free, 1-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the 
base of the cell. Fruit an utricle. 

1. STATICE, Tourn. Sea Lavender, 

Gr. statike. to stop, on account of its astringency. 

Calyx funnel-forni, 5-tootliecl. Petals 5y united at 
base* Stamens 5, inserted on' the claws of the petal?.. 
Styles 5, separate. Fruit membraneous and indehiscent, 
1-seeded, in the bottom of the calyx. — Salt-marsh perennials, 
with thick and stalked radical leaves, and small flowers looseh^ 
spiked on the branches of a compound corymb, one-sidedy 2-bracied, 

1. S. Limonium, L. Marsh Rosemary. 

Leaves obovate-lanceolate or oblong, tipped with a point, 1-ribbed ; scape much 
branched, the flowers rather crowded along the upper side of the spreading 
branchlets. 

Salt marshes, rare. Aug. Scape about a foot high, with several lanceolate,, 
clasping bracts. Calyx pink, hairy along the angles. Corolla pale-blue. Root 
thick and woody, very astringent. Perhaps not a native of this State. 

2. ARMERIA, Willd. Thrift. 

Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, 5-angled, with 5 shallow 
lobes, plaited. Petals 5, almost distinct. Stamens 5 r 
inserted on, the base of tho petals. Styles 5, distinct, 
Fruit indehiscent, invested by the calyx. — Perennials, with- 
mostly linear radical leaves, and a simple scape appendaged above, 
with the showy rose-colored flowers in a dense head. 

1. A. vulgaris, Willd. Thrift. 

Leaves linear, flat, obtuse ; outer brads of the involucre ovate, acute, shorter; 
than the sheathing appendage at their base j scape terete, smooth. 



226 PRIMULACEJE. 



Rocky places, rare. July, Aug. Root large, woody. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, 
and about % inch> wide, numerous, crowded. Scape about 1 foot high, bearing a 
singular sheath at top. Flowers in heads, rose-colorecl, intermixed with, scales. 
Pursh gives this as a native of this State, while Prof. Gray thinks it is not in- 
diginous in the United States. 

Ordee 68. PRIMULAGEiE — Primrose Family. 

Herbaceous annual or perennial plants, with regular perfect flowers, the stamens 
as many as the lobes of the monopetalous {rarely polypctalous) corolla and inserted op- 
posite them on the tube. Calyx 4 to 5-cleft, persistent. Stamens 4 to 5, rarely 6 to 
8. Style 1; stigma capitate; ovary 1-celled. Capsule 1-celled, with a central 
placentae. Seeds numerous. 

Tribe i. PRIMULE^.— The Primrose Tribe, 

Capsule entirely free from the calyx, opening by valves. 

1. PRIMULA, Linn. Primrose. 

Eat. primus, first; on account of the early appearance of the flowers of some 

species. 

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, 
enlarging above the insertion- of tho stamens, 5-lobed ; 
lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 
5 7 included. Capsule many-seeded, splitting at the top. 
into 5 valves or 10 teeth. — Low 'perennial herbs, with the 
veiny leaves in a tuft at the root, and mostly simple scape$ 
bearing the flowers in an umbel. 

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES. 

T. P. vulgaris, Huds. Common Primrose. 

Leaves obovate, oblong, toothed, rugose, villous beneath; umbel radical; flower 
statics as long as the leaves; corona flat. Native of Europe. A beautiful garden 
plant, cultivated and highly esteemed for its early flowering, in the numerous va- 
rieties there are some with red, pink, white, orange, and purple flowers, and in 
some instances the umbels are on a^scape. The roots and seeds smell of anise seed. 
April. 

2. P. veris, Cam. Cowslip. 

Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy beneath ; umbels many-fl6wered '; flowers all nod- 
ding; corolla concave. Native of Britain. Floxoers yellow. The plant smells 
strongly of anise. Its varieties may be increased by raising from the seeds. 

3. P. elatior, Jacq. Oxlip Primrose. Polyanthus. 

Leaves toothed, rugose, hairy on each side ; umbel many-flowered, with the outer 
flowers nodding ; corolla flat. Native of Britain. This is the Oxlip from which all 
the varieties of- polyanthuses have been grown. The flowers are on a scape from. 3 
to.9 inches high, .varying from yellow to red, purple and white. 



PRIMULACE^. 22,7 



2. DODECATHEON, Linn. American Cowslip. 

Gr. dodeJca, twelve, theoi, gods; alluding to its curious flowers which are about 12. 

Calyx deeply 5-eleft; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. 
Corolla with a very short tube, and rotate, 5-parted limb, 
with reflexed long and narrow segments. Stamens 5, in- 
serted into the throat of the corolla; filaments short, 
monodelphous at the base, with long and linear approximate 
anthers. Style exserted. Capsule oblong-ovoid, 5-valved, 
many-seeded. — Perennial smooth herbs, with fibrous roots, 
radical oblong or spatulate leaves, in clusters, and an erect 
simple scape bearing a terminal umbel of nodding flowers, 
purple rose-color or sometimes white. 

1. D. MEDIA, L. American Cowslip. Head's Cowslip. 

Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, tapering into a margined petiole, toothed or entire; 
umbel many-flowered ; involucre bracts ovate or lanceolate ; anthers acute, much 
longer than the short filaments. 

Rocky places, along the Susquehanna. May. A beautiful smooth plant, with 
radical clustered leaves, 5 to 10 inches long, by 1 to 2 inches wide, the margin 
often wavy. Scape 6 to 12 inches high. Corolla white, rose-colored or purple. 
Anthers Y /± to % inch long, yellow, purple at base. 

2. D. INTEGRIFOLIUM, WigK-k. Dwarf American Cowslip. 

Leaves ovate or lanceolate, subspatulate, obtuse, potiolate; involucre bracts lanceo- 
late or linear, acute ; umbel few-flowered ; flowers erect. 

Mountains, rare. June. A much smaller plant than the preceding. Scape 
4 to 8 inches high, thick. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, on naked petioles. " Flowers 
pale-blue, somewhat crowded, on short pedicels. This may prove to be only a va- 
riety of the preceding species. 

3. TRIENTALIS, Linn. Starflower. 

Lat. triens, the third part of a foot; alluding to the size of the plant. 

Calyx mostly 7-parted. Corolla mostly 7-parted, 
spreading, fiat without any tube. Stamens 6 to 8 ; fila- 
mjents slender, united into a ring at base. Style filiform. 
Capsule globose, few-seeded. — Lota and smooth perennials, 
with simple ®rect stems, a whorl of veiny leaves at the summit? 
and a few white flowers on solitary peduncles. 

1. T. Americana, Pursh. duckweed Wintergreen. 

Leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate; petals finely pointed. 

Low woods, rare. May. Stem 6 inches high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 6 or 7 
In a terminal whorl, with a fow minute -alternate ones below. Flowers white on 
terminal filiform peduncles. 

4. LYSIMACHIA, Linn. Loosestrife. 

Gr. lusis, a release, and mache, strife. 

.Calyx 5-parted. Coholla with a very short tube,; 



PRIMULACEJ3. 



limb 5-parted. Stamens 5; filaments often united into 
a ring at base. Capsule globose, 5 to 10-valved, few-many- 
seededo — Perennials with entire opposite or verticellate leaves, 

rand axillary or racermd flowers with yellow corollas. 

1. L. STRICTA, Ait. Upright Loosestrife. 

Stem erect, smooth ; leaves opposite, or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each 
•end, punctate ; raceme terminal, very long, loose; pedicels long, slender. 

Low grounds, common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, often with bulblets 
In the axils, at length branched, very leafy. Flowers yellow, on slender pedi 
eels in a whorled raceme, 5 to 10 inches long, which is ieafy at the base. 

2. L. QUADRIFOLIA, L. Whorled Loosestrife. 

Somewhat hairy; stem simple ; leaves whorled in fours or fives (rarely 3s or 6s) ? 
= (Ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, punctate ; jlovjers on capillary peduncles from the 
axils of the leaves. 

Moist or sandy soils, common. June, July. Seem 12 to 15 inches high, with 
many whorls of 4 to 5 leaves, each bearing a peduncle about 1 inch long in its 
axil, with a single flower. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. Anthers purple. 

3. L. GILIATA, L. Hairy -stalked Loosestrife. 

Leaves lanceolate-ovate, tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at 
the base, on long petioles; petioles ciliate; pedundes mostly in pairs, 1-flowered ; 
flowers drooping ; corolla longer than the calyx. 

Banks of streams and thickets; -common, July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, square, 
sparingly branched. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, on hairy petioles % to 2 inches 
r ]ong, somewhat cordate at base, the upper ones apparently in fours. Flowers 
■Jar°"e, yellow, axillary. Stamens with 5 alternate teeth or rudimentary filaments* 

4. L. lanceolata, Walt. Lance-leaved Loosestrife, 

Leaves lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base into a short and margined petiole 
..fringed with hair3, or the upper nearly sessile and linear, the lowest oblong and 
gpatulate; peduncles axillary, mostly in pairs, 1- flowered ; corrolla longer than the 
*calyx. 

Var. 1. hybrid®, has the leaves varying from lanceolate to nearly oblong. 
Yar. 2. heterophyla, with the leaves narrow, linear and acute at each end. 
gwamps and moist grounds. July. Stem 12 to 20'ncheshigh, sometimes branehed 
at base. * Leaves 2 inches or more long, varying from % to lincli wide. Flowers 
•yellow resembling those of L. ciliata. 

-Tribe 2. ANAGALLIDEiE.— The Pimpernel Tribe. 

*€fapmle free from the calyis, opening allreund cy a transverse line, the top falling ojjf 

like a lid. 

5. ANAGALIS, Tourn. Pimpernel. 

Gt. anagalao, to laugh ; on account of its supposed exhilerating virtues. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with scarcely 
any tube, 5=parted ; longer than the calyx. Stamens 5 ; 
filaments hairy. Capsule globose, circumscissile, the top 
falling off like a lid, many-seeded. — Small spreading pro- 
cumbent herbs, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and soli- 
tary flowers on axillary pedunclesc 



PRIMULACE^. 229 



1. A. arvensis, L. Common Pimpernel. Poor Man's 
Weather-glass. 

Leaves orate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles ; sepals linear-lanceolate, about 
zs long K3 the petals; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth, longer 
than the stamens. 

Waste sandy fields, introduced from Europe. June — Aug. Stem 6 to 20 inches 
long, with elongated branches, or simple. Leaves }4 inch long. Flowers opposite, 
email but beautiful, with scarlet, sometimes purple^ blue or white petals, quickly 
closing at the approach of rainy weather; whence the common name of "Poor 
Man's Weather-glass." 

Tribe 3. SAMQLEM.—The Water Pimpernel Tribe, 

Ccpsulc half adherent to the calyx. 

6. SAMOLUS, Linn. Water-pimpernel. 

From Samos, the island where the original species was first found, 

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. 
-Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with 5 sterile fila- 
ments in the sinuses. Stamens 5, included, on the tube of 
the corolla. Capsule 5-valved at the summit, many-seed- 
ed. — Smooth herbs, icith alternate entire leaves, and small 
white flowers in racemes. 

1. S. Valerandi, L. Urook-weed, 

Stem erect, subsimple ; leaves ovate, obtuse, radical ones on long petioles, upper 
sessile ; racemes elongated, loose, many-flowered ; pcdicds with a small bract near 
-the middle. 

Wet gravelly places. July — Sept. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, smooth. Leaves 1 
; inch long, broadly-lanceolate. Flowers small, white. 

Tkibe 4. HOTTONIEJ3.— The Feather/oil Tribe. 

Capsule opening by valves; seeds fixedby the base, a-natropous. 

7. HOTTONIA, Linn. Featherfoil. 

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver- 
rform, with a short tube ; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, 
included. Capsule 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds at- 
tached by their base. — Aquatic perennials, with pectinate im- 
mersed leaves, and white flowers whor led at the joint a in a some^ 
what interrupted raceme borne on hollow nearly leafless peduncles. 

1. H. INFLATA, Ell. Inflated Feather foil. 

ieares'dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on the floating stem?, or 
whorled or crowded at the base of the cluster of peduncles; peduncles inflated be- 
tween the joints ; flowers verticellate, mostly in fours, on short pedicels. 

gtagnent water, ditches and pools. June, July. Stem immersed; thick, round, 

E2 



280 LENTIBUL ACEM. 



spcngy. Peduncles 6 to 10 together, arising in a sort of umbel from the top of ths 
el-em, 8 to 10 inches long. Flowers small, white in numerous verticels. 

OxTOER 67. LEETIBULKQEM, -Bladderwort Family. 

Kmi.U aquatic herbs, with al-lipped calyx, and a 2-lippcd personate corolla, 2 s$9- 
wens with 1-cdkd anthers, arid a 1-cellcd ovary with a free central placental, bearing 
anatropous seeds. — Corolla deeply 2-lipped, spurred at the base in front; tkepalaU 
usually bearded. Ovary free. Style very short or none. Stigma 1 to 2-lipped, 
the lower lip longer and rovolute over the approximate anthers. CAP3ULS cf&ea 
bursting irregularly. Scapes l-few-flowered. 

1. UTRICULARIA, Linn. Bladderwort. 

Name from idricidus, a little bladder. 

Calyx 2-parted, subeqnal, the lips entire or nearly so. 
Corolla personate, the palate on the lower lip projecting, 
and often closing the throat. .Stamens 2. Stigma bik- 
Liate. Capsule .globular, l~celled. — Immersed aquatic 
herbs, with axillary dissected Jeaves ^mostly bearing Utile bladders, 
which are filled with air and float the plant at the lime of flowerings 
and erect scapes-bearing yellow or purplish flowers. 

1. U. INFLATA, Walt. Inflated Bladderwort. 

Upper leaves in a whorl, floating; leaf-st-alks inflated, each into an oblong blad- 
der; lower leaves capillaceous, dissected ; scape 4 to 10-flowered; spur conical, *1j 
a. 1 ? long as the corolla; style distinct. 

Ponds. Aug. Stem very long, branching, suspended in the water by a single 
irregular whorl of 5 or 6 floating, inflated leayes which are oblong, cleft, and pin- 
natifid at the enxi. Flowers large, yellow, on a seape 8 inches long, peduncl&d, 
H'ith sheathing bracts. 

2. U. PURPUREA, Walt. Purple Bladderwort. 

Stem long, floating, branched; leaves whorled along the submersed stems/ p$- 
tioled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; scape assurgent, 2 to 4- 
flowered ; spur appressed to the lower lip of the corolla and about % ^ long. 

Pond. 3 . Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet long. Leaves l}/ 2 inches long. Flowers 
Tiolct-purple, with a greenish spur on axillary, solitary scapes 2 to & inches long. 

,3. U. VULGARIS, L. Common Bladderwort. 

floating; stem immersed, 2-forked ; leaves many-parted, crowded on the long 
ittems, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers 5 to 12, on scapes; upper lip of 
the closed corrolla, scarcely. longer than the prominent palate; spur conical ii> 
•urved. 

Tools and ponds of deep water; common. July, Aug. Per. Root much 
branched. Immersed stems 1 to 3 feet long. Leaves very-numerous 1 inch long. 
Flowers % to % inch broad, yellow, raccmed on scapes 6 to 12 inches long, rifcing 
: ©ut of the water. 

4. U. CORNUTI, Michx. Horned Bladderwort. 

Stem erect, rigid, 2 to 7-flowered ; jpetftce/s not longer than the calyx; tapper Up of 
iho corolla obovate, entire; lower lip large and helmet-shaped; spur awl-sbapc^ 
framed downwards. 

Peet bogs and sandy rwa»p«. June — Aug. ■■&tqp*'S to 12 inche* h%H, ]ea£em, 



OllOBlNCHACEiS. 201 



but furnished, with a few small, distant, ovate, pal© scales, and bearing at the top 
2 to 3 large, deep-yellow 'crowded ilowers. 

Order 68. Q'RQ'BAIfCEKGEM.— Broom-rape Family 

Herbs destitute of green /ullage, growing pdrasiticaUy upon the roots of otfier 
plants, with didynamous jloivers, al-cdlcd ovary with 2 or '4 parietal placenta akd 
many-seeded capsules. Calyx persistent,- 4 to 5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, 
more or less 2-lipped, ringent, persistent. Stamens 4, more or less ■dydariamous, in- 
serted on the tube of the corolla; anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed 
with a long style which is curved at "the apex; stigma large. 

1; EPIPHEGUS, Nutt." Beech-drops. 

$r. epi, upon, pliegus the beech; because it grows on the roots of that trc-e.' 

Blowers rnonoeeiously-polygamous, racemose or spiked, 
scattered on the branches. Calyx 5-toothed. Stigma cap- 
itate, somewhat 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, 
with 2 approxima.e placentae on each. — Low perennials, with 
lurid yellowish or brownish 'scales instead of leaves, and simple 
branches floriforous their whole length, the vpper flowers 
sterile, with a long tubular corolla and long filaments and 
style ; the lower fertile, with a very short corolla, which seldom 
opensybut is forced off from the base by. the growth of the cap- 
$ule. 

1. E. Virginiana. Bart. Cancer-root. 

Whole plant purplish-brown ; stem branched, leafless; flowers remote, alternate. 

Common under the shade of Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots, 6 to 12 inches 
high, much branched, slender, with scattered inconspicuous scales. Corolla oT 
the upper flowers whitish and purple, % inch long, curved, 4-t.oothecl, the upper lip 
iiroadest, notched at the apex, arched. JSeedk yory numerous, shining. 

2. CONOPHOLIS, • Walk. Squatv-root. 

Or. bones, & fir-cone, and pholis, a scale ; the lower scales covering each other simJL 
lar to those of the fir-cone. 

Flowers in a thick scaly spike, perfect with 2-braetkts 
a't the base of the irregular calyx. Corolla- tubular* swelled 
&t the base, 2-iipp.ed ; the upper lip arched, notched at the 
summit, the lower short, 3-parted, spreading. Stamens 
protruded. Stigma depressed. Capsule with 4 placentae, 
approximate in pairs on the middle of each valve. 

1. C. Americana, Wallroth. American Broomrapc. 

Stem simple, covered with oval-lanceolate imbricated scales ; spike smooth, termi- 
nal ; corolla recurved. (Orobanche Americana, L.) 

Oak woods, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June. A singular 
plant chestnut colored or yellowish throughout, 4 to 6 inches high, very gm&ofcii. 



232 BIGNONIACE.B. 



3. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naked Broomrape. 

Gr. a, privative, and plmllon foliage, alluding to the naked stalks. 

Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes, without 
bractiets. Calyx 5-cleft, regular, Corolla-tube long, ; 
curved, with a spreading border, somewhat 2-lipped; the 
tipper lip deeply 2 -cleft, the lobes similar to the 3 of the 
lower lip. Stamens included, Stigma broadly 2-lipped,. 
Capsule with 4 equidistant placentas, 2 borne on each 
valve half way between the midrib and the margin. 

1. A. UNIFLQRA, Toit. & Gr. One-flowered Cancer-root. 

Stem subterranean or nearly so, very short, scaly, often branched, each branch 
Sending up 1 to 3 slender 1-flowered scapes; calyx-lobes lance-awl-shaped ; corolla- 
lobes obovate. 

Woods. April, May. Hairy, brownish-yellow. Corolla 1 inch long, tinged and 
edged with purple, with 2 yellow bearded folds in. the throat. (Orobanehe uni- 
fiora, L.) 

Order 69 . BIGHQMIACEiE. —Bignoma Family, . 

'Woody or sometimes herbaceous plants, with monopetalous didynamous flowers, a- 
'Mostly 2-celled ovary and the numerous anatropous seeds with a large flat embryo and 
710 albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-eleft, or entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, 
5-lobed, somewhat irregular and 2-lipped. Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla, 1 or 
3 sterile. Ovary free, bearing a long style and a 2-lipped stigma. 

Sub-order x, BIGNQNIEJE.. True Bignonia. Family. 

Fruit a 2-valvedpod ; seeds flaiwinged. Trees or woody vines. 

1. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower. 

Abridged from the Mexican name. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 6-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 5- 
lobed, a little irregular. Stamens 4, didy na mous. Cap- 
sule long and narrow, 2-celled, 2=valved, the partition con- 
trary to the valves. Seeds in a single row in each cell— - 
Trees or shrubs, often climbing, with opposite^ digitate or un* 
equally pinnate leaves and showy flowers.. 

1. T. radio ans, Juss. Trumpet Creeper. 

Climbing by radicating tendrils; leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets^ to 11, ovate, 
pointed, toothed ; flowers in terminal corymbs; corolla-tube thrice longer than the 
oalyx; stamens included. 

A splendid climber in woods and thickets, along rivers. June— Aug. Stem 20 
to 80 feet in length, ascending trees. Leaves 10 to 15 inches long; leaflets 2 to 3 bj_ 
t to 2 inches. Flowers 1% inch long, orange and scarlet showy. 



BIGNONIACE.E. 288 



2. T. GRANDIFLORA, Delaun. Chinese Trumpet- flower. 

Climbing, smooth ; leaves unequally pinnate ; leaflets 3 to 5 pairs, ovate-aeum> 
n ate, dentate-serrate; panicle terminal; pedicels nodding, biglandular ; corolla- 
tube -scarcely longer than the-5-cleft calyx. Native of China and Japan. PUrwers 
of a rich scarlet, shorter and broader than in T. radicals. 

2. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. Indian Bean. 

The aboriginal name. 

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, swelling;; 
the irregular border 5-lobed, spreading, wavy. Stamens 5 , 
bat mostly only 2 of them . anther-bearing. Pod very long 
and slender, nearly cylindrical, 2-celied, the partitions con- 
trary to the valves. Seeds in a single row in each cellj 
broadly winged on each side, the wings cut into a fringe.-- 
Trees with simple opposite or temate-verticellaie pet folate leaves, 
and terminal panicles of white flowers. 

1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Caiedpn: 

Leaves heart-shaped, membranaceous, pointed, downy bcaeath; flowers in open 
<*>m pound panicles ; calyx-lips mucronat?. 

Native of the South, but naturalized along the Schuylkill ner»r Philadelphia. 
June. A well known ornamental tree growing from 15 to 30 feet high, with'a 
wide spreading top, and comparatively few branehes. Leaves large, heart-share;.:.. 
Flowers white, slightly tinged with violet and dotted, with purple and yellow in 
tho throat. Fod remaining on the- tree until the following spring, often 1 loot long. 

Sub-order ii. SESAMES. The Sesamum Family/ 

Pod or jCtsfty and woody fruit fafady 1 tj 5 celled; seeds wingless. 

3". MARTYNIA, Linn. Unicorn Plant, 

In honor of Prof. John Mar iyn of Cambridge, Eng. 17C0. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla gibbous, bell-shape^ &ldbetf, 
irregular. Stamens 5, one sterile, 4 didynamous. Capsule 
fleshy, *tmd with the inner part soon-becomes woody^ termi- 
nated by a long beak, which at length splits into 2 hooked 
horns, the capsule opening at the apex between the beaks, 
imperfectly 5 -ceiled. Seeds several, wingless, with a thick 
and spongy roughened coat. — Low branching annuals, clam- 
my pubescent, exhaling a heavy odor, with opjjosile, petiolede, 
subcordaie roundish leaves, and large racemed flowers. 

1. M. PROBGSCIDEA, Gloz. Crowspur, ■ 

Leav-es heart-shaped, oblique, or undulate, the upper alternate; flowers on loog, 
axillary peduncles; beaks much longer than the capsule. 
^ Banks of the Susquehanna, near Ilarrisburg. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet hi ..>■ . 
Corolla large, rale, dull-yellow, the limb nearly as bread as the leaves, tinged 02 

E2* 



234 ACANTHACE^E. 



spotted with yellow or purple. Stamens bright yellow, exserted. Woody endocarv 
crested on -one side, with 2 long claws. 

Gkder TO. ACAEITHAOEM— ^cara^ws !«*»%. 

Vhiejly herbs, with opposite simple haves, didynamous or diandrous stamens, in - 
serfed on tae fo*be 0/ the more or less 2-lipped corolla. Fruit an 8-celled and few- 
seeded eapsule. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed, subequal. Style thread-form 
Stigma simple or 2-cleft. Capsule loculicidal; seeds anatrop.ous, supported by;: 
Jhooked projections of the placentae. 

1. D1ANTHERA. GronoT. 

Crt. di3 } double, and anther a, anther ; the separated cells giving the appearance of 
2 anthers' on each filament. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lipped j the upper 
lip erect, notched; the lower spreading, 3-parted. Stamens 
2 ; anthers 2-celled, the cells placed one lower down than 
the other. Capsule obovate, compressed, attenuated at 
the base, 4 to 5-seeded, -—.Pere/imaZ herbs, growing in water ^ 
with narrow and entire leaves, and purplish flowers in axil- - 
Imy peduncled spikes or heads.--. 

1. D. Americana, L. Water Willow. 

Leaves linear -lanceolate, elongated; spikes oblong, dense, long-peduncled. (Jm* 
ticia pedunculosa, L.) 

Borders of streams and ponds; common.- July, Aug. Root creeping. Stem 3 . 
feet high, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves nearly 6 inches long^ 
smooth, wayy, contracted to a short petiole. Flowers pale-purple. 

2; BIPTERICANTHUS, Nees. (Buellia,. partly, L.) 

Gt\ dixtlwos, 2- winged, and aka/nthos, the Acanthus; ©n account of the 2-leaved pe= - 

duncleFo 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft; Corolla funnel-form j the spread- 
ing limb nearly regularly and equally 5-cleft. Stamens 
4, included, didynamous; anthers arrow-shaped ; cells 
parallel, and nearly equal, - Capsule somewhat compressed, 
and stalked at the base, 8 to 12-seeded, Seeds with a mu- 
cilaginous coating. — Perennnial herbs, with ovate or elliptical 
nearly entire leaves, leafi/bracts, and clustered blue or purple flowevto 

1. D. steepens, NeeSi Two-winged Acanthus. 

Somewhat smooth; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, entire; peduncles axillary, very 
thort; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, ciliate, spreading, shorter than the tube of the 
©orolla. (Euellia strepens, L.) 

Shady woods. July. Stem 1 to: 2 feet high, often simple, clothed with white- 
bristly hairs. Leaves VA to 2% fcehes long % to y 2 as wide. Corolla 2 inches long* » 
b«%ht blueish-purple, f to 1>| incli broad, with a long and slender tube.. 



SCROPHULARIACEiE. 235 



8. THUNBERGIA, Linn. 

In honor of Charles Peter Thunberg, Professor of Botany at the Uuiyersity of UpsaL 

Calyx double, 5-cieft, with * 2 bracts. Corolla bell- 
shaped, with an inflated tube, and 5-lobed limb; lobes, equal. 
Stigma 2-lobed.i Capsule globose, beaked, 2-celled.— 
Mostly climbing herbs, with showy axillary fidwersi 

1. T. ALATA, L. Black-eyed Susan. 

Stem twining; leaves triangularly-cordate, sinuately toothed, 5-neryed ; petioles 
winged. July. Native of the East Indies. Flowers 1 to- 1)4, inch broad, paley 
Iraff or orange, with a deep-purple throat.- 

Osdzr m SOROPHULARIAOEIE,— Ftgwort Family. 

OhUJly Jierbs, with didynamous, diandrous, or very rarely 5 stamens inserted on 
Pie tube of the 2-Upped or more or less irregular corolla. Calyx of 5 more or lees 
united sepals, persistent, ©vary 2-celled, with a single style. Fruit a 2-celled an<fl -1 
usually laany-geeded capsule, with the placentee in the axis. 

Suborder i. ANTIRRHINIDEJH. The Snapdragon 
Family. 

7$>per lip of tl\A coroUst covering the lobes of tlie lower in the bud. Capsule usuaU$ -. 

septicidal. 

1. VERBASOUM, Linn. Mullein. 

The ancient Latin name, altered from Earbascum. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, res- 
tate, the lobes nearly equal rounded. Stamens 5, perfect? 
often hairy, the anterior longer. Style flattened at the apex, 
Capsule ovoid or globose, many-seeded. — Tall biennial 
herbs , usually woolly, with alternate leaves, and ephemeral 
flower 8 in terminal spikes or racemes. 

1. V. Thapsus, K Common Mullein.; 

^Densely woolly throughout; stem simple tall and stout; leaves ovato-oblohg, &s 
•tixrent ; flowers in a prolonged dense cylindrical spike; lower stamens usually 
beardless. 

Fields and roadsides; yery eommom. Introduced from Europe. June. Stem Z 
to. 6 feet high, angular, winged* Leaves 6 to 12 inches long. Flowers yellow in a 
Jong dense eylindric spike. 

2. Yv Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. 

Green and nearly smooth; haves oblong, clasping, crenate-serrate ; the radioed 
mes petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped ; raceme long an4 
Joose ; filaments all bearded. 

Roadsides, common; Introduced from Eu*op«. June, July. Stem 2 feet high* 
aogtaL Lames acute, serrate or toothed. Flowers y«lk»w or white, with a put* 



236 SCROPHULAftlACEJE. 



plish tinge, on pedicels nearly an inch long. Stamens unequal, purplish; the fda- 
mtnts all hairy. 

3. V. Lychnitis, L. JVhite Mullein. 

Clothed with a thin powdery woolliness ; leaves oolong, wedge-form, greenish 
above; flowers in a pyramidarpanicle ; filaments white-woolly. 

Old fields roadsides, rare. Introduced from Europe. Juty, Aug. Stem 2 to & 
feet high, angular.- Flowers pale-yellow. Calyx small/ -with lance-subulate seg- 
ments. 

%■ LIN ARIA, Tourn, Tcab-elax; 

Named from Linum, the flax, which the leaves of some- species resemble. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the promi- 
nent palate nearly closing the throat, spurred at the base on 
the lower side. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule ovoid 
or globose, opening -below the summit by 1 or 2 pores or 
chinks, the orifice split -into teeth. Seeds numerous. — Ilerh 
with the lower leaves opposite or ivhorled, the upper alternate, 
and solitary, axillary flowers often forming terminal leafy 
racemes. 

1. L. CANADENSIS, Spreng. Wild Toad-flax. 

Smooth; stem slender, erect, mostly simple, with scattered linear leaves; flower t 
racenied, on short pedieels ; spur thread- form, curved. 

Low grounds. May— Aug. Annual. Stem about 1 foot high, slender, often • 
throwing out suckers at the base, which bear oblong; crowded, mostly opposite or 
whorled leaves. Flowers' blue, in a slender raceme, variable in aize. 

2. L. VULGARIS, Mill. Common Toad-flax. 

Smooth and glaucous; stem erect; leaves alternate, crowded, linear-lanceolate; 
flowers in a dense raceme, on pedicels shorter than the bracts ; rpur awl-shaped. 

Roadsides and waste places; common. June — Oct Per.- Stem 1 to 2 feet higif, 
sometimes somewhat branched. Flowers large and numerous, pale-yellow, with -a 
deep orange palate, hairy in the throatj in a dense braeteat© raceme, rarely witho to 
5 spurs. 

3. L. Elatine, Mill. Sharp-pointed Toad-flax. 

Hairy; branched from the base; leaves alternate, oyate-halbcrt-form petroled; 
.flowers axillary, on slender peduncles; spur slender. 

Fields and banks, sparingly introduced. July. Ann. Stem procumbent, 1 to 
3 &et high, with spreading branches. Flowers yellow and purplish, small. 

8. ANTIRRHINUM, Linn, Snap-dragon. 

flf, cmZi\ like, Tin, a noae; from the resemblance of the flowers to the snout of Somfe 

animals. 

Calyx 5-sepallecl. Corolla gibbous (not spurred) at 
base, the upper lip 2-parted, lower 3-parted, closed by the 
prominent palate. Capsule without valves, opening by 8 
pores, — European herbs, with the lower leaves opposite, the 
vpper alternate^ and zhow.y flowers in lenfy terminal racemtst 



SCROPHULARIACEJS. 237 



1. A* MAJU3, L. Great Snap-dragon. 

Leaves lanceolate, opposite ; flowers in racemes ; sepals glandular-hairy, smooth,, 
lanceolate, acute. A showy garden flower, native of England. Stem 1 to 2 feet 
high. Flowers large, rose-colored, the lower lip white and the mouth yellow, with 
a gibbons prominence at the base beneath. There are numerous varieties with 
scarlet, scarlet and white, and white flowers. June, July. 

4. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Figwoet; 

So called from its supposed virtues in curing scrophula. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla subglobose; limb con- 
tracted, with 2 short lips; upper lip 2-lobed, frequently with 
a scale or abortive stamen at the summit of the tube. Cap- 
sule 2-celled, 2-valyed, many-seeded,— Rank herbs, with 
mostly opposite, leaves, and small greenish-purple or luridi 
flowers, in loose cymes forming a terminal panicle. 

1. S. nodosa, Lv. Common Figv;ort. 

Smooth, tall and branching; Stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong or the upper 
lanceolate, acute, cut-serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at the base. (S. lanceclata, 
Pursh, S. nodosa, Benth, in DG.) 

Woods and hedges ; common. June — Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves 
3 to 7 inches long, thin, often long-acuminate. Flowers ovoid 34 ^° % mcn loil o> 
purple-brown tinged with green. 

5. COLLINSIA, Nutt, 

In honor of Z. Collins of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla bilabiate, the orifice 
closed ; upper lip 2-cleft ; lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled - 
and sac-like, infolding the 4 declined stamens and style, 
Capsule globose, many-seeded.^ — Slender branching an* 
nuals, with opposite leaves, and handsome /lowers in um- 
bel-like clusters) appearing whorled in the axils of the up-* 
per leaves. 

1. C. bicolor, Benth. Two-colored ObUmsmi 

Stem upright^ somewhat branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, remotely serrate or- 
nearly entire, sessile with a somewhat heart-shaped base; Jlovjers in axillary ra- 
cemes. A pretty annual plant from the Rocky Mountains ; common in cuitiva- 
tion. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, with opposite leaves and branches. Leaves 1 to 2 
inches long, % to % inch wide, broadest at the base. Flowers showy. % to % 
inch long. Corolla white, the lowe? lip a beautiful violet-purple, 



6. CHELONE, Tourn. Snake-head. 

i tortoise; the corolla much resembling in shape the h 
animal. 

Calyx 5-sepaled ; imbricated. Corolla inflated-tubular. 



Sr. ketone, a tortoise ; the corolla much resembling in shape the head of that 

animal. 



288 SCROPHULARlACEiE. 



with the mouth a little open; upper Up ' broad, concave, 
keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower Up 
spreading 3-cleft, bearded in 'the throat. Stamens 4, didy- 
namous, with a 5th shorter sterile filament ; anthers heart- 
shaped, woolly. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded; 
seeds wing-margined. — Smooth perennials, with vpright 
branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white 
or purplish flowers, sessile, in spikes or clusters, and closely 
imbricated with roundish bracts and bractlets. 

1. C. GLABRA, L. Turtle-head. Bdlmony Shell-flower. 

lAaves very short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed ; flowers in dense spikes. 

Wet places ; common. Aug. — Oct. Stent 2 to 3 feet high, simple. Leaves thick, 
and somewhat coriaceous, varying from narrow to very broad-lanceolate. Flower $ 
large, white or reddish. •■ 

7. PENTSTEMON,' Mitchell.' 

G't. penle, five, and steman, a stamen; in allusion to the 5th large abortive stamen. 

G alyx 5-parted.- Corolla tubular, more or less inflated, 
mostly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft, 
Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above; and -a 
fifth sterile filament, mostly as long as the others, eicb&r 
Baked or bearded. Capsule ovoid, 2-celled, 2-valved. — • 
Perennial herbs, branches at (he base, with opposite leaves, 
and showy flowers in thyrsoid panicles* 

1: P. ptjbescens, Soland; BearcVtongue. 

Somewhat pubescent; radical leaves petioled, orate or oblong; stem leaves lanceo- 
late from a clasping -base, serrate, sometimes entire ; flowers loosely panicled; 
itzrile filament bearded from the top to below the middle. 

Hills and river banks; common. June — Sept. Stem 12 to 15 inch?? high, round, 
smooth below,- supporting a loose oppositely branched panicle of bluish-purple 
flowers. Corolla 1 inch long, gradually enlarged upwards, flattened and 1-ridged 
on the upper side.' Sometimes quite smooth, when it is P. lavijatus, Soiund, £6. 

.8.- PAULONIA, SiebolcL- 

Caltx deeply 5-ckffc, fleshy. Corolla-tube long, de- 
cimate, enlarged above-, limb oblique, with rounded segments. 
Stamens 4, arched downwards. Capsule woody,, acumi- 
nate ; valves septiferous in the middle. Seeds numerous. — 
A magnificent flowering tree, native of Japan, with large 
leaves, and large terminal panicles of numerous purplish 
flowers* 

h P. imperialis, Siebold. Paulonia. 

leat'Ci broad-cordate-ovate, entire or somewhat 3-lobed, villous-canescent on 
both sides, emocthish above when full grown. A splendid tree with the habit of 






sgrophulariace^e. 239 



Catalpa, recsntly introduced in cultivation in this country! Branches crooked, 
nearly horizontal. Leaves 7 to 20, by 15 or 20 inches, opposite, on petioles. 
Panicles large, terminal, many -flowered. Corolla 2 inches loUg, pale-yiolet, striped 
within, somewhat fragrant, (Bijnonia lomeniosayThmih.) 

9. DIGITALIS, Linn. Foxglove. 

Bat. digitabulum, a thimble ; from the form of the flowers. 

"Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, ventricose, in 5 
subequal lobes. Capsule ovate, 2-celled, 2-yalved, with a 
double dissepiment. — European and Asiatic herbs or shrubs % 
cultivated J or ornament^ with large _ fine ers in showy ra- 
cemes. 

1. D. PURPUREA, L. Purple Foxglove. 

'-Leaves oblong, rugose, crenate; calyx segments ovate-oblong; corolla obtuse, up- 
per lip entire ; peduncles as long as the calyx. Native of Europe. A well known 
biennial showy border flower, 2 to 3 feet high, with large, rough, downy leaves. 
Flavors numerous, in a IOJ&& simple spike, large crimson or purplish, often white, 
■with beautiful spots within. Medicinal. 

2. D. grandiflora, Allioni. Great yellow Foxglove, 

Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, veiny, serrulate, arnplexicaul ; raceme tomc-n- 
to-se, lax; calax segments lanceolate, acute ; coroZ/aventrieose-bell-shaped, segments 
broader than long, lowest twice as broad as the lateral. Native of Europe. A pe- 
rennial plant 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers 1% ill ch long, yellow, varying to brownish 
©Ttsrange, 

10. MIMULUS, Linn. Monkey-flower. 

« Gr. mimo, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla. 

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth 
largest. Coroela 5 tubular ; the upper lip erect or reflexed- 
Bpreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 8-lobed. Stamens 
4. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 2^-eeIled, -many-seeded. — 
Prostrate or erect herbs, with square stems, opposite leaves , 
and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary pe- 
duncles. 

1. M. RINGENS, L. Purple Monkey -flower. 

Erect, smooth ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, serrate, clasping by a hesrt- 
ebaped base; peduncles larger than the flowers. Per. 

v "Wet places ; common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 foot high, somewhat branched. 
Flowers pale-purple, ringent. Caly-z-teeth acuminate from a broad base. 

"2. M. ALATUS, Ait. Winy-stem Monkeyj-fioxcer. 

f&em somewhat winged at the angles above ; leaves oblong-ovate, tapering Into a 
petiole; peduncles shorter than the ealyx; calyz-tecthveij short, -abruptly pointed. 
Per. 

Low grounds, rare. Aug. Stem 2 feet nigh with winged angles, somewbai 
branched. Flowers pale-blue, ringent. 



240 SCKOPIIULARIACE.E. 



11. HERPESTIS, Gfert. 

Gr. herpestes, a creeper; from the prostrate habit of the plants. 

Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Corolla bilaliate ; upper 
ft)) notched or 2-lobed; the loioer 3-lobed. Stamens 1^ 
didynamous. Style concave, dilated or 2-lobed at the 
apex. Seeds small, numerous. — Prostrate or creeping 
herbs, with opposite leaves and inconspicuous solitary or 
subracemose flowers. 

1. II. Monnieria, Humboldt. Wedge-leaved Herpestes. 

Smooth, fleshy, prostrate ; leaves wedge-obovate, entire or obscurely crenate near 
the summit ; pedicels as long as the leaves, with 2 braeteoles near the calyx ; calyx 
segments ovate. Per. 

Inundated banks. Aug. Leaves opposite, thick, somewhat clasping, variable ia 
pize and form. Flowers very small, pale purple, on peduncles about as long as the 
leaves. 

2. II. MICRANTHA, Pursh. 

Smooth, prostrate; leaves oval, entire, sessile or clasping, obscurely many-veined ; 
pedicels ebracteate, nearly as long as the leaves ; corollo scarcely longer than the 
ealyx. 

Border of pools and rivers. Aug. A minute weed, 2 to 4 inches in length. 
Leaves about % inch long, 5 to 7-veined. Flowers very small, blue. 

12. GRATIOLA, Linn. Hedge-Hysup. 

Name from gratia, grace or favor; on account of its supposed excellent medicinal 

properties. 

Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions narrow and nearly equal. 
Corolla tubular subbilabiate; upper lip entire or 2-cleft, 
the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, 2 sterile or wanting. Style 
dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule ovate, 4-valved, 
many-seeded. — Low mostly branched and diffuse herbs, with 
opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-Jloicered peduncles, 
usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. 

1. G . Virginian a, L. Common Hedge- Hy sup. 

Smooth or nearly so; leaves lanceolate, -slightly serrate, narrowed at the bftscj 
peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx segments linear-lanceolate, equal ; stcrik 
filaments nearly wanting. Ann, 

Wet places; common. July, Aug. Plant 4 to 6 inches high, branched at base= 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, and % as wido, sessile. Corolla whitish, the tube pale 
yellow, often tinged with purple, scarcely % iu ^h long. Calyx with 2 linear-laneo- 
olate bracts, which are rather longer than the sepals. 

2. Gr. MEGALOCARPA, Ell. Large-pointed Hedge-Hysup. 

Leaves lanceolate, serrate, pubescent; peduncles opposite, longer than the leaves ; 
talyx segments linear, as long as the globose capsule. (Gr. acuminata of Pursh.) 
Per. 

Pitches and pools. July, Aug. Flowers pale-yellow, large. CaptuU larger tbas 
In any other species. 



SCROPHULARIACE^. 241 



13. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (Lindernia, Mnhl.) 

Gr. ilus, mud, anthos, flower; alluding to their place of growth. 

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Tipper lip of the corolla 
short, erect, 2-lobed, the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. 
Stamens 2, fertile and 2 sterile filaments forked, one of the 
divisions glandular, the other smooth, acute, or rarely with 
half an anther. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule 
ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small smooth herbs, with op- 
posite leaves and small axillary flowers, or the upper racemed. 

1. I. gratioloides, Benth. False Pimpernel. 

Much "branched, diffusely spreading; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, or the 
lower obovate, slightly toothed or entire, mostly obtuse, the upper partly clasping; 
capsule ovoid-oblong, a little longer than the calyx. Ann. (LincUm ia dllutata, 
and L. altenuata of Muhl.) 

Low grounds, and along rivulets ; common; flowering all summer. Leaves va- 
riable in size, ]/ 2 to % inch long. Corolla much exserted, nearly y 2 inch long, 

• bluish-white, 

14. HEMIANTHUS, Nutt. 

-®r. lumi, half, anthos, flower; alluding to the uneqally divided corolla, 

Calyx 4- toothed, equal. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper 
Up very short, entire; lower 8-lobed, the middle lobe long, 
spreading. Stamens 2, anterior, with a scale at the base of 
the filament. Style short. Capsule globular, 1-celbd, 
2-valved, many-seeded. — A small inconspicuous annual, wick 
crowded opposite roundish leaves, and minute solitary flowers sessile 
in the axils of the leaves. 

1. H. micranthemoides, Nutt. Creeping Eemianthus. 

Creeping and rooting ; stem dichotomously branched; leaves roundish-ovate, op - 

• posite, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-V3ined. 

Inundated banks of the Delaware below Philadelphia. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to»2 
-Inches long, branched. 

Sub-order ii. RHINANTHIDEiE. 

- Inflorescence entirely centripetal or compound. Lateral lodes of the corolla orcne of 
them outermost in the bud. 

15. LIMOSELLA, Linn. Mudwort, 

Lat. limns, mud; in allusion to its place of growth. 

Calyx bell-shaped, S-toothed. Corolla shortly com- 
'panulate, 5-cleft, equal. Stamens 4; anthers by con- 
fluence 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped. Capsule 
globular, 2-valved ; many-seeded. — Small annuals, growing 
F2 



24.2 SCHOPHULARIACEiE. 



in mud, creeping^ by slender runners, with entire fleshy leaves in 
dense clusters around the simple I -flowered peduncle. 

J. L. tenuifolia, Nutt. Common Mudwort. 

Leaves terete, awl-shaped or thread-form, scarcely dilated at the apex; tcepe 1° 
flowered, as long as the leaves. 

Muddy shores. -'Aug. leaves about 1 inch long. Flowers "bluish-white, minute. 

16. TEEONICA, Linn. Speedwell, 

K&ane of doubtful origin. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with a 4-cleft spreading 
border, lower segments mostly narrow. Stamens 2, one 
each side of the upper lobe of the corolla, exserted. Style 
entire ; stigma single. Capsule flattened, usually obtuse 
or notched at the apex, 2-celled, fey/ to many-seeded.- — ■ 
Chiefly herbs, with various foliage, and blue, flesh- color or white 
flowers, axillary or racemed. 

* Spil es or racemes terminal. Perennial^ 

1. V. SEEPYLLIFCLIA, L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. 

Much branched,. at the; base, low; tranches ascending,. simple; leaves ovate or 
oblong, obscurely- erenatej smeothish; raceme elongated, many-flowered; capaute 
inyersely heart-shaped, as lomg as the style. 

■Eo&dpides and fields, common; introduced,-ard indigenous. .-May — July. Stem 

. leaves rather fkshy,3-veincd, 
ily x,'blue and white, beautifully 



procumbent, 3 to S inches long, sometimes creeping, leaves rather f eshy,3-veincd, 
Vj to 1 inch long. Cordla scarcely exceeding tie caly 
penciled with purple lines. 

* * $%>&e$ or racemes axillary. Perennials, 

2. V. SCUTELLATA, L. Marsh Speedwell. 

Smooth, ascending, slender and weak; leaves sessile, linear, acute, somewhat 
toothed ; racemes very slender, zig-zag, with the flowers few and scattered; capsule 
fiat, much broader than long, notched at both ends. 

Moift places, common. June — Aug. Plant 8 to 12 inches high. Ltavn 1 to %• 
inches long, % %&>% iiidi wMe. Fkwers flesh-colored or blunh, in simple rarely 
compound racemes. " 

S. V. Anagallis, L. Water Speedwell. 

Smooth, creeping and rcoting at the base, erect above; leaves sessile, mostly 
clasping by a hcart-ghaped base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate ©r entire; pedkdt 
spreading ; capsule orbicular, slightly notched. 

Brooks and ditches. June— Aug. SUm 1 to 2 fectingh, sueculent. Ltmts 3 to 
8 inckes long, ^ to 14 inch wide. Flowers numerous, .blue or purplish. Cbro&a 
marked with purple lines. 

4. V. Americana, Shweinitz, American BrookUmt. 

tmcoih,. decumbent at tha bsse, then erect; Uavts ovate or oblong,. mostly p«- 
fccled, acutish, cerrate, thickith, rcmewhat cordate at bas«; copail* round**, 
ttrrgxi, notched. (Y/Beceabuuga-. American authors.) 

Brotks and ditches; cemmen. June— Aug. Mens 8 te> 15 inthei hi&b. Lem^s 
1 to 2 inches long, ^ to % a*. wide. J1m*n blu« e* bluish ptirpk*, on raoe-es^S 
Ic-ufo? than tkc leaTfcs. 



scrophulariace.se. 243 



5. V. officinalis, L. Common Speedwell. 

Fubescexit throughout; stem prostrate, rooting at the "base; leaves obovate-ellip- 
tic&l or wedge-oblong, short-petioled, obtuse, serrate; racemes densely many-flc w- 
ered; capsule triangular-obovate, broadly notched. 

Dry hills and woods ; common. May— July. Plant trailing, 6 to 12 inches long, 
with ascending branches. Leaves mostly elliptical, 1 to 1}/ 2 inch long. Flowers 
pale blue, in long, erect, pedunculate spike s. 

*** Flowers axillary, solitary, scarcely racemed. Annuals. 

6. V. PERIGRINA, L. Neelc-weed. - Purslane Speed 'well. 

Nearly smooth, ascending, branched; lower leaves petioled, oval oblong, toothed, 
the others sessile, oblong, obtuse; the upper oblong-linear and entire; capsule or- 
bicular, slightly notched , 

Cultivated grounds ; common, introduced. April — June. Plant often branched. 
from the base, 4 to 10 inches high. Leaves ihkkish. Flowers very small, white 
or pale blue, nearly or quite ^sessile- 

7. V. ARYE-NSIS, -L.- Com Speedwell' 

Simple or diffusely branched, hairy; lower leaves ovate, crenate, petioled; thc^p- 
pcrmosi sessile, lanceolate, entire; ftowers subsessile; capsule inversely. hg&rV 
E-haped, the lobes rounded. 

Cultivated grounds; common, introduced. June. Stem 3 to 8 inches high. 
Mtqw&rg on short peduncles, very small, pale blue, beautifully penciled with pur- 
ple lines. 

8. V. agrestis, L. FUld Speedwell. 

f Prostrate, hairy ; leaves petioled, cordate-ovate or round, crcnate-tooihoif cah/%- 
lobes ovate-lanceolate; peduncles* as long as the leaves; capsule nearly orbicular, 
sharply notched, few-seeded, 

Sandy fields, introduced. May^-Oet. Stem 3> to 4 inches long, round, leafy 
branching nearly at the base. Flowers small, light blue or white, veined. 

0.- V. HEDERiEFOMA, L. loydea ved Speedwell 

Prostrate, hairy; leaves petioled, cordate, roundish, 3 to 5 toothed or lobed; r«- 
duncks scarcely longer than the leaves ; sepals triangular, sub-cordate, acute, at 
length erect; capsule turgid! and wrinkled, 2-lobed. 

Shady rocks and hills ; sparingly naturalized. March— May. Stem slender, 4 
to 10 inches long, diffusely branched. Calyx somewhat 4-angicd in fruit, Cbre&j 
smaller than the calyx, blue,- 

***'* MeoUes, Fercnniulj., 

10. ¥. spicata ; L. Spiked ' Garden Speedwell 

Erect, tall; leaves petiolate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, loiter ones obtuse: crenate, 
•upper acute, crenate-scrrate. entire at apex; raceme mostly solitary; pedicels much 
shorter than the sepals; calyx mos% hoary-pubescent. Cultivated in gardens; 
uati^ of Europe and Asia, Varieties numerous, with flowers blue, rose-color, &c. 

IT. LEPTANDKA, Nutt, 

(Jr. lepioz, slender, and aner, andros, a man; in allusion to the stamen;-. 

Calyx 5-parted; s^ze^fc acuminate. Corolla tubular- 
bell-shaped ; border 4-lobed, somewhat ringenfc, the lower mq^ 
merits narrower. Stamens 2, and with the pistil at length' 
much exserted. Capsule oyoid ; acuminate, 2-celled ; mmy~ 



244 SCROPKULARIACE.E. 

seeded, opening at the summit. — Tall perennials, with mostly 
wliorled leaves and dense spiked terminal racemes of white 
flowers. 

1. L. ViRGlNlCA, Benth. & Nutt. Virginia Speed well 

Stem erect ; leaves wliorled in 4s to 7s, short petioled, lanceolate, acute or pointed 
finely serrate ; spikes panicled, crowded. 

Rich moist places, often cultivated. July. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, angular, sim- 
ple. Flowers numerous, white, nearly sessile in long terminal and verticellate, 
subterminal spikes. Capsule many -seeded. The root is medicinal. Culver's 
Physic. 

18, BUCHNERA, Linn. Blue-Hearts. 

In honor of J. G. Buc7mer,&n early German botanist. 

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-parted. Corolla 
salver-form, with a straight or curved tube, and a nearly 
regularly 5-cleft limb. Stamens 4, included, approximate 
in pairs. Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Cap- 
sule 2-valved, many-seeded. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs, 
with opposite leaves or the uppermost alternate , and blue flowers in • 
terminal br acted spikes. 

1. B. Americana, L. Blue-Hearts. 

Rough-hairy; stem mostly simple and wand-like; lower leaves oboyate-oblong, 
obtuse; upper ones oblong and lanceolate, sparingly and coarsely toothed, yein> ; 
flowers in an interrupted spike; calyx longer than the bracts. 

Moist places, . Jane — Aug; Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 
very rough, appressed to the stem. Flowers axillary and sessile, blue or purple. 
Corolla 1 inch long, hairy. Stamens inserted 2 in the throat of the corolla and .2 , 
In the middle of the tube. 

19. GERARDIA, Linn. 

In konor of John Gerard an English botanist. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla ■ bell- • 
shaped-funnel- form, swelling above, with 5 more or less un- 
equal lobes, the 2 upper smaller and usually more or less 
united. Stamens 4, didynamous, included, hairy. Style 
elongated, mostly enlarged and flattened at the apex. Cai>- 
sule ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — Erect branching herbs, 
with the stem leaves opposite? or the upper often aiternatt y and 
showy purple or yeildw flowers often in racemes or spikes, 

S£C. 1. Gerardia proper. Leaves linear ; flowers purple. Annual. , 

1. Gr. PURPUREA, L. Purple Gerardia. > 

Upright, with long widely spreading rigid branches ; leaves linear, acute, rough- 
margined; powers nearly sessile; calyx-teeth subulate. 

Swamps and low grounds. Aug.— Oct. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, rough on th e 
angles. Leaves % to 1 inch long, and nearly % inch wide, coiled up in drying, 
Flowers large, axillary, often opposite, purple. 



scrophularia:?:^;. 245 



2. Gr. tenuifolia, \ r ahl. Slender Gerardla. 

Much branched, rery slender, diffuse, nearly smooth; leaves linear, jactitSj /-> 
thtncles axillary, thread-form, larger than the ioifc&ra : calyx teeth short, acute. 

Dry woods, oomman. July — Srpt. St&n, S to 15 inches high. 4-angled. Lh^hs 
variable, about 1 inch long, very narrow, entire rough. Cjrdlla l / 2 to % inch 
long, pale purple, spotted Within, the border much spreading, smooth and nearly 
equal. 

3. Gr. SET ACE A, Walt, Setaceous Gerardla. 

Te-ry slender; Iranchlets and leaves setaceous, roughish; peduncles very much 
longer than the leaves; calyx-teeth awl-shaped; capsule oyate, larger than the calyx ? 
at length ex; 

Dry woods, rare. Aug., Sept. Plant 8 to 12 inches high. Corolla small }^\ 
inch long, 

Sec. 2- D'aststoma. Raf. Leaves rather large; Jhwers yellow. Perennials. 

4. Gr, flaya. L. Doioft£ False Foxglove. 

Pubescent with a fine close down: stem tall, mostly simple ; leases oycite-langeo- 
late or oblong, obtuse, entire, the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnaJifiJi 1 e~ 
dimcles very short ; flowers axillary. - 

Woods and rocky places, common. Aug, S c em 3 to 4 feet high, ereot. Lower 
leaves variously pinnatifidj cut or toothed.; upper ones yery entire. ITbowers large, 
yellowj trasipefc-siia^ed. ■-- 

5. Q. qtjercifolia, Pursh. Glaucous False Foxglove. 

Smooth and glaucous, tall, mostly branching: lower leaves twice pimiatlfhl 
upper oblong-lanceolate, pinnatindor entire : |>t a ; t/':c?-e.s nearly as long as the calyx; 
obes linear-lanceolate, acute, as long as the at length inflated tube. 

Rich woods; common. Aug.. Stem 2 to 5 feet high. Flowers large and of a 
brilliant yellow, opposite and axillary, near the top of the stem, forming a . 
spike. Corolla trumpet-shaped, 2 inches long. 

6. G-. PEDieuLARlA, L. Bi&kg Gerardla^ 

Smoothishor pubescent, much branched; leaves ovate4anceoj&te, piunatifd. the 
iojes cut and toothed; pedicels longer than the calyx;, calyx-lohes toothed, as long 
as the hairy tube. - 

Dry wools; common. Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, very leafy. Leaves 1 to 3 
inches long, and )/> to 2 inches- wide ; segments cr-mately ineised-serrate. F&owzrs 
yellow, 1 to l)/ 2 inch long, viilose. Style- longer than the stamens. 

Sic. 3. Otophylla, Eenth. — Upper leaves with a lobe at the base; ccrclla purple 
(rarely v:hite). spiringly hairy inside* Annual? ' 

7. Gr. AURi€ULATA 7 Michx.. Aurlculate Gerardki. 

Itoagh-hairy ; stem erect, nearly simple ; leaves lanceolate orovate-laneeolafe, .th-3 
vjiciir entire, the others v.ith an '.obloog-lanceolatedobe at the base, en each side-; 
floioers nearly sessile in ike axils of the upper leaves, forming a prolonged and in- 
terrupted leafy spike.-. 

Low grounds, rare. Aug., Sept- Stem 9 to 20 inches high. Leaves 1 to 1M by 
M t0 % of im inch; entire on the margin, sessile. Corolla purple or rarely white 
pubescent, dilated at the mouth, nearly 1 inch long. 

2.0. GASTILLEJA, Mutis. Painted-cup, 

In honor of Castillejo, a Spanish botanist, 

Calyx tubular, flattened, ventricose, 2 to4-cle'ft. Corol- 
la 2-Jipped; upper %loDg and narrom, arched, keeled and 



F2* 



246 SCROPHULARIACE.E. 

flattened laterally,, inclosing the stamens. Stamens 4. 
Capsule ovoid-compressed, many-seeded. — Herts, with al- 
ternate entire or cut-lobed leaves, the floral ones dilated, colored and 
usually more showy than the pale yellow or purplish spiked flowers* 

1 . C. COOCINE A,- Spreng. Scarlet Painted- Cup. 

Hairy; stem simple; root-leaves clustered; stem-leaves lanceolate, pinnatiMly in« 
cised; floral-leaves trifid or incised, colored at the summit; calyx nearly equally 2- 
cleft, the lobes dilated at the apex, nearly entire the length, of the corolla. Bien, 

Low grounds. May, June. Stem 8 to 16 inches high, simple reddish or purple. 
Floral-leaves scarlet towards the summit. Stem-leaves alternate, sessile, with about 
2, long, linear segments on each side. Flowers in a crowded spike, greenish-yellow. 
The variety patens oi Pursh, haying tae floral-leaves dull-yellow is occasionally . 
found. 

21. SCHWALBEJfGronoy. Chaff-seed. 

In honor of Christian ScJiwaVoe, a German botanist. ■■■ 

Calyx declined, very oblique, tubular, 10 to 12-ribbed ; \ 
Smoothed, the upper rib much smaller, the anterior united 
much higher than the others. Corolla bilabiate; upper lip 
arched, oblong, .obtuse, entire; the lower shorter, erect, 2- 
plaited, with 3 very short obtuse lobes- Stamps 4, didy-, 
namous, included in the. upper lip. Style club-shaped at the 
apex. Capsule ovoid-roundish, 2-celled, 2-valved, many- 
seeded. Seeds winged with the chaff-like coat. — Perennial 
herbs, with alternate, sessile, entire leaves, and leafy simple stems, .... 
terminated by a loose spike of rather large dull yellow flowers. 

1. S. Americana,, L. American Chaff -seed. 

Minutely pubescent ; stem simple, leafy; leaves ovate or oblong, the upper, gradu* , 
ally reduced into lanceolate and linear bracts, 3-nerved ; pedicels very short, with 2. - 
■jbcactlets under the calyx. 

Wet sandy soil ; rare. May — July. Plant 1 to 2 feet high, somewhat viscel . 
pubescent. Flowers dull purple or yellowish, 1 to 1% inch long. 

22.; PERICULAEIS, Tourn. Lqjisewout. 

L&t.pedicidus, a louse ; of no obvious application. 

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, unequally 5-toothed or 2- 
lipped. Corolla strongly 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, 
flattened, often beaked at the apex; the, lower erect at the 
base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed, .commonly spreading. Sta- 
mens 4, under the^ upper lip. Capsule ovate or lanceolate, 
mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with chiefly 
alternate pinnatifid leaves* and rather large flowers iu terminal.; 
spikes* 

1. P. canadensis, L. Common Lousewort. 

, Hairy ; stems simple, low, clustered ; leave* scattered; the lowzti pinnatifld^ .: 



VERBENACEiE, - 247 



parted, the others half pinnatifid; spike short and dense; calyx split in front ? . 
otherwise nearly entire, oblique; upper lip cf -the: corolla hooded, incurved, 2- 
toothed under the apcx.- 

Pastures and low grounds, common. May— July. Plant 5 to 12 inches high, 
often several stems from one root. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, by 1 to 2 wide, chiefly 
radical. Corolla yellowish and purple, in a short terminal spike. Capsule com- 
pressed, somewhat sword-shaped. 

2. P. lanceolata, Michx. . Tall Lousewort. 

Stem upright, tall, nearly simple, mostly smooth; leaves sub-opposite, oblong- " 
lanceolate, double-cut-toothed ; spikss somewhat crowded; calyx bifid, with round" - 
ish-ovate segments ; upper lip of the corolla truncate at. the apex, the lower erect so 
as to nearly close the throat. 

Low grounds. Aug., Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Flowers large, straw- color, . 
Calyx-lobes leafy, crested. Cipsule oyate, scareely longer than the calyx, 

23. MBLAMPTRUM, Tourn. Cow-wheat. 

(xt. mdaSf black, and vuvos r /wheat; from the color of the seeds, as they appear ' 
mixed with grain. 

Calyx tubular, 4-cleft or 4-toothed. Corolla ringent 
or personate ) upper lip arched, compressed, with the margins 
folded back, the lower lip somewhat longer, biconvex, 3- 
lobed at the, apex. Stamens 4 ; - under the upper lip. Cap= 
sule compressed, ovate, oblique or .falcate, 2~-celled, 1 to 4- - 
seeded. — Erect branching annuals, with opposite leaves, and 
solitary axillary r , or leafy -spiked flowers. 

M. pratense, L. ,Var. Americanum. Benth; Cow-wheat 

Lower leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; floral leaves lanceolate, toothed at 
the \)&SQ;floivers remote, one-sided, axillary. 

Dry woods; common. June, July. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, branched above. 
Leaves opposite, 1 to V-/2 by % to % inch, the upper ones broader, with setaceous 
teeth at the base. Flowers slender, yellowish, the eorolla twice the length of the 
ealyx. . 

Order 72. YERBEBXACEIE.— Vervain Family. 

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, more or less 2-lipped or irregular corollas, and 
didynarnous stamem, the 1 to 4 celled fruit, dry or drupaceous usually seperating 
%t>Jien ripe into as many 1-seeded indehisceni nutlets. Calyx tubular 4 to 5-toothed, 
inferior, persistent. Corolla tubular, irregularly 4 to o-cleft^deciduoos. S£2a>3 
^Uh little or no albumen. 

1. VERBENA,, Linn. Vervain.. 

The Latin name for any sacred herb; derivation obscure . 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, with one of the teeth often 
shorter than the others. Corolla, tubular, ; often curved, 
salver-form, the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft. Sta- 
mens 4 (rarely, but 2), included, the upper pair sometimes 



248 VERKENACEJE. 



without" anthers, Style slender ; stigma capitate. Cap- 
sule seperating into 4 seed-liko nutlets. — Herbs, with oppo- 
site leaves, and mostly alternately spicate, br acted flowers, rarely 
capitate or corymb ed, 

1. V. hastata, L. Blue Vervain. 

Tall ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cut serrate, petioled, the 
lower often lobed and sometimes halbert-form at the base; spikes slender erect, 
densely flowered, corymbed or panieied. Per. 

Low and waste grounds ; common. July — Sept. Stem 3 to 4 1 -et high, with pan- 
iculate opposite branches above. Leaves rough, opposite. I lowers small, bine, 
arranged in long, close, imbricated spikes, erect and parallel to each other. Seeds 
4. A variety with lance-ovate, or lance-oblong sharply serrate leaves and smaller 
flowers is occasionally mat with ; probably a hybred between this and the»-aext 
species. 

2. Y. URTIGIFOLIA, .L. Nettle-leaved Vervain. 

Erect, somewhat pubescent ; leaves oval or oblong-ovate, acuto, coarsely ser&ts, 
petioled ; splices very slender, at length much elongated with the flowers remote, 
loosely panieied; Jloivers tetrandrous. 

Old fields and roadsides; common: introduced. July — Sept. Per. A roughish, 
hairy plant with slender spreading branches, 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers white, 
very small, remote, on divergent, slender spikes. 

3. V. spuria, L. Cat-leaved Vervain. 

Stem decumbent, loosely branched, diSdse; leaves sessile, plnnatmd, the lob** 
eut-toothed; spikes very slender, loosely panieied; bracts longer than the calyx; 
Wfper stamens imperfect. Annual or Biennial. 

Sandy fields and roadsides; rare. Aug. — Oct. Stem square, 1 to 2 feet long, at 
length much branched, half erect. Spikes 3 to 6 inches long, bearing very small 
purplish-blue or rose-colored flowers, at length scattered on the spike. 

4. V. angustieolia,- Michx.- Narrow -leaved Vervain. 

Dwarf, erect, mostly simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate at the base, re- 
motely toothed; spikes solitary, the flowers at first crowded. 

Dry hills or sandy fields. July — Sept. A small hairy species 6 to 12 inclves 
high, with leaves 3 inches long, and % mch wide. Flowers purplish-blue r larger 
than in any of the preceding species. 

5. Y. melindrep, Lincl. Scarlet Verbena. 

Stem and branches spreadihg . h dry ; leaves opposite, obovate or broad-lanceolate, 
deeply toothed, rough on the upper side, hairy beneath; fiowzrs in terminal 
branches ; calyx hairy, tubular, half as long as the corrolla. A beautiful perennial 
border flower, native ©f Buenos Ayres, blooming all summer, much cultivated ir 
houses and conservitories. Flowers of a dazling scarlet, but in the numerous va- 
rieties some are white, lilac, purple, pink and flesh color. Corolla with a spreading 
limb, the 3 lower segments larger than the 2 upper ones. 

2:. PHRYMA, Linn. Lopseed. 

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; upper lip of 3 bristle-awl- 
shaped teeth ; lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; 
upper lip notched ; lower much larger, 3-lobed. Stamens 
4 r included. Style slender. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit 
oblongs 1-rcelledj 1-seeded. — A perennial herb } with slmder: 



LABIATE. 249 



bra?iching stems, coarsely toothed ovate leaves, and small purplish or 
rose color opposite flowers, in elongated and+slender terminal spikes , 

1. P. Leptostachya ; L. Sknder-sp.iked Lopseed. 

L-iaves ovate, acute, coarsely, and unequally toothed, petioled ; calyx in fruit re- 
flexed. 

Rich sandy woods, common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, with a few spreading .. 
branches above. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, thin, on short stalks. Flowers smali^ 
mostly opposite. 

3. LIPPIA, Linn. (Zapania. Juss.) 

In honor of Lippi, an Italian traveler and naturalist. 

Calyx compressed, 2 to 4 parted, 2-lipped. Corolla 
tubular, strongly 2-lipped; upper Up notched* the lower 
much longer, 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included. Style 
slender; stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-eelled, 2- 
seeded. — Shrubs or prostrate herbs, with opposite leaves, and- 
heads of flowers on axillary peduncles. 

1. L. nodiflora, Michx. Fog-fruit. 

Procumbent or creeping ; leaves wedge-ovate or oblanceolate, serrate above; pe- 
duncles axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely bracted heads of flowers. Ter. 

Low grounds. July. Stem 6 to 8 inches long, branching. Leaves with con- 
spicuous veins, 1 to 2 inches long, % to % as wide, on petioles %. to Y / 2 inch long. 
Peduncles 2 to 3 inches long, bearing ovoid or roundish heads of bluish-white 
flowers. 

Order: 73. hhMkTM—Mmt Family, . ' 

Chiefly herbs',- with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or less 2-lipped 
corolla, didynamous or diandrous stamens, and a deeply i-lobed ovary, which forms 
in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenia surrounding the base of the single style in 
the persistent calyx, each filed ivith a singlQ erect seed. ^Flowers axillary or opposite, 
without stipules. Calyx tubular, regularly 5-toothed or cleft. Uppeu lip of the 
corolla 2-lobud or sometimes entire; the lower 2-parted. Stamexs inserted on th§ 
tube of the corolla^ Style 2-lobcd at the apex, 

1. ISANTHUS, Michx. False Pennyroyel. 

Gr. isos, equal, and anihos, a flower; referring to the nearly regular corolla. 

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply 5-toothed, equal, 10-nerved. 
Corolla nearly regular, 5-lobed ; the lobes nearly equal, .. 
rounded, spreading. Stamens 4, nearly equal,: erect,, 
distant, scarcely as long as the corolla. Achenia wrinkled 
and pitted. — A low branching clammy-pubescent annual, with 
entire leaves, and small pale blue flowers on short axillary 1 to 2* 
flowered peduncles. 



£50 LABI AT JE. 



1. I. c^eruletts, Michx. False Pennyroyel. 

Tiseid hairy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, strongly 3-nerve'd. 

A branching; leafy herb with the aspect of the pennyroyel. Gray oily banks, 
common. July. Aug. riant about a foot high. Stem round, slender. Leaves 1 
inch long, and ^ as wide,. Flowers numerous, blue with included stamens. The 
whole plant when rubbed, emits a balsamic odor. 

2. MENTHA, Linn. Mint. 

M'ntha or minilie. an ancient Greek term. 

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, 5-toothed, equal or nearly 
so. Corolla with a short included tube, the. border bell- 
shaped, nearly equally 4- cleft, ihe upper tube broadest, entire 
or notched at the apex. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant. 
Achenta smooth. — Aromatic herbs, with opposite leaves, and 
small pale purple or whitish flowers mostly in close clusters, form- 
ing axillary capitate whorls, sometimes apprcximt ted in interrupted 
spikes* 

* Nearly smooth; naturalized. < Perennials. 

1. M. viridis, L. Spearmint. 

Leaves nearly sesgile, ovate-lanecolate, unequally serrate ; flowers in approxi- 
mate loose panicled spikes ; calyx somewhat hairy. 

Low grounds ; perfectly naturalized. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, 
4-anglcd. Spiles somewhat pantcled, long, composed of "distinct cymes, apparently 
whoried, a little remote from each other. Corolla pale purple, Stylevnuch exserted. 

2. M. piperita, L» Peppermint. 

Leaves smooth, petioled, ovate-oblong, acute, serrate; whorls offloivers crowded 
in short obtuse spikes, interrupted at the base ; calyx-teeth hairy. 

Low grounds and along brooks; common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, arising 
from underground running shoots, branched, often purplish. Leaves dark green, 
dharply serrate, rounded at the base* Flowers'-pole purple. Medicinal. Native of 
Eurone. 



M. •AEY-ensxs, IL Com Mint,' 



Ascending, pubescent; let'.vcs petioled, ovate or oblong, serrate ; flowers nrglo'bosQ 
remote whorls ; calyx mostly haisy. 

Fields and hedgerows ; common. July. Stem stout often erect, about 1 foot 
Sigh; Leaves varying to oblong -or ovate-lanceolate, sometimas nearly smooth, 1 to 
2 aHelfes y$&$t, and % ^s wide. - Flowers small, numerous, pale purphr. Siumens 
exserted. The plant when bruised emit s the odor of decayed cheeie. Kative of 
Europe. 

** Truly indigenous ''species. Perennials. ■ 

4. M. Canadensis, L. Wild Hint. Canadian Mvut. 

Sfcm low, spreading, whitish-hairy; leaves petioled, oblong, lanceolate or oval- 
lanceolate, serrate; flowers numerous, in globular axillary .whorls ; calyx hairy; 
stamens exserted. 

Moist grounds and shady places; common. July — Sept. Plant grayish-green, 
•v-ith the odor of Vennyroyel, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves hairy, especially beneath, 
Capering to both ends. Ffowers pale-p u rple. 



LABIATE. 251 



3. LYCOPUS, Linn. Water Horehound. 

Gr.hicos, a wolf, urApom, a foot ; from some fancied resemblance in the leaves. 

Calyx oblong-bell-shaped, 4 to 5-toothed. Corolla 
bell-shaped, nearly equally 4-lobed ; scarcely longer than the 
calyx. Stamens 2. distant. Achenia 4 ; smooth, with 
thickened margins. — Low perennial herbs, icith sharply 
toothed or pinna tifid leaves, and dense axillary whorls of small white 
flowers. 

1. L. ViEGlNlCUS ; L. Bugh-weecl. 

Smooth; stem stolonifefous at base, smoothish, obtuse 4-angled; leaves' oblong or 
ovate-lanceolate, toothed, entire towards the base, short-petioied ; calyx-Utth -4, 
ovate "blunt. 

Shady moist places, common. Aug. Flint often purplish. Stem 10 to 15 inches 
high, often purplish, simple or sparingly "branched. Leaves opposite, Fl<Av&r$ 
■white in minute capitate clusters. 

2. L. SINUATU3, Ell. Water Ilorehowid. 

Stem erect, sharply 4 angled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both enela, 
petioled, the lower ones pinnatifid, the others sinuate toothed, or the uppermost 
linear and nearly entire ; calyx-teeth 5, spiny-pointed. 

Low grounds, common. July, Aug. Smoothish. -Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flow- 
ers in dense whorls, white, larger than the last. 

*4. ORIGANUM, Linn. Marjoram. 

Gr.cres. a -mountain, tm& ganos. delight. 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat 2- 
lipped; upper lip erect, nearly flat, slightly notched; lower 
of 3 nearly equal spreading lobes ; tube about as long as the 
calyx. Stamens 4 7 exserted, somewhat didynamous. — Ilerls 
with nearly entire leaves, and purplish flowers crowded in cylindri- 
cal or oblong spikes which are imbricated with colored bracts. 

1. 0. VULGARE, L. Wild Marjoram. 

Perenniel, upright, hairy, branched at the summit ; leaves round-ovat«, petiole, 
obtuse, nearly entire ; bracts ovate, obtuse, longer than the calyx ; spikes roundish, 
panicled, clustered, smooth. 

Rocky fields and dry banks, sparingly naturalized. June — Oct. Stem 10 to 14 
inches high, purple. Leaves very slightly serrate, opposite, sprinkled with re«inou« 
dots. Bracts tinged with purple. Flowers pale-purple, in numerous small spike* 
vhich are crowded together so as to form a terminal head. 

2. 0. Marjorana, Ph. Sweet Marjoram. 

Leaves oval or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolatej hoary-pnbescent ; spikes rormdfen, 
©empact, pedunculate, clustered at the ends of the braneheg ; bracts roundish. Na 
tive of Portugal. A perennial plant, cultivated in gardens for its pleasant aromatlo 
flavor, which is employed in various ways &s a seasoning. Whole plant sofl (k^ny^ 
% foot high. Flowers pini. July, v au#. 



252 LABI AT JE. 



5. COLLINSONIA, Linn. Horse-Balm. 

In honor of Peter Collins, of London, a patron of botany. 

Calyx ovate, about 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper Up 3- 
toothed, truncate; lower 2-toothed. Corolla elongated, 
expanded at the throat, somewhat 2-lipped, with the 4 upper 
lobes nearly equal, the lower larger and longer, toothed or 
lacerate-fringed. Stamens mostly 2, much exserted, di- 
verging. — Strongly -scented perennials , with large ovate leaves, 
and yellowish flowers on slender pedicels in loose and panicled 
terminal racemes. 

C. Canadensis, L. Common Horse-Balm. Stone-root* 

Nearly smooth; leaves broadly ovate, serrate, pointed, petioled ; panicU loose, 
many-nowered; sfomews 2. 

Rich moist woods, common. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, Fomewhat 
branched, 4- angled. Leaves thin, 6 to 8 inches long, and 3 to 4 inches wide. Flow - 
&rs large, greenish- yellow, exhaling the odor of lemons. 

G. IIEDEOMA, Persoon. Pennyroyel. 

A Greek name ior Mint, alluding to its agreeable odor. 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the 
base, 2-lipped; upper lip S-tooffee.d ; lower lip 2-cleft. Co- 
rolla 2-lipped; upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex; 
lower spreading, 3 -cleft, the lobes nearly equal. Stamens 2, 
fertile and ascending, 2 lower, sterile filaments or wanting. — 
Low aromatic plants, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters 
of pale blue flowers, somewhat approximated in terminal leafy ra~ 
cemes. 

II. tulegioides, Pers. American Pennyroyel. 

Stem erect, branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate or elongated, obscurely serrate, 
narrowed at the base, petioled; whorls about G-Sowered; corolla about as long as 
the calyx. 

Open barren woods and dry fields, common. July— Sept. Plant 6 to 10 inches 
high, branched above. Leaves opposite, with 1 to 2 teeth on each side. Flowers 
small, pale-blue, about 3 in each opposite axil. A popular domestic medicinal herb. 

7. CUNILA, Linn. Dittany. 

An ancient Latin name of unknown origin. 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, equally 5-toothed, hairy in the 
throat, about 13-nerved. Corolla 2-lipped; upper Up 
erect, flattish, mostly notched ; lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. 
Stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant. Style 2-parted at 
the summit. — Perennial herbs, with small white or purpli&k 
jjlewers in corymbed cymes or close clusters, 



LABIATE. 263 



C. Mariana/L. Common Dittany. 

Stems tufted, corymbosely branched ; leaves ovate, serrate, smooth, rounded os* 
bcart-shaped at the base, nearly sessile; cymes peduncled, loogely^orymbed. 

Dry hills- -&nd rocks; common. -July— 'Sept. Plant 1 foot high, sprinkled with 
resinous and pellucid dots, much branched ; branches triangied, purple. Floimrs 
rose-colored. Stamens and style much exserted, of the same hue as the corolla. 
:Whoie plant delightfully fragrant, often used as a substitute for tea. 

8. BLEPHILIA, Eaf. 

Or. Ue/pTiariSj-iho. eye-lash ; in reference to the hairy- fringed bracts and calyx-teeth 

Calyx ovoid-tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped, naked in the 
throat. Corolla 2-lipped, inflated in the throat; tipper lip 
•erect, entire; lower lip spreading, deleft, with the lateral 

lobes ovate and rounded. -Stamens 2, ascending, exserted 

Perrennial herbs with entire or tooihed leaves, and small pale bluish* 
purple Jlowers, crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitc::^ 
whorls, 

1. B. CILIATA, Eaf. Fringed Blephih'a, 

Somewhat downy; leaves nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base, 
whitish downy underneath; outer brads ovate, acute, -dilate, colored as long as the 
calyx. 

Dry open places. July. Stem simple, acutely 4-anglcd, 2 to 3 feet high, raggly 
with 1 or 2 spreading branches. Leaves 1 to 2^ inches long, ^£ to 1 inch wid«v 
Flowers small, numerous, pale purplish. 

2. B. hirsuta, Bcnth. Hairy Blephilia, 

Whole plant hairy; leaves long-petioled, ovate, pointed, rounded or heart-shap^ 
at the base ; bracts colored, linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the calyx. 

Damp woods ; rare. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, with spreading branches, «nrl 
numerous close whorls. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, on petioles % t0 M * ae k long. 
Corolla scarcely % inch long, pale purple, with spots of a deeper hue. StyZe !•: 
than the stamens and corolla. 

%. MONARDA, Linn. Hoesemint. 

In honor of 21cnarde» 3 an early Spanish botanist. 

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-nerved, nearly- equal, 5- 
toothed. Corolla ringent, with a long cjlindrie tube, up- 
per Up spreading, 3-lobedat the apex, the middle lobe long- 
er. Stamens 2, exserted from the upper lip of the corolla.— 
Odorous erect herbs, with entire or toothed leaves, and showy large 
Jlowers in a few capitate whorls elusely surrounded ivith bracts, 

1. M. didyma, L. Oswego Tea, BurgamoL 

Somewhat hairy ; stems acutely 4-angled; leaves broadly oyate acuminate, round- 
ed or slightly heart-shaped at the base, shcrt petioled; calyx smooth, incurred, 
nearly naked in the throat ; corolla smooth, much elongated. Per, 

Mont woods and m.( adows; cultivated. July. A handsome fragrant plant, '2 to 
S feet high, mostly branched Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, very broad at base, ser- 
rate, w.ith scattered hairs above. Flowers erimson or scarlet, in heads, often pro- 
itferGus with large o-vate-lanceolate bracts, tinged with red.. Corolla 2 iiofces Iode* 

G2 



'254 LABIATE. 



2. 51. fistulosa, L. Wild Burgamdi. 

Snioothish or downy ; haves ovate-lanceolate, rounded and somewhat cordate at 
base, acuminate, coarsely toothed ; floral leaves and outer bracts slightly colored ; 
■xrtyx slightly curved, very hairy in the throat. Per. 

Woods and rocky hanks; common. iJuly— Sept. A very variable plant 2 to 5 
feet high, embracing several nominal species and varieties. Stem quadrangular, 
with the sides somewhat concave. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long on petioles % to % 
•inch long. Flowers purplish, rose-color or nearly white. 

3. 51. punctata, L. Horsemint. 

Minutely downy; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, petioled; tracts l&nca 
©late, obtuse at the base, sessile; calyx-teeth short and rigid, awnlcss; corolla nearly 
smooth, tho tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. 

Sandy fields and dry banks. Aug., Sept. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, branched. 
Leaves punctate. : Bracts yellowish and purple. Corolla yellowish the upper lip 
-spotted with purple. The -whole plant is very odorous and pungent to the taste, 

TO. SALTIA, Linn. Sage. 

Lat. salvo, to save; in allusion to its reputed healing qualities. 

Calyx somewhat bell-shaped, 2-lipped; upper. Zip mostly 
>S-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, 
tingent ; upper lip erect, straight or falcate and vaulted, 
entire or barely notched; the lower lip spreading or pendent, 
S-lobed, the middle lobe longer and sometimes notched. 
Stamens 2, on short filaments; connectile transversely 
articulated to the filament, supporting at each end a cell of 
the dimidiate anther. Achenia4. — A large genus of which 
hut few are indigenous, with usually large mid showy , spiked } 
racemed, or panicled whorls of flowers. 

1. S. LYRATA, L. Lyre-leaved Sage. 

Somewhat hairy ; stem nearly simple and naked ; root-leaves o"hovate, lyre-shaped 
or sinuate-pinnatifid, sometimes nearly entire ; those of the stem mostly a single 
pair, smaller and narrower, the floral oblong-linear; whorls of flowers loose and 
distant, forming an interrupted raceme; upper Up of the corolla short, straight and 
raulted. 

Woodlands and meadows. May, June. Flami 10 to 12 inches high. Fknverslafr 
whorls of about 6, distant. Corolla blue, the tube much exserted. 

2. S. tjrticifolia, L. Nettle-leaved Sage. 

Downy with clammy hairs, leafy; leaves rhombic-ovate, pointed, crenate, rounded 
at base, short-petioled ; whorts remote, many-flowered; upper lip of the corolla erect, 
much shorter than the lower ; style bearded. 

Woodlands, Western Counties, rare. Leaves very pubescent. Flowers blue, 
viscid, in remote whorls. Corolla % inch long, the lateral M)es -deficxed, the mi4* 
die notched. 

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SPECIES. 

3. S. officianalis, L. Common Sage. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, crenulate, rugose; whorls 6 to 10 -flowered in 2 opposite 



LABI AT M. 25f 



sets ; calyx striate, the divisions pointed ; upptr lip of the corolla as long as ths 
lower, somewhat vaulted. A well known garden plant, cultivated for its medicinal : 
properties. Stem 1 to 2 feet hLjjh. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long, of a dull green color, 
aaromatic. Corolla ringent, blue or purplish. Native in the South of Europe. 

4. S: SCLAREl^ L. ClaiVl/i 

Leaves oblong, heart-shaped, rugose, serrate ; bracts colored, concave, longer than 
the calyx. A itrong-scented exotic, native of Italy. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, with 
leaves 5 to 7 inches long and 3 to 4 wide, viscid. Flowers variagated with pale 
parple and yellowish-white, in whorled spikes. Bracts pale purple or yellowish. 

5. S. splendens, Ker, Spendid Sage. 

Stem erect, smooth; leaves broad-ovate and ovate, petiolate, rounded or acute at' 
base, dentate-serrate, acuminate, smooth on both side3 ; bracts deciduous ; calyx and 
corolla pubescent ; upper lip entire. A beautiful species, cultivated in gardens ;- 
native of Mexico. Plant 2 to 4 feet high, branched. Floivers large, scarlet. Calyx 
•carlet, after flowering becoming enlarged and- as showy- as the corolla. 

IT. CEDRONELLA, Mcench. 

Qt. kedra, a diminutive of Cedar; from the aromatic leaves of the original 2peciesy 
C. trijihylla, the Bxlm-of Gil cad of English gardens. 

Calyx somewhat obliquely 5-toothcd ; many-nerved. Co- 
rolla much expanded at the throat, 2-lipped ; upper Up 
fiattish or concave, 2-lobed, the lower 3 -cleft, spreading, the 
middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, shorter than 
the upper lip, the lower pair shorter than the other! — Sweet- 
scented perennials, with pale purplish flowers. 

C. CORDATA, Benth. Creeping Cedronella. 

Low, creeping by slender runnsrs, hairy; leaves broadly heart-shaped, crcnatc, . 
petioled, the floral shorter than the calyx; whorls few-no weredy approximate at tho 
summit of short ascending st*ms. 

Low shady banks of streams, western part of the State, rara, June. Flowrs 
purplish. , CJrolla hairy inside 1% inch long. (D/acocephaluni cordatum, Hutt.) 

12. NEPETA, Linn. Cat-mint.. 

Supposed to be from Nepet, a town in Tuscany. 

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely 5- toothed. Co- 
rolla naked and dilated in the throat, 2-lipped; upper Up 
erect, notched or 2-clefr, the lower spreading, 3-cleft, the 
middle lobe largest:- Stamens 4, ascending under the upper 
lip, the lower pair shorter. — Perennial herbs. 

*Cataria, Benth. — Cinders dt?ise and many-flowered, forming interrupted spinet. 
or racemes. 

11 W. Cataria, L. Catnip. 

Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, petioled, 
whitish downy underneath; spiked racemes somewhat panicled. 
Waste and cultivated grounds, a very, common naturalized weed. July, Aug. SUm- 



258 LABIAT/E. 



square, pubescent, branching, 2 to 3 feet high*. Flowers numerous, white OT 

purp}ir,h", the Tow or lip dotted with crimson. 

* * Glechoma, E. Axillary clusters loosely few-fiowered. 

2. N. Glechoma, Benth. Ground Ivy. 

Creeping and trailing; leaves petioled, round-kidney-shaped, crenate; corolla, 
about 3 times as long as the calyx. 

Waste grounds, in shaded plaees, perfectly naturalised. May — Aug. Stem* 
prostrate, from a few inches to 1 to 2 feet long. Flowers axillary in 3s. Corolla 
bluish-purple, with a variegated throat. Anthers with the cells diverging at a righfc 
angl?, each pair approximate and forming a cross. 

13. DRACO CEPH ALUM j Linn. Dragon head; 

€U\ dr^hM, a dragon, and hcphale, head; alluding to the form of the corolla. 

Calyx tubular, 13 to 15 -nerved, 5 -toothed, the upper 
tooth much largest. Corolla dilated Id the throat, 2-lippcd ; 
tipper lip slightly arched and notched ; the lower spreading, 
3-cleffc, with the middle lobe much larger, rounded or 2-cleffc. 
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip. — Wlwrkof' 
flowers mostly spiked or capitate } and usual 1 ?/ subtended with 
large conspicuous bracts. . 

D. PARVIFLORUM, Nutt. Small-flowered Dragon-head. 

S &b -pubescent;, stem .erect, somewhat branched, leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
eharply cut-toothed, petioled; whorls crowded in a terminal globular or oblong. 
capitate spike ; braei leafy, ovate, fringed ; biennial. 

Rocky places, and gravelly shores, along the Susquehanna. May— Aug:. Stem 
8 to 20 inches high, obtusely 4-angled. Upper calyx-tooth nearly as long the corol- 
la. Corolla bluish-purple; the upper lip arched, emarginate, central lobe of tho 
tower lip crenate. 

1 i, LOPH ANTHUS, Benth. Giant Hyssup. 

Gr. lophoSy a crest, and anthos, a flower. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 15-nerved, oblique, 5-toothed,, 
the upper tooth rather longer than the others. Corolla* 
o-lipped ; upper lip nearly erect, notched; the lower* some- 
what spreading, 8-cleft, with the middle lobe broader and 
crenate. Stamens 4, exserted ; the upper pnir declined; 
thedower ascending, shortest ! — Perennial upright herbs, zcith 
petioled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in terminal 
spikes. 

1, L. nepetoides, Benth. Yellow Giant Eyssup. 

(Smooth or nearly bo; leaves ovate, somewhat, pointed; calyx-teeth ovate, rather 
©btu?e, little shorter than the corolla. 

Borders x>f woods. Aug. Stem, stout, smooth, quadrangular; 4 to 6 feet high. 
Beaves 2 to 4 inches long, coarsely crenate-toothed. Flowers small, greenish-yel- 
low, in cylindrical spikes 2 to 4 inches long, crowded with ovate pointed bracts. 



LABIATES. 257 



2. L. sCROPHTJLARl^FOLlus^Benth. Purple Giant By ssup. 

Stem &nd lower surface of the leaves pubescent; leaves crate, acute, serrate 
erenate ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, shorter than the corolla. 

Borders of rich woods. Aug. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, mostly of a purple oolor, 
branched. L&avcs often cordate at base, 5 inches long and about 3 inches wide, 
coarsely-serrate. Flowers in crowded, axillary verticels, forming along, dense, 
terminal spike. Corolla pale purple. Siemens and style exserted,- 

15. FYCNANTHEMUM, Miclix. Mountain Mint: 

Gr. puknos, dense, and anthemon, a blossom ; from the crowded or capitate Sowers. 

Calyx tubular or ovate-oblong, striate, 5-toothed. Co- 
bolla with a short tube and a somewhat 2-lipped border; : 
upper Up entire or slightly notched, the lower 3-cleft; lobes 
all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower pair 
rather longest. — Perennial aromatic upright Jierbs^ co r ymbo'&?.- 
ly branched above, often whitish floral leaves, and denze 
many-flowered whorls, crowded with bracts, usually forming 
terminal heads or close cymes, with- whitish or flesh-color^ 
flowers. 

1. P. incanum, Mlehx. Common Mmntain Mint. 

Leave* ovate oblong, acute, remotely toothed, rounded at the bast, downy above 
Mi hoary with whitish wool underneath: eyttit^pyduaeled, compound, open; braeiq 
mbukete. 

Rocky woods and hills, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 4 fast high, obtusely 
4-an^led, eractj eoveifcd with soft down. Flowers pale red or High-colored, witi 
piirpls spots' on the lower lip of the corolla. 

2. P. mutiqum:-, Pers. Veiny-leaved Mountain Mint. 

Smooth or somewhat hoary throughout, eorymbosely. branched; leaves ovat-a or 
broadly ovate-lanceolate, acute, roimd*! or somewhat heart shaped at the base, 
mostly ■essile, minutely toothed, rigid: va\>rU dense, mostly in terminal heade; 
Qiiter br&ts and ovate laneoolate cdyx-teeth hoary with a fine close down. 

Dry bills; common. Aug. Stem 1 to2£bot high with widely spreading bfan»n- 
fee* square. Le:ves opposite, iar^e, ]A as wide as long. Floivtrs reddish-wh.fcs 
with purple spots, ia dense terminal heads which are about J^laeh in diameter. 

3. P. LANCSOLATUM, Pursh. Lance-leaved Mountain Mint. 

gmoothish or minutely downy, corvmbosely branched above, very leafy; tezixg 
l.;n*3olate or nearly linear, entire, rigid, obtuse at the base, sessile, feather-vftlaed 
bracts ovate-lanceolate, barely pointed, downy. 

Thickets and dry woods; common.' July, Airg. Stem about 2 feet high, sqnars 
with obtuse angles. Leaves variable in width. Flowers small, reddish-whit*,, 
with purple dots, ia numerous small clustered dense heads. 

4. P. linifolium, Pursh. Flaxdeaved Mountain Mint. 

Smooth, or nearly so; leaves narrowly linear, crowded, 3-veined, entire; brads 
•lightly awned; calyx-teeth lance-subulate. 

Thickets and moist wood3. July, Aug. Stem erect, 12 to 18 inches high* with 
fastigiate, trichotomous branches, often purplish. Leaves very narrow, punctate, 
with fascicles of smaller ones ia the axils. Fimvers small, white, ia naiucrvi** 
•mall, roundish heads, mostly terinin&L 

G2* 



?58 LABTAT/5?. 



16. THYMES, Linn. Thyme. 

The ancient Greek name. 

Calyx 2-Hpped, hairy in the throat, 13-nerved ; tipper lip 
8-toothed, spreading; lower 2-cleffc. Corolla short, slight- 
ly 2-lipped ; wpp&r lip straight and fiattish, notched at the 
npex; lower spreading, equally 8-cleffc, or the middle lobe 
i'jtigest. Stamens 4, mostly exser-ted*— - Low mostly prostrate 
and dtjfase pereimiah, with, small entire veiny, leaves, jani 
purplhh or whitish fljw-crs. 

1. T: Seepyllum, L. Garden Th/me. 

Rlim procumbent; leaves fiat, ovate, obtuse, entire, short-pctiolsd* more or Icsb 
dilate; fifyt&rg approximate at thai end of the branches in an oblong head. 

Old fields, escaped from cultivation and sparingly naturalized. July. Stem 
rpr^adiiig, decumbent, branched. Leaves green, m^re or less hairy. Flowerspiiz- 

pie, spotted. 

17. CLINOPODIUM, Linn. Basil. 

®t$ -7:11710, .-a "bed,- and pons, a foot; from the stalked and flattened head of flower* 

Calyx tubular, 13-nervedj nearly equal at the base, hairy 
in the throat, more or less 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-clcft, the 
lower 2-eleffc. Corolla inflated in the throat, distinctly 2- 
lipped; upper lip erect, entire ; lower spreading, 3-paricd. 
Stamens 4, as.GQn&mg,^- Perennials, with many-flowered 
capitate whorls of purplish flowers, and numerous linear- 
awl-shaped exterior bracts forming -a sort of 'involucre, 

C. YULGArtE, L. Wild Basil. 

^ect, harry; le.ives ovate, p3tioled, slightly toothed ; whorls many-Sowerod, d©» 
ffossed-globsse; c%lyx carved; bracts subulate as long as the calyx. 

Hills and old fields; naturalized, July. Stsml to 2 feet high, square, simple 
©r spa#ag ly branched, and, as.. w#ll as the whole plant clothed with a whitkk 
wsol. JPAhwm pale purple. 

18. MELISSA, Linn. Balm. , 

Or. fficZissa, a bee; the Sowers yielding an abundance of honey. 

Calyx slightly gibbous at the base, 2-lipped ; upper tig > 
S-tooitte^ lower S-zleft. Corolla with a recurved-ascend- 
jog tube, 2-lipped; upper lip ereet, fiattish ; lower spreading, , 
3-lobed, the middle- lobs : mostly broader. Stamens 4, 
ascending, mostly approximate in pairs at the summit— 
Perennials y with few-flowered, loose, one-sided clusters of white 
or cream-colored flowers^ and few mostly ovate bracti r*- 
$enibling the leaves. 



LABIATE. 253 



M. officinalis, L. Gammon Balm. 

Upright, branching; Iszvss broadiy ovate. erenate-toothed, petioled, more o? losg 
hairy; whorls dimidiate or sesund, loose, axillary. 

Escaped from gardens, partially naturalised. Aug. S&en 1 to 2 fe^t hl^h, imra 
or less pubessent. Floivan whits or Greaai color. P*a:it exhaling the oij?-t*f 
lemons. 

19. PRUNELLA, Linn, Self-heal. 

Calyx tuhular-hell-shaped, 2dipped : upper Up broarcj and 
flat, trnneate, with 3' short t33uh ; lower 2-cIef&. Corolla 
2-!ipp3d ; upper lip erect, arched, entire; lower re&exed- 
spreading, 3-eleffc; the lateral lobes oblong, the middle on-3r 
rounded, concave, finely toothed. Stamens 4, ascending 
tinder the upper lip; filaments 2-toethed at the apex, the 
lower tooth bearing the anther. — Low perennials, withnerirlg 
simple stem?, and 6 -ft owered driers of violet or flesh colored /lowers 
sessile in the axils of round 'td and brad like floral leaves, imbricated 
in a eipitate splice. 

P. vulgaris, L. Common Self-heal Heal-aM. 

Iaxwa ovate-oblong, entire or tooLhel, pstioled, hairy or smooth's!*; corG&a,' 
nearly twice as Ion* as the calyx. 

Woods and fields, common. Aug. Ptanl 10tol5 inches high, erector aseend'.nffc 
corns what branched hairy. Flowzra lar^je, purplo. Fiyral lea c&s conoave, titoiV 
pointed, tings J with purple. 

20. SCUTELLARIA, Einn. Skullcap. 

Lat. scittella t a dish, in allusion to the form of the calyx. 

Calyx bell-shaped, gibbons, 2-lipped; the lips entire y 
upper one with a winged appendage on the bick, deeiduoua 
after flowering. OoR9LLA : 2-lippod, with an elongated tube,, 
dilated at the throat; 'upper lip arched, entire or nearly so, 
lower dilated, convex. Stamens 4, ascending under the 
upper lip; anthers approximate in pairs. — Bitter perennial 
kerb.?, with axillary; spiked or racemed flowers ; the sliart pedunsks 
opposite, I -flowered, often A -sided. 
*■ Flowers axillary, solitary. 

L S. galericulata, % Common Skullcap. 

Smooth or somewhat downy, mostly branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate, &er,&>, 
serrate, roundish and slightly cordate at base, short-petioled: ficwers on shezl ■ 
pedicels. 

Wet shady places, common. Aug. Stem sq-eare, 12 to 18 inches high. Leav&$ ■ 
1% inch long, and % wide, on. very short petioles. Flowers blue, pubescent, }*£ to 
1 inch long. 

2. S. nervosa, Pursh. Nerved Skullcap. 

Smooth, simple or branched, slender; lowest leaves roundifh, petioled; middk 
&us ovate, toothed, somewhat heart-tfhapc-d, ftessiie; vppsr fwr&l QTate-l&rseel&t©, 
•atire ; jiowtrs imall, opposite. 



260 LABIATE. 



Moist thickets. June. SUm 10 to 15 inches high, weak, often with a few fl'iforia • 
branches. Leaves ahout 1 inch long, }/ 2 as wide, with 3 to 5 prominent vein* un- 
derneath, thin. Flowers small, pale-blue. 

3. S. paevula, Michx, Small Skullcap. 

Minutely downy, dwarf, branched and spreading; lowest leaves round-ovate, 
short-petioled, the others sessile orate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all entire or nearly 
so ; flowers small, axillary. 

Dry banks and fields. May, June. Stem 3 to 6 inches high, s inyple or branched 
from near the base and sprawling, mostly purplish. Leaves ]/ 2 to % inoh long, 
sessile, distinctly yeined, purplish beneath. Fknvers x /± to% inch long, blae, hairy ■»• 

** Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 

4. S. lateriflora, L. Mid-dog Skullcap. 1 

Smooth; stem upright, much branched; leaves lance-ovate or orate-oblongj, 
pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded at the base, pefcioled, upper floral leaves scarcely 
longer than the calyx; Jlowers small, in lateral raoom^s. 

Wet shaded plaees, common. Aug. Stem square, 1 to 2 feet high, very branching. 
Leaves opposite, 2 to 3 inches long, on petioles 1 inch leng; Raaemes opposite, 
axillary, Somewhat 1-sided, on long stalks. Flowers small, blue, % inoh long, 
the upper lip scarcely arched. This plant was in great repute noma yoajrs ago as & - 
cure for hydrophobia. 

5. S. PILQSA, Mfefcx. Kiiry Skullcap. 

Stem erect, mostly simple, hairy; leaves remoto, rhombic-ovate, crenate, obtuse, 
more or less hairy; the lowest rounded and often hcart'3baped; the others wedge- 
shaped at the base; upper floral spatulate, shorter than the hairy calyx; raceme, 
terminal, short. 

Open dry woods. June, July. Stem 12 to lb Inches high, often pnrpli«h. L4aret 
few 1 to 234 inches long, J4 as wide, on petioles 1 inch long. Raceme mostly simple, 
ft-w-fiow^vd, with opposite elliptical bracts. Corolla tuba nearly white below, blue 
at the summit, \'o to % inch long. 

6. S. CANESCENS, Nutfc. Canescent Skullcap. 

Stem tall, branched, pubescent; leaves orate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, cren&te, 
0h upper narrowed, but the lower rounded or slightly hei&rksaaped at the base, 
nearly smooth abov8, white downy beneath; flowzrs in loose paniculate racemes. 

Dry open woods and meadows. July. Stern 2 to 8 feet high, erect, mostly pur- 
ple. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 wide, often wihh a purple margin and purple 
Fpot?. Flowers rather "numerous, % inch long, deep blue, showy, in lateral and 
terminal racemes. 

7. S. INTEGRIFOLIA, L. Entire-leaved Skullcap. 

"Whole plant downy with a minute hoarinosa; stem upright, nearly simple; 
l&fvts oblong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse, remote, the uppzr on very 
short petioles; raceme often branched, leafy ; bracts lanceolate. 

Moist open grounds. June, July. Steml to 2 feet high, sparingly branched 
shove, grayish-green. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, variable in width. CbroUa % to 
1 inch long, bright blue at the summit, nearly white at the base. 

8. S. SERRATA, Andrews. Serrate Skullcap. 

Rather sender, upright: leaves ovaies- serrate, acute or pointed at both ends, all 
tapering into the petiole, green and nearly smooth on both aides; the floral lance- 
olate, the u-per shorter than the siigbtly hairy calyx; raceme mostly simple, loose, 
leafy at th' Vise; upper lip of the corolla in mrved. 

Woods, Scuthern parts of the State. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, smootk 
Utax%* 2 to 8 inches long. Flower* deep blue, % inch long. 



hSSTATS. 261 



21. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. False Dragon-head. 

Gr. phusa } a bladder, andstego, to coTer ; on account of the inflated calyx and corolla. 

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed,. obscurely 10-nerved ? . 
after flowering inflated-bell-shaped. Corolla 2-lipped, with 
a much exserted long tube and inflated, throat ; upper lip 
nearly erect, somewhat concave; lower Up spreading, 3- 
lobed, the lateral lobes small, the middle broad and rounded. 
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers ap- 
proximate,— -Perennial smooth herbs, with upright slender 
stems, sessile leaves, and large showy flesh colored and purplish 
flowers i opposite, in simple or- panicltd terminal leafless, crowded 
spikes, 

P. VlRGlNlANA, Benth. Lion's-heart. Dragon-head. 

Leaves varying from lance-linear to ovate-lanceolate, serrate: calyx acutely and 
almost equally 5-toothed; bracts shorter than the calyx, ovat?, pointed. 

Moist places, along rivers. July, Aug. Stem variable in height, 1 to 4 feet hi:: h. 
Leave* opposite, closely sessile, 4 to 5 inches lona;, %£ inch wide, with remote shallow 
teeth, of a shining dark green. Flowers in 4-rowed spikes, large pale purple,-. 
&*>out 1 inch long, spotted inside. 

22. LAMIUM, Linn. Dead-Nettle; 

Gr. laimosy the throat; in allusion to the ringent corolla* 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, with 5 nearly 
equal serulate teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat; up- 
per lip ovate or oblong, arched, narrowed at the base; lower 
lip with the middle lobe broad, notched at the apex, con- 
tracted at base. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip;- 
ANThers approximate in pairs,— Herbs, decumbent at ba.se, 
with the lowest leaves small and long-petto fed. the middle ones cor* 
date and doubly toothed, the floral nearly sessile, and axillary wliorlcd' 
dusters of purplish flowers. 

L. amplexicaule, L. Common Dead -Nettle. Hen bit. 

Leaves rounded, deeply erennte-tooihved or entire, the upper clasping; lower whorls 
remote, the, upper crowded; corolla elongated, the upper- lip hoarded, the lower, 
spotted ; lateral lobes truncate. 

Waste and cultivated grounds, introduced. BieilBioi.., May — Nov. A smalt 
elender herb, with ascending stems, several from the same root, 6 to 10 inches high,- 
with opposite, short, broad hairy leaves. Flowers in dense whcrls, purple, dovrnyx. 
corolla-tube much exserted, the lower iip spotted with white. 

23. LEONURUS, Linn. Motherwort. 

Gr. leon, a lion, and oura y a tail, i. e. LimCs-taU. 

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, with nearly equal subulate 
teeth. Corolla 2-lipped; upper lip ohlong, entire, some- 
what arched ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobs 



262 LABIATJS. 



larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral oblong. 
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip; anthers ap- 
proximate in pairs. — Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves } 
and close whorls of pale purple flowers in their axils, 

L. Cardiac A, L. Common Motherwort. 

fomewhat hairy, tall; leaves long-petioled ; the lower roundad, palmatclj'- 
lobad; the floral wedge-shaped at the base, 3 -cleft, the lobes lanwolate ; upper Up 
of corolla bearded; 

Waste places, around houses, natur alized. July — Sept. Per. Stent 2 to 3 feet 
high, branched, villous, Leaves pubescent, pale beneath. Flowers in many 
•whorls, white or with a reddish tinge. Corolla hairy without, variegated within. 

24. GA.LEO£SIS, Linn. Hemp-Nettle.. 

Or. galea, a weasel, and opsis, resemblance ; from some resemblance of the corolla- 
to the head of the weasel. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, about 5-nerved, 5-toothed, 
equal and spiny tipped. Corolla 2-lipped, dilated at the 
throat; upper Zip ovate, arched, entire; lower Up S-cleft r 
spreading, the middle lobe ob-oordate, the lateral lobes ovate; , 
the palate with. 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascend- 
ing under the upper lip. — Annuals or bienniels, with ^reading 
branches and several to many -flowered whorls in the axils of ike 
f/oral leaves. 

Or- Teteatiit, E. Common Hemp-Netth. 

Stem swollen below the joints, bristly- hairy ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate ; toreV 
la 2 to 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx. 

Waste places, naturalized, rather common. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, re- 
irorseiy hisped,-. branched. F Lowers numerous, p^le-purple. w-itk darker 5pcts, in - 
deii^e whorls. 

25. STACHYS, Linn. Hedge-Nettle. 

Gr. stalco.SyS. spike; in allusion to its mode of flowering. 

Calyx tubular*bell-shaped ; 5 - to 10-nerved, equally 5= 
toothed, or the upper ones longer. Corolla 2-lipped; up- 
per lip erect or spreading, often arched, entire or nearly so ; 
lower Up usually longer and spreading, 8-lobed, the middle 
lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending under* the upper lip; 
ANTHERS approximated in pairs. — Mostly perennial herbs, 
with 2 to many flowered whorls, approximated in terminal 
racemes or spikes. 

1. S. ASPEHA, Michx. Rough Hedge- Nettle. . 

jS$&n erect, angles hairy backwards; leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, serrate, rounded at the base, bristly on the midrib aud veins, short-petioled ; 
talyx bristly; whorls about 6-ftowered. 

Wet banks and thickets. June— Aug. Per. Plant 2 feet high, sparingly branched. 
FUviin ia loose whorls of 4 to S ; forming a terminal leafy spike, pale purple. . 



LABIATE. 263 



2. S. palustris, L. Marsh Bt&ge-W&tU. 

Stem softly pub*sc*nt, or smooth below ; Z^a res oblong-lanceolate, crenate-toothed, 
rounded or heart-shaped at the base, rugose, hairy, n-arly sessile ; whorls 6 to 10- 
fiowered; calyx smooth, the teeth lanceolate, acute and somewhat spiny. 

Wet places. July, Aug. Per. Slem 2 to 3 feet high, branched. F lowers 
purplish, in whorls, forming a long terminal spike. 

3. S. HYgsoPiFOUA, Michx. Smooth Hedge- Nettle. 

Smooth or nearly so: leaves linear-oblong, sessile, obscurely toothed towards tha 
apex; whorls 4 te 6-fiowered; calyx smooth, lanceolate, acute; corolla twice or 
thrice the length of the calyx. 

Wet sandy places. July. Per. Stem slender, ascending, 9 to 12 inches high. 
Leaves often linear, very finely toothed. Flowers purple, sessile in whorls near tho 
summit of the stem. 

26. MARRUBIUM, Linn. Eorehound. 

A name of Pliny, said to be derived from the Hebrew marroo, a bitter juice. 

Calyx tubular, 5 to 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 to 10- 
toothed ; throat hairy. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, 
'flattish, notched; lower lip spreading, 3-cIeffc, the middle 
lobe broadest. Stamens 4, included in the tube of the 
•corolla. — Whitish-woolly bitter perennial herbs, with rugose 
and crenate or cut leaves, and whitish, flowers. 

M. yulgare, L. Common Horehound. 

Stems ascending; lea ves round-ovate, crenate-toothed, petioled ; flowers in distant 
and dense capitate whorls; calyx with 10 recurred teeth, the alternate ones shorter. 
Roadsides and waste places, common, naturalized. July, Aug. Stem 12 to J 8 
■inches high, branched from the base, covered with a white -wool. Flowers small, 
^hite, in crowded whorls. An aromatic bitter herb, much used as a domestic medi= 
cine. Native of Europe. 

27. TRICHOSTEMA, Linn. Blue Curls. 

J&itKriXj trilcos, a hair, and sterna, stamen; in allusion to the hair-like stamens, 

Calyx bell-shaped, oblique, deeply 5-cleft; the 3 upper 
^tceth elongated, the 2 lower short. Corolla 5-lobed ; the 
lobes oblong, declined; the 3 lower more or less united. 
■Stamens 4, much esserted beyond the corolla, declined and 
than turned upwards. — Low somewhat clammy pubescent an- 
nuals, with entire leaves, and mostly blue flowers on solitary 1^ 
flowered pedicels terminating the branches, 

T. dichotoma, L. Bastard Penny roy el 

Stem pubescent; leaves lance-oblong or rhombic-lonceolate, -rarely lance-lineaf, 
petiolate, entire ; flowers inverted ; stamens very long, exserted. 

Sandy Selds and roadsides, common. July — Sept. Stem 10 to 12 inches high, 
obtusely 4-angled, bushy. Flowers axillary and terminal, becoming inverted by 
the twisting of the petiole, purple. Stamens slender, curved from the lower lip ot 
iihe oorolla to the upper, forming a beautiful arch. 



264 LABIAT.E. 



28. TEUCRIUM, Linn. Germander. 

Named for Teucer, king of Troy. 

Calyx equally 5-toothed, or the upper tooth larger. 
Corolla 5-lobed ; the 4 upper lobes nearly equal, oblong, 
declined; the lower one large. Stamens 4, exserted from 
the cleft between the two upper lobes of the corolla. Achenia 
wrinkled. — A herbaceous downy perennial, with white or pur- 
pie flowers. 

T. Oanadense, L. Wild Germander. Wood Sage. 

Iloary-pubeseent; leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, short- 
petiole d; the floral scarcely longjr than the calyx; whorls about 6-flowered , 
crowded in a single terminal spike; cxlyx bell-shaped, with the 3 upper teeth 
broader. 

Fields and roadsides, not rare. July. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple, erect, pqaare 
"with concave s.d^s. Leaves 3 times as long as wide, greea above, hoary beneath. 
Bracts longer than the calyx. Corolla purple, rarely white, apparently Without 
the upper iip, instead of which ia a hssare through which the stamen* are ex= 
eerted. 

CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 

29. OCYMUM, Linn. Basil. 

Gr. csa t to smell; on account of the powerful scent of the plants. 

Calyx 2-iippei; upper lip orbicular; lower 4-elefto 
Corolla inverted or sub-bilabiate ; the 4 upper lobes nearly 
equal, the lower one decimate, undivided, iiat or concave, 
cavinate or saccate. Stamens 4, declined; exterior fila- 
ments with a process at their base. 

0. Basilicum, L. (Eoi/dl Ocymum. Sweet Basil. 

Leaves smooth, ovate oblong, subdeatate, petiolate ; calyx fringed. An exotic 
annual from Persia, cultivated for its delightful odor. Stem about a foot high 
"branched, retrorsely pubescent above. Leaves smooth and soft, variously colored.* 
Flowers white, in simple terminal racemes. 

80. LAVENDULx\, Linn. Lavender. 

L&t. lavare. to wash ; the distilled water of this plant being used. as axosmdtic. 

Calyx tubular, nearly equal, 13 or rarely 15-ribbed, with 
5 short teeth, the upper one often largest. Corolla 2- 
lipped; upper lip 2-lobed; lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, 
declined ; filaments smooth, distinct, not toothed. — A small 
genus of oderiferous shrubby plants, with narrow rigid leaves, and 
small white flowers 

L. spica, L. Common Lavender. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to the base, sessil^reTolute at 3h« edg*, ih« 



LABIATJS. 265 



1 



tipper ones linear-lanceolate ; sptkes interrupted ; bracts awl-shaped. Native in 
the South of Europe A perennial aromatic plant, exhaling a delightful fragrance, 
12 to 18 inches high, branching from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the 
branches, clothed with a whitish down. Corolla pale-lilac, much exserted. July* 

31, ROSEMAPJNUS, Linn. Rosemary. 

An ancient Latin name; ros, dew, and marinus, of the sea. 

Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, 2-lippecl; upper Up entire, lower 
2 -parted. Corolla bilabiate; upper Up 2-parted; lower 
lip reflexed, 8-lobed, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 2 ? 
ascending, inferior, exserted; filaments toothed at base. 
Upper lobe of the style very short; stigmas minute, terminal. — 
An erect evergreen shrub, with opposite leaves, and bright blue axil- 
flary and terminal. flowers. 

R. officinalis, L. Rosemary. 

Leaves sessile, linear, smooth, with revolute margins ; flowers pcduncled. Na 
tive of South Euiopc. Leaves dark green and shining above, downy and sometimes 
whitish beneath. Flowers bright blue, having like the leaves a strong aromatk 
fragrance like camphor. 

32. SATUREJA, Linn. Savory. 

Arabic ssiur, the general name for labiate plants, 

Calyx 5-tootlicd, tubular, 10-ribbed. Corolla -'bilabiate, 
with the segments nearly equal. Stamens 2 to 4 diverging, 
scarcely exserted. — A cultivated perennial, with numerous 
smatl narrow leaves, and axillary -cymes of pink-colored flowers, 

S. HORTENSIS, L. Summer 'Savory. 

Stem branching; leaves linear-oblong, entire, acute at the ends ; peduncles axil- 
lary, cymose. Native of Italy. Cultivated as a culinary aromatic. Stem bushy, 
1 to 1% feet high, woody at base, often purple . Galyx about as long as the corolla 
■ : Corolla pink-coiored- July, Aug. 

33. HYSSGPUS, Linn. Hyssop. 

Hebrew ezob ; Arabic azzcf ; English hyssop. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper Tip erect, 

'flat, emarginate, lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment 

largest, the tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens 2 to 

4, exserted, diverging.— A showy perennial, with delicate 

foliage, and bright blue flowers in one sided verticals, 

II. officinalis, L. Common Hyssop. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, acu.te, entire, sessile; calyx-teeth erect, middle division 
of the corolla 2-lobed, entire. Native of South Europe; cultivated for its reputed 
medicinal properties. Plant 2 feet high, tuftad. Flowers bright blue, appealing 
in July. 

H2 



•266 BORAGINACEiB. 



Order 75. BORAGINACEJE.— Borage Family. 

'Herts, ekufly rough-Miry, with alternate entire leaves, and sy metrical flowers with 
g o-parted calyx, a regular b-lohed corolla, 5 stamens inserted on Us tube, and a deeply 
A-lobed ovary which forms in fruit 4 seed-lile nutlets surrounding the lase of ih% 
single seed. Flowers axillary, or mostly in one-sided racemes or spikes which are 
.revolute (circulate) before expansion, and often bractless. 

1. EGHIUM, Toura. Viper's Bcgmws. 

Gr. eclrio, a yiper; from the spotted ttem of some species. 

Calyx 5-parted; segments subulate, erect. Corolla 
."hell-shaped or funnel-form, with an. unequally spreading 5- 
lobcd border ) lohes rounded, throat expanded, -naked. Sta- 
mfns 5, mostly exserted, unequal. Style fili form. Achenja 
tuberculate, imperforate. — Herbs -or .shrubs, with entire haves 
and irregular cyanic flowers, in spicaie panicled racemes. 

E. vulgare, L. Yiper* s Bu gloss. Blue-weed. 

Rough-bristly ; stem erect, mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sepsiie ; 
spikes lateral, hairy, defected; corolla-tube shorter than the calyx. 

Roadsides and meadows, rare, introduced. June. Biennial. Stem 18 to SO 
inches high . Lcares-2 to 6 inches longhand ]/ t to 1 inch wide, upper ernes clasping, entire, 
dull green. Flowers in short lateral epikes, at first spreading, than erect, diFpcfc€r& 
Jm a long and narrow raceme; corolla reddish-purple changing to violet-blue. 

2. LYCOPSIS, Linn. B*xsioss. 

,Gv. lucos, a wolf, and opsis, appearance. 

Corolla funnel- form, •with a curved tube ; the throat 
closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed opposite 
the lobes. Stamens 5, and with the style included. 
ACHENIA rough-wrinkled, concave (perforate) at the base. — 
Annual herbs, with Mae flowers, distinguished from Anchuia only 
by the curved corolla lube. 

L. ARVENSis, L. Small Bugloss. 

Very rough-bristly; leav-es lanceolate, obscurely toothed, the upper partly clasp- 
ing ; flowers in leafy racemes; calyx as long (or nearly a£ long) as the tube of the 
corolla. 

Pry or sandy fields and roadsides, sparingly nsturalbeS. -.June, July. Ktcm 1 
foot high, erect, branching, roundish. Leaves 5 or 6 times as long as wide. Fluw- 
ers small. -droHa sky-blue with white scales within. 

3. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey. 

©r. sumphcin^io grow together; probably in allusion to its reputed heal ing rirttres. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 
5-toothed, the throat closed with 5 converging linear-subu- 
late scales. Stamens included; aethers elongated. Sttlx 



BOH JlQ I N ACE JE. • 



2er 



filiform. Achenia smooth, ovate, fixed by a large perforate 
base. — Coarse perennial herbs, with thick mucilaginous roots, 
and one-sided nodding racemes, single or in pairs. 

S. OFFICINALE, L. Common Comfrey. 

Hairy;, stem branched, winged above by the decurrent le&res, tbtoer ovate-lancs- 
late, petiolate, upp&r and jftorallanceolate ; sepals lanceolate; corolla limb withe 
recurred teeth. 

Moist places, naturalized, cultivated in gardens. June. Whole plant rough 
with dense hairs. Sivn 2 to 3 feet high, bearing terminal revolute racemes of 
whit-a and pink flowers appearing all .summer. Moot medicinal. 

4. OXOSMODIIBf, Miclix. False Grouwell. 

So called from its near resemblance to the genus Onozma. 

Calyx deeply 5 -parted, with linear segments. Corolla 
oblong-tubular, with 5 erect lobes, naked in the throat; sey 
m&nts converging. A<nthers included, nearly sessile, sagit- 
tate. Style much exserted, smooth; Achenia ovoid, 
smooth and shining, fixed by a flat base. — Perennial herhs, 
with oblong sessile nerved leaves, and yellowish-white flowers in 
terminal and one sided ereet, leafy bracted spiked racenies. 

1. 0. YlRGlNlANUM, DO. Virginian Onosmodiion. 

Clothed with harsh appressed .bristles; leaves oblon-g or obIong-lancec»laie, tha 
lower narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes lanceolate, half, as- long as the corolla, 
bearded with long bristles outside. (Litliospormum Yirgmianum, L.) • 

Banks and hillsides. June — Ang. A very rough erect plant about IS ijacfcea 
high. Leaves 1 to 2)4 inches long. % to % inch wide, 3 to 5 veined. Flowers 
greenioh-white, in leafy racemes, which are recurved at first, at length erect. 

2". 0. Carolinanu m,. DC, Carolina Onosmodium. 

Clothed with long spreading bristly hairs; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, acute; corolla twice as long as the ealyx, with deltoid-orate lobes; 
tiatyx lobes lanceolate; ■ anthers oblong, longer than the narrow filaments. 

lliver banks and Rocky hills. June, July. Siem stout. upright. 3 to 4 feet high. 
L?.aves 2 to 4 inches long, thickly clothed with long and shaggy hairs. Corolla- 
lobes more or less hair}" on the back. . 

5. LTTIIOSPERMUM, Tonrn. Grosiwell. 

Qt. UlTios, a stone, and sperma, seed ; from the hard or stony seed. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent.. Corolla funnel- form, or 
rarely salver- form, 5-lohed; lobes rounded; throat open, 
mostly furnished with 5 small folds or gibbous projections 
Stamens included ; anthers oblong, nearly sessile 
j&OH&NiA ovate, smooth or wrinkled, imperforate at base. — 
Herbs, with ronsrh -hairy or downy mostly sessile leaves, and spiked 
0& racemed leafy -bracted white or yellow flowers, 



2'68 BOE AGIN ACE M. 



* Flowers white. 

1. L. AEVENSE, L. Corn Gromwell. Wheat-tMef' 

Slender, hoary with minute apprcsscd hairs; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- 
late; calyx nearly equal to the corolla, with spreading segments ; racemes few-flow- 
ered, the lower fiowers remote. 

Grainfields, and waste grounds. June, July. Annual. Stem 12 to 18 inehea 
high, more or less branched. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, brigth green, rough. Flow- 
ers small, white, subsessile, solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. 

2. L. officinale, L, Common Gromwell. 

Stem -herbaceous, erect, very branching above; leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, 
Teiny; calyx about as long as the tube of the corolla; achenia very smooth. 

"Waste grounds, introduced, sparingly .naturalized; June, July. Stems much 
"branched, clustered, 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves grayish-green, rough on the up^ 
per side, hairy beneath 2 too inches long, % to % wide. Flowers small, white, 
axillary, in leafy spike-like racemes. 

* * Flowers yellow.- Perennials. 

8. L. HiriTUM, LehiB. Hairy Puccoon. 

Herbaceous, hairy above, erect; Metres linear-lanc30late, rough -hairy, obtuse; the 
fioral ovate-latneeolate ; corcrlc-tube about as long as the calyx, bearded at the base 
inside, lobes obovate ; achenia ovoid, shining. 

Cry woods. May, July. Stems 8 to 12 inches high, clustered. Flowors crowded.. 
in somewhat scorpoid racemes. Corolla large, orange yellow. 

6. MYOSOTIS, Linn. Forget-me-not. 

Gr. mm, mouse, and &us } otos, ear, in allusion to the leaves of some species. 

Calyx 5-cleft; or 5-paricd. Corolla salver-form ; tube 
abort 5 limb fiat ; throat closed with 5 short arching ap- 
pendages. Stamens 5, included, on short filaments. Ache- 
nia smooth compressed.-— -.Low and mostly -soft-hairy herbs, 
with entire leaves, and small blue or white flowers in naked racemes . 

1. M. STRIOTA, Link. Field Scorpion Grass. 

Whole plant somewhat hoary; stem erect, simple or branched; leaves oblong,. 
obtuse; raceme leafy at the base, long; pedicels erect in fruit, rather shorter than 
the 5-cleft calyx, corolla-tube included. (M. arvensis, Pursh, M. vcrna ; . Nutt.) 

Dry hills and sandy woods, rare. May— July. Ann. Whole plant of a grayish 
hue from its dense pubescence, 4 to lb inches high, at length much branched. 
Leaves }/> to 1 inch long, sessile, acutish, the lower ones obtuse. Flowers very 
email, white or pale blue, on terminal revolute racemes, short at first but at length 
6 to 8 inches long. 

2. M. LAX A, Lchm. Marsh Scorpion Grass. Forget-me-not. 

Ascending stems rooting along at the base, terete, branching, sprinkled with 
minute appressed hairs; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse; pedicels filiform, longer than 
the fiowers, spreading; calyx 5-cleft; style very short. 

Ditches end marshy places, common. June — Sept. Per. Stem 6 to 15 inchei 
high, ascending from long creeping roots. Leaves scattered, sessile, 1 te 3 inches 
long, % to i^ inch wide, the lower often petioled. Flowers small bright blue with 
a yellowish eye, on pedicels % to y 2 inch long. 

3. M. palustris, With. True Forget-me-not. 

Whole plant more or lees hairy ; stem angled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutkfc ; . 



BORAGINACEiE. 269 









style nearly as long as the 5 toothed calyx. May — Sept. Per. Native of Europe, 
probably wrongly attributed to this country also. Stem creeping, and with th* 
leav-es covered with close appressed hairs. ChroUa brigkt bluu, with, a yellow eye, 
%,to }/± inch in diameter,. 

7. MEETEXSIA, Roth. Lungwort; 

In honor of Prof. Msrtens, ah early German botanist. 

Calyx short, 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corolla trumpet- 
shaped, much longer than the calyx, naked or with 5 small 
folds in the throat; border spreading, 5-lobed. Stamens 
inserted in the upper part of the tube, protruding. Style 
long and filiform. Achenia ovoid, smooth or somewhat 
wrinkled. — Smooth! perennial herbs, ivith pale entire spate 
leaves, and showy purplish blue (rarely while) flowers m terminal 
raccw.es. 

M. VlRGlNiCA, DO. Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. 

Stem upright; radical leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse; stem-leaves narrower : racemes 
at fir^t corymbcd, elongated in fruit; corolla 4 times as long as the calyx, naked 
iii the throat. (Pulmonaria Yirgiuiea.Y 

Alluvial ba»ks, often cultivated. May. A showy plant 10 to 20 inehe3 high, 
with smooth somewhat glaucous leaves, -i to S inches long. Flowers large, bright 
Hue. 1 inch long. 

8. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swart*. Stickseed. 

Gr. ekinos, a hedgehog, and sperma, seed; from the prickby nutlets. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, short; throat 
closed by short scales, the limb with, obtuse lobes. Stamens 
included. Achenia erect, fixed to a central column, triangu- 
lar or compressed, the margin armed with prickles, barbed 
at the apex. — Hough-hairy and grayish herbs, with oblong or 
linear leaves, and small blue fttswers in braeted racemes. 

E. LAPPULA, Lehm. Common Stickseed. Burrseed. 

Stem erect, branched above; haws lanceolate, sessile, bristly-ciliate: corolla 
longer than the calyx, border erect, spreading; achenia -with 2 rows of- hooked 
prickles on the margin. 

Roadsides, probably introduced. July, Aug; Aim. Stern erect, 10 to 20 inchei 
high. Leaves 1 inch long, % to %. wide/ Fhw^rs minute, blue, in leafy raeenatJfc 

9. CYN03L033UM, Tou-rn.. Hound's-tongue. 

Qt. Jetton, a dog, and glessa, a tongue; in allusion to the form of the leaves. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel- form, the throat * 
closed with 5 obtuse scales ; lobes rounded. Stamens in- 
cluded. Achenia depressed or convex, laterally affixed to 
the base of the style, covered with short hocked prickles — - 
H2* 



270 BORAGINAGE/E. 



Coarse herbs, with mostly p articled racemes of blue, purple or while 
flowers, naked above but usually braciedat the base, 

1, 0. officinale, L. Common Hound' s- tongue. 

Clothed with silky hairs, leafy, panieled above ; lower leaves lanceolate, oblong, 
attenuated into a petiole; upper lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded ©r slightly 
heart-shaped base; racemes without bracts; calyxlobes oblong, obtuse, shorter thaa 
the corolla. 

Waste grounds, introduced. May, June. Bienniel. An erect downy plant of 
a .dull green color. IS to 20 inches high.- Lower leaven 6 to 10 inches long; and 1 to 
2 inches wid°. Floiv:rs purplish-red in naked one-sided racemes. Fruit rough, 
adhering to the fleece of sheep. 

2, 0. YlRGINlCUM, L. Wild Comfrey. 

Eaujjliisli with spreading bristly hairs ; stem simple, with few leaves ; lower leaves 
oval-oblong, petiolate ; upper lance-oblong,clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; 
raeorfics somewhat corymbose, naked; callus lobes acute, villous, about half as long 
a3\ihe tube of the ©©roHa* 

Rich shady woods. May. Juiae. Per. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, very hairy. Root 
leaves 5 to 6 inches long- and half as wide. Flowsrs pale blue or nearly white, in 
a terminal corymbose panicle. . 

3, C. MomsoNX, DO.' Bagger's Lice. 

Stem erect, hairy, broadly branched, leafy; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, tapering 
to the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and roughish above ; racemes pani- 
eled, forking, diverging, hairy, with leafy bracts at the base: pedicels refiesed in 
fruit. 

Borders of woods, rather common. Ju\y. Bienniel. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, fur- 
rowed, with many slender remote branches. Leaves entire, remote, 3 to 4 inches 
long, tapering to each-end. Flowers very small, white or pale blue in forked ter- 
minal racemes. Ptdicels reflexed in fruit. Achenia convex, the prickle-s wit|i,;bar^ 
bed points... 

CULTIVATED EATOTICS. 

10. BOSAGO, Tourn. Borage. 
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-form, with acute seg-> 
ments ; throat closed with rays.. Filaments converging.-. 
ACHKNiA,rounded, imperforate at base, inserted lengthwise 
into an excavated receptacle. — European herbs, with alternate 
rough leaves, and mostly blue Jloivers in one sided '[cluster s rcvoluie 
' before expansion* 

B. officinalis, L. Common Borage. 

Leaves ovate, alternate, the lower ones petioled; ecdyx spreading; pedwi&e ter~ - 
minal, many-flowered. Annual. The whole plant is rough with short bristly 
hairs, erect, 1 to 2: fee li high. Flowers in terminal clusters, sky blue, Cowering all-: 
summer. 

11; ANCHUSA, Linn. Bugloss.. 
Calyx 5-parted- Corolla funnel-form., vaulted; tub** 
straight; orifiee ofoged with 5 prominent scales. Stamens* 



HYDROPHYLLACE^. 271- 



included. Stigma emarginate. Achenia perforate at the 
"base, with mostly rugose surfaces. — Showy, mostly. Euro- 
pean plants with cyanic flowers, 

A. officianalis, L. Bugloss Ox-tongue. 

leant* lanceolate, clothed with short stiff appressed hairs ; spikes one-sided, ina* 
taricated; calyx as long as th© tube of the corolla. A rough garden plant, native* 
of .-Britain. Stem- 2 feet high, rough with bristly- hairs. . Leaves long, rough. 
Bracts orate. I lowers purple, with a long hairy corolla, very attractive to bees.- 

12. PULMONARIA, Linn. Lungwort. 

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel- 
form, with a. cylindrical tub© \ orifiee hairy in 5 lines al- 
ternating with the stamens. Achenia imperforate. — Euro- 
pean perennial herbs, with mostly blue flowers. . 

P. ofzicianalis, L. Common Lungwort, 

Plant rough; radical leaves orate, cordate, scabrous; stem leaves ovat^, rsfbII^; 
talyx as long as the corolla tube. Native of England, but naturalized &rjd culti- 
vated in our gardens. Stem 19 to 15 inches high, with rough leaves. Fkm&ra 
blue, in terminal clusters, 

OnDER 76. HIDHOPHYLLAOEIS.— Wdterhaf Family. 

U<rbs, cymm^rJ.i/ liairy i vrithr&isUy attemaU and cui-lobed haves, regular h-parted 
cmd o-anilrous blue or white flowers, andutn ovoid enfirel-ceUed ovary, with 2 parietal* 
jk\* to many ovided placzntcs, which usually project into the cell and often line* it Wee 
an interior apssde. Sr?L3 2-cleffc above. Capsule globular, 2-valved few-sesded. 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Linn. Watbb-leap. 

Or. hudor, water, and phulLon, leaf, of no obvious application to the plant. . 

Calyx 5-partod, rarely with a small appendage in eaeli . 
sinus. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-eleffc, the tube furnished with . 
5 longitudinal appendages opposite the lobe which cohere by 
their middle, with their edges folded inwards, forming a 
nectariferous groove. Stamens 5, exserted; filaments more 
or less bearded. Ovary bristly-hairy. Capsule globose, 
2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded, & of the seeds mostly, abortive. — 
North American perennial herbs, with petioled pitinately or pal mate' , 
ly veined leaves, and seorpoid braetless clustered cymes of white or 
pale blue flowers. 

* Calyx not appendaged ; fiLamerds mush asserted. ■ 

1. H. macrophyllum, Nutt. Great Waterleaf. 

Rough hairy; leaves oblong, pinnato and pinnatifid, the divisions ovate 3 obtuse, 
coarsely cut-toothed : psdatich y&tj long; calyx hits lanceolate-acuminate with a ■-., 
broad base, very hairy. 



272 IIYDROPHYLLACEiE. 



Allegheny mountains. July. Stem about 1 foot high, almost leafless. Root- 
leaves 1 foot long, -with 9 to 13 divisions. Flowers white in a terminal globose 
lyme, crowded. CoroUa twice longer than the sepals. Filaments % inch long. 

2. H. Virginicum-, Li Virginian Waterleaf. 

Smoothish; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 
pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; 
peduncles as long as the petioles; calyx-lobes narrow-linear, bristly-ciliate. 

Rich moist woods and fence-rows ; common. June. Stem. 12 to 16 inches high, 
often branched from the base. Leaves pinnately cut into 5 to 7 segments, on long; 
petioles. Flowers white or blue, in crowded dusters, on forked peduncles. 

3. H. Canadense, L. Canadian Waterleaf. 

Nearly smooth; Uaves palmately 5 to 7-lobed, rounded, haart-shaped at tha base, 
•unequally toothed; the radical leaves sometimes with 2 or 3 small and scattered 
lateral leaflets; peduncles mostly shorter than the long petioles, forked, the crowd- 
ed flowers on very short petioles. 

Shady woods. June. Seem 12 to 13 inches high, arising from a thickened root- 
ptock. 'Leaves 3 to 5 inches broad; lobes broad, cut and toothed; Fascicles denser 
axillary and terminal. Corolla white or variously tinged with purple, y 2 to % inch 
broad. Filaments hairy about half way up. 

** Corolla appendiged between the sepals at base', stamens scarcely exceeding the 
ccrolla. 

4. H. APPENDICULATUM, Michx. Hairy Waterleaf. 

Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed 
the lowest pinnately divided; cymes rather loosely flowered; sepals lance-subulate. 
(Nemophila paniculata, Spreng.) 

Moist woods, not common. May. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, branched. Leaves 
on petioles 1 to 4 inches long, roundish in outline, the broad acute lobes diverging 
in a stellate manner. Calyx nearly y 2 inch long, appendages deflexed, 1 inch long, 
Corolla blue, on long peduncles. 

2. PHACELTA, Juss. 

Qr.phandos, a fascicle, probably in allusion to the clustered or forked raceme?. 

Calyx 5-partecT; Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the 
ecale-like appendages in the tube sometimes obsolete. Ovary 
with 2 linear adherent placentae, each 2-ovuled. Capsule 
ovoid, 2-valved, 4-seeded. — Hairy herbs, with alternate di- 
vided leaves and usually pale blue flowers in forked scorpoidrjceme» 
or raceme-like cymes. 

1. P. BIPINNATIFIDA, Michx. Pinnaiifid Phacelia. 

Stem somewhat erect, branching, hairy; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions 
or leaflets ovate, acute, ineisely lobed or pinnatifid ; racemes elongated 2 to 4 part- 
ed, many-flowered; coroUa-loles entire, twice as long as the linear-acuminate calys., 

Shaded banks and damp woods, rare. May, June. Ann. Stem 10 to 20 inches 
high, often much branched from near the base. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, including 
the petiole, thin and smoothish, bright blue ^ to % inch in diameter, the grooT-.s, 
jbordered with narrow pubescent margins. Raceme erect in fruit. 

2. P. PURSHil, Buckley. Fimbriate Phacelia. 

Whole plant hairy; stem upright or ascending ; loioer leaves pinnately divided, 
petiolate, the segments few and entire; upper deeply pinnatifid, sessile and partly 
clasping,.the fc&eslanceolatCj.acttte or pointed, entire; raceme- 8 to 10rfiowered r »iia-? . 



IIYDROPHYLLACE/E. 273 



plo; pedicels elongated; calyx-lobes lance-linear, acutish; corolla, fimbriate. (P, 
fimbriata,. Pursh. Cosmanthus fimbriatus, Nolte.) 

Moist woods and river bottoms. April — June. Biennial. Plant 8 to 12 inches 
high, slander and with slender branches. Corolla light blue, ^ to % inch ia 
diamster, strongly laciniate-fringed, nearly destitute of folds and scales inside^ 

3, COSMANTHUS, Nolte, 

Gr. JiCsmGS, elegance, anthos, a flower. 

Calyx 5-parted, the sinuses naked. Corolla broadly 
bell-shaped, 5-cleffc, without scales. Stamens 5, slendeiy 
about as long as the corolla. Style bifid; ovary 1-celled, 
hairy above. Capsule 2-valved, septiferous in the middle, 
2 to 4, sometimes 8 -seeded.— North American annual herbs, 
with alternate leaves, and white or pale blue flowers, in long bractless 
racemes, 

C. PARVIFLORUS, DO. Small-flowered CosmantJius. 

Diffnge, pubescent ; leaves pinuatifid and trifid, middle lobe obovate, lateral acute, 
diverg'ng; lower leaves petiolate, upper sessile ; raceme solitary ; calyx-lobes lance- 
©yate, shorter than the corolla; stamens exserted; filaments hairy at base. 

P»iver banks and hillsides, common along the Susquehanna. May. Stem often- 
branched from the base. 4 to 8 inches high. Corolla smooth, pale blue inclining. ta^ 
violet, greenish white in the centre, the divisions rounded. 

4. EUTOCA. 

Gr. eutolcos, fruitful 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, broadly bell-shaped r , 
caducous, the tube without appendages. Stamens 5, as* 
long as the corolla. Style bifid; ovary hairy. Capsule 
1 -celled, 2-valved, the valves septiferous in the middle. 
Seeds numerous, rugulose. — Annuals, with alternate leaves, 
and show?/ blue or white flowers. 

E; VESCIDA. Viscid Eutoca. 

Stem ascending, branched, covered with a viscid glandular pubescence; leaves 
ovate-cordate, crenate-serrate ; corolla broadly bell-shaped or salver-form. A beau- 
tifal garden annual, often cultivated. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, very visced, emitting 
a very disagreeable odor. Calyx-segments narrow, % as long as the corolla-lobes 
Corolla, deep-blue with a white centre sprinkled with purple in the form of a 
pentagon, % to 1 inch in diameter- Filaments hairy. 

5. NEMOPHILA. Grove-love. 

Gr. nemos, a grove, &ndphileo, to love ; so called from its habitat. 

Calyx 10-parted, the alternate lobes refiexed. Corolla 
flat bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes emarginate, with necteri- 
ferous cavities at the base. Stamens shorter than the cor- 
olla. Capsule fleshy, 2-valyed, 4-seeded. 



^74 POLEMONIACE^. 



1. N. INSIGNIS. Blue Grove-lore. 
L&mvs alternate, pinnatiM, with some of the divisions lobsi ; calyx }4 the length 
&i the corolla, with acute segments; lobes of the corolla rounded, slightly emargin- 
afee ;.-anh*,rs sagittate ; style bind. A beautiful garden annual 6 to 8 inches high; 
3Um branched. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, ]/ 2 inch wide, the petiole beget with 
£$rra along each side. . Pednniles Tory lcsig terete, 1-flowerad. Corolla sky blue, 
white in the centre. Anthers dark purple. June — Aug. 

N. atomahi\, has white flowers, spotted with brown or black, sometimes found 
la ouHiyation. 

03DSR 77. POH3HOMA.OSI3,— Pokmmlum Family. 

.LTrrbs, with alterniU or opposite Udves, reguiar S-merous and o-andfous flowery 
hz lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a Zcelled ovary and 3-lobcd style, the cip~ 
9-ule Z-edied, %-valvid, locnlicidal, f no-many-seeded. Calyx 5-cIeft, persistent. Co- 
rolla, with a 5-sleft border. Stamens often unequal or unequally inserted on. the 
tabs of the corolla, 

1". PHLOX, Einn. Lyciinidia. 

Gr. phlox, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transfered to this genus. 

Calyx somewhat prismatic, the segments erect. Corol*- 
LA salver-form, the tube slender, somewhat curved, the limb 
fiat, 5-lobed. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube 
of the corolla. Capsule ovoid, with a single seed in each 
eell. — OMe fit/ perennial Worth American plants, with oppo* 
site sessile mostly entire leaves, and purple pink or white flowers, in 
open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper a-xils, cymose, mostly 
bracted. 
* Lobes of the corolla entire. Perennials. 

1. P. PANICULATA, L. Panicled Phlox, , 

Tall and stout, smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate and ovato-1 an chelate ,• 
acuminate, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; 
jtwx^fa.rpyribmidal-corymbed, many -flowered; calyxHeeth awn-pointed; corolla-lobes 
cbovato. 

Rich woods and meadows, cultivated in garden*. June, July. $f-$m 2 to 3 fret 
higch. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, % to l 1 /^ wide, the lower ones distinctly petioled. 
Flowers wry numerous, pink-purple varying to white, in a large oblong terminal 
panicle. Var. acuminata^ (P. acuminata, Pursh,) has the broad and acuminate 
leaves downy underneath, like the stem, which is likewise occasionally spotted 
below. 

2. P. MACTJLATA, L. Spotted Phlox. 

Smooth or slightly roughish; stem erect, simple, spotted with purple; lower leaves 
lanceolate, the upper, nearly, ovate-lanceolate, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped 
at the base; panicle oblong, thyreoid -or somewhat, pyramidal; calyx-teeth triangu 
iar-ianceolate, short, scarcely pointed. 

Bich woods, moist meadows and river banks, common, often cultivated. June— 
July. Stem 2 tc S feet high, mostly simple, sometimes spotted with dark purple. 
Flowers mostly purple or crimson, sometimes white, when it is P. suaycolens, Alt,,. 



P0LEM0NIACS2E. 275 



"When the lower branches of the panicle ara elongated g'o as to form a pyramidal 
panicle, it is P. pyramidalis, Smith. 

3. P. Carolina, L. Carolina Phlox. 

Smooth; s&r^-rather slender, branched at the base, ascending; Uav& oblong- 
lanceolate orthe upper ovate-lanceolate, acute, the lower with a slender tapering 
ba?e, the Upper sessile by a rounded base, margins revolute; calyx-teeth short-acu- 
minate; corolia-iube awned,- segments- entire. 

Opea woods and barren places, net common. Jane, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high 
from a decumbent or creeping base. Leaves 2 to i i aches long, mojtly quits nar- 
row, % to % inch wide, thick and shining. Fbowers large, pink-purple, 15 to 2o in 
6 corymbose panicle. 

4. P. PILOSA, L. Hairy Phlox. 

Do wny-hairy throughout; stems slender, rather upright; leaves lance-linear, or 
narrowly acute, the uppermost broadest at the base; foiuers loosely eorymbed; 
calyx-teeth hairy, very long, awn-like; coroUa-lobes ©borate, entire. 

Barren? and wet places, May, June. Stem 10 to 20 inches high, weak. Leaves 
l}/£ to % inches long, % to % inch wide, with the margins revolute. Flowers rose- 
p. if pie or pale, the coroiia-ia.be a third longer than the iong ; slender teeth of lbs 
©alyx. 

5. P. REPTENS, Michx. Creeping Phlox. 

Pubescent; stem erect with procumbent suckers at ba^e; lowtr Isaves roundish- 
obovate, thick, those of the stem small, oval or oblong, obtuse; cyme simple, 3 to 
8-fiowered; calyx-teeth lincar-awi-shaped. 

Damp woods and rocky places, rare. April, May. Runners creeping and bear- 
ing roundish-obovate leaves, tapering into short margined petioles. Stem low. 4 bo 
dO inches high, ascending, clammy -pubescent, with leaves ^ ^° ? /i lllr -^ ^° a Si ^ w 
\4 2 wide, remote. Fto&ens large, reddish-purple or crimson." 

*KLobes of trie corolla notched at lite end. Perennial. 

6. P. DIVAHICATA, L. Early-ftoicering Phlox. 

Minutely dewny, loosely branched from the base, the flowering st?ms ascending; 
•leaves oval-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse; cyme corymbose-panicled, loosely flowered; 
e:dyx-tttth lincar-awi-shaped; corolla-lobes inversely heart-shaped. 

Poeky damp woods and fence-rows, common. May. Flowering-stems 9 to 15 
inches high. Upper Uaves nearly clasping and often alternate. F lov.tr s large, of 
a peculiar brilliant grajdsh-blue color. 

7. P. subulata, L. Moss Pink. Mountain Pink 

Minutely downy ; tufted, procumbent, much branched ; laves awl-shaped or 
narrow-linear, somewhat rigid, crowded and with numerous smaller ones clustered 
in the axils; eor?/m,5 few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shaped ; corolla-toles wedge-shaped, 
©margin ate. 

Dry hills and sandy banks, common. April, May. A showy plant, formhag low 
matted and prostrate tufts, often cultivated in gardens. Stem 6 to 12 inches long, 
with numerous assurgeut branches, 2 to 3 inches high. Leaves % inch long. 
Flowers pink-purple or ro33-color rarely white with a purple centre, 3 to § in one 
.eorymb. 

"i* * *.]yjbes of the corolla entire. Annual. 

■8. P. Drummond.ii, Hook. DrummonJs Phlox. 

Erect, dichotomously branched, glandular-pilose ; leaves oblong or laneelate, 
scabrous ; corymb dense-flowered ; calyx hairy, segments lanceolate, setaceous, 
elongated, revolute ; corolla-tube pilose, segments obovate entire. July, Aug. A 
beautiful annual species, native of Texas, common in cultivation. SUm 8 to 12 
inches high, and with the leaves rough-glandular. Flowers very showy, all shades 
from white to dark-purple, with a deeper colored centre. 



276 POLEMONIACE^E. 



V 



2. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. Gkeek Valerian. 

"Name employed by Dioscorides, from poUmos, war ; of doubtful application. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped-rotate 
tube very short, closed by the hairy appendages at the bases 
of the 5 filaments. Capsule few, several-seeded. — Low 
branching herbs, with alternate pinnate leaves, and blue or white 
flowers, in nearly bract less corymbs. 

1. P. reptans, L. Greek Valerian. Jacob's Ladder. 



Smooth, diffusely branched; leaves 7 to 11-foliate ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate or ob- 
long, acute, entire; corymbs few-flowered; flowers nodding. 

Moist woods and shady river banks. May. Per. A handsome plant often cul- 
tivated, 12 to 18 inches high, with a weak and fleshy stem. Leaflets mostiy 7, sub- 
opposite, smooth, as well as the common petiole. Flowers blue, in gniail nodding 
corymbs at the end of the branches. 

2. P. CCERULEUM, L. Greek Valerian. 

r Stem smooth, simple, erect; Uavzs pinnatelyll tol7-fo!iate; segments acuminate; 
flowers erect; calyx as long as the tube of the corolla; cells of capsule 6 to 10-seed- 
ed. Native of England. Bienniel. Steins clustered, several from the same root, 
about 2 feet high, hollow, stout, each dividing at top into a corymbose panicle. 
Leaves mostly radical, on long grooved petiole3. Flowers blue, about % inch in 
diameter, terminal, suberect. 

CULTIVATED ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 

3. GILIA, Ruiz & Pavon. 

Calyx 5-cleft, membranaceous, smooth or downy. Cor- 
olla somewhat funnel shaped, 5-parted. Stamens 5, in- 
serted on the inner side of the tube of the corolla. Disk 
cup-form. Capsule oblong or ovoid, 8-celled few-seeded. — 
Showy annual or bienniel plants, with alternate 'pinnatifid leaves % 
and blue or particolored flowers in close capitate clusters or scattered 
panicles. 

1. G. tricolor, Benth. Tri-colored Gilia. 

Stem erect, nearly smooth; leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid, with narrow linear 
pegments.; cymes paniculate, 3 to 6 flowered; calyx shorter than the tube of the 
corolla, downy ; corolla tricoiored, with a very short tube. An elegant garden 
plant native of California. July, Aug. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, with bright 
green shining leaves. Floivers numerous, the limb of the corolla pale lilac-blue, 
.throat purple and tube yellow. Stamens % as long as the corolla. 

.2. G. AcHiLLEvEEOLiA, Benth. Millfoil'leaved Gilia. 

Stem erect, hairy ; leaves pinnatifid, somewhat hairy toward the base, nearly 
•smooth at the extremety; flowers corymbed, more dense then in G. tricolor; calyx 
shorter than the tube of the corolla. Native of California. July, Aug. Stem IQ 
,.4o 15 inches high. FUnvers bright purple, y% inch ia diametec* 






CONVOLTUIACEiE. 277 



4. IPOMOPSIS, Linn. 

Ipomea, eypress^vine, and opsis, resemblance. 

Calyx 5-parted, tubular and membranaceous. Corolla 
funnel-shaped, the tube much exserted, deciduous. Sta- 
mens 5, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Capsule 3- 
celled, many-seeded; seeds angular. — Showy bienniels, with 
alternate finely pinnatifid leaves, and showy scarlet, orange 
or reddish flowers in clustered panicles. 

I. PICT A, L. Painted Ipomopsis. 

Stem erect, tall, hairy; leaves crowded, pinnatifid, with subulate divisions; 
thyrse elongated, with very short branches ; corolla elongated, with a slender tube, 
and spreading segments; stamens much exserted. Native of Carolina. Aug. 
A splendid plant, 2 to 4 feet high, bearing at the top a thyrse of flowers i foot 
long. Corolla, Vy± inch long, orange-red, spotted with carmine, the mouth of the 
tube nearly white. 

Order 78. GOBI VOL VULAOEffi.— Bindweed Family. 

Twining or trailing herbs, with alternate, entire, or lobed leaves, and regular 5-an- 
drous flowers, with a calyx of 5 imbricated, persistent sepals, a o-plaited or 5-lobed 
corolla, twisted in the bud, and a 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary, with a pair of erect 
ovules from the base of each cell, the cells often doubled by a false partition. Flow- 
ers usually large and showy, opening but for one day. Stamens 5, inserted into 
the base of the corolla. Fruit a globular 2 to 6-seeded capsule. 

Sub-order I. CONVOLVULACE.E. The True Bind- 
weed Family. 

Embryo with cotyledons ; carpels united. Fruit cap- 
sular dehiscent. — Green and leafy plants. 

1. CALYSTEGIA, R. Brown. Bracted Bindweed. 

Gr. l-cdyx, calyx, and stego, to cover; alluding to the bracts inclosing the calyx, 

Calyx 5-parted 7 enclosed in 2 large foliaceous bracts; 
sepals equal. Corolla between bell-shaped and funnel- 
form, 5-folded, the border obscurely 5-lobed or entire. Sta- 
mens 5, included. Style 1 ; stigmas 2 ; ovary imperfectly 
2-celled. Capsule 1-oelled, 4-seeded. — Perennials, with 
heart-shaped or arrow-shaped leaves, and axillary \- flowered 
peduncles. 

1. C. SEPIUM, R. Br. Hedge Bindweed. 

Smooth; stem twining; leaves arrow-shaped or somewhat halbert-form, pointed, 
the lobes at base obliquely truncate and often toothed; peduncles 4-angled, l-flow« 
ered ; bracts heart-shaped, much longer than the calyx. (Convolvulus sepium, L.) 

12 



278 CONVOLVULACE^J. 



A vigorous climber, in hedges and low grounds. June, July; cultivated. Flow- 
ers about 2 inches in diameter, white, often tinged with rose-color, opening at dawn 
and cloudy weather. 

2. C, spitham^a, Pursh. Erect Bindweed. 

Downy; stem low and mostly simple, erect or ascending; leaves oblong-=lanceo* 
late, sub-cordate or auricled at base$ obtuse or pointed at the apex; peduncle* 
Usually longer than the leaves, l-flowered* (Convolvulus stans, Michx.) 

Dry fields and hilly pastures. June, July. Stem 6 to 12 ittches high, not twi- 
ning, branching, leafy. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % as wide, with an abrupt cor- 
date hase^ on petioles, % to % inch long. Flowers 2 inches long, white) on pe- 
duncles, 2 to 4 inches long. Bracts concealing the calyx* 

2, CONVOLVULUS, Linn. Moeninq-Globt. 

Lak convolvo, to entwine. 

Calyx 5-parted, naked. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel* 
form, with a spreading, nearly entire, or 5 lobed border. 
Stamens 5, mostly included. Style I, often 2-cleft at the 
apex ; stigmas 2, rarely 3. Capsule 2 to3-celled, 2 to 3- 
Talved. — Chiefly twining or trailing plant?, ofyen with milky 
juice, and axillary peduncles , l-many -flowered. 
Sec. I. Convolvulus $t oyer. -^Stigmas 2, linear ; capsule 2- celled. 

1. C. arvensis, L. Small Bindweed. 

Stem procumbent or twining, low* angled, somewhat hairy; leaves ovate-oblong, 
arrow-shaped, with acute lobes at the base ; peduncles mostly 1-flowered, bibracteate 
near the base / sepals roundish-ovate. 

Fields, common, introduced from Europe; a very troublesome weed. June, 
July. Stems several feet long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, the lower ones obtuse, 
on short petioles. Flowers 1 inch long, white, often with a tinge of red, on pe- 
duncles longer than the bracts. 

Sec. II. Ipomcea, L. Stigmas 2, globular or united into one; capsule 2 celled, 
4-seeded. 

2. C. pandtjratus, L. Wild Potato-vine. 

Stem trailing or sometimes twining; leaves broad-cordate or panduriform ; pg» 
duncles 1 to 5-flowered, longer than the petioles ; calyx smooth, with ovate-oblong 
sepals ; corolla open- funnel form. 

Sandy fields and dry banks common. July, Aug. Stems long and stout, Irom 
a thick root which often weighs 10 to 20 pounds. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, aud 
about the same width, acute or obtuse, occasionally some of them are contracted 
at the side so as to be fiddle-shafted. Flowers 3 inches long, purplish and white, 
opening in the forenoon. Man-ofthe-earth. 

3. C. lacunosus, Spreng. Morning- Glory. 

Rather smooth; stem creeping and twining, slender; leaves heart-shaped, point- 
ed, angular-lobed or entire, on long petioles; peduncles very short, 1 to 3-flowered \ 
sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, half as long as the corolla; corolla 5-lobed. 

Woods, dry fields and hills, rare. Aug., Sept. A small prostrate species. 2 to 
feet long. Leaves 3 inches Ions, 1 y o wide, deeply heart-shaped, often deeply 3-lobed ; 
petioles 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers %to% inch in diameter, % inch long, white, 
with a purplish rim, the corolla 5-lobed. 

Sec. III. Pharbitis, Choisy. Stigmaa mostly 3, united, capitate; capsule 3- 
sslled; cells 2-seeded. 



CONYOLVULACEJS. 279 



4. C. Nil, L. Blue Morning- Glory. 

Stem hair} r , twining; leaves cordate, 3-lobed. the intermediate lobe dilated at the 
base, the lateral ones shorter, acute ; peduncles short, 1 to 2-flowered. 

A beautiful plant, indigenous in the southern parts of the State, but known as a 
garden plant. July— -Sept. Calyx hairy, the segments 1 on g- acuminate. Flowers 
fcrge, the tube white and the border of a clear sky blue color. 

5. C. PURPUREUS, L. Common Horning- Glory. 

Twining, hairy; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, entire, pointed ; peduncles elonga- 
ted, 3 to 6-flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; corolla funnel-form with a 
Spreading entire border. 

Fields and about gardens, common in cultivation. June — Sept. Stem, climbing 
8 to 25 feet. Flowers large, beautiful, dark-purple, violekblue, pink, and some- 
times nearly white. 

Sec. IV. Batatus. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed; ovary 4 or by abortion 3 or 2-celted* 

6. C. Batatus, L. Sweet Potato. 

Stem creeping, rarely twining ; leaves heart-shaped, hastate, angular, 5-veined, 
smoothisk; peduncles long: flowers fascicled; sepals lanceolate, acuminate. The 
eweet potato is found growing wild in both Indies, and is cultivated in all warm 
countries. The stem is round, hispid, prestrate, sending out scattered oblong tubers 
Which are yellowish or purplish without. Flowers large, purple and white. 

3. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. Cypress-vine. 

Gt. kuamos, a bean, Jditos, dwarf; resembles the climbing bean, but smaller. 

Sjpals 5, mostly mucronate. Corolla tubular-cylindri- 
cal. Stamens exserted. Style 1 ; stigma capitate, 2- 
lobed ; ovary 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. — Twining herbs, often 
ivifh pinnatifid divided leaves, and delicate white, yellow, orange and 
scarlet flowers. 

1. Q. VULGARIS, Choisy. Jasmine Bindweed. 

Leaves pinnatifid to the midvein, segments linear, parallel, acute ; peduncles 1 to 
2-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate. 

An exceeding delicate vine, common in cultivation. July, Aug. Stem smooth, 
very slender, twining and climbing to the height of 5 to 10 feet. Flowers % to % 
inch in diameter, scarlet, varying to crimson and rose-color, sometimes white. 
Corolla-tube slender, limb fiat, 5-parted, Cypress-Vine, 

2. Q. coccinea, Moonch. Sarht-flowered Morning- Glory. 

Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angular at base; peduncles elongated, 
about 5-flowered; calyx awned. Native of the Southern States, cultivated. July, 
Aug. Annual, Flowers scarlet or sometimes tinged with yellow. 

Sub-order II, CUSCUTINE^E. The Dodder Family. 

Embryo slender, spirally coiled, entirely destitute of 
cotyledons."Parcmfoc yellowish or reddish plants, with 
threaddihe naked stems and minute scales in place of leaves. 

4, CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. 
CALYX 5-(rarely 4)^cleft. Corolla globose-bell-shaped, 



280 solanace^:. 



4 to 5-cleft. Stamens 4 to 5, attached to the tube of the 
corolla, furnished with a scale-like, often fringed appendage 
at their base. Styles 2, distinct (or rarely united). Ovary 
2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Embryo 
thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, 
entirely destitute of cotyledons. — Leafless, chiefly annual, 
yellowish or reddish herbs, with thread-like stems, bearing a 
few minute scales in place of leaves ; germinating in the soil, 
at length ivithering at the root and becoming entirely parasitic 
on the bark of herbs and shrubs; flowers small cymose- 
clustered, mostly white. 

1. C. epilinum, Wiche. Flax Dodder. 

Stem very slender ; flowers in small and dense scattered heads ; corolla globular- 
cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the 5-parted calyx ; leaves small ; styles at first up- 
right, not longer than the ovary. 

Flax-fields, common; introduced from Europe. June. Stem reddish-orange. 
Flowers yellowish-white. Calyx thickish. Stamens included. Stigma acute. 
Capsule depressed-globose, surrounded with the withering corolla. 

2. C. Gronovh, Willd. Common Dodder. 

Stem thickish, branched ; scales oblong, .fimbriate ; flowers peduncled, in close 
Or open cymes ; corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with short spreading or refiexed seg. 
ments, withering at the base of the capsule ; calyx-lobes broad ovate, obtuse ; style 
diverging ; stigma capitate. 

Low grounds very common, chiefly on herbs. Aug., Sept. Stem smooth, slender, 
3 to 5 feet long, and with the scales of a light orange-color, wholly destitute of 
green, always twining from right to left, or hanging in festoons. Galyx and corolla 
more or less dotted with pellucid glands, yellowish-white. 

8. C. compacta, Juss. Compact-flowered Dodder. 

Bracts and sepals orbicular, concave, appressed, slightly crenate, much shorter 
than the slender cylindrical tube of the corolla. Flowers sessile, in dense clusters ; 
stamens shorter than the linear -oblong spreading lobes of the corolla ; scales pin- 
natifid-fringed. 

Dry grounds, on shrubs. Southern parts of the State. 

Order 79. SOLAN ACEM.— Nightshade Family. 

Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with a colorless juice, alternate leaves, rcgv. 
lar b-merous and b-androus flower s, and the fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3 to 5-celled) 
many-seeded capsule or berry. Calyx usually persistent. Corolla plaited or in- 
folded; valvate in the bud. Stamens mostly equally inserted on the corolla. 
Styles and stigma single. Placenta in the axis, projecting far into the cells. 
Seeds nearly amphitropous. 

1. NICOTIAN A, Linn. Tobacco. 

In honor of John Nicot, of Languedoc, who is supposed to have introduced it into 

Europe. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel- 



solanace^:. 281 



form or salver-form, usually with a long tube ) border plait- 
ed, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2- 
celled, 2 to 4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank 
acrid narcotic herbs, mostly clammy -pubescent, with large simple 
entire leaves and lurid flowers in racemes or panicles, white, tinged 
with green or purple. 

1. N. RUSTIC A, L. Wild Tobacco. 

Viscid -pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate; corolla-tube cylindrical, % longer than 
the calyx, the lobes rounded. 

Sparingly naturalized near dwellings and old fields. Said to hare been intro- 
duced by tbe Indians. Aug. Stem 12 to 18 inches high. Flowers greenish-yellow, 
in a terminal panicle or facenle. 

2. N. TABACUM, L. Virginian Tobacco. 

Viscid-pubescent; haves lanceolate, sessile, decurrent; corolla-tube inflated at 
the throat; lobes acute. Native of Central America. Extensively cultivated in 
the Middle and Western States, and is exported in vast quantities. Sle>n 4 to 6 
fe<;t high, paniculate above. Leaves 1 to 2 fret long, 6 to 12 inches wide, entire. 
Flowers rose-color. July. Taken into the stomach this plant is a powerful nar- 
cotic poison. 

2. DATURA, Linn. Jamestown- Weed. 

Altered from the Arabic name, Tatirah. 

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, seperating transversely above 
the base in fruit. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and 
spreading 5-toothed petioled border. Stamens 5. Stigma 
2-lipped. Capsule globular, prickly 4-valved, 2 celled ; 
cells 2 to 3-parted, many-seeled. — -Narcotic-poisonous rank 
Weeds, with ovate angular-toothed leaves, and large and showy Jfoiu- 
trs on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stems. 

D. STRAMONIUM, L. Thorn- Apple. Jamestown- Weed. 

Leaves ovate, smooth, angular-dentate; calyx-teeth, pointed; capsule prickly, erect. 

Waste grounds and roadsides, common; introduced. July — Sept. Annual. 
Plant 2 to 3 feet, often flowering when only 1 foot high. Stem smooth, hollow. 
Leaves large, situated at the base of the 2 forked branches. Flowers 2 to 3 inches 
long, solitary ; cGrolla fiinnel-form, with a long tube and a plaited 5-toothed border, 
white with a slight tinge of purple. The whole plant is poisonous. 

3. HtOSCYAMUS, Tourn. Henbane. 

Gr. hits, hws, a hog, kuamos, a bean ; the fruit is said to be not poisonous to 

swine. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, ir- 
regular, border 5-lobed, plaited. Stamens 5, declined* 
Stigma capitate. Capsule ovoid, 2-celied, covered by the 
persistent calyx, opening transversely all round the apex 
which falls off like a lid.-— Clammy -pubescent rank herbs, 
with angled or toothed haves and lurid flowen in their axil*. 
12* 



282 SOLANACEiE. 



H. NIGER, L. Black Henhane. 

Stem branching, erect, very leafy; haves clasping, sinuate-toothed and angled; 
fiowers sessile , in one-sided at length recurred leafy spikes. 

A tall foetid weed, sparingly naturalized, growing about waste places. July. 
Annual. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, round. Flowers large, dull-yellow, with dark 
purple veins. A powerful narcotic, introduced from Europe. 

4. NICANDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru. 

Named after the poet Nicander. of Colophon. 

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions arrow-shaped, 
enlarged and inflated in fruit, inclosing the 8 to 5-celled 
globular dry berry. Corolla open-bell-shaped, with the 
plaited border nearly entire. Stamens 5, converging. — An 
annual smooth herb, with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled 
leaves and solitary pale hluc flowers on axillaiy and terminal 
peduncle. 

II. physalotdes, Gsert. Apple of Peru. 

Stem herbaceous; leaves smooth, sinuate, angular; flowers solitary, axillary, on 
short peduncles; calyx closed with the angles very acute. 

Cultivated grounds, sparingly naturalized. Native of Peru. Aug. Stem 2 to 5 
feet high, very branching. Leaves large, oblong decurrent. Corolla slightly lobed, 
pale blue, white and with 5 blue spots in the centre. 

5. PHYSALIS, Linn. Gecckd Cherry. 

Gr. pliusa, a bladder, alluding to the inflated calyx. 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, at length much inflated. Co- 
rolla spreading-bell-shaped, with a very short tube, marked 
with 5 concave spots at the. base; border plaited, somewhat 
5-lobed. Stamens 5, 'converging. Fiiuit a 2-celled globu- 
lar berry, enclosed within the inflated calyx. — Herbs, rarely 
shrubs, with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and axillary 
or extra-axillary flowers on 1-flowered peduncles. 

1. P. YISCOSA, L. Ground Cherry. Yellow Henbane. 

Clammy-pubescent, low, very diffusely branched; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
late, heart-shaped or acute at base, somewhat angled, toothed or entire: fiowtrs 
nodding. 

Dry fields and hillsides, common. July, Aug. Per. A very variable plant, and 
embracing many nominal species. Stem about 1 foot high, more or less decum- 
bent. Leaves 1 to 4 inches long, Y 2 to % or even as wide, acute, acuminate or 
often cbtuse at the apex. Corolla pale greenish-yellow with 5 brownish spots at 
base. Bary yellowi&h, pleasant tasted, wholly inclosed in the much inflated 
calyx. 

2. P. Philadelphia, Lam. Philadelphia Ground Cherry. 

Smoothish, erect ; leaves obliquely ovate, pointed, angled ; calyx open in fruit, 
scarcely inclosing the berry. 

Dry river banks. July. Aim. i( Flowers larger than ia the preceding species, 
yellow, with brovrn stripes." 



SOLANACE.E. 



6. SOLANUM, Linn. Nightshade. 

Calyx 5 to 10 -parted, persistent, spreading. Corolla 
mostly wheel-shaped; tube very short; limb plaited in the 
bud 5 to 10-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted, converging 
around the style ; filaments very short. Berry usually 2- 
celled. — Herbs or shrubs, unarmed or prickly with pinna tifid 
or undivided, sometimes geminate leaves, and lateral solitary 
or extra solitary peduncles. 

1. S. DULCAMARA, L. Bittersweet Nightshade. 

Stem somewhat shrubby, climbing, mostly smooth ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped^- 
the upper ones halbert-shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes at the base ; flowers in 
Email cymes, which become lateral. 

Moist banks and around dwellings, naturalized. June, July. Per. Stem 
branching, several feet long. Flowers drooping on branching peduncles from the 
side of the stem. Corolla, of refiexed^ segments, purple, with a green spot on each 
segment. Berr ies bright red. 

2. S. NIGRUM, L. Black Nightshade. 

Low, much branched and often spreading; leaves ovate, wavy- toothed; flowers 
small, in lateral umbel-like clusters, drooping ; berries globular. 

"Waste places, common, introduced. July, Aug. Bienniel. A poisonous plant 
of no beauty, about a foot high. Leaves mostly erose on the margin as if gnawed 
by insects. Flowers very small, white, with yellow anthers. Berries black. 

3. S. Carolinense, L. Horse-Nettle. 

Herbaceous, prickly; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled, 
hcary-pubescent, prickly along the midrib ; flowers large, in simple loose racemes # 
berry globular. 

Roadsides, sandy soil, rare. June, July. Per. Stem erect, prickly, branched, 
about one foot high. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 3 wide, usually in unequal 
pairs, with a few large repand lobes or teeth. Flowers pale blue or white, 1 to 1% 
inch in diameter, in lateral racemes. Berry globular, orange-yellow. 

CULTIVATED SPECIES. 

4. S. tuberosum, L. Common Potato. 

Boot tuberous ; stem herbaceous, winged ; leaves interruptedly-pinnate, pube- 
scent ; flowers sub-corymbed ; corolla 5-anghd. This valuable plant is supposed 
to be a native of South America where it still grows wild- Although it now con- 
stitutes a large portion of the food of man, it was scarcely known until the 17th 
century, and was not extensively cultivated until the middle of the 18th. Nu- 
merous varieties are raised from the seed ? which differ in the time of ripening, 
quality, form, color, size, &e. 

5. S. melongena, L. Egg Plant. 

Prickly ; leaves ovate, sub-sinuate, downy ; flovjers many-parted. Ann. Stem 
branching, about 2 feet high. The fruit consists of large egg-shaped berries, from 
the size of an egg to that of a water melon, smooth, white or of a glossy purple* 
It is prepared in various ways, and considered delicious. 

Sec. II. Lycopeksicum, Mill. Berries 3 to 6-eelled, often torose. 

6. S. lycopersicum, L. Tomato. 

Hairy j stem herbaceous, weak; leaves unequally pinnatifid, segments cut, glaw» 



284 SOLAN ACEiE. 



eons beneath; fruit torulose, furrowed, smooth. A common garden plant, re- 
sembling the potato in its general aspect, 2 to 4 fe«t high. Flowers greenish- 
fellow. Fruit large, mostly with or without acute furrows, at first green, be- 
coming when ripe a beautiful red or golden yellow. The fruit is prepared in 
tariOus ways, for sauces, stews, &c. 

(CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 

7. ATROPA, Linn. Deadly Nightshade. 

Name of one of the three fates of Grecian mythology, whose office was to cut the 
thread of human life. 

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped. Sta* 
mens 5, distant. Berry globose, 2-celled, situated on the 
balyx. — Herbs, shrubs or trees, natives of the Old World. 

A. Belladonna, L. Deadly Nightshade. 

Stem herbaceous ; leaves ovate, entire, acuminate, at both ends in pairs, on short 
retioles ; flowers solitaiy, somewhat drooping, on short 1-flowered axillary pe- 
duncles; calyx deeply divided into 5 ovate segments; stamens shorter than the 
corolla, bearing heart-shaped 4-lobcd anthers. Native of Europe. A powerful 
narcotic poison, often cultivated. Stem 5 feet high, branching below, and with 
the leaves purplish. Flowers pale purple externally, darker on the upper internal 
surface, and yellowish below. Berries about the size of a Small cherry with a 
transverse furrow, shining, smooth, of a dark violet black color. 

8. LYCIUM, Linn. False Jessamine. 

From Lytia, the native Country of the original species. 

Calyx 2 to 5 -cleft, short. Corolla tubular ; limb most. 
ly 5-lobed, spreading ) orifice closed by the beard of the 
filaments. Stamens 4 to 5, exserted. Berry 2-celled 5 
seeds several, reniform.— Shrubs, with the branches ending 
in spinose points, and often with axillary spines. Flowers ax- 
illary, solitary, or in pair Si 

L. Barbarum, Linn. Matrimony Vine. 

Stem angular, with long pendulous branches, somewhat spiny; leaves often 
fasciculate, lanceolate; calyx mostly 3-cleft. Native of Barbary, cultivated and 
nearly naturalized. A handsome shrub, growing to the height of 8 to 12 feet, 
with long slender trailing or hanging branches, which overspread Walls, &c, with 
a thick tangled mass. Leaves smooth, 3 times as long as wide. Flowers greenish- 
purple. Berries orange-red. 

9. CAPSICUM, To urn. Cayenne Pepper. 

Gr. kapto, to bite ; from the acridity of the fruit. 

Calyx erect, 5-cleft, persistent. Corolla rotate, with a 
Very short tube and plaited 5-lobed limb. Stamens 5, with 
sonyerging anthers. Fruit a juiceless berry, 2 to 4-eelled* 



GEXTIANACE-E. 285 



many-seeded. — A large genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants, 
pervaded by a hot and pungent principle, with the leaves often 
in pairs, and axillary solitary peduncles. 

C. ANNUUM, L. Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper. 

Stem herbaceous, angular, branching above ; leaves ovate, acuminate, entire, 
petiolate, smooth; peduncles axillary, smooth; calyx angular, with short, acute 
lobes; corolla-lobes spreading, longer than the stamens; berry oblong or sab-glo- 
bose. Native of South America. Ann. Cultivated in gardens for its stimulating 
fruit, which is well known. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers solitary, on crowded 
peduncles of a greeni-h-white color. 

10. PETUNIA, Juss. 

The Brazilian name is pelun, Latinized petunia. 

Calyx-tube short, the limb 5-cleft, leafy. Corolla 
funnel-form, with a cylindric tube ; limb in 5 unequal 
plaited lobes. Stamens 5, unequal, included, arising from 
the middle of the corolla-tube. Capsule 2-valved, many- 
seeded. — Herbs, with simple leaves, and axillary solitary 
shoicy flowers. 

1. P. nyctaginiflora. White Petunia. 

Diffuse; clothed with clammy hairs; lower leaves alternate, ovate, obtuse, hairy; 
floral leaves sessile, cordate-ovate, opposite; corolla-tube cylindric, 3 or 4 times 
longer than the spatulate sepals, limb flat, spreading. A handsome border flower, 
native of Brazil. Stem 1 to 3 feet long. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long. 

2. P. violacea, L. Purple Petunia, 

Stem weak, viscid pilose, prostrate ; leaves ovate, acute, on short petioles ; corolla 
ventricose, with ovate acute segments. Native of Brazil. A handsome trailing 
or climbing plant, quite popular in cultivation. "Whole plant clothed with clammy 
hairs. Stems several from the same root, simple or somewhat branched, 2 to 8 
feet long. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, fleshy, nearly smooth beneath. Peduncles as 
long as the leaves. Corolla bright purple, 1 inch or more broad, upper segments 
smallest. These two species are found to hybridize freely, and the union of the 
two produces a great number of beautiful varieties, such as violet, white and pur^ 
pie, flesh color, &c, some of which are highly fragrant. 

Order 80. GENTIAN ACEffi,— Gentian Family. 

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, mostly opposite sessile entire leaves without 
stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, mostly 
twisted in ozslivation, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placental ; the fruit a 2-valved 
many-seeded capsule. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent, the 
stupens inserted on its tube. 

1. SABBATIA, Adans. American Centaury. 

Dedicated to Sabbati, an early Italian botanist. 

Calyx 5 to 12-parted ; the divisions slender. Corolla 



280 GENTIANACEJ3. 



5 to 12-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5 to 12, with erect 
at length recurved anthers. Style 2-parted, slender, with 
spiral divisions. Capsule 1-celled, the valves a little intro- 
flexed. — JB/'ennielSj with slender stems, and cymose-panicled 
handsome icliite or rose-purple flowers. 

1. S. ANGULARIS, Pursh. Common Centaury. 

Stem square and 4 angled, stiff, erect, much branched above; leaves ovate or 
ovate-heart-shaped, clasping ; calyx-lobes lanceJinear, nearly % as lor, S as tnQ 
corolla; corolla-lobes ovaterelliptical. 

Dry neglected fields and river banks. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 20 inches high, 
with opposite many-flowered branches. Leaves closely embracing the stem, 1 to 3 
inches long, \< 2 to 1% wide, obscurely 5-nerved. Flowers showy, 1 to V/^ inch in 
diameter, deep rose-color with a yellowish-green 5-rayGd star in the centre, 

2. S. GRACILIS, Salisb. Slender Centaury. 

Stem, branches and peduncles very slender, diffuse ; leaves linear, the lower rather 
oblong; calyx-segments linear-bristle-shaped, about as long as the corolla; corolla, 
5-parted, with elliptic-oblong obtuse lobes. 

Wet grounds. July, Aug. Stem 10 to 15 inches high, with long diverging 
branches. Panicle terminal, with spreading lew-flowered branches. Flowers 
purple, on long peduncles. 

3. S. STELLARIS, Pursh. Star flowered Centaury. 

Stem weak, nearly round ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, the uppermost 
linear; calyx-lobes linear subulate, about half as long as the obovate lobes of the 
corolla. 

Brackish meadows. Aug., Sept. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, slightly angular, 
dichotomously brauched; branches elongated, 1- flowered. Leaves somewhat fleshy, 
1 to 2 inches long, sessile. Flowers bright purple or rose-color, with a yellow star 
in the centre, edged with crimson . 

4. S. CHLOROIDES, Pursh. Large-flowered Centaury. 

Stem slender, weak, nearly round; leaves oblong-lanceolate, erect; Jlovjers 7 to 
12-parted ; sepals linear, shorter than the elliptical-lanceolate lobes of the corolla. 

Border of brackish ponds. July— rSept, Stem 2 to 3 rent hiuch, loosely panicled 
above, with few 1-flowered branches. Lewes 1 to 1% inch long, opposite, entire, 
smooth, closely sessile, acute. Corolla 1% to 2 inches in diameter, bright purple, 
with a yellow base, the segments spatulate, rounded at the end. 

2. ERYTHILEA, Pers. Centaury. 

Gr. eruthros, red ; from the color of the flowers, 

Calyx 4 to 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla. 
funnel-form, with a slender tube and a 4 to 5-parted limb, 
which in withering twists on the pod. Stamens 5, rarely 
4 ; anthers after flowering spirally twisted. Style slender, 
single; stigma capitate or 2-lipped.— -Low and small branch- 
ing annuals, with sub angular stems, somewhat cuneate leaves, and 
rose-purple or reddish cymose flowers, 

E. ramqsissima, Persoon, var. pulohella, Griseb, 

J«ow i stem simple below, 2 forked, bran.cb.ed. above ; haves oy&te * oblopg pr oyal } 






GENTIANACEiR 28? 



flowers all on short pedicels; corolla-tube thrice as long as the elliptical-oblong 
lobes. 

Wet meadows or shady places; rare; probably introduced. July. Stem 2 to 8 
inches high, many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme. Leaves % to 
% inch long, }/£ inch wide, closely sessile. Corolla bright purple, tube yellowish- 
green, slender, persistent and withering on the capsule. 

3. BARTONIA, Mulil. (Centaurella, Michx.) 

Dedicated in the year 1801 to the late Prof. Barton, of Philadelphia. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, without glands, 
fringes or folds. Stamens 4, short. Stigma thick, gJan- 
dulous and partly bifid. Capsule oblong, pointed, 1 -celled, 
2.valved, many-seeded — Small annual or bienniel erect herbs, 
with slender stems, awl-shaped greenish scale like leaves, and small 
yellowish-white pedimcled flowers, 

B. tenella, Muhl. Small- flowered f Bartom'a. Screw-stem* 

Stem smooth, branched above; branches mostly opposite, 1 to 3*flowered ; leaves 
awl-shaped, minute; corolla as long as the calyx: style very short. 

Open woods and damp grounds. Aug., Sept. Stem 3 to 10 inches high, square, 
often twisted. Peduncles opposite or terminal, simple or branched. Flowers small, 
greenish-white, on the ends of the branches. Stanums inserted in the clefts of the 
corolla. Centaurella Moseri, Grisb., is only a variety with the scales and pe- 
duncles mostly opposite* 

4. GENTIANA, Linn. Gentian. 

From Gentius, king of Illyria, who discovered the tonic virtues of this genu?* 

Calyx 4 to 5-clcft. Corolla 4 to 5-lobed, regular, most- 
ly with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages at 
the sinuses. Stamens 4 to 5, inserted upon the tube of the 
corolla, short. Style short or none ; stigmas 2, persistent. 
Capsule oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs of various 
habits, with opposite leaves, and solitary or cymose showy 
flowers. 

* Corolla without crown or plaited folds ; annual. 

1. Gr. quinql t efloea, Lam. Five -flowered Gentian. 

Stem 4-angled, slender, branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat heart- 
shaped and clasping at the base, 3 to 7 -nerved, minutely pointed; corolla-lobes 
triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, about % as long as the slender obconical tube) 
the tube 4 times as long as the subulate sepals. 

Hillsides and pastures. Aug., Sept. Stem about 1 foot high, with the branches 
raeemed or panicled, about 5-liowered at the summit. Flowers about 1 inch longj 
light purplish-blue. 

** Corolla with plaited folds ; perennials, 

2. Gr. saponaria, L. Soapwort Gentian. 

Stem erect or ascending, often roughish above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong of 
l&nce-obovate, with rough margins, narrowed at the base ; ca'yx-lobes linear or 
spatulute, acute, about % as long as the corolla; corolla club-bell-shaped, with 



288 GENTIAN ACE J3. 



roundish-ovate, mostly obtuse, erect or converging lobes, which are longer than 
the 2-cleft lninutely-tootht d appendages; anthers united. 

Meadows and sides ef streams, common. Sept., Oct. A very variable speciei, 
embracing several varieties and nominal species, 12 to 18 iuches high, simple, 
erect, smooth, with opposite smooth leaves. Flowers 1% inch long, erect, bright- 
blue, sub sessile in bunches at the top of the stem, and often solitary in the upper 
axils. 

3. G. OCHROLEUCA, Froel. Yellowish- White Gentian, 

Stem ascending, mostly smooth; leaves obovate- oblong, the lowest broadly obo- 
vate, obtuse, the upper ones lanceolate, all nerved at the base; flowers in a dense 
terminal cluster; calyx-lobes linear, unequal, longer than the tube; corolla club- 
shaped, apex connivent or slightly expanding, lobes ovate, obtuse, the folds entire, 
acute, short; anthers free. 

Dry grounds, rare. Sept., Oct. Stem 9 to 15 inches high, simple, stout. Leaves 
clasping or sessile, 2. to 4 inches long, % to 1% wide. Flowers 2 inches long, % 
inch thick. Corolla open at top, greenish-white, painted inside with green veins 
and lilac-purple stripes. 

4. Gr. ALBA, Muhl. Whitish Gentian, 

Stems upright, stout, very smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, from a heart shaped 
closely clasping base; calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and 
much shorter than the tube of the corolla ; corolla inflated, club-shaped, at length 
open, the short and broad ovate lobes nearly twice as long as the toothed appen- 
dages; anthers at first united; capsule nearly included. 

Glades and low grounds. Aug. ■ Stem 12 to 18 inches high, with the flowers 
closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal cluster, and sometimes also 
clustered in the upper axils. Calyx-lobes refiexed-spreading. Cot olla white, more 
or less tinged with greenish or yellowish. This has generally been confounded 
with G. ochroleuca, but Prof. Gray considers it a very distinct species, on whose 
authority I have here inserted it, as indiginous to this State. 

* * * Corolla <k-cleft 3 fimbriate on the margins ; annual or bienniel. 

5. G. CRINITAj Froel. Fringed Gentian. 

Stem erect, branched above ; branches elongated, 1-fiowered ; leaves lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, with a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-cleffc 
ealyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate; corolla-tube bell-shaped, the limb 4-parted 
with wedge-obovate lobes, strongly fringed around the summit. 

Low grounds and hillsides. Sept., Oct. A beautiful species 6 to 12 inches high, 
round and smooth, with long branches, slightly curved at the base, becoming erect 
and straight, each bearing 2 leaves at the middle and a single flower at the top. 
Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, % to ]/ 2 incn wide, broadest at the base. Flowers 2 
inches long, sky-blue, finely fringed on the margin, expanding in sunshine. 

5. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Buckbean. 

Gr. mm, month, and anthos, a flower ; because the plant blossoms about that 
length of time. 

Calyx 5- parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-parted, 
deciduous; limb spreading, 5-lobed, equal, white, bearded 
within. Stamens 5. Style slender, persistent. Stigma 
2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled, bursting somewhat irregularly, 
many-seeded. — A perennial herb, with a thickish creeping 
rootstock, sheathed by the membranaceous bases of the long petioles, 
which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit, and white or 
slightly reddish flowers, racemed on the naked scape. 



APOCYNACE-E. 289 



M. TRIFOLIATA, L. Marsh Trefoil. Buckbean. 

Leaves trifoliate ; leaflets obovate ; peduncles long naked; sepals obtuse, % as long 
as the corolla ; petals acute, about as long ag the stamens. 

Bogs, margins of ponds. A fine plant arising from large, bfcsek'reets, descend- 
ing deep into the boggy ©arlii. Slem'Sto 12 inches high, round. F lovsers v?hii& 
■or flesh color, beautifully fringed with soft hair3 at the base and in the tube of 
the corolla. 

6. GBOLARXA, Linn. Pennywort. 

<3r. oboZos, a small cola, with which the leaves of this plant are compared. 

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the 
leaves. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 
4-cleffc, the lobes oval-oblong, or sometimes spatulate. Sta- 
mens 4, inserted at the sinuses of the -corolla, s ; hort. Style 
-short persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-cel- 
tled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — A loia and very smooth pur- 
plish green perenniel. with opposite wedge obuvotc leaves, and whi- 
tish or purplish terminal and axillary /lowers solitary or in clusters 
of 3. 

O. YlRGINTCA, L. Virginian Tenvywort. 

Sieni simple or with a'few opposite branches 1 above; leaves eunoatc-obovato'cr 
•roundish-rhomboidal, sessile and decurrent at base. 

Ilich woods, rare. April, May. Stem 4 to 8 inches high, often in clusters. Cor- 
■olki pale-purplish or whitish, longer than the stamens. 

Order 81. MOGYE MEM,— Dogbane Family. 

Plants with miucy acr'd juice, entire chiefly opposite leaves without stipules, Tegu- 
lar b-merous and 5-a-ndrous flowers, iciuh theb lobes of the coroUa convolute ar.d twist- 
ed in the bud. — Calyx entirely free from the 2 ovaries, persistant. Filaments dis 
tinct: pollen granular, globose or 5-lobod. Frcit a pair of follicles, rarely one of 
'them abortive. Seebs numerous, amphitropous. Chiefly tropical plants. 

1. APOOYNUM, Teurn. Dogbane. 

vQr. apo, away, and &«G»,-a-dog; 'to which the plant was thought to be poise sous 

Calyx 5-partecl, with acute lobes. Corolla tell-shapa!, 
■5-cleft, with 5 triangular appendages in the threat opposite 
the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla : 
anthers arrow-shaped, longer than the filaments : filaments 
slightly adherent to the 2-ldbed stigma by their inner face. 
Ftuit of 2 long and slender follicles. — Perennial herbs, with 
opposite entire mucronate 'leaves, and small pale fiowers in terminal 
and axillary cymes. 

X. A. ANLKOSiEMIFOLlUM, L. Dog' hhanc. 

.Smooth, branched above, the branches diverging; leaves cvate distinctly retic- 



290 ASCLEPIADACEJE. 



Jed; cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves; corolla open bell-aba- 
pcd, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the calyx. 

Borders of woods and fane-crows, common. June/, July. Stern 2 to 3 feet high, 
erect reddish. leaves 2 to 3 inches long and % as wide, dark green above, pal&r 
bs&eath, on petioles % ^ ac ^ long. Corolla % inch broad, white striped with red, 
with 5 acuta, spreading segments. — Varies, also, with -the leaves downy under- 
neath. 

2. A. cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp. 

gfcem and branches upright or ascending; leaves varying from oblong, oral 
ovats to heart-shaped; cymes close, many-flowered, erect, usually shorter than the 
leaves; corolla with nearly erect lobes, the tube about as long as the lanceolate 
lobes of the calyx. 

Open wools an 1 river ban lis, comtrna. July, Aug. Stern 2 to 3 f.>et high, gen- 
erally dividing above ints long, slender branches. Lexves 1]4 to 4 inches long, j.^ 
to }{ as wide. Tsr.l, gliberrimum, D3. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, on short peti- 
ole?, smooth, obtuse or roundel. Var. 2, pvfiesceris, '1)0. Leaves oblong, oval, or 
ovate, downy und srneath or on both sides, as well as ike cymes, Tar. 3, hypericin 
foKum. Leaves more or less heart shaped at the base, on v-ry short petiole^ mosth 
It em >oth. (A hy per icifo liana, At.) Flowers small, with lanceolate acute sepals. 
iCgrjtMa whitish with straight obtuse segments. 

2. VINOA, Linn. Periwinkle. 

Lat. vinculum, a band, from the long twining branches. 

Corolla salver-form, contorted, 'border 5-cleft, the left a 
oblique, orifice 5-angled ; 2 glands at the base of the o^ary. 
Capsule follicular, erect, fusiform; seeds oblong. — Upright 
or trailing shrubs, with evergreen leaves and showy flowers. 

:JL V. MINOR, L. Lesser Periwinkle. Fake Myrtle. 

Stem ■procumbent, iraHing ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, smooth on the ma-rgins, 
ih\c\i;fl-owers pedunculate; sepals lanceolate. A hand some evergreen, flowering 
iugin May. Native of Europe. Stems several feet in length, round, smooth and 
leafy. Leaves opposite, smooth and shining, about an inch long. Flowers solitary, 
axillary, alternate, blue, violet and white. 

2. V. MAJOR, L. Greater FeriwinM-c. 

A beautiful shrub, common in cultivation, native of Europe. Stem Ito 2 fed 
high, with numerous, slender, straggling branches, very leafy, forming light mas- 
ses of evergreen foliage. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, rounded or somewhat hear^sha- 
p:d at base. I'loiuers blue, pink and white, blossoming nearly all seasons. 

.0>der 82. AS6LEPIADAGEJB.— Milkweed Family.. 

PUmts with milky juice and nppoMe or whorhd rarely scattered eniirs leaves, regu- 
lar b-nero,is y 5-androus flowers, with a valxait -corolla, and singular connection ttf 
t\i anthers with the sli{/ma-, tht cohesion of the pollen massts irtiowax-liJt€ masses, cV.,, 
as explained undir the typical gtnus. 

1. ASGLEPIAS, Linn. Milkweed. Silkwebd. 

The Greek name of JBscultpius, to whom this genus is dedicated. 

Calyx smalt, 5-parted, persistent, spreading. Corolla 



ASCLEPI ADAGES. £§ 1 



deeply 5-parted, the divisions lanceolate reflexed, deciduous 
Crown" of 5 : hooded lobes (nectaries) seated on the tube of 
stamens, each containing a horn-like incurved process. Sta- 
msns 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments 
united into a tube which incloses the pistil; anthers ad- 
herent to the stigmi, with 2 vertical cells opening length- 
vfise tir>p3d with a membranaceous appendage, each cell con- 
taining a flattened waxy pel Ion -mass. Stigma depressed, 
5 -angled, covering 2 ovaries. Follicles 2, one of them 
often abortive, inflated, smooth or muricate. Seeds furnished 
with a long tuft of silky hairs at the hilum. — Perennial up- 
right herbs, with thick and deep roots, usually transversely veined 
haves, and terminal or mostly lateral peduncles between the petioles 
bearing simple many Jljwered umbels. 
* Leaves opposite. 

1. A. Cornuti, Decaisne. Common Milkweed cr SiUcicetd. 

Siem nearly simple, large arid stout; leaves ovate-elliptical, 'with a slight point, 
spreading, petiolate, minutely velvety-downy underneath ; umbel nodding; divi- 
sions of the corolla ovate; hoods of the crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe cr teeth 
en each side of the claw-IiKe horn; folHcles muricate. 

Rich soil, fields, roadsides, &c, common. July. A coarse, very milky plant. 3 
to 4 feet high. Lsapes d- to 8 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, tapering at both end?, 
p.&le. Umbels several, dense, globos^, each of 20 or more sweet scented Sowers. 
GJrotla pale-purple, about 14'aslongas the pedicel*, reflexed, leaving the crovra 
quite conspicuous. 

2. A. piiyik)LACCOIDE3, Ph. JFuIk-leaved Sllhweed. 

S'.&rrL simple, erect, smooth; hives broadly ovate, or the upper oval -lanceolate 
pointed at both ends, short pfetioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath ; r.,- 
loose and nodding, numerous, elongate.!, slender: divbions of the corolla ovate 
oblong, heads of the crown truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the 
horn with a long projecting point; follicles ininwtAj downy. 

Low sha-ly grounds, rather common. June. Stern 3 to 5 feet hi^h, above 
marked with 2 opposite lines of minute pubescence. Laves 5 to 8 inches long, and 
nearly bo ^ wide. UwtbeU near the top. on lateral peduncles d to 6 inches long, 
with 10 to 2J large flowers, on pedicels 2 inches long. rctals green. Crown fiefch- 
fcolored. 

8. A. purpurascexs, L. Purple MUkicecd. 

SCein simple, erect, with 2 pubescent lines; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the 
lower xaucronate, the upper acuminate, minutely velvety downy underneath, 
smooth above, contracted at base into a short petiole ; pedlctU shorter than the 
mostly terminal peduncle; divisions of the corolla lance-ovate; hoods of the 
crown oblong; the horn broadly falcate, with a narrow and broadly indexed hcri 
zontal point; follicles smooth. 

Border of woods and thickets, not common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rather 
slender. Leaves pale and downy beneath, the midrein purple. Flowers in termi- 
nal, erect umbels, with a small green calyx, and dark purple corolla with re tic x^d 
segments. 

4, A. yariegata, L. Variegated Millcweed. 

Ke&rly sffisoth :; . si&m simple, erect; Uavcs ovate, oval - or- obovste, somewLat 



292 ASCLEPIADACE^E. 



wavy, mum-onate, contracted into a sliort petiole ; pedicels and peduncles short, 
downy; corollx segments ovate; hools of tli3 crown orbicular, entire, the horn 
Braad-faioato, with a horizontal point ; follicle slightly downy. 

Dry wojds. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves somewhat acuminate, on*. 
puhe.ismt petioles. UnvjpJs 23 : -to 40-flowered, mostly globose. Corollu and crown 
white, the latter with a baud of purple around thj base. 

5. A. quadrijfolia, Jacq. Four-leaped Milkweed. 

Nearly smooth; stem simple, slender; leaves ovate or ovatc-l&nceolate, petiolcd, 
mostly aeuminate, the middle ones in whorls of four; pedicels capillary; corolla 
segments oblong; hoods of the crown elliptical-ovate; horn very short, incurved; 
follicle linear-lanceolate, smooth. 

Dry wool? and hills; common. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves thin, 2: 
to 4 inches loag. the upper and lower one3 opposite. Umbels 2 to 6, on slender pe- 
duncles 1 to l}4 inch long. Flowers small, white or purplish, fragrant. 

6. A. ©btusifolia, Miclix. Wavy -leaved Milkweed. 

Smooth and glaucous.; stem simple, erect; leaves oblong.cr^ ovate-elliptical, very 
©Muse, mucronato, sessile, somewhat clasping by aheart shaped base, the margins 
wavy; umbels terminal, many-flowered; hoods of the crown truueate and some- 
what toothed at tho summit, shorter than the slender subulate horn; follicla 
emoothish. 

Sandy woods and fields, rather common. July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, bearing &- 
single (rarely. 2) long ^duneled terminal umbel of 30 to 40- 'large reddish-green 
flowers. Leaven much waved on the margin, 4 to 5 inches long, % as wide. Corolla, 
light purple. Grown nearly white, the segments large. 

7. A. rubra, L. Red-flowered Milkweed. 

Smooth, slender, erect; leaves ovato-lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, subcord&te 
@r rounded at base, on very short petioles; divisions of tho corolla lanceolate, . 
ac^ibe; hoods of the «rown oblong, acutish, with an awl-shaped horn. 

Low grounds, rare. July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with a pubescent line on one 
side, bearing 1 to 3 few-flowered umbels at the naked summit of the stem. Leaves 
% to 4 inches Jong, rough ciiiate, in remote pairs. Flowers reddish purple, tinged 
With orange^ 

8. A, incabnata, L. Rose-colored Silkweedi 

Stem erect, branching above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse 
at the base, distinctly potiolcd; umbels many-flowered, erect, mostly terminal, of- 
ten in. opposite pairs ; divisions of tho corolla ovate; horns awl-shaped, curving in- 
wards. 

Wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, very leafy, with 2 hairy 
lines above and on the branches and peduncles. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long, Y / 2 to 
1^2 wide, tapering to a very acute point on petioles % inch long. Umbels close, 2 
toO togethes at the too of the stem or branches, on a peduncle 2 inches long,. 
F lowers small, Corolla reddish-purple. Crown flesh-color. 

9. A. TUB3R03A, L. Butterfly Weed. Pleurisy Root. 

Boughisn hairy ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, with spreading branches % 
leaves varying from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled; umbels 
numerous, often forming terminal corymbs; hoods of the crawn narowly-oblong, . 
scarcely longer than the slender awl-shaped horns ; follicles hoary. 

Dry hills and fields, common. June— Aug. Boot large, tuberous. Plant 1 to 2 
feet high, leafy to the summit, usually with numerous corvmbed umbels of showy 
orango flowers on short peduncles. Leaves sometimes broad and cordate, at others 
linear and somewhat tapering at base. Corolla greenish-orange. Crotvn brififctw 
©range- Medicinal* 



ASCT.EFEABACEiE. 293 



10. A. verticillata, L. Whorled Milkweed. 

Bmoothish; stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, minutely hoi»?y in lines, 
very leaf/ to the summit; feaves mostly whorled, narrow-iine&r, revolute on the 
margin; unoels small lateral and terminal; hoods of iho crown roundish cr? ^4, 
Lalf as long as tho hooked claw-shaped horns. 

Di*y hills. Jan? — Sejit. Ste.7ii 1 to 3 feet-high, Terr bonder, often & li-tle branched 
lit iko summit. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, scarcely 1 line wide, 3 to in a whorl, or 
the lowt-sfe and apperasdst nearly opposite. Flowers small, greenish-white, ii* na- 
tosrcus umbels about I inch in diameter. 

Aciratls, EH. Roods of the crown dedUuU cf a hern ; whence the name, from 
ft, privative and J:crxs,-{iics f a ftcm. 

11. A. vihidiflora, Eaf. Qrem-fiowertd MHkweei. 

Downy-hoary; sterns low and stout, aseendiDg; learns oval, ovate and obovate cr 
BOMetimes almost linear, slightly petioledQ mueronate, acute or obtuse, thick, u% 
length smoothish; wnbels nearly sessile, densely many-fewer*. »"!, globose, iataral ; 
crown oblong, strictly erect, sessile at the base of the tubs of filaments, s&crles 
than the anthers. 

Dry hills and" sandy fields, common. July — Sept. Stem 12 to 13 inches high, 
sometimes clustered. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, thick and coriaceous, very variable 
in form. U.nbsls 2 to 4,- subtermimxl on short thick hairy nedcaeles Fldw&r$ 
grefcnkh, when expanded about the length of the pedicel. 

2. GONOLOBTJ3, Michx. 

Gr. conns, an angle, and lev os, a pod, from the ribbed follicles. 

Calyx 5-parted, spreading. Corolla 5-paried, irb&el- 
shapecl, sometimes refiexed-spreading. Crown a email and 
fleshy wavy-lobed ring lathe throat cf the corolla. Aktheks 
horizontal, partly concealed under the flattened stigma, 
opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. 
Follicles 2, turgid, somewhat ribbed. Sells comose.— 
Twining herbaceous or shrubby plants, ivilh opposite heart-shaped 
leaves, usually hairy, and racemed or eorymhed greenish or purplish 
Jlowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. 

1. G. HIRSUTUS, Michx. Hairy GonoJobus. 

Minutely pubescent; leaves ovate heart-shaped, somewhat obtuse or pointed ; pe- 
duncles fjw-nowcred, shorter than the petioles; pedicels very short; hraciltis awl- 
shaped; lobes of the corolla oblong minutely so tiy-hairy outside ; fcUides covered 
with spine-like soft processes. 

Rich river banks. Western part of the State. June, July. Stem trailing ar.d 
climbing 3 to 4 feet long, the younger branches very hairy. Leaves slightly aurica-- 
late at baee. Umbels axillary, 3 to 4-fiowered. Flowers dark purple, 

2, G. MACROFHYLLUS, Michx. Large-leaved &onololus. 

Stem hirsute with long hairs; leaves broadly ovate-heart-shaped, . pointed ; pe- 
duncles and pedicels longer than the petioles; oractlets linear; lobes of the eorelSa 
linear or narrowly oblong, downy outside; foUi&es ribbed and angled. 

Shady banks, near Philadelphia, Bart&n: Chester Co., Darlington. July. Stem 
twining several feet long. Leaves 3 to 6 inches wids. Flowers purple and £?<*&&- 
tsh, fjetid, in loose cymose umbels. 

J2* 



29 i JAS3IINACES AND 0LEACE2E. 

(Mm, 83. JASMINAGE2E.— Jasmine Family. 

Scrubs, bftm willi twining stems, opposite or alternate mostly compound leaves and 
white or yellow, mostly fragrant flowers in oppooite corymbs. Calyx divided or 
toothsdj persistent. Cosolla regular, salver-form, the limb in 5 to 8 divisions. 
Stamens 2, arising from the corolla and included within its tube. Ovary free, 2- 
oslled, each cell with 1 erect ovule. Style 1; STiqaiA .2-loted. Fruit a double 
berry, or a capsule separable into 2, 2-seedecL .. 

JASMINUM, Linn. Jasmine. 

Gr. iasme. perfume; from the fragrance of the Cowers. 

Calyx tubular, 5 to IQ-cIeft. Corolla salver-form y 
tube long; limb flat, 5 to 10-cleffc. Fruit a double berry y 
seeds 2, solitary, arilecl. — Busliy or climbing shrubs, with op- 
posite compound leaves on articulated petioles, and white or yellow 

mo^ilv fragrant Jiowers in paniculate corymbs, 

1; J, fetjticans, L. Yellow Jasmine.- 

Smooth, erect; brandies angular-; leaves alternate trifoliate, rarely simple ;> 
laafiets curved ; flowers, few,- .sub-terminal; calyx segments subulate; corolla-tube 
twiee longer than the calyx, limb of 5, obtuse lobes. Native of South Europs. 
Stem 3 feet high, bushy. Flovjers yellow, inodorous, the tube about }$ inch long. 

2. J. OFFICINALE, L. White Jasmine. Common Jasmine. 

Smooth, scarcely climbing; brandies subangulate; leaflets 3 to 7, lanceolate^ 
acuminate; panicles terminal, few-flowered, corymbose; corolla-tube twice longer 
than the calyx. Native of* Asia. A beautiful and much cultivated species, several 
£t|ct high;- with fragrant white Sowers. 

G.sdjr 84. OLEACEK:— Olive Family. 

Trees or sTrrubs, with erspesite; and pinnate or simple leaves, a deleft or sometimes 
obsolete calyx, a regular deleft or nearly ^-patulous corolla, sometimes apetalous, 2, or 
rarely 3, stamens, and a 2-celled ovary with 2 suspended ovules in each ctU. Esixe 
drupaceous, baccate or samaras, usually 1-seeded by abortion. &&ei® anatropous ? ,, 
with a large straight embryo usually in hard fleshy albumen. 

1. LIGUSTRU.M, Tourn. Pbivet. 

The classical name. 

Calyx- minutely , 4-ieotked, deciduous. Corolla- fun net 
form, 4-lobed; lobes ovate, .obtuse. Stamens 2, on the tube 
of\ the corolla, included. Style very short ; stigma 2- cleft. 
Berry globose, 2-celled, 2 to 1-seeded.— Shrubs with sim- 
ple entire leaves on abort petioles., and small mhite flowers in terminal 
ihyrsoid pan icks. 



OLE ACE J£ 295 



L. vulgare, L. Privet. Prim. 

Leaves lanceolate and obov&to, acute or obtuse, smooth,- thickish ; pamde^ dense ; 
terminal. 

Introduced from Europe, used for low hedges; naturalized. May. June. A 
pasodth shrub 5 to 10 feet high, with wand-like opposite branches, and smooth dark 
gre^n leaves-! to 2 inches long, % as wide- Barries black, globose, 

2. CHIONANTHE8, Linn. Fringe-tkee. 

&r. e\wn } snow, s.niantho3, blossom; alluding to the light snow-white clustors-of 

flowers. 

Calyx very small, 4-parted, persistent. Corolla of 4 
long and linear petals, barely united at the base. Stamens 
2, yery short, on the base of the corolla. Style very short : 
stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming l-ceiled 
and l-seedcd. — Low trees or shrubs, with entire pet to led leaves, 
and delicate flowers in loose and- drooping graceful racemes or 
panicles. 

C. VlRGINICA, L. White Fringe-tree. 

Lzavtz oval, oblong, or obovat3-Iano3olatc, smoothish or rather downy, veiiiy; 
flowers on slender pedicels. 

Chester Co. ; DarL Union Co. River banks and mountains, rare. June. A small 
very ornamental, trie 6 to 12 feet high, with opposite branches. Flowers .white in 
pendulous panicles ; petals about 1 inch long, narrowly linear, aoute, rarely d to 6, 
iu number. Drupe purple with a bloom. 

8. STRINGA, Linn. Lilac. 

©r. syrinx, a shepherd's pipe; from the use once made of its branches. 

Calyx small, with erect teeth. Corolla salver-form, 
with the tube several times longer than the calyx ; limB 
cleft" into 4 deep, obtuse, spreading segments. Stamens 2 r 
ghort, included within the tube. Capsule 2-celled, 2- 
valved. — Oriental, flowering shrubs, with simple, entire leaves, 
and mostly fragrant thyrsoid flowers. 

1. S. vulgaris, L. Common Lilac. 

Loaves cordate-ovate, entire, smooth, green on both side?; flavors thyrsoid; Umb 
of the corolla somewhat concave. Native of Hangary. There are several varietieg- 
\rith purplish-blue, lilac-purple and whito flowers. 

2. S. Persica, L. Persian Lilac. 

Leaves lanceolate, acute, smooth, green on both sides, -sometimes pinnatifld; limb 
o-l the corolla flattish. Native of Persia. May. A beautiful flowering shrub, 
smaller than the first, with wand-like branches in thyrses of white or lilac-bla® 
Sowers, 

4. FBAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. 

€to; frame, a separation, from the facility with which the wood splits. 

Blowers polygamous or dioecious. Calyx small, 4-clef& 



£96 OLEACEiE. 



or obsolete. Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the 
base, sometimes only 2 oblong or linear, often entirely want- 
ing in our species. Stamens 2, rarely 3 to 4. Sttls 
single; stigma 2-cleffc. F&uit a 1 to 2-celled samara, 
flattened, winged at the apex, 1 to 2-seeded.— Trees, with 
peiioled unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers in crowded 
panicles or racemes from the axils of the former years growth. 

* Oulyx prcrcnt ; corolla wanting. 

1. IT. Americana, L. White Ash. 

Leaflets 7 to 9, stalked, oblong-ovate* pointed, nearly entire, glaucous underneath, 
at length smooth; samara spatulate-linear, obtuse, with a long narrowed base. 

Rich woods, common. April, May. The white ash is exceeded by few trc-cs- 
in the beauty and magnitude of its proportion. The trunk arises often to tho 
height of 40 feet without a branch and'thcn- expands into a regular summit of" 
about the same additional height. Boris of the trunk gray, furrowed and cracked, 
that, of the branehlets greenish-gray, smooth. Leaves 1 foot or more long. Flamf 
en in loose panicles. 

2. F. PUBESCENS, Walt. Red Ash. 

Leaflets 7 to 9, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, somewhat serrate, velvety- 
downy underneath, as well as the petioles and young branchlets ; samara narrow- 
ly lanccolate-sp&tulate, obtuse, usually with an obtuse point, t^ei'mg; at the base. 

Woods alonsc streams, very common. May. The red ash resembles the last- 
gpedes, so as often to be confounded with it. It rises 69 fret high with a straight - 
trunk, covered with bark of a deep brawn color. Leaves at length reddish under- 
neath. The wood io less valuable than that of the white ash. 

3. F. juglandipolia, Lam. Swamp Ash. 

Branches smooth ; leaflets 7 to 9, ovate, serrate, smooth, somewhat downy on the 
veins underneath, stalked; samara wedge-lanceolate, obtuse, scarcely acuminate - 
at the base. 

Wet woods. May. A small tree 15 to 25 feet high, with greenish branchiate 
Leaves 10 to 15 inches long, green on both Sides, with a glaueoas hue underneath 
Flowers greenish. Fruit much smaller than in the other specie. 

* * Chlyz and corolla bcih wanting. 

4. F. 3AMBUCIFOLIA, Lam. Blade Ash. Water Ash. 

Leaflets 9 to 11, sessile by an obtuse base, elliptical-lanceolate, pointed, more or' 
less hairy on the veins beneath; samara elliptical-oblong, very obtuse at both end*. 

River banks and swamps. April. A slender tree 40 to 69 feet high, with a very 
tough wood. J2;\-mefo? ash-color, with dark dots. Leaves 9 to 13 inches in lengthy, 
smooth above, and red- downy on the veins beneath. 

DIVISION III. 

APETALQUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

©©holla nono ; the floral envelopes consisting of a single- 
series of organs (ealyx) only, or sometimes wholly wanting.. 



ARISTOLOCHIACEiE. %Wf 



Order 85. ARISTOLOCHIAGES.— Birthwort Family, 

Climbhij shrubs or herbs, with alternate simple petiolxte leave and per/act axillary, 
solitary, brown or lurid' colored jiowzrs, with the calyx coherent below with the 2-ceUed 
ovary, which forms a m?my~secaed!>-ceUed capsule or berry in fruit. Stamens 6 to-12 r 
more or leas united with the styie; anthers adaate, extrorse. SsEi>a anatropous, 
with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen 

1. AS ARUM, Tourn. Asarabacca. 

An ancient name, thought to be derived from a, privative, and seiron; bound} be- 
cause it is rejected from garlands; . 

Perianth bell-shaped ; limb 3 -par-ted, the tube wholly 
adherent to the ovary. Stamens 12 y filaments awl-shaped, 
coherent with the apex of the ovary. Styles united into a 
short column, bearing 6 radiating crested stigmas at tho 
apex. Fruit fleshy, globular, crowned with the per- 
sistent calyx, many-seeded. Sfemless herbs, with aromatic- 
pungent creeping rooistocks. bearing a nodding flower close to the 
ground, between the longpetioles of the kidney shaped leaves, 

A. CANADENSE, L. Wild Ginger. Coltsfoot. 

Downy; leaves a terminal pair, broad kidney-shaped; perianth woolly, cleft to- 
the baje, tli3 segments reaexed. 

Hillsides In rieh woe-d3. May. Leaves 3 to 4 inches wid^ s on long and hairy. 
petioles. F Lowers brownish purple inside. The root has au. agreeable and aro- 
matic flavor. 

2. ATtlSTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birthwort. 

From the Greek; in allusion to its medicinal virtues. 

B&RIA'NTH* tubular, the tube variously inflated, above tho 
ovary, dilated at the apex and ligulate. Anthers 6, sub- 
eessile, inserted on the style. Stigma 3 to 6-parted or lobed. 
Capsule 6-sided, 6-valved, many-seeded. Seeds flat. — 
Twining, climbing, or sometimes upright perennial herbs or 
&rubs, with alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish* 
or lurid-purple flowers. 

1. A. SerpentARIA, L. Virginia Snaheroot. 

Herbaceous, low, pubescent; leave: ovate or oblong, from a heart-shaped fcase, or 
fcalbert-form, mostly acute or pointed ; peduncles nearly radical ; perianth strong!/ 
fcont and inflated at the curvature, the border obtusely 3-lobed. 

Rich woods; common near the Alleghany Mountains. July. Ecot ccsasisting of, 
numerous coarse Sines, aromatic-stimulent. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, puteseeat, 
geniculate and knotty at the base. Flowers purplish-brown, bent like the letter S, 
fcaflatcd at the two ends. Stigma 2-lobcd. 

3. A. Sipho, L'Her. Dutchman's Pipe. 

Wocdy, twining and climbing, smooth ; leaves round-heart shaped* &%h£ty 6&ervj 



298 CLIENOPODIACE/E. 



underneath ••; pedukeles solitary, 1-flowered, with a clasping bract -.perianth ascend- 
mg curved, contracted at the throat, the border obtusely 3-lobed. 

Rich mountain woods, rare. May. Stem sometimes 2 inches in diameter, ali'mb- 
feg trees. Leaves 8 to 12 inches broad. Perianth l x / 2 inch long, brownish. Stig- 
ma slightly 3-lobed. 

Order 86. 0HEN0?QDIAGES!.— Goose/oot Famiik 

Chiefly herbs af homely -aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alternate leaves 
w&liout stipules or bracts, minute greenish flowers, with the free ca 7 yx imbricated in 
&*te bud ; the stamens about as many as the lobes and inserted opposite them or on their 
¥.i$e, a 1-eelled ovary besoming a l-seecl'd utricle, in fruit. C iXYS persistent, inclosing 
$i© iraii. S'£YL33 2. rarely 3 to 5. Flowers commonly perfect. 

1. CHENOPODIUM, Linn. G-oosefoot. 

Qt. chen, a goose, &n<&pou3, foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-paried. obtusely 5-angledj 
partially enveloping the depressed fruit. Stamens 5. Styles 
2. Utricle membranaceous; seeds horizontal, lenticular.— 
Smooth mostly annual vjeeds with petioled triangular or rhomboid 
toothed or entire leaves often covered with a white mealiness and 
sessile flowers in small clusters. 

1. C. album, L. L'inib' 's- quarter \ 

Stem upright, somewhat branched ; leaves rhomboid-ovate with a wedge-sl a led 
entire base, coarsely sinuate-toothed ; Jenifers in panieled spikes, nearly leafica-s; 
seed smooth and shining. 

Waste grounds, common. July, Aug.. A very common plant about gardens, 2 
to 3 feet high, covered with a whitish mealiness. Upper leaves mostly oHong-lmear , 
and entire. Flowers numerous small, green, in irregular terminal erect racemes. 
A greener variety is the C. virile Of most authors. 

2. G. GLAUCUM, L. Glaucous Goose/ant. 

Stems ascending or prostrate, much branched; leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, sin- 
uate or toothed, mealy-whitened underneath ; racemes spiked, rather dense, 
ascending, leafless ; calyx-lobes not keeled ; seeds smooth and shining. 

Near Philadelphia, rare. Jul/. Stem diffuse thick. 

3.. 0. HYBRIDUM, L. Mwle-Ieaved 'Goose/oot. 

Stem erect, much branched ; Zea?j£Sovate-hef rt-shapedat the base, pointed, angled 
«$th a few large and distant pointed teeth ; racemes loosely panieled, spreading, 
leafless ; calyx-lobes keeled in fruit. 

Waste places, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 (o 3 feet high, slender, with larga 
and bright green leaves. Flowers greenish, ill-scented, in a loose branching cluster. 

4. C. URBICUM. L. Triangular-leaved Goose/oot. 

Si&m- erect, branching; leaves triangular-acute, coarsely sinuate-toothed, the up- 
permost lance-linear and nearly entire; racemes spiked-panicled, erect; caJyx-VJbes 
not keeled. — Yar. rhomb folium, Moquin (0. rhombifolium, Muhl,), ka3 rather 
rhombic leaves with more prolonged teeth. 

Mot common. June, July. Whole plant yellowish-green, 1 to 2 feet hkb> . 
b-rsiiqhQd. Flowers small green, in roundish dense clusters,, . 






CIIEXOPOBIACS^. 2£§ 



Ambrixa, Spach. &ZSD eifeher vertical or horizontal, the einbryo not §oilcd into 
a complete ring; styles often 3. — Glandulxr and of ten. pubescent Tberbs, exhaling on 
ar^naticorbilsami: odor. 

5. C. Botrys, L. Jerusalem Oak. 

Str~m ascending ; leaves oblong, obtuse, sinuate pinnatifid, the upper spatulai®= 
lan-eolat^; racemes eyaiose-panicled, divergent, leafless. 

VTaste places, common. July — Sept. Whole plant fragrant, 1 to 2 feet high, 
branched. Leaves petioled, with deep sinuses, numerous. Flowers green, very xm~ 
m t jus, in numerous .short axillary racemes. 

G. C. ANTIIELMINTICA, L. Wormsced, 

"Erect; leaves ovate-oblong, narrowed at the'base into a petiole, coarsely jrad un- 
equally cat-toothed or sinuate: racemes elongated and spike-like, slender, leafless; 
eahjx-lolcs not keeled. 

Roadsides and waste places- Per. July, Aug. Plant 2 feet high, very strong- 
rcented, the branches terminating in long spikes of given, inconspicuous flowers. 
The seeds yield the well known vermifuge Worm-seed oil. 

7. 0. ambrosotdes, L. Sweet Pigweed. Mexican Tea- 

Erect, much branched; leives oblong, narrowed at the base into a petiole, *s- 
motely siuuate-toothed, the upper oblong-linear and entire; racemes leafy, dens«; 
eidux-lobes somewhat keeled. 

Tto&dsides, -eoBimqn. Aug., Sept. Stem 18 inches high, somewhat pubescent. 
Ltseves on short petioles, acute at each end. FLw.rs green in erect spikes. 

2. BLITUM, Tourn. Elite. 

The ancient Greek anl Latin name of some insipid pot, herb. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 3 to 5-parted, becoming juicy 
and berry-like in fruit. Stamens 1 to 2. Styles 2 ; united. 
Seeds vertical, compressed globular. — Nearly smooth an- 
nuals, with petioled triangular or halberl-sJtaped sinuate- 
toothed leaves j euid mostly capitate-clustered flowers. 

1. B. CAPITATUM, L. Strawberry Elite. 

Stem ascending, branched; laves triangular and somewhat hatbert-shaped, din- 
n.ite-toothed ; chisiers simple, interruptedly spiked, the upper leafless ; sted smooth, 
with a narrow tdiarp margin. 

Dry rich ground.-. Jun\ A Tveecllike plant about a foot in height. The ralyx 
becomes pulpy and bright red in fruit, when the large clusters appear lik« sti&w- 
berrica. 

2. B. virgatum, L. Slender Strawberry Blitc. 

Stem with spreading branches ; leaves triangular -hastate, sinuate-toothed; Itads 
scattered, lateral. 

Fields and wastes place*; introduced. June. St-em 2 feet in 'length, sprrn/TiRg 
or procumbent. Ltuvts 2 to 3<by 1 to 2 inches, coarsely toothed on petioles 1 to 2 
iriclu* long. Flowers always in axillary clusters., terminal. Calyx ^besoming 
fiesby and red in fruit. 

3. ACNIDA, Mitchell. Water Hemp. 

<2r, <z. prirative, and knida, a nettle; for a nettle-like plant which does not sting 

Jlowers dioecious, without bracts. Sterile flowe&s 



800 



AMARANTHACE.3B. 



with 5 membranaceous oblong sepals and 5 short stamens. 
Fertile flowers with 3 acute sepals and a 8 to 5-angled 
ovary bearing 3 to 5 linear revolute stigmas. Fruit a 3 to^ 
5-anglecl coriaceous aehenia. Seeds vertical, compressed. — 
Smooth and tall annuals, with lanceolate and acuminate entire peti* 
olcd leaves, and clustered sessile flowers crowded in axillary and ter- 
minal spikes or panicles, 

A. cannabina, L. Common Water Hemp. 

Leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to a long mostly obtuse point ; fruit acute- 
Singled, smooth. 

Brackish swamps, common. July, Aug. Stem 3 to 6 feet high, elightJy angled* 
Leave?, alternate, ribbed, 2 to 5 inches lon;^. Flowers email, groen, in large axillary 
aad terminal panicles. 

4. BETA, Linn. Beet. 

Celtic belt, Ted, the usual color of the beet. 

Calyx 5-sepaled. Stamens 5. Styles 2, very short, 
erect, with acute stigmas. Seed reniform, embedded in the 
fleshy calyx — -Biennials, with far voiced stems, alternate Icavc^ 
and glomerate green flowers in spikes or paniculate racemes. 

1. B. vulgaris, L. Common Beet. 

Lower leaves ovate ; rojt fleshy ; flowers in dense, sessile, axillary clusters. Na- 
tive of South Euro;*'. Much cultivated for th3 table. There are several varieties, 
of which the purple leaved is the mdsi esteemed for the kitchen, and the green-leav- 
ed for extracting sugar. 

2. B. ClCLA, L. Scarcity. Mangel-Wurtzel 

Leaves with very thick veins; fioivers 3 together. Native of Portugal. Loot- 
leaves stalked, those of the stem sessile. Flowers green, numerous, in very long 
spikes. The variety Scarcity has very large leaves, with bat a small rooL used aa 
a salad, &c. The Variety Mingd-Wiirtzd has a very le.r^e root, and is much culti- 
vated as food for cattle, for which purpuse it is highly prized. 

Order 87. AMARANTUAC-EM.— Amaranth Family. 



Kerbs, rarely shrubs, with cpposilcsor alternate leaves, without siipuUs and flower* 
in heads or spikes usually colored, imbricated with diij and scarious persistent Ijructs 
which are. usiially colored, the sep&ls -very similar. Sepals 3 to 5. Sta»ien3 5, or 
some multiple of 6. OvARr 1, free, 1 or few cvuled. Style 1 or none. Stigkas tim- 
pie or compound. Fruit a utricle. Seeds pendulous. 

1. AMARANTHUS, Linn. Amaranth, 

Gr. a 3 not, maraino, to wither, and antfios. Cower. 

Flowers monoecious or polygamous, rarely dioecious, 3- 
bracted. Sepals 3 to 5. -Stamens 3 to 5, separate : jln- 



AM AR ANTII ACE JE. 301 



thers 2-celled. Styles or Stigmas 2 to 3, sometimes 4, 
threadlike. Utricle opening transversely all round, or in- 
dehiscent, 1-seeded. — Chiefly annual weedy herbs, of coarse 
aspect, with alternate and entire petioled leaves, and minute spike-* 
clustered .flowers with green or purple bracts and calyx. 
*Monaeious : stamens 3, 

1. A. albus, L. White Cock's-comb. 

'Smooth; stem upright, angular, with spreading or horizontal branches; Uaves 
obovate or spatulate-oblong, pale-green, obtuse or notched; clusters axillary, in- 
conspicuous ; tracts lance-oval-shaped, with spreading spiny tips longer than tb« 
calyx. 

Open waste places and roadsides, common. Aug. A very homely weed, 1 to 3 
feet high. Leaves }/ 2 to 2 inches long, somewhat wavy-margined. Flowers incon- 
spicuous, concealed among the greenish bracts, in small clusters. 

** Stamens 5. 

-2, A. hybridus, L. Hybred Amaranth. 

Roughish-pubescent; stem upright, grooved angled, sparingly branched, or sim- 
ple; leaves ovate and lance-ovate ; flowers crowded in dense compound terminal 
and axillary naked spikes; bracts awl-shaped, nearly bristle-pointed, longer than 
the flowers. 

Waste and cultivated grounds, common. July — Oct. Stem 1 to 5 feet high, stout. 
Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, alternate. Flowers minute, in large green oblong spikes, 
becoming at length a dull red. 

3. A. retroflexus, L. Hairy Amaranth. 

Rough-hairy; stem upright, stout, often zigzag, the lower branches recurved at 
the base ; leaves ovate, wavy-margined; spikes compact, triply-compound, erect; 
bracts awl-shaped, pointed, much longer than the flowers. 

Waste and cultivated grounds, among rubbish, common. July — Oct. Plant 2 
to 3 feet high, scarcely distinct from A. hybridus, beiug rougher and stouter, with 
thicker and more crowded spikes and larger flowers, 

4. A. spinosus, L. Spiny Amaranth. 

Smoothish, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate, spiny at the axils; sUrile clusters 
crowded in compound panicled and naked spikes, the fertile mostly compact and 
-globular in the axils ; bracts not longer than the calyx. 

Roadsides and cultivated grounds ; introduced. June — Sept. Stem 1 to 3 feet 
high, often purplish. Spines % to x / 2 inch long. Flowers greenish. 

5. A. Blitum, L. Low Amaranth. 

Smooth, diffusely spreading ; leaves ovate or rhomboid, very obtuse or notched ; 
flowers in small and round axillary clusters and in naked terminal spikes ; bracts 
shorter than the calyx. 

Gardens and waste grounds ; introduced. July — Sept. Stem mostly prostrate 
and spreading. Leaves as long as the petioles, ^ to % a3 wide. Flowers numer-« 
■ous, greenish. Stamens 3. 

* * * Flowers red or purplish. 

6. A. hypochondriacus, L. Prince s Feather. 

^Nearly smooth; stem upright, stout; leaves ovate, acute ; flowers clustered on up- 
right compound spikes or racemes. 

Common around gardens, July— Sept. "Whole plant dark red, 8 to 4 feet high. 
Leaves green with a red pnrple spot or tinged with purple. Flowers bright red* 
ipurple as well as the subulate bracts. 

K2 



:B02 NYCTA&INACE^E. 



7. A. melancholicus, L. Love-lies-bleeding. 

Leaves ovate -lanceolate, colored; raceme* axillary, peduncled, roundish. A beau- 
tiful i"lant from India, 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers redd im -purple. 

CULTIVATED EROTICS. 

2. GGMPHRENA. Linn. Globe Amaranth. 

'Be acts 5, colored; the 8 outer ones connivent, carinate. 

Sepals 5, villous. Disk (nectary) cylindric, 5-toothed. 
Utricle circurascissile-, l-seeded.— Annual or perennial herbs, 
with opposite leaves, and globose heads of flowers. 

1. A. globosa, L. Annual Globe Amaranth. 

Stem erect, hairy; leaves oblong, pubescent ; ft&wers in gloBoss solitary heads, 
keels of the bracts winged. A showy flower from India, much admiral for ite 
heads of .flowers, which retain their beauty for along time. Stem 12 to 18 inches 
fci^'hj with opposite axillary branches. Flowers purple. 

2. A. perennis, L. Perennial Globe Amaranth. 

Leaves lanceolate ; heads 2-leaved ; flowers with a peculiar calyx. Native of South 
Amerioa. Stem about 3 feet high. Flowers in globose heads, purple, rtscrubling 
ne&y of eloyer. July— Oct. 

3. CELOSIA, Linn. Cock's-comb. 

Gr. kel603, burnt; some of the species appear a s if singed. 

Sepals 3 to 5, colored; stamens united at base by a 
jlaited disk. Style 2 to 3-cleft. Utricle circumscissile.— 
Ornamental exotic herbs, with mostly alternate leaves. 

C. cristata, L. Crested Codes-comb. 

Leave* novate, acuminate; stipules falcate; cemthm peduncle striated ; spBk+ d- 

long, e-ompressed. Native of Japan, where the flowers or crests are afoot in :. 
fcer, and of an intense purplish-red. Stem 2 feet high. June — Sept. 

OiiBsa -88, KYCTAGiriACl^. 

Serbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves, one of each pair smaller faan the ether, awl 
a colored perianth resembling a corolla, with a plaited limb, falling off from the lower 
part which becomes indurated in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, definite! Aktheki 
Jt-oelled. Ovary free, with a single, erect ovule. Stylb 1: stcqua. 1. Faun a thin 
utriels, enclosed within the enlarged inflated bract. 

MIRABILIS; Linn. Four-o'clock. 

Perianth funnel-forrn, tube contracted, free from the 
ovary, limb plaited, entire, deciduous. Stamens 5. Stig- 
ma globose. — A beautiful genits of flowering plants, natives 
of warm latitudes } with while red yellow and variagated flvwurs. 



PIIiTOLACCACii^ AND POLYGONACEJ3. 



1. M. Jalapa, L. Marvel of Peru. 

j smooth, cordate, acuminate : fi&viers in clusters; stalked, large. This 
kaown plant is a native of the West Indies. SUin 2 f et hhjh. Flo-v:crs targe in 
axillary and terminal cluster?, with a wide- spreading border, opening at-l-o'clccX , 
bright purple. By cultivation it sports into many varieties with yellow a&d 
white, red and white, and red and yellow flowers. June— Sept. 

2. M. L0NGIFL9RA, L. L on [/-flowered Four '-o'clock. 

Leaves pubescent ; flowers crowded ; trite of the perianth very long, hairy . 
tfcr* of Mexico. Per. June— Sept. Stem 2 feet high. Flowers white. 

Order 83. EHYTOLAC'OACBZS.— -Pokeiceed Family. 

\$: wiih nli^rnaii entire leaves, and 'perfect fe-vjcrs, with nearly tlu . - 
CWft tpodiaccaj. but watalit/ a s&veral-ceUed ovary composed of as many c. 

%nd forming a lerry in fruit', represented in the Northern Stated uniy 
hj the typical genus ■ 

PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Poksweed. 

hiitsn : plant, and the French Zae, lake, in allusion to the coloring iiialtar 
the berries yield. 

Galyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals Stamps 5 
to SO. Ovary of 5 to 12 carpels, united into a ring, 
te many short sepcrate styles, in. fruit forming a depr-c- 
globose 5 to 12-celled berry, with a single vertical seed ill 
each ceQ.rr'Fidl and stout ■perennial h&rlis, with large pdloled 
leaves, and flowers in racemes becoming lateral and opposite hy %Kz 
axillary prolongation of the stem. 

P. decandra, L. Common Poke or Scoke. Gar 

' Of 

Leaves ovate, acute at Loth enls; stamens 10 ; styles 10. 

Roadsides and' racist grounds, common. July — Sept. Soot very large, pokenou*. 
Ste^n 5 to S feet high, round, smooth, branching, and when mature of a fin . 
crimson or purple. Leaves o inches long, by 2 to 3 wide, smooth, entire and 
tioted. Flow era greenish- white. Fruit a dark purple berry, hil^d with a crii 
£etae. 

Order 90. I'QhmOEROEm.-BuckivLea: FaxuL. 

H-r r ,E : with alternate tstuaUy tniivz leave* fur%i.-kid with sfipstki in '" 
gl&j&\$ above (J-£ swollen joinU of the rUm and mosUy perfect fowtrs. %» ::. 
tets persistent ^caiyse, al-cdltdevary^b&aring 2 to %$tyUs &r-sHgmo,s t and a nin-jUtrrA 
G&teUv^u&se&i. Stamens -i to 12, inserted on the ba&o of the 3 to € cleft caly^ 

1. POLYGONUM, Linn. Knotw^i>. 

Qf.pelu, many, and go-nu. knee, from the numerous joints; 

Calyx mostly 5-parted, the divisions often petal-like, pay- 
tigtent. Stamens 4 to 9. Styles or stig&a* 2 to 3 s 



304 POLYGONACE^S. 



filiform. Achenia triangular or lenticular, usually covered 
by the persistent calyx. — Herbaceous plants ivith jointed 
stems, and small flowers mamillary and terminal fascicles aiid spikes,, 
or paniculate racemes. 

* Pshsicaria, Tourn. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, white or rose colored. 

Mostly annuals^ . 

1. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Pennsylvania Knot-Grass. 

Stem smooth, tumid at the joints; leaves lanceolate, petiolate ; stipules smooth; 
spikes oblong, crowded; stamens 8; styles 2 or 1. 

Margins of ponds and ditches. July — Oct- SMn 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 
inches long, l^ as wide, slightly scabrous. Spikes dense-flowered^ largs and some- 
what nodding. Flowers rose-colored, pedicellate. 

2. P. Persicaria, L. Ladys Thumb. Spotted Knotweed. 

Stem smooth; leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish; sheaMs fringed; spiJ:es oyqi&~ 
oblong or cylindrical, dense, ereet, on smooth peduncles; stamens mostly 6; styles 
2, united nearly half their length. 

Waste and damp places, very common. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, 
often colored. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, V^ as wide, usually marked with a dark 
heart-shaped spot near the middle. Flowers greenish-purple, in spikes about 1 
inch long. 

8. P. lapathifolium, L. Pale Knotweed. 

Stem smooth, geniculate; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminata^ 
smoothish, sometimes hairy beneath ; upper sheaths somewhat fringed ; spikes cy- 
lindrical or oblong, erect or nodding; stamens mostly 6; styles 2, distinct and 
at length divergent., 

-Swamps -and ditches, rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches 
long, % to y 2 as wide, on petioles % to ^ inch wide. Flowers small, white, or. 
tinged with red, in numerous panicled spikes. 

4. P. Hydropiper, L. Water-pepper. Smart-weed. 

Smooth; leaves lanceolate, marked with pellucid dots, wavy-margined; sheaths 
inflated, fringed; spikes slender and interrupted, drooping; calyx dotted- with . 
glands ; stamens 6 to 8 ; styles 2 to 3, united at base ; fruit lenticular or 3- sided. 
(P. punctatum, Ell.) 

Low grounds, very common. Aug., Sept. A well known intensely acrid plant, 
12 to 20 inches high, with the stem and leaves sprinkled with glandular dots. 
Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1-5 as wide. Flowers green, tinged with purple and 
white. 

5. P. IIydropiperqides, Michx. Mild Water-Pepper. 

Stem smooth, upright or ascending, often rooting at the joints along the base; 
leaves lanceolate, roughish, slightly hairy or ciliate ; sheaths fringed with long 
bristles; spikes slender, loosely flowered, weak; stamens 7 to 8; styles 3, united be- 
low; fruit 3-sided, smooth and shining.-. 

Swamps and. along streams. July, Aug. Stem 12 to 15 inches, high. Leaves 2 '■ 
to 4 inches long, 1-5,-as wide, sessile. Spikes several crowded near the summit ol 
the stem, composed of small fascicles of reddish flowers. (P. mite, Pers.) 

6. P. AMPHIBIUM, L. Water Persicaria. 

Leaves elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, pointed or nearly obtuse, narrowed or 
somewhat heart-shaped at the base ; spikes very dense, ovoid or cylindrical ; stch 
mens 5 ; styles 2 ; fruit flattened, smoothish. 

Marshes or ponds. July, Aug. A very variable species, embracing several dis- 
tinct varieties. Stem smooth, furrowed, short-jointed, often very long and creeping, 



POLYGON ACE 2E. 80 5 ■ 



or floating and rooting. Leaves 5 to 7 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, often shuv- 
ing. Stipules large, sheathing, mostly torn. Flowers rose-redj in spikes 1 to 3 
inches long. 

7. P. VlRGlNlANUM, L. Virginian Per sicaria. 

Heariy smooth; stem-angled, npright; leaves ovate or the upper ovate-laneeolat*, 
acuminate, rounded at the base, short-petioled, rough-ciiiate ; sheaths cylindrical, 
truncate, hairy and fringed; flowers loosely disposed in a long and slender nakvd 
spike ; stamens 5 ; styles 2, uneqal. 

Thickets in rich soil, common. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 3 to 6 inches 
long, % as wide, on petioles % to l A inc ^ long, SpVce 10 to 20 inches long, simpl* 
or with one or t-^o branchlets. Flowers small, white. 

8. P. OPvlENTALE, L. Prince s Feather. 

Tall, branching, somewhat hairy; leaves ovate, pointed, petioled; upper sheath* 
salver-form; spikes numerous, nodding ; stamens 7 ; styles 2. 

Escaped from. cultivation, and naturalized about gardens and waste grounds. 
Aug., Sept. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, erect, paniculateiy branehed. Leaves 8 to 12 
inches loug, y 2 as wide. Flowers bright ro»e colored, open, in numerous large 
pi am e-like terminal spikes . 

• *AviCULABiA,MBisn. Flowers greenish-white, axillary ; stamens 5 to 8; stigmas 3. 

9. P. ARVICULARIA, L. Knot-grass. Goose-grass. 

Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong ; fiowers apparently- 
sessile ; sheaths much shorter than the lower leaves; fruit enclosed in the calyx. 
• Roadsides, door-yards and waste places, common. June — Nov. Stems slender, 
3-^ to V/2 foot lonsr, smooth, branching, with short white torn stipules at the joints. 
Leaves % to 1 inch long, x / x as wide. Flowers greenish-white. Yar. erect um. Roth, 
(P. erectum, L.) has upright or ascending stems, larger oval or elliptical leaves and 
usually 5 stamens. 

10. P. tenue ; Michx. Slender Knot-grass. 

iSfemdowand slender, upright, sparingly branched, sharp angled ; leaves sessile, 
narrowly-linear, very acute; sheaths capillary-fringed; fiowers nearly sessile, oftta 
solitary, greenish-white; fruit nearly smooth, shining. 

Dry soil and rocky hills. July — Sept. Plants to 12 inches high. Leaves 1 to 1% 
inch long, Y2, to X A as wide, sessile, 3 veined. Fiowers greenish-white. 

a* * Relxine, L. Calyx 5-pa.rted.pale-rose-colored or white ; stamens mostly 8 ; siyU* 
or capitate stijmas 3; leaves lieart-shaped or arrow -shaped ; annuals. 

11. P. ARIFOLIUM, L. Halbert-leaved Tear-ihnmh. 

Stem groove-angled; leaves halbert-shaped, acuminate, long-petioled ; flowers 
somewhat racemed, few; peduncles glandalar-bristly ; calyx often 4-parted, closed;. 
stamens 6 ; stfks 2, very short. 

Low grounds. Aug. Stem flaccid, somewhat climbing, by the refiexed prickles 
which bjset its angles as well as the petioles. Leaves 2 to 5 inches long and % as 
wide, the divergent iobis at the base pointed. Clusters racemose, slender, iocs^ 
fcw-flowered at the ends of the branches. Floivers pale ro^o colored- 

12. P. S\GITTATUM ; L. $craich-gra?s. 

Stem 4 angled ; leaves arrow-shaped, short-petlolod; fiowers capitate; pedundUt 
smooth; stamens 8; styles 3, slender; fruit sharply 3-angled. 

Low grounds, common. July — S^pt. A climbing plant often several feet in 
length, smooth except the angles of the stem and midrib beneath, which are close- 
ly beset with a line of sharp prickles pointing downwards. Leaved acute, 1 to 3 
laches -long, % as* wide, on petioles % to %. iuah long, with smooth stipules. F*w* 
ers whitish in sm?il terminal hea&i. 

K2* 



j 06 POLYGON ACE M. 



13. P. Gonvolyulus ; L. Black Bindweed. 

Stems twining or procumbent, roughish; leaves cordate-hastate, pointed; flowers 
m small interrupted racemes ; calyx segments obtusely keeled; stamens 8; styles 3 :■ 
fruit smoothisho 

Cultivated and waste grounds, common. July— Sept. A climbing plant 2 to. 6 
feet long, with roughish angled stem*. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, y 2 as wide, with 
somewhat spreading lobes at base. Flowers whitish. 

14. P. cilinode, Miehx. Fringe-jointed False Buckwheat. 

Minutely downy; sheath fringed at base with reflexed bristles; leaves cordate and 
slightly hastate, acuminate ; racemes panicled ; stamens 8; stifles 3. 

Open woods and rocky hills, common. July— Sept. Stems climbing 3 to 9 feet.- 
Flowers whitish. 

15. P. DUMETORUM^ L. Climling Fah§ Buckwheat. 

Smooth*, sheaths naked; leaves heart-shaped or slightly hastate, pointed: ra-. 
oemr-s interrupted, leafy; 3 outer calyx-lobes strongly keeled, and in fruit winged ; 
fruit smooth and shining; stamens 8 ; styles 3. 

Moist thickets, common. Aug. Stem twining 8 to 12 feet oyer bushes. Leaves 
with distinct round lobes. Flowers in long interrupted racemes, white. 

*■*■** Fagoptrtjm, Tourn. Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parted: stamens 8 ; styles 3 ; 
aelienian Z-sided. — Annuals, with triangular-cordate or hastate leaves, and corymbose 
racemes or panicles of white- flowers, often tinged with green or rose-odor, 

16. P. Eagopyrum, L. 'Buckwheat. 

Smoothish; leaves cordate-sagittate; raceme panicled; flowers 8, honey-bearing^ 
glands interposed between the stamens \ fruit twice as long as the calyx, with acute- 
and entire angles. (Eagopyrum esculentum, Tourn.) 

Old fields, escaped from cultivation. June — Sept. A valuable grain, much cul? 
tivated on poor land. Stems 2 to 4 feet high. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, }/£ as .-; 
wide. Flowers numerous, wfeite, fragrant. 

% KXJMEX, Linn. Dock, Sorhel: 

The ancient Latin name of unknown etymology. 

Calyx of 6 sepals, persistent, the 3, outer herbaceous, tlia- 
3: inner, large, somewhat colored, valvately- convergent over 
the 3-angled aehcnmm. Stamens 6. Styles 3 ; stigmas 
tufted. — Coarse herbs r with small mostly greenish flowers, 
commonly ichcrled in panicled racemes. 

* Lapatettm, Tourn. Flowers perfect, or sometimes polygamous ; styles free ; in* 
ner sepals bearing grain-Wee tubercles; bitter Jierbs, with the petioles sheathing at the* 
base, 

. 1; E. YERTICXLLAT^S, L., Swamp. Dock. . 

Leaves lanceolate, acute, fiat; racemes nearly leafless, elongated, the flowers irt 
crowded whorls ; sheatjts cylindrical ; valves broad-cordate, entire, each bearing a 
very large grain* 

Wet swamps and ditches, rather common. June, July. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, 
branched above. Leaves long, pale-gre^n, thiekish, with, conspicuous sheathe 
Whorls fewrilowered. Pedicels % to 1 inch long, 

2> R. OBTUSXEOLIUS, L. Broad-leaved Bock. 
Stem roughish-; lowest leaves ovate-cordate, obtuse, rather downy on the veins unr* 



LAURACE.S. 307 



underneath, slightly wavy -margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute ; whmis 
loose and distant; valves toothed, one of them bearing grains. 

Fields and waste places, common; introduced, July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high", far- 
rowed, branching, leafy. Root-leaves about 1 foot long, 5 to 6 inches wide. Flow- 
ers in long, nearly naked raceraes,- 

3. E. orispus, L. Curled Dock. Yellow Dock. 

Smooth ; leaves lanceolate, with strongly wavy-curled margins, acute, the lower 
truncate or somewhat heart-shaped at the base; whorls crowded in long slender 
racemes, leafless above ; valves entire, OTate, one of them bearing grains. 

Cultivated and waste grounds, very eommon; introduced. June, July. Stem 3 
to 4 feet high, from a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. Flowers numerous, in a 
large panicle, consisting cf numerous racemes of half-whorls. Tha root is u&b4 
medicinally. 

4. E. sanguineus, L. Bloody '-veined Dock. 

Leaves lanceolate, wavy-margined, the lowest cordate at the base ; whorls distant, 
in long and slender leafless interrupted spikes; valves entire, one of them at least 
bearing grains. 

Waste and cultivated grounds ; sparingly introduced. June. Stem 2 to 3 fe©i 
high, reddish, branching, leafy. Veins of the leaves red, or in the variety xiridiz, 
green. 

**Acetosella,.Touhi. Flowers dtaswus: styles adherent to tJ*e angle* 
9vary ; herbage aci*i. 

5". E. Acetosella, L. Field Sorrel. Sheep Sorrel. 

Low ; leaves lance-halbert-fcrm, the narrow lobes entire ; whorls leafless, in slender 
panic-led racemes ; valves ovate, without grains. 

A very common weed in sterile soil and worn fields. May. Stem 6 to 12 inobos 
h%h, leafy. Leaves very acid, but pleasant tasted. Flowers small, red cr reddish. 

3. EHEUM, Linn. Eltubaeb. 

Mha, the river Tolga, on whose banks the plants are said to be native. 

Calyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent. Stamens 9. Styles 
3; stigmas multiple], refiexed. Aghenia 3-angled, the 
angles margined. — Eerenmals^ with fasciculate Jiotcers in 
racemose panicles, 

E. Ehaponticum, L. Garden Rhubarb. Ple-plani, 

Leaves smooth, cordate-ovate, obtuse; petioles channeled above, rounded at vhe 
edges. May. Native of Asia, cultivated in gardens for the juicy acid petioles, 
Stem, -stout and fleshy, 3 to 4 feet high, hollow with large sheathing stipules at the 
joints. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, % as wide^ on petioles 6 to 18 inches long. Flow- 
ers greenish-white in a terminal panicle, at first enclosed m a white membranous 
l&ract. 

Order 91 . LA URACE2&— Bay Family. 

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves mostly marled with vtmute 
peUv.cid dots, and clustered flowers with a regular calyx of 4 to 6 colored sepate which 
#r« barely united at the base, imbricated in 2 series in the bud, free from the owstry 
SIA21.3X3 definite. Stvls single. Fausr a 1-seeded berry or drupe. 



308 TIIYMELEACEiE. 



1. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras. 

Blowers dioecious, with a 6-paried spreading ealyr. 
Stamens 9, inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, tho 
S inner with a pair of stalked glands at the base of each : 
anthers 4-celled, 4-valvcd. Eertile flowers with 6 
short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. X)ruph 
ovoid, supported on a club-shaped fleshy pedicel. — Trees- 1 
with spicy aromatic bark, deciduous leaves, and greenish- yellow flow-- 
ers in clustered and peduncled corymbed racemes, appearing with tli£ 
leaves. 

S. officinale, Nees, Common Sassafras. 

Leaves ovate, entire or some of thorn 3-lobed and cuneate at base; racemu with 
linear bracts. (Laurus Sassafras, L.) 

Rich woods and hillsides; common. April, May A tree 15 to 40 feet h'gh. with. 
yellowish-green twigs. Flowers greenish-yellow, m eki stored racemes at the end &f 
the. last years-twigs. Fritii a dark blue drupe, Lorn on a red stalk-. 

2. BENZOIN, Nees. Spice-btjsii. 

Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx. , 
The sterile flowers with 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner 
1 to 2-lobed and gland-bearing at the base ; anthers 2- 
celled, 2-valved. Fertile flowers with 15 to 18 rudi- 
ments of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe 
obovoid, the stalk not thickened. — Shrub with entire decid- 
uous leaves, and yellow flowers preceding the leaves in nearly sessile 
umbel like clusters. 

13. odoriforum, Nees. Spice-wood. Fever-hum. 

Nearly smooth; leaves cblor! g-obovate, pale underneath; pedicels scarcely *3 long 
£« the llorcers. (Laurus Benzoin, L.) 

Damp wood*. April, May. A shrub 6 to 10 f~-ct high, pervaded with an aromatic 
favor similar to guni Benzoin. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, ard about }/ 2 as wid». 
L'lmoers in- clustered umbels, greenish, appearing before the leaves. Lcrries aifo 
iU Sept. 

Order 92. THf MIEEAGIJS — Mezercum Family 

Shrubs, with acrid end very tough baric, entire Uaves, and perfect flowers with a 
regular and petal-like calyx, bearing usually twice as many stamens as its lobes, in- 
serted into the calyx. Oyaily solitary, with 1 ovule. Style 1 : stigma undivided. 
IFkuit hard, dry, drupaceous. 

1. BIROA, Linn. Leatherwood. 

Gr. Dirlc, the name of a fountain near Thebes. 

Perianth colored, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the 
Border wavy or obscurely 4-toothcd. Stamens 8, long and. 






XYSSACE2E. 309 



slender, inserted on the perianth above the middle, exserted, 
the alternate ones longer. Style 1, filiform : stigma capi- 
tate. Drupe oval.-— A much branched shrub, icith jointed 
branches, oval obovate alternate leaves, and light yellow jjowers, pre* 
cecding the leaves. 

D. PALUSTRIS, L. Moosewood, Wicopy, 

Leaves oval-oboyate, alternate, at length smooth, on very short petioles, entire, 
©btuse. 

Damp rich woods, not common, ipril. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with whit-e soft 
and very brittle wood, but the fibrous bark is remarkably tough, whence the com- 
mon name Leather wood. Floivers preceeding the leaves, 3 in a cluster on a shorV 
thick peduncle. Berry oval, reddish when ripe. 

2. DAPHNE, Linn. Mezereum; 

Prom the nymph Daphne, who, it is said was changed into a laurel. 

Perianth 2-cleft ; marescent; limb spreading. Stamens 
8, included in the tube of the perianth. Style 1. Drupe 
Irseeded. — Mostly evergreen shrubs, with the leaves generally, 
Jy-om the terminal buds and the flowers from the lateral; 

D. Mezereum, L. Common Mezereum. 

Leaves deciduous, lanceolate, in terminal tufts, entire, sessile, about 3 from each 
lateral bud; perianth funnel-form, the segments ovate, spreading; stamens inserted 
in 2 rows near the top of the tube; filaments very short; stigma sessile. A beau- 
tiful European shrub, 1 to 8 feet high, flowering in March. Flowers pink and , 
white, clothing nearly the whole plant. 

Order 93. EfYSSAGBffi — Tupelo Family. 

Trees, with dioecious-polygamous flowers, consisting only of the genus Nyesa, 
which has commonly been appended to Santalaccre from which it differs in the soli- 
ary ovule of the ordinary structure, suspended from the, top of the cell. 

NYSSA, Linn. Tupelo. 

Sterile flowers with. a 5-parted calyx, and 1 about 10 
stamens on the outside of a convex disk. Fertile with the 
tube of the calyx adherent to the 1-celled ovary, tin border 
4-parted and deciduous. Stamens 5 : style elongated, 
revolute. Fruit an oval or oblong berry -like drupe, with a 
grooved endocarp. — Trees, with alternate deciduous smooth 
and shining leaves, and axillaiy peduncles, bearing sterile 
flowers in capitate clusters or racemes, and the fertile 2 to 4 
together or sometimes solitary. 



2X0 . SANTALACEZE. 




ET. multifloba, Wang. Pepperidge. Sou? 1 Grm, 

-• oval and cbovate, acute or pointed at both ends, entire, tLo i clicks and 
"::■ c hairy ; /e? ; ftfe jflbteer* mostly in 3s ; tfr&pe oval. 
Woods, in dry or moist foil, common. May. A rniddle-rizod tre- 
baik, horizontal branchGSj deep green end shining leaves, and gn ;. ric w- 

ei% Th© wood is very nnv/edgeaHe, on account of the ebbqne direction and 
ing of the fibre of different layers. 

B 94> SlMTALAGl^.— Sanddwaod Family 

TT<~>l*x. scrubs, m •free?; with trdiro. leaves, the 4 to deleft p^arttk %-Glvcte in V .* 
wfea&ftt with the l-celled ovary t wl '■:' ■' ! Ito i opule*. Stajs«s 
:_• Affluents of tlie perianth and ih a :■-■; into their bases. Savi.L ; : 



3. COMANMIA, Nutt. Baetard Toad-slas. 

©r, .U^-a, hair, and ondrcs. for stsmecs, in allusion to the hairy tiifte attadbj 
the anther?. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth bell-&kaped or urn- shaped, 
the limb 5-eleft, persistentf Stamfks 5, rarely 4, the atf. 
*&?'rs adhering to the lobes of the perianth by a toft of tin 
Style single. Fruit dry and rather nut-like. 1 -seeded, 
crowned by the persistent perianth.-— -Low and tmooiJi re- 
'rennial Herds, with alternate oltlcng and se&sSe leave?, and 
greenish-white jiotvers in terminal or axillary vmbeldiAe 
epn-es. 

0. UMBELLATA; Nutt. Bastard Tcad-jlax. 

Stem round and erect: Uo.vts okcvate-cblong, suhse-sgite, entire ; cymes ccrjri\- 
boee*cIuf?teredj eeyeral-fiowered ; pcrianth-iule cort-Exied hey end the ovary, fciia- 
mg a neck to the globuIar-urn-sLapcd fruit: style slehder, a? long as the stamem- 

Dry or reeky hacks, common. May, June. t§tem$ branching, 8 to 12 inches Ligk? 
gCROotbifch. Flowers whitish, nnmerous on short pedicels. 

2. PYEXJLAPJA, Miclx; Ojl-htjt: 

KfiEie a diminutive of J\'rus } freni the fruit, which resembles a small pear. 

Flowers dicecious. Plrianth 5 -cleft,, the lobes rc- 
•;urved. Sterile flowirs with 5 stamens on terj Arrt 
filaments, alternate with 5 rounded glands. Flrtill flow- 
ers with a pear-shaped ovary invested by the adherent pe- 
rianth ; disk with 5 glands: style 1, short and thick: 
stigma capitate. Fruit fleshy and diupe-like. — A lew 
straggling zhmb, with alternate sJicrt-jpeiiohd and veifry 
haves, and small greenish ses&ile jlowers in simple k-irninal 
qrikes, . 



LORASTTpACEJS AND ULMACEJI. 311 

P. oleifera, Gray. Buffalo-nut. Oil-nut. 

Xnabas ovate-eblong, pointed tit both ends, somewhat downy, or at length nearly 
siajo^li, somewhat saceulent. 

Rich wooded banks and mountains. May. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, with a v*ry 
d«ep root. Lexves 2 to 3 inches long, oily to the taste. Flowers in a terminal 
spiki greeniish-yeilow. Spikes ripening but one fruit, which is about 1 inch long. 

Order 95. LQaaJfTH&tJES:.— Midetok Family. 

fShrubby plants with c/riaceous grtenUh foliage, parisitic on trees, represented in 
the northern temperate zone chieiiy by the Mistletoe, distinguished from the pre- 
ceding order by the truly -simple ovttU being solU ary and suspended from tit*, apex 
oeU. Fxi jit a I-Scsded berry. 

VISCUM; Linn. Misletos. 

The ancient Latin name, from r-iscus. giue, in allusion to the glutinous fruit. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Perianth neshy- 
-eoriaeioas-; in the sterile flowers 3 to4-parted, the triangular 

lobes, each with a sessile anther directly adhering to its inner 
face, and opening by several pores ; in the fertile the tube of 
the perianth is combined with the ovary, the border obsolete. 
3riGA[A sessile. Fruit a globular berry. — Mack branched 
pirUiiical shrubs, with jointed stems, ojwosile leaves and 
small flowers in short spikes. 

Y. flavescens, Pursh. White Mislctoe. 

Branches round, spreading ; leaves obovate or oval, contracted at tlte base into a 
short petiole, 3-nerved; spikes axillary, solitary; sterile fiowers mostly tritid. 

Parasitic on the trunks of old tree-}, especially Elms, Oaks, and Hickories. April . 
Whole plant yellowish-green, 9 to 18 inches high. Flov&M small; grjenis^;-. 
Jterrui p3ajrly-w?lifce 5 resembling white wax. 

Order 98. ULnAOS^.— Elm Famih. 

Trees or shrit&3> wiih aUerna&e roughUh leaves, and decid-wrus stipules; perfect or 
r Mtdij p ilyjamous fowurs in axillary clusters or solitary, with the definite sbtnuns m- 
#srUd on the b.ue of the, free per ia nth which is imbricated in the bud. PEStiASri 
from the ovary, bell-shdped, i to 9-y!eft. Styles or saSKJMAa 2 ; 0\"ARr ] 
FxtwiT I-oeiled. with a single suspended seed. 

1. ULMU3, Lina. Elm. 

The classical Latin name. 

Perianth bell-shaped, 4 to 9 -cleft. Stamens 4 to 9, 
with long and slender iilaments. Styles 2, short. Ovary 
fiat, 2-ceiied, with a single anatropou3 ovule suspended from 
.the summit of each ceil. Fruit a 1-eelled and 1-s,- 



312 ULMAGE^E. 



membranaceous samara winged all around. — Trees, rarehj 
shrubs, with rough leaves, and (often polygamous) purplish 
or yellowish flowers in lateral clusters, preceding the short-pe- 
tioled leaves. 

1. U. AmeriCx1NA ; L. American or White Elm. 

Leaves smooth above, downy underneath, oblong-ovate, pointed, sharply doubly 
gsrrate ; flowers in umbel-like clusters, on conspicuous pedicels ; fruit oval, with 
woolly-fringed margins. 

Moist woods and river banks, common. April. A large tree, 30 to 70 feet high, 
with long spreading pendulous branches, and slender pendulous branchlets. Leaves 
4 to 5 inches long, doubly denticulate. Flowers small, purplish. Stamens about 8. 

2. U. fulya, Michx. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. 

Leaves very rough on the upper side, roughish downy underneath, ovate-oblong 
doubly serrate; buds rusty-woolly ; flowers nearly sessile in dense clusters ; fruit 
nearly orbicular, the margins naked. 

Woods, in rich, dry or moist soil, common. April. A middle-sized or small tree, 
20 to 40 feet high, and 9 to 20 inches in diameter, with Straggling branchas and 
rather tough reddish wood, remarkable for the tough mucilaginous inner bark. 
Stamens about 7, short, reddish. 

2. CELTIS, Tourn. Nettle-tree. 

An ancient Greek name for the Lotus, which this tree is said to resemble, 

Flowers polygamous. Perianth 5 to 6-parted, persis- 
tent. Stamens 5 to 6. Ovary l-celled ; with a single sus- 
pended ovule : stigmas 2, long and pointed, recurved. Fruit 
a globular drupe, with thin iiesh. — Trees or large shrubs, 
with pointed, petioled leaves, and greenish axillary flowers, 
solitary or in pairs, appearing with the leaves. 

1. C. occidentalism L. Sugar-berry. IFicJc-berry. 

Leaves roughish, obliquely- ovate, sharply serrate, finely acuminate, unequal and 
often heart shaped at the base; flowers small, subsolitary. 

Woods and river banks. May. A tree 20 to 80 feet high, with the aspect of aa 
Elm. Leaves 2 to 5 'inches long, with a very long acumination and very unequal at 
the base. Flowers small, greenish- white. Fruit dull-purple or yellowish-brown, 
Bweet and edible. 

2. C. CRASSIFOLIA, Lam. Ilaclcberry. 

Leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, serrate, unequally heart-shaped at base, rough 
and hairy on both sides; peduncles mostly 2-fIowered. 

Low grounds. May. A small tree, 20 to 40 feet high, with a straight slender 
trunk, undivided to a" considerable height, covered with an unbroken bark. Leaves 
3 to 5 inches long, thick and firm. Flowers small, white, succeeded by a round, 
black drupe about the size of the Whortleberry. 

3. 0. FUMILA, Pursh. Dwarf Haclcberry. 

Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal at the base, smoo'ih 
on both sides, the younger only pubescent ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered; fruit 
solitary. 

River banks, along the Su?quehanna. A dwarf very straggling shrab, 3 to 10 
feet high. Leaves sometimes heart-shaped, nearly as broad as long; with a very 
short acumination. Berries brown or nearly black. 



8AURURACE-E, CERATOPHYLLACE^G AND CALLITRICHACE.2E. 318 

Order 97. SAURURACEiE.— Lizard; Uail Family, 

Uerbs, with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves wiifest&pi&es, and perfect fi-ewer$ 
in spikes, entirely destitute of a perianth, and 3 to 5 more or less united ovaries.-** 
Ovjles few, ©rthotropoue. -Fecit -a capsule or terry, 3 to 5-celled, few-seeded 

/SMJEUKUS, Line. Lizard' s-tail. 

jT taura, a lizard, and our a, a tail; in alkisionto the form of the Lniioresceiwteo 

Inflorescence an ament or spike of l-flowered scaies, 
■"•■-Stamens' mostly G or 7, hypogynous, -with long and distinct 
. filaments. Fruit somewhat .* fleshy, crinkled, of 3 or A 
? pistils united at the base^with recurved stigmas. SfeSPS 
usually solitary, ascending.—- A perennial aquatic herb, with 
'heart shaped petioled leaves, and- white- flowers, each from the axil of 
-a small bract , closehv -aggregated '-in a slender terminal^ pike, 

S. cernuus, L. ^Lizard, s-taiL 

Stem angular; leaves cordate, acuminate. 

Margins of ponds and streams, common. 'Jane — -Aug. Stern l*to 2V_ feet h \gk 
l5 weak. farrowed. ^Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, %-a.s wide, smooth and glauceous. on 
petioles 1 to 2 inches lotig. "Spike slender, 3 to 6 inches long, drooping at cue tuc 

-Glider W. (SSBA'Be'PWSLLkQEJE.—H^nicort Family 

Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leave?-, and mi ante axillary and sessile 

"STLcnacieus flowers without any floral envelopes, but with a many cleft involucre.— 

Stameki 1C to 24. Flrtile gyakt free, 1-celled with a suspended otiile ; styie nii- 

;form, chiique, sessile. Fruit- an achenium healed --with the indurated t:'oigto.P a 

\Siel' containing 4 cotyledons. 

CSR^IOPHWXLUM, £inn. HeRNWORT. 

<Gr. herds, a horn, phuUcen, a leaf, alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaxeg 

Sterile flowers of 12 to 24 stamens with large sessile 
anthers. Fruit an aehemum, beaked with the slender per- 
sistent style. — Herhs, growing under water- in po?ids or slow 
if owing streams-; the sressiis leaies'cut into 2 w-fyfttrking nltforrr; 
■ rath er rigid'- divisions. 

C. ECBiNAT-uai, iL*€rray. Hornwort, 

Achenium elliptical, rough-pointed on the sides, with a terminal and 2 short 
lateral spines, the slightly winged margins armed with blunt teeth, which/ finally 
elongate and equal the laterahsplE.es ; divisions cf the leases minutely gerrulf&e, 
mostly 2-toG tiied -at the apex. 

Common. June, July. Flowers minx.ie~ 

OaUKR 99. CALLITRICHACE2B— ftarxor: Family , 

Aquatic small annuals, with opposite, entire leaves, and polygamous sciiiary flote t r : 

L2 ' . 



314 TODCSTEMACEJS. 



in their axils, usually between a pair of bracts, without ■■ proper floral envelopes^ 
.Pbuit 4-celled, 4-lcbed and 4-seeded, consisting enly of the genus 

• C ALLITRICHB, Linn. Water-Starwort. 

Gr. kales, beautiful, thrix, trickos, hair ; alluding to the slender stems. 

Stamens I, rarely 2 : filaments slender : anthers 1- 
ceiled, kidney-form . Styles 2, awl-shaped, distinct. Prllt 
■ in-dehiscent, nut-like, 4-1-obed and 4-cclled, hut the styles 
only 2, awl-shaped, distinct. Seed solitary and suspended, 
filling each cell, anatropous. — Aquatic small annuals ) with 
opposite entire leaves. 

1. 'C. yerna, L. Vernal IVater-stcmcort. 

Leaves 3-nervcd, the f oa'Jrtg cnes sp atulate or btotate, the immersed linear; 
brads incurved : styles constantly erect; fruit nearly sessile ; the lobes par all el in 
fairs and bluntly keeled on the back. 

Shallow pools and slow streams, common. May — Sept. Stem footing 1 to 2 f et 
long, composed of 2 tube?, simple or Irancfced. Lcattes 2 : t each joint, 1 cccroing 
crowded above into a star-like tuft upon the surface of |he> water. Flcwtrs. v, hite< 
axillary 1 to 2 together. 

2. C. I'LATYCAEEA, Kutzing. 

Fruit. nearly sessile-;-, the lobes parallel fa .pairs, slightly winged on the bacC; 
tlyles erect in the flowers, refiexed closely over the fruit. Eracts r.nd iblisge much 
as in the last. the. fruit twice as large : growing in similar situations. 

Om>m 100. FGDOSTEBIAOES.— River-wecd Family* 

Aquatics, groining on stones in Turning water, resembling Sea- weed? or Messes, with 
the minute naled flowers bursting from a sputke as in Liverworts, producing a 3- 
celled many-seeded capsule; represented in North America by the gc nus 

EODOSTEMUM, Micbx. Rivnu,wi;r.D. 

Or, *pous. a foot, and sicmon, stamen; the stamen appearing as if en a common 

foot-stalk. 

Perianth or bracts, of 2 to 3 small awl-shaped scales. 
Stamens 2, rarely 8; filaments monodelpbous below. 
Styles or stigmas 2, awl-shaped. Capsule 2-cclkd, 2- 
valved, many-ribbed. Seeds .minute, very .numerous on a 
1 hick central plaeeir&e*— Fhwets axillary and .wliia'iy, fidi~ 
cciicd frovi a tubular ipathe. 

P. CEBATOEHYLLEM, Mich*. Thread-foot. 

Leaves rigid, dichotomcusly dissected; frfo*y\cnts united to alove the middle. 

Common in the bottom of shallow streams. July. A small olive-green plrni 
resembling a Sea-weed, and tenaceously adhering to Icofc stores at the bottom, 
similar to a Fucus, by lk>hy dislcj; or piGeef&eB iu the place of roots. Leaves nu- 
merous, alternate divided into several long bncur-lristly K'giiient*, 1 to 4 inch*, » 
itPf. Ilwtrt on fcLort thick peduncles. ' 



E UP II 31113 LACE .E. 3 1*5 



Order .101. EIPHOitBIAOEH.— Spurge Family. 

Trees, shrubs or htrbs, oftia aoiunUnj in an acrid milky juice, opposite or alter- 
nate, simple, rarely oompiuhi le.iois, often far nisKed with stipules, usually terminal 
or. axillary mmncious or diaeiioui Jlnoirs, and a capsule of 2 to 3 or several 1-seeded 
ovaries united around a antral axis, separating vjhenripe. — Calyx usually valvate in 
tli 3 bul. occasionally wantinj. i^TALSsomotimes present. Stigmas 2-to 3 or mose, 
often forked. 

l: EUPHORBIA, Linn. Spurge: 

Nam id after Ifitphorbus, physician to King J aba. 

Flowers monoecious, included in a cup-shaped 4 to 5- 
lobed involucre resembling a calyx or corolla, -usually -with. 
Urge and thick glands at its sinuses. Sterile flowers 
n amorous and lining the base of the involucre, each from 
the axils of a little bract, and consisting merely of a single 
s-tamen jointed on the pedicel like the filament. Fertile 
flowers solitary in the middle of the involucre, soon pro-- 
traded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed, 3-eelled 
ovary without acLilyx'or a mere vestige. Styles 3, 2-eleft, 
therefore stigmas. Capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled; cells 1- 
seeled. — Ihrb} or shruh*, with a milk?/ juice, generally oppo- 
site leaves , the uppcr'm-tsl often in mhorls or pairs, or sometimes 
Wintinv and Literal or terminal peduncles often umbellate clustered* 
* Stew, Ic.cv::3 alter: i He ; Jlywzrs in invo 1 aerate umbels. 

L E. COROLLATA, L. F 'lowering., Spurge. 

wj upright, nearly simple; le-ivzs oblong, obtuse, entire, the floral leaves 
smill; umbel divided into 5 or Grays, then 3 or 2 forked; glands oval, each at the 
base of a petalqid involucre. 

r banks a ivi sand3' ft.dds, veir common. Per. July — Sept. Stem slender; 1 
to 2 fe-it high, mostly snroo&h. Lmv*6:l to 2 inches long, often quite linear, very 
entire, scattered on the &tes$, verticUlate and opposite in the umbel. Corolla-like 
inpolaire large, vrh'.ti, showy. 

2: E. DARLiXGTONir, G-ray. Burlington's Spurge. 

S'.e n-leives lance oblong, pale and minutely downy underneath, th,e secondary or 
fip'ral, leives orhiealar dilated, all entire; umrwl divided into 5 to 8 rays, then seveival 
lira, vs simply forked; sejmznts of the coral involucre colored, entire, sub-reniform ; 
ovarj warty. 

ftfjisE wools, Chest* Cjun\v. && May, June. Per. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, 
sm>>t'i, rarely branched below the unib d. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, the floral 
qvjA, very bbuUS.3, ih i others rounded and nearly as broad as long. Floral involu- 
cre purplish-brown within. Capsule at length nearly smooth. 

3. E, Hsliascopia. L. Sun Spurge. 

Krerrt; floral leives obovate ; stem lezves wedge-form, all obovate and nearly 
rounded at the end, finely serrate ; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3s, or at 
length simply forkxl: glands orbicular, stalked; fruit smooth p,nd even. 

fCastj places, rare. July— Sept. ..Ann.. .Stem smooth, 8 to- IS inches hl^h, 



HQ . EUPHQRBIACE.E. 



branched from the root, Leaves scattered }/> to I 1 /, inch long, % aa broad at th 3 
rounded or retuae apex. Br.ans'tesoi the w/rJosi mostly short, &erlle flowers moit- 
numerous 

4, E. Peplus, L: /%?& Spurge. 

Stem erect or ascending, branched below; Zoomm entiroyvcry obtuse, the tou/sr 
oval or obovate, petioled, the /JomJ round-heart-shaped; wm,5eZ divided into manj 
rays, then forking; glands long-horned; fruit roughish and thickened on the back 
of each carpel, otherwise smooth. 

Waste grounds, introduced. July, Aug. Ann. Plant 5 to 10 inches high, 
smooth. Involucels or floral, leaves large, clasping, broader than long. &.tow&$i 
conspicuous . 

* * Stem leaves opposite. Meads axillary or fasciculate, 

5. E. KYPERXOXFOLIA, L. Common Spurge, Ej/ebrighL 

Srnoothish; stem branching, nearly erect; leaves ovate-.oblong or oval-oblong, 
oblique or heart-shaped at the base, of Dan curved, finely serrate, 3 to 5-ribbed un- 
derneath ; corymbs terminal- 

Waste and cultivated places, common. Jul v— Sept, Ann- Shorn 10 to 20 in 
high, usually purple, very smooth.. Leaves 14 to 1 inch long, % a a wide, on very 
3hort petioles, marked with oblong dots and blotches, cliiatc. Corymbs of small 
white hood3. 

6- E. MACULATA, lu Spotted Spurge. Milk Purslane, 

Hairy or sometimes smoothish; diffusely prostrate, very much branched from the 
'foot; leaves oval, minutely serrulate towards the end, unequal, at the ba3e, slight - 
xj 3-ribbedj fruit mostly hairy; seeds 4- angled. 

3-ravelly banks and open places, common everywhere. June — Sept. Annual 
Szem 6 to 12 inches in length, spreading flat on the ground. Leaves apposite, % to 
'% inch long, and % as wide, often purplish, or with a dark purple blotch on the 
upper side. Heads of flowers small,, crowded near the summit. 

7. E. IPECACUANHA L. Wild Ipecac. Ipecac Spurge. 

Procumbent or auberect, smooth; leaves opposite, varying from obovate or oblong 
to long and narrowly linear, entire; pedwicks elongated, axillary, 1-flowcred; 
fruit smooth. 

Dry sandy soil, rare. May — July. Per. Stems many from a very long perpen- 
dicular root, low and diffusely spreading, flowering and simply forking from the 
, pass. Zeaves 1% to 2 inches long, % to % inon wile. 

8. E, DENTATA^ Mdchz; Tootled Spurge, 

Upright, hairy; leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate with blunt 
feeeth,, narrowed into a slender petiole ; flowers crowded at the summit of the stem 

Shady hillsides, in rich soil. Aug. Ann. Plant about 1 Foothigh, at first 3imp] e 
afterwards with side branches. Upper leaves spotted. Involucre lot cs cut fringed 
.Wuit smooth, short-stalked, 

CULTIVATED -EXOTICS 

9 E". LATHYRCra, L* Caper Spurge. Mole-tree 

Stem, erect, stout, smooth ; leaves linear -oblong, entire, the floral oblong-ovate 
and heart-shaped, pointed; umbel mostly 4-rayed, rays dichotomous; glands of the 
involucre short-horned ; fruit and seeds smooth. 

Cultivated grounds and gardens. July — Sept. Stern 2 to 3 feet high. Leav>* 2 
to 4 inches long, % to % wide, numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the stem , 
PfeM of. i yerUciUate branches with a central, aubjesaile head. . 



EUPHORBIACE^;. 317 



10. E. punica, L. Scarlet Spurge. Splendid Euphorbia. 

Stem shrubby, fleshy, armed with rigid sharp thorns ; Uaves ovate, tapering to 
the. base, smooth, entire, acute, mucronate; peduncles axillary , 2 to 3 times dicho- 
tomous; brads scarlet. A singular and showy garden plant. 

2. PHYLLANTHUS, Uum 

Qr.phuUon, leaf, antlios, blossom ; the flowers being attached to the leaves. 

Flowers monoecious. Perianth 5 to 6 parted, alike in 
the sterile and fertile flowers. Stamens 3 : filaments 
united in a column, surrounded by 5 to 6 glands or a 5 to 6- 
lobed glandular disk. Oyary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled : 
styles 3, 2-cleft: stigmas 6. Capsule separating into 3 
carpels, which split into 2-valves.— Herbs or shrubsj with al- 
ternate stipulate leaves, and minute axillary flowers, 

P. Carolinensis, Walt. Leaf-blossom. 

S'em erect, herbaceous, with alternate branches ; leaves simple, entire, smooth, 
oval and obovate, short-pe tided; flowers few, subsolitary. 

Gravelly banks. July, Aujr. Ann. Stem G to 10 inches high, slender. Leaves 
of the stem % to % by % to % inch, those of the branches %, and those of the 
branchlets j| as l&rge. Flowers very small, whitish,' 1 to 3 in each axil. 

3. ACALYPHA, Linn. Mercury, 

The Greek name for the nettle, which this plant resembles, 

Flowers monoeeious. Perianth of the sterile flowers 
4-parted, of the fertile 3-parted. Stamens 8 to 16 : fila- 
ments short, united at the base : anther-cells separate, 
long, hanging from the apex of the filament. Styles 3, 
cut-fringed. Capsule separating into 3 globose carpels 
which split into 2 valves. — -Mostly herbaceous plants, with 
alternate petioled stipulate leaves, and the clusters of sterile flowers 
with- a minute bract, the fertile swrounded by a large leaf like cut- 
lobed persistent bract. 

1. A. VlRGiNlCA, L. Three-seeded Mercury. 

Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely serrate, long petioled ; sterile spike rather 
few-flowered ; involucre of the fertile flowers heart-shaped, broad-ovate, acuminate, 
veined and toothed. 

Fields and open places, common. Aug. Ann. A homely weed 1 to 2 feet higb^ 
smooth or hairy, often reddish in autumn. Leav-es 3-veined, 1 to 2% inches long, 
^ as wide. Pistillate flowers at the base of the peduncle, of the staminate spike. 

2. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Carolinian three-seeded Mercury . 

Z&aves on long petioles, rhombic-ovate, acuminate, serrate, entire at base ; Uracil 
beart-shaped, lobed; fertile flowers at the base of the staminate spike. 
Fields, rare. July, Aug. Ann, Stem 9 to 18 inches- high. A peculiar species* 

L2* 



3 18 JUGLANDACEiE. 



4i- RICINUS, Linn. Palma Christi. 

Lai ripinus, an- insect, which the fruit of these plants resemble. 

Monoecious. Sterile flowers, - Perianth. 5-parted. Sta- 
mens numerous : filaments united branchings Fertile ■ 
Sowers.- PERiANTuS-parted. Styles 3, 2-parted. Cap- 
sule mostly echinate, 3-eeiled, 3-seeded. — Herbs and shrubs ^ 
with -peltate, palmate leaves, and monoecious flowers. 

Ev communis ? -L.' Castor-oil Bean. 

Stem herbaceous, glaucous, leaves peltate-palmate, lobes lanceolate, serrate ; cap 
stile echinate. Aug., Sept. Native of the East Indies, In our gardens it is a tall, . 
smooth plant, of a light bluish groen color, but in its native country it becomes a 
tree. Leaves 4 to 12 inches in diameter, on long petioles. Cultivated extensively 
ia various parts of the U. 8. for the purpose of» obtaining oil from the seed. 

5; BUXUS;--Linn, B&^WGoa? 

Monoecious. Sterile flowers. Calyx. 3-leaved: petals.. 
2". Stamens 4, with the rudiment of an ovary. Fertile 
towers. Calyx 4-sepaled. Petals 3. Styles 3. Cap- 
sule with 3 beaks and 3 ceils : seeds 2.— Evergreen shrubs., 
with opposite leaves, and inconspicuous flowers^ 

B 1 . semper vireNs, L. Box. 

Leaves ovate ;petioUs hairy at the edge; anthers ovate, sagittate. Native of Eu- 
rope. Var. angustifolix has narrow lanceolate leaves. Var. sujjfruticosa the dwarf 
Tcfo.x has cbovate leaves and a scarcely woody stem, highly ornamental for edgings ■ 
m< gardens, 

Order. 102:. JHQLUSBACEE:— WUInut Family 

Wees, with alternate unequally pinnate leaves, without stipules, green inconspicuous ■ 
mcna!cious flowers in aments with an irregular calyx, and a fruit which is a kind t>f 
dry drupe with a bony endacarp (nut-shell), containing a large Arlobed orthotropoui 
seed. Fcrtile flowers solitary or in small clusters, with a regular 3 to -{Kobed. ■ 
calyx adherent to the incompletely 2 to 4-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary. 

i: JUGLANS, Linn.- Walnut. 

Lat. Jbvis ffl&ns; i.e. the nut of Jupiter. 

Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral aments; the 
calyx scales unequally 3 to 6-paried, somewhat bracteate 
at base.. Stamens 8 to 40 : filaments very short. Fer- 
tile flowers solitary or several together on a peduncle at 
the end of the branches : CALYX 4-toothed, bearing 4 small 
petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short : stigmas 2, 
somewhat- dub-shaped and fringed. Fruit. ... drupaceous. . 



JUGLANDACEjE. 3 19 



with a fibrous-fleshy indekiseent epicarp, and a rough irregu- 
larly furrowed endoearp or nut-shell. — Large trees, with 
strong scented aromatic bark, 4*" > odd -pinnate leaves of many ser- 
rate leaflets, and sterile flowers in aments, the fertile terminal. 

1. J. CINEREA, L. Butternut. White Walnut 

Leaflets numerous (15 to 17), oblongdaneeolate, pointed, rounded at the base, 
downy beneath; petioles and branchless downy with clammy hairs ; fruit oblong, 
acuminate, clammy, the n«£ deeply and irregularly furrowed. 

River banks and rich woods, common. May; fruit ripe in Sept. Tree SO to 50 
feet high, with gray bark, and widely spreading branches. Leaves 12 to 20 inches 
long. Barren ficnorrs in long amenta : fertile in short spikes. The kernel is oily 
and pleasant-flavored. From the bark is extracted an excellent cathartic . 

2. J. nigra, L« Black Walnut. 

Leafets numerous (15 to 21), ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, subcordate at 
base, smooth above, the lower surface and ike-. petioles minutely downy; fruit glo- 
bose, with scabrous punctures. 

Rith woods, common. May ; fruit ripe in Oct. A Icrge handsome tree 60 to 9Q 
feet high, with a diameter of 3 to 6 feet ; bark brown. The wood is very valuable 
for cabinet- work, purpli3k-brown, turning blackish with age. 

% GARY A, Nutt. Hickory, 

Gr. Kama, the Walnut. 

Sterile flowers in slender lateral catkins, which are 
mostly in threes on a common peduncle : calyx naked, un- 
equally 3-parted. Stamens 3 to 8 : filaments scarcely 
any. Fertile flowers 2 to 3 together at the ends of the 
branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, and no petals. Stigma 
large, 4-lobed. Fruit globular, with a somewhat leathery 
epicarp, which splits into 4 valves, and falls away when ripe 
from the smooth and slightly 4 to 8 angled nut-shell, which 
is incompletely 4-celled. — Trees } with hard and very tough 
wood, odd-pinnate leaves of 5 Ig 9 leaflets, end sterile flowers in 
t branched aments. 

* Seed edible and delicious : bark exfoliating in shaggy strips cr plates, 

1. C. ALBA, Nutt Shell-bark Hickory. 

Leaflets 5, minutely downy underneath/ finely serrate, the 3 upper obovat^- 
lanceolate, the lower much smaller and obicng-I&nceoiaie, all acuminate ; fruit 
depressed-globular ; nut somewhat flattened. 

Rich moist weeds, common, April, May; fruit in Oct. A tall and handpoms 
tree with rough and shaggy hark, consisting of long strips adhering by tfce mid- 
dle or one end", the wood is valuable as timber, and especially for fuel. The fruit i& • 
covered with a very thick epicarp separating into 4 parts, and coataining-a whitish 
thin-shelled nut with & large rickly-navcred kernel, 

2. C. SULCATA, Nutt. Thick Shell-hark Hickory, 

Leaflets 7 to 9, obovate-lanceolate, downy underneath, sharply serrate ; fruit 
oval, 4-ribbed above the middle with intervening furrows; nut strongly pointed, 
slightly flattened, with a thick yellowish sheiL 



820 CUPULIFERJE. 



Valleys along the Alleghenies ; abundant along Chill isquaque Crack, Northum- 
berland Oouoty. May; fruit in Oct. A large tree 50 to 70 feet high. Leaves 10 
to 20 inches long. Sterile aments very long. J\ r ut nearly twice larger than in C. 
alba, with a thick shell. 

** Seed sweetish but small; nut hard-shelled; bark not shaggy. . 

3. C. tomentosa, Nutt. Mickemut. Bullaut Hickory. 

Leaflets 7 to 9, oblong or obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate, roughish downy 
underneath; aments hairy; fruit globular or ovoid, with a thick and hard shell, 
which splits almost to the base; nut somewhat 8-angled, the shell very thick and 
hard. 

Rich woods and hills, common. April, May; fruit in Oct. A tall tree 40 to TO 
fe&t high, with resinous scented foliage and whitish cracked bark; the wood is 
celebrated for axe-handles, fuel, &e. 

4. C. MlCROCARPA,.Nut.t.'. Sniall-J rutted HieJccrry : 

Leaflets 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glandular underneath; aments smooth 
fruit roundis h-ovcid, with a thin husk ; nut slightly 4-angled, the shell rather tbia 

Moist woodlands. May; fruit in Oct; A tree £0 to 70 feet high with an evr-n 
bark. Aments long, slender, smooth. Leaves 4 to 8 inches long, 2 to 3 inches 
wide, the under surface tufted- in the axils of the veinlets. Fruit % of an inch in 
diameter. 

5. C. GLABRA, Torr. Pig-nut. Broom Hickory. 

Leaflets 5 to 7, ovate -lanceolate, serrate, smooth or nearly so-; fruit pear-shaped 
or roundish obovate, thin, splitting about half way down into 4 coriaceous valves; 
nut hard and tough with a sweetish or bitterish kernel. 

Woodlands, common. May; fruit in Oct. A large tree with a close bark very 
tough and valuable wood, and exceedingly tough sprouts. Fruit of various forms. 

* * * Seed intensely bitter ; husk thin and soft; nut-shell thin and fragile. 

6. O. AMARA, Nutt. Biiter-nuU Swamp Hickory. 

Leaflets 7 to 11, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth, acuminate i fruit globular,- 
with ridged or prominent seams opening half way down; nut inversely heart- 
ehaped. 

Wet woods, common. May ; fruit in Sept. A graceful tree with close bark, and 
small pointed buds nearly destitute of scales. Nut-shell very thin, with anintenss-< 
ly bitter kernel. 

Order 103. CUPULIFS1IE.— Oak Family. 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, deciduous stipules, 
and monoecious jlmoers ; the sterile in aments or clusters, tlie fertile solitary or clus- 
Ured, furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or -covering to the 1-celledl-seed- 
ed nut. Stamens 1 to 3 times as many as the sepals, -inserted into their base. Ovi- 
et 2 to 7 -celled, with 1 to 2 pendulous^ anatropous ovules in each cell; all the 
ovules and cells disappearing in fruit. Fruit a bony or leathery nut, more or less 
©aclosed in the capsule. 

I. QUERCUS, Linn. Oak. 

The classical Latin name. 

Sterile flowers clustered in slender and naked droop-; 
2rig;aaBextts ; without btatjts ) perianth 6 to 8-parted. Sta- 






r ;'J?'JL:?ZR&. 



sie^s 6 to 12 : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 
scattered or somewhat clustered, consisting of a 3-celIed 6- 
Gvuled ovary with a 3 lobe I stigma, inclosed by a scaly bud- 
like involucre which becomes an indurated cup (cupule) 
around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. — Mnbble genus 
of trees (rarely shrubs)^ with greenish or yellowish sterile flower:, 
in axillary, pendulous, filiform aments ; the fertile inconspicuous ,« 
fidwering in April and May, and 'ripening their fruit in-Otstobar. 
Ssc. i. EiiuiT annual, pedunculate. — Ii2AYE3 not niscronatsi 

* Leaves sinuate-lobed or pinno.tijid. Whiis Oaks , 

1. Q. ALBA, L. Willie Oak: 

LzcLves smooth, pals or glaucous underneath, cbovate-oblong, obtuse\ obliquely 
aa d deeply cut into 3 to 6 oblong, obtuse mostly entire lobes; cup hemisphe:i?a\, 
roughish, naked, much, shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn. 
"Rich, wools, cemmon. The White Oak is a well known and invaluable tree 70 
to- -S3 feet high, with a diameter of 4 to 8 feet. Learns bright green above, the 
lobes variable in breadth, sometimes very narrow.- Ntil about 1 inch long, sweet* 
ish,-edible. 

2. Q; o-btusiloba, M'iclis. Post Gale: Iron 0&7c. 

l&live& deeply cut into 5 to 7 roundish divergent lobes,-- the upper one3 mira 
longer and often 1 to 3-notched,:grayish-dcwny underneath, pale and rough above ; 
cup hemispherical, aflLked, about Y /z the length of the. ovoid acorn. 

Sandy soil, not common. May. Aytree 30 to 50 feet high, with straggling irrsgu^ 
lar branches. Fruit sessile, or 2 to 3 together on a 3hort common peduncle. The 
timber is very durable, and is much esteemed in ship building. 

3. Q. macrocaupa, Michs. Oder-cup White Oak. 

Lejves obovate, deeply and Ijrately siauate-lcbed, pale or downy linden 
the lobes obtuse, repand; cup •d&eg, fringe i around the margin, more than hall : 
enclosing the ovoid turgid acorn. 

Woods along rlrer3, rare. May. A -.tree 40 to CO feet high, the branches corere 
with a corky bark.: Leaves dark-green, 10 to 15 inches long. Acorns very lafflge 
immersed % of their length in the cup which is mossy-fringed on the borler 

4. Q. oliv^formis, Michx. 3£os*i/-cup Gak, 

Leaves oblong, deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatind, smooth, glauer.'i? under 
aeath; cup very deep, mossy-fringed above, inclosing %of> the elliptical-ova* aco:;i 

Swamps and low places, not common.- A- large and majestic tree &0 to 80 feet 
nigh, with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet, chiefly remarkable for its smaller branches 
always inclining downwards. Leaves very variable in form. Fruit 11,' inch ion*. 
This species is commonly known through Union County 33 the Swamp White Oa'*.. 
and is considered very durable for, posts, rails, &c. 

* * Leaves coarsely sinuite-ioothed, not lobed. Catesfmn? Oass- 

5. Q. BICOLOE, Willd. : . Swamp White OaJc: 

Leives on short petioles* oblong-obovate, cuneate at the ba^e, whitish-Iowa? &© 
neath, coarsely and irregularly sinuate- toothed ; peduncle elongated in Fruit ; cup 
hemispherical, sometimes a little fringed at the border, inclosing less than one half 
the oblong- oroid acorn. 

Low. moist woods, common. A tree 40 to 60 feet high, with th^ bark separating 
.-.a to large flat plates. Leaves 8 to 7 inches long; ^*th 3 to 15 coarse teeth Acorn 
,arg-? si ?n,a small, thin and roughish cup, 



CUPUIrlFEBJB. 



G ; Q. Piirxi>s, L.- Sjbapig Chestnut Oak.. 

Le'tveq on long petioles, obey ate, acute, coarsely serrate with .nearly uniform 
roand'sh teeth; pubescent beneath ; cup somewhat top-shaped; acorn ovale. 

Shady wools an 1 river batiks., Atree 60 to 80 feet high. Leaves' large on pe- 
tioles 1 inch loog. _hwM large, sweet. The timber is valuable in the arts. 

7. Q. montaxAj Will J. Rdck Chestnut Oak. 

Lelves petroled, broxliy ofeovate, coarsely and n --arly equally toothed, whitish 
■downy underneath; peUmiJfes shorty c?ip hemispherical, with rugose and tubcrcled 
seajea^ aeoj*n ovate . 

Rocky hills, common. A middle size 1 tree, seldom more than CO feet high. 
L izves. with broad an 1 obtuse teeth on a yellow petiole. Awn I to l}/ 2 inch long. 
The bark is highly esteemed for tanning, anl the wood makes excellent fuel. 

8. Q. Gastamea, Willd. Ytitfao Chestnut Oak. 

Zte&ves on long petioles, oblong lanceolate, obtuse at base, acuminate, hoary-white 
Smdemeath., equally and nearly sharply toothed ; cup hemispherical ; acorn ovei'l. 

Rich mountain wools and valleys. A tree 00 to 70 feet high. Leaves narrower 
than those of the former, with acute teeth, winch- are c tlLous at the point. Fruit 
ciidd'e-sfzyd, e 'ssile or on a short peduncle. Th< ! so three Chestnut Oaks are v^7 
difficult t.) di.'t'iig.iisli. and many prove to be-only varieties of one species. 

9,_. Q. prinotdes, Willd: Chinquapin Oak, 

Leaves on short petioles, obovate and lance-oblong, coarsely wavy-toothed, downy 
underneath; peduncles short or none; cup hemispherical: acorns, avoid'. (Q. Chin- 
quo pin, Pursh.) 

Sandy soil. A shrub 3 to G fret hign\ growing in patches intermingled with the 
Black Scrub Oak. (Q. illicifolia, Wang.) Acorns swr-c-t, middle sized, and so 
abundant as often to weigh the shrub to the ground. L'umrf Chestnut Oak. . 

S :c. ii. Fruit not maturing until' the second year, nearly sessile. 
* heaves entire, narroic. 

.10. Q. imjieicarta, MieLx. Laurel or S^ higle Oak. 

T. caves lance-oblong, acute at both ends', mueron ate, tide kisk, smcotli and ehirfirjg 
above, pubescent beneath; cvj) saucer-shaped; accrn globular. 

Barrensand open woodlands. A tree SO to 50 feet high,' with numerous irregu- 
mrr branches. Leanes dark grc-ejjjthiek and firm in texture, 8 to 5 inches lone. \ .-> 
a- 5 wide. Acorn small, in a fiat nearly sessile cup. The wood splits easily, and is 
tometimes used for shingles, 

** Leaves tovtlied or lobecl. Black a>:d il£D.0A53. 
11. Q.' ILLICIFOLIA, Wtirig. Bhick'Scruh Oak. 

f;v?arf; leaves on short petioles, elevate, wedge-shaped at the base, 8 to f-angu- 
i,i>dy mbed, 'vhUe-dewny underneath; cup .llaitish-top-i-Laped ; acorns ovoid. {Q. 
^• ; .;-nis^rl,.Al:chx.) 

Sandy barr< ns end rocky hills, common. A straggling: crocked fhruh, 8 to P RVt 
high, much branched. Acorns in numerous clusters omthe brunches. Lear Cak. 

1'2. Q. NIGRA, L. BiCicl -Jack, or Brown Oak. 

Leaves hro-AcWy wedge-shaped, rounded or somewhat heart-.' hap*, d at the l>cse, 
uiialed and slightly 3, or rarely 5 lobed at the end, rusty-downy underneath when 
young ; acorn ovoid-globular, half covered by the very scaly cup. 

Dry woods and sandy barrens, common. A scraggy tree, 15 to 80 feet high, 
covered with a thick rough black bark. leaves leathery, shining fcbpve, 4 to 8 
inches long, with rounded often obscure lobes, the principal veins i rejecting ^ia... 
bicastie; points which sire commcaby dteiducuB. Acptns. % to 1 inch long. 



CUPrLlFER.E. 323 



13. Q. TINCTORIA, Bartram. Quercitron or Black Oak. 
Lec.ves obovate-oblorig, slightly or sometimes deeply ginuate-lobed, the lobes 

somewhat toothed, mors or less rusty pubescent underneath; acorn deprcsscd- 
gldfoose, in a fiat scaly cup. 

Drv woods common. A lar.ee t<reor- sometimes -attaining the height of SO to 90 
feet,>*w ith a diameter of -1 to 5 feet,- and a deeply furrowed black or deep brtrvni 
bariv. Theinu.-r t ark is very thick and yellow, used in dyvng. Zeaces C to S inch- 
es long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown, nearly s< ssile, 
about half covered with the thick scaly cup. 

14. Q- doCClNEAj Wang. Scarlet Oak. 

litGVCS on long petioles, oral in outline, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid. with broad and 
open sinuses, the loots divergent and fpariagly cut toothed, 3 to 4 on each side, 
Binootli ; cup top-shaped, conspicuously scaly; acorn roundish-ovoid. 

IV eh woods, common. A tree (0 to 80 feet-high, with a diameter of T> or 4 feet. 
7/eatdrof a bright shining green on both sides, turning bright searlet in autumn. 
AtO&ms large V| to % immer-ed in the sup. -The wood, is used for staves, and the 
baik for tanning. 

15. Q, rubra, L. Red Oa/c. 

Leaves on long petioles; cblong. smoolh. pale beneath, ftbtusely sinuate]y-Io¥ed ; 

lobes spreading, sparingly-toothed or entire, 4 to Goa each side : cup saucer-shaped, 
shaUow. nearly smooth, much shorter than the oblong-ovoid acorn. 

Forests, common. A tree TO to SO feet high, with a diameter of 3 to 4 Feet. 
Lwves.ti to 10 inches long, slightly pubescent in the axils of the nerves beneath, 
changing to dull red or y^llowwh in autumn. A^opns I iwh long, with a flat base 
in ctvps so shadow as rather to resemble saucers than cups, eagerly devoured by 
hogs. * The wood is reddish and coarse grained, and the hark is used in tanning. 

10. *Q. palu-stris, Dii Hoi. Michx. Pin Oak. 

leaves on kng reticle?, obkng, in outline emcc-th and sLining. deeply plnnatifid 
with broad and rounded sinuses, the lobes divergent, cut-lcbed and toothed, acute; 
cup saucer-shaped, even ; acorn nearly globose. 

Swampy weeds, common. A hand.-ome tree 40 to CO feet high, with numerous 
fpYei hing branches and light el< gar.t foliage. Leav-cs bright green car both Fides. 
Adorns numerous, small, on short peduncles, in shallow cups. It is called Pin Oak 
on account of its unusual number of secondary branches vbi< h die as the tree ad- 
vances, giving the trunk the appearance of having pins or tree nails driven iutoit. 

jQ. koterophylla, Michx., f, was founded on a single tree raised in Bartram's gar- 
den near Philadelphia, recently destroyed, wLiea was doubtless a fcj bred. It is 
figured and described by Mkhaux in his -Sylva Americana. 

2. CASTAXEA, Tourn. Chestnut, 

From Cactdnm, a city of Thessaly, noted for its chestnut.?. 

Polygamous. Sterile flowers interuptedly clustered 
in long cylindrical a merits.: perianth deeply 5 to 6-parted : 
stamens 8 to 15. FEETiLE-ELOYVEitS 2 or 3 together in an 
ovoid sealyprkkly involucre.: TEBXKKTH urccofate, 5 to'6- 
cleftj with the. rudiments of- 5 to 12 abortive stamens. Ova- 
KY crowned with the j)efiati£b, 3 to 7-ecllcd, 14 to25-ovuIed. 
Nets ^coriaceous, ovoid, 1 to 3 included in the enlarged 
echinate 4-lobed involucre. — Trees and thriibg, Kith mostly 
deciduous alternate itvaigli veined leave*, tke dcrik cn&m -cutortd 



324 . CXJPXJ LIFERS. 



fiowers in axillary arnents near the end of the branches, and the fer- 
tile flowers at their base. 

1. C. vesca, L. Chestnut. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, mucronate-serrate. smooth and green onr tooth 
B id©s; nuts 2 to 3 in' each involucre, flattened on one or both sides. 

Rocky or hilly woods, common, especially in stony land. June, July. A large 
tree, with light coarse grained wood. Leaves 6 to 9 inches long, and* )A as wide 
with large uniform teeth. Arnents 5 to 8 inches long, very numeroue. Nuts ab@@t 
3 together, of a peculiar brown, enclosed in the enlarged cupule or hurr which is 
beset on all sides with sharp spines. 

2. C. PUMILA, Michx. Chinquapin, Dwarf Chestnut, 

Ltaves oblong, acute, serrate with pointed teeth, white-downy "beneath ; -nut soli- 
tary. 

Sandy woods, and sterile places. Jure. A shrub or small tree 6 to 20 feet high, 
much branched. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, l%to 2 inches wide, smooth above, i.e. 
petiole? % inch long. Stamenatejiowers in arnents 6to 10 inches long. Nut cvoid; 
pointed, scarcely half as large as a common ehettnat, very sweet. 

3. FAGUS, Toujrn, Beech. 

Gr.-phago, to eat, in allusion to the esculent nuts. 

Monoecious. Sterile flowers in small heads on droop- 
ing peduncles, with deciduous scale-dike bracts; perianth 
bell-shaped, 5 to 6-cleft : stamens 8 to 12, Fertile 
flowers 2 within a 4-lobed prickly involucre.: perianth 
with 4 to 5 minute awl-shaped lobes. Styles 3 : ovary 
3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell JftCTS usually 2, sharp- 
ly 3-sided, invested by the soft, prickly coriaceous involucre^ 
which splits to below the middle into 4-valves. — (Trees with 
smooth gray bark, undivided straight *mirwd leaves, and yellowish 
fiowers appearing with the > leaves. 

F. ferruginea, Ait. .American Beech. 

Leaves oblong-orate, acuminate, distinctly and often coarsely toothed, obtuire $t 
base; pr idles of the fruit recurved or spreading. 

Woods along streams, common. >May. A beautiful tree, often £0-or 60 feet high, 

covered with thick smooth ash-gray bark. -Leaves 2 to 5 inches long, often a litti« 

heart-? bared at base, bright green and shining abore, silky underdeath -when 

\oung. Nuts Mnall, oily, sweet and 'nutritious. .The Bed Beech is .£oTv cdnsidersd 

. as only a variety, '-with tLe-weod softer. and easier of cleavage. 

4. CORYIiUS, Womn. Hazelnut. &Muw> 

Gr. Jforus, a?helimct'or cup, in allusion to the involucre. 

Monoecious. SxERifLE BLOWERS in drooping -cylindrical 
nmcntSj the concave bracts and the 2-cIeft;perianth combined 
to form S.lobod scales, to theaxis-of which tme 8 short fila- 
ments irregularly cohere. Fbrtile flovvlrs several to- 
gether in lateral and teBminal scaly buds. Stigma 2, thread- 
like. Ovaiiy .2'CelIedwitih 1 ovule in each cell. N*UT long ; 



CUPULIFERJE. OZD 



roundish-ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the enlarged coriace- 
ous and lacerately toothed involucre.- — Shrubs, with round_ 
ish unequally serrate leaves, the yellowish sterile and red fertile flow a 
ers appearing in early spring in advance of the leaves, 

1. C. Americana, Walt. Wild Hazle-nut. 

Leaves rXmndish-heart-shaped, acuminate, coarsely serrate; involucre roundish _ 
bell-shaped, glandular, with a spreading flattened border about twice the leDgtia 
of the flattened nut. 

Thickets and fencerows, common. A shrub 5 to S feet high, with the young 1 
twigs, &c, downy and glandular hairy. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long and % as wide. 
Barren Jiowers in long pendulous aments flowering in April. Nut hnG-fiiivore4 
smaller than the European hazel or filbert. 

'2. G. rostrata, Ait. Beaked Ilazle-nut. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped, acuminate, doubly serrate; vnvofa- 
ere beil-shaped-tubular, prolonged above the globular-ovoid nut into a narrow tu- 
bular beak, densely clothed with bristles 

Banks of streams and along mountain ravines. May. A shrub 2 to 5 feet high 
with slender smeoth branches. Involucre 1 to 1}4 inch long, contracted at the top 
•into a long narrow neck, like a bottle, covered with short stiff hair;-, 

5. CAEPINUS, Linn. Hornbeam, Iron-woos, 

The ancient Latin name 

Monoecious. Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical 
■tmients, consistirg of from 8 to 14 stamens in the axil of a 
simple entire scale-like bract, destitute of a. proper calyx : fil- 
aments very short. Fertile -flowers several, spiked iu 
an oblong loosely imbricated terminal ament, with small de- 
ciduous bracts, each with a pair of flowers consisting of a 2- 
celled 2-ovulecl ovary terminated by 2 thread-like stigmas. 
Nut small, ovoid, ribbed, acute, each with a simple, 1-seed- 
ed, enlarged, open and leaf-like involucre.— Trees with a 
smooth gray bark, with alternate undivided straight-veined leaves 
appearing later than the Jiowers. 

-C. Americana, Michx. Amerie&n Morribeam. 

■Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply doubly serrate, nearly smooth; bitota- 
wt 3-lobed, somewhat halbert-sliaped, somewhat cut-toothed on one side. 

Woods aloug streams', common. April, May. A small tree 12 to 20 feet big** 
with an irregular rigid tiunk. and very hard wood, cover. cl with a light ash-color- 
ed or gray bark. Laves 2 to 4 inches lonp/. **£ as wide, pctiolato. Scales of tho 
fertile amtnt S-partsd,4,he middle segment much the largest, oblique with a Later- 
al tooth, 

6. GSIBYA, Micheli. Hop Hornbeam, 

'Gr. ostreon. a shell ; in allusion to the fruit. 

Monoecious. Stefjle flowers in cylindrical amenta, 
with orbicular, acuminate, ciliate scales. Stamens 8 to 10. 
-with somewhat : irregularly united filaments. Fertile flow* 

M2 



326 MYRICACE.3E. 



.-irs numerous, in a short terminal ament, with small decidu- 
ous bracts ; each enclosed in a membranaceous sac-like in- 
Toiiicre which enlarges and forms a bladdery closed bag in 
fruit, those imbricated to form a sort of strobile, appearing 
like that of the hop. Ovary 2-ceilcd, 2-ovuled, crowned 
with the entire and bearded border of the calyx, forming a 
small and seed-like smooth nut. — calender trees with hroicn- 
iih finely furrowed bark, entire alternate hates, and fioiccrs cjp» 
%)earwg with the leaves. 

0. YiPwGiNiCA, Willd. American Hop- Hornbeam. 

Leaves oblong -oyate, acuminate, sharply doubly serrate, somewhat downy 
fertile am cuts oblong, pendulous; %'nvclu oral sacs bristiy-hahy at the base; lte4? 
acute. 

Ilich-wecd?. April, May. A email tree CO to SO feet high. The hark is rpm?>rk- 
: ablo for its fine narrow longitudinal -divide ns. leaves en hairy petSoJ^p, -al g»% 
"twice as long as wide. The fiuit is similar in .eprcarance to hops. ecneigtfng of 
membraneous imbricated > c ac«, containing each a Sower. The weed is very .whit*, 
haid anfi strong, much used for levers, £e. Lever wee-d. Iicit-woid. 

<Obdj» 104. K¥EI0AC1E.— Sweet Gale Family. 

Jfcnaciouscr di<zcicu$ sTirUbi. with iJ\e lierile turd fertile facers in short rcaly ammtf, 
avd rminov.t dotted often fragrant haves — differing from tho Birch Tamily chiefly 
,by the l-celled ovary with a, single erect ortliotropous ovule, and a dnpe-like nu>. 

1. MYKIOA, Linn. Batberrt. 

Cr. murile, ths ancient name of the Tamarisk". 

Dioecious. Sterile flowers in oblong or cylindrical 
innifnis, the fertile in ovoid closely imbricated aments, 
both destitute of calyx arid corolla., solitary under a scale-like 
feraet; with a. pair of braciiefs. Stamens 2 to 8 with tha 
filaments somewhat united below. Ovary I. superior, with 
8 scales at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a small 
globular nut, studded with resineug grains or wax. 

1. M. Gale, L. Sweet Gale. Meadoio Fern. 

Z««t-«« wedge-lfinccolate, ferrate towards the apex, appearing later than the 
Cowers; sitri.* «m entu closely clustered; fi-uii in an oblong imbricated ar*enfc*«e- 
.ousltead. 

EoT(]*rs of ponds end mountain lake*, rare. Mp.j. A branching phrub Z fo 4 
fret bi^.h. Leaves ; dark preen at'oic, pale beneath, with a Btrong midvfin. % to 
]^ ii.cb long, J / 3 t^yj inch wide, entire % ibe length. Fertile and sterile f'vivrs 
on separate pfantr, 'ibe fruit and leaves when -bruised emit a pungent Bpicj odor.. 

2. M. cerifera, L. Euylcrry. Wax Myrtle. 

Zf«r«ot-Iong-l*nceolat«. narrowed at the base, entire or *tfvy-taothe€ *frirli 
<he apex, shining z.v& m incus dotted en both fids*. wnewhftt preceding tts»U«w- 
er«; sUriU Amenta seattercd, cblonj; R«fc »et»tfr»red and naked, inen?*ie4 wh.k 

s^hit* WtvX« 



EETULACEiK. 327 



Sandy soil, rare. May. A shrub 2 to 8 feet high, with a very branching top, 
and grayish bark. Leaves 1^ to 2^ inches long by % to %. Aments sessile along 
the last years branches. The fruit consist? of a globular nut or stone enclosing a 
kernel, and covered with a coating of whitish wax. 

2. COMPTONIxi, Solander. Sweet Fern. 

In honor of Henry Co'mptoJij Bishop of London a century ago } a patron of botany; 

Monoecious. Sterile flowers in cylindrical aments- 
with reniforrn-cordate pointed scale-like bracts, and 3 to 6 
stamens. Fertile flowers in globular aments, burr-like; 
ovary surrounded by 5 to 6 long linear-awl-shaped scales, 
persistent around the ovoid smooth nut; otherwise as in 
Myrica. — Low shrubs, with long and narrow pinnatifid-lobed* 
leaves with small stipules appearing after the flowers. 

C. asplenifolia, Ait. Sweet Fern. 

Leaves long lineal-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatind. 

Dry woods and hills, common. May. A well known, handsome aromatic shrub, 
l'to 2 feet high. Lcjv^s a ■:irnerou3. on short peduncles, 3 to 4 inches long. ^ inch- 
w-ida, divided nearly to the midTcin into numerous rounded lobes. 

Order 105, BETULAOEIE.— Birch Family. 

Monoecious trees or shrubs, with sterile and fertiU flowers in scaly aments, 2 or 2 
under each bract, and no involucre to the no-iced l-celted and 1-seeded often winged 
nut, which results from a 2-celled and 2-ovaled ovary. Smss siugla or none : gi:o- 

1. BETULA, Tourn. Birch. 

The ancient Latin name. 

Sterile flowers 3, with 2 bractlets under each scale or 
"bract of the anient, consisting each of a perianth of 1 scale 
and 4 stamens attached to its base : filaments short. Fes- 
tile flowers 8 under each 3-lobed bract, consisting of a 
naked ovary with 2 thread-like stigmas, becoming a broadly 
winged and scale-like nutlet or small samara. Seed sus- 
pended, anatropous. — Tree? and shrubs, mostly with the outer 
bark usually separable in thin horizontal sheets, ovate, serrate alter- 
nate leaves, and monoecious flowers, the golden sterile ones expanding 
in early spring preceding the leaves, the fertile in oblong cylindrical 
aments appearing with the leaves. 

* Trees ivith thebark of the trunk white externally, separable in thin sheets, 

1. B. populifolia, Ait. White Bvrcli; 

Leaves deltoid (triangular), long-acuminate, truncate or slightly cordate at base, 
unequally serrate, smooth and. shining on both sides, on smooth petioles ; f&rtiU 
&i&enti.oik peduncles ; scales with roundish, lateral lobes. 



328 BETULACE^. 



Poor soils, in rocky mountainous woods, common. May. A small and slender, 
rery graceful tree, 20 to 40 feet high, with a chalky- white bark. Leaves tapering 
to a long point as tremulous as an Aspen, on petioles 1 inch or more long. Aments 
long pendulous. Poplar-leaved Birch. 

2: B. papyracea, Ait, Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. 

Leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly-serrate, the veins hairy beneath, small above* 
lateral lobes of the fruit-bearing bract3 short and rounded. 

Hillside woods, common. May, June. A tree 40 to 70 feet high, with fine- 
grained wood, and very tough durable bark, white externally, seperating into pa- 
per-like layers. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % as wide dark-green above, pal© 
glandular-dotted underneath. Sterile aments lto 2 inches long.. 

*•* Trees with reddish-brown or yellowish baric ; leaves with sJwri petioles, .. 

3. B. NIGRA, L. Red Birch. River Birch. 

Leaves rhombic ovate, acute at each end, doubly serrate, whitish and downy 
underneath ; fertile aments somewhat pedunclcd, woolly ; bracts with oblong-linear 
nearly equal lobes* 

Low river banks, common. May. A tree SO to 50 feet high, with reddish -brown 
bark, which at length becomes very loose and torn, hanging in shreds. Leaves 3 . 
inches long and 2 wide, on petioles 14^°% incn lon S> dark-green above. 

4. B. lenta ; L. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. 

Lha,ves cordate-ovate, pointed, sharply and finely doubly serrate; hairy on the 
veios beneath; fertile aments elliptical, thick, erect, somewhat hairy. 

Moist rich woods, common. April, May. A beautiful tree 40 to 60 feet high. , 
with a diameter of 1 to .3 feet, covered with a chestnut-brown dark. Branches 
slender, spotted with white. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, about % &s wide. The 
wood has a close grain and is susceptible of a fine polish, valuable for cabinet work. 
The bark and young twigs are spicy-aromatic. . 

*** Shrubs with brownish bark and rounded erenate-toothed leaves. 

£>. B. PUMILA; L. Low Birch. Dwarf Birch. 

Erector ascending; leaves obovate or roundish-elliptical, coarsely erenate-toothed, 
the younger downy and nearly orbicular; fertile catkins, cylindrical; scales more 
or less unequal 3-iebed; fruit broadly winged. 

Mountain bogs, rare. Pursh. May, June.- A Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, with smooth 
or sometim?^ warty branchlets, the young twigs do.wny. Leaves oo. short petioles,., 
1 to 1% inch long, pale or whitish underneath. 

2. ALNUS; Tourn. Alder. 

The ancient Latin name. 

Monoecious. Sterile aments long and drooping, cylin- 
dric, with 5 -bracelets, and 1 to 3 flowers under each scale; 
each flower with a 4- parted calyx and 4 stamens with very 
short filaments. Fertile aments ovoid or oblong, the 
fleshy scales each 2-fiowered, with a calyx of 4 small scales 
coherent with the scales or bracts of the anient, which be- 
come thick and woody in fruit; all coherent below and per- 
sistent. — Shrubs or small trees, arising from large and strong 
roots, stalked leaf- buds furnished with a single scale, alternate simpU 
leaves, and the aments produced at the close of summer , and expand- 
ing in early spring* 



SALICACB^ 82*) 



1. A. inoana, Willd. Black Alder. 

•Leave* broadly oval or ovate, rounded at the "base, sharp ly serrate, often coarsely 
toothed, white and mostly downy underneath; stipules oblong-lanceolate ; friiU 
aments oval ; fruit orbicular. 

Banks of mountain streams, common. A shrub 8 to 20 feet high, with smooth 
ferown bark. Fertile aments usually 4 to 5 in a paniculate racsma. 

2. A. serrulata, Ait. Common Alder. Smooth Alder. 

Leaves obovate, acute at the base, sharply serrate with acute teeth, thiektsh, 
em-voth and gveen on both sides, a little hairy on the veins beneath; stipules oval ; 
fertile aments ovoid oblong; fruit ovate. 

Borders of ponds aad streams, CDmmon. A well known shrub 6 to 12 feet high, 
growing in clumps. Lsaves 2 to 4 inches long and % as wide, strongly veiaad. 
Amnts 2 to 3 inches long, slender, pendulous; the fertile ouas short, tUi*k, dark 
brown ; persistent. . 

Order 108. SALIGACEM.— Willow Family. 

JXcselo-ua trees or shrubs, with alternate undivided leaves, the fertile and stei-ite 
jhxoers in aments, one under each bract, entirely destitute of calyx or eoroUa ; V*e 
fruit a 1-celled and 2-valved capsule, containing numerous seeds clothed with a long 

aWcy down. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled; srriss % vary short, or mare 

or less united, each with a 2-lobed stigma. 

1 SAEIX, Tourn. Willow. Osier. 

Celtic, sal, near, and lis, water ; alluding to their usual locality. 

Dioecious. Aments eylindrie, with entire imbricated 
scales. Sterile flowers of 2 to 6 staraeas, accompaaie<t 
with 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers with a small 
flat gland at the base of the ovary on the insor side; stig- 
mas short. — Trees or shrubs, generally growing along streams^ 
with round and flexible bntndies^ most 7 // long and pointed 
leaves, entire or glandularis -toothed, and terminal and lateral 
amend appearing before or with the leaves. 

Ejsc. i. Aments lateral and sessilo, appearing before tha leaves. Shrulsov small 
tre^-s. 

* Leaves entire or obsQur&y wzvy toothed ; amznliovovl or shori-sylmir^iil. small ; 
stigmas 2 clefL 

1. S. CANDIDA, Willd. Hoary or Whitedeaved' Willow. 

Leaves narrow-lanceolate, acurn'nate, or the lowest ' obtuse, pubescent above, 
white-tomentose benevdh; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed; amonis oblong-cyliji- 
(ideal, closely flowered ; ovary densely woolly ; style distinct. 

Fogs in shady woods, rare.- April, May. A* shrub 2 to 5 feet high with raddi&h 
twig*, smooth and shining at maturity. Leave* 8 to 12 inehes long, I to 2 wide* 
Aments about an inch long, dense oa-short peduncles. 

2. S. TRiSTis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow. 

Lenses wedge-lanceolate, almost sessile, pointed, or at the lower obtuse grayish- 
woolly on both sides, the upper side at maturity nearly smooth: jtipUlas small 

M2* 



S30 S ALIO ACE M. 



hairy; aments globular when yeung, loosely flowered; ovary with a long hairy 
Ibeak ; style short. 

Sandy woods. March , April. A small shrub 1 to \y, foet hi^h, much branched 
with a profusion of aments in spring appearing before the leaves. Leaves at length 
numerous, thick, 1% inch long, often crowded. Stipules seldom seen, often r* 
ftueed to a mere gland* 

3. S. humilis, Marshall. Low Bush Willow. 

Leaves on petioles, lanceolate or oboyate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse with an ab= - 
rupt point, slightly downy above; stipules small, semi-ovate and entire, or larger 
and linear with 2 to 4 teeth, shorter than the petioles; aments often recurve*; 
avary hairy ; style distinct.- 

Borders of fields and roadsides, common. A shrub 3 to 8 feet high, varying in 
size and appearance., Leaves- of the larger forms 3 to 5 inches long, and % to 1 
Inch broad. This species, as well as some of the following section often bear cone- 
iike excrescences on the ends of the branches, formed of closely imbricated leave*. 

* * Leaves more or less serrate, smooth and shining above ; aments cylindrical, largt. 

4. S. DlCOLOR, Mu hi. Glaucous Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides, mi- - 
tire at the base and . apex ; stipules semilunar, toothed; aments erect; sea les very 
hairy, oblaneeolate, somewhat acute; ovary densely silky. 

Low meadows and river banks, common. A large shrub or small tree 8 to 18 feet 
high. Leaves when young commonly obtuse and pubescent, at length becoming 
smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath. Young catkins \% inch long, glossy, black- 
ish with the conspicuous stipules, elongating in fruit to 2% inches. 

* * * Leaves finely and evenly serrate, sillcy-gray or glaucous beneath ; aments o%o& 

of cylindrical ; stigma 2-lobed. Shrubs. .-. 

5. S. sericea, Marshall. Silky-leaved Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, downy above, grayish with short silky hairs unde** 
neath ; sterile aments small, the fertile narrowly cylindrical, closely flowered ; tcalu 
©btuso,.round-obovate; stigma nearly sessile. 

Sandy river banks. A shrub 4 to 10 feet high, with green or purple twigs whi<sk : 
are tough but brittle at base. Fertile aments in flower ^ inch, at length V/± ineJfc 
Jlong. Anthers at first reddish, then yellow, and finally brown. 

6. S. petiolaris. Smith. Long-stalked Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, smooth above, glaucous beneath, silky at base, mest- - 
ly unequal; stipules lunate; aments appearing before the leaves, the fertile ovoid- 
©ylindrical, loosely flowered ; scales y try hairy, obovate; style, short but distine*. 

Sandy river banks and low grounds, common. A shrub 6 to, 10 feet high, some- 
what resembling the last, but the mature leaves are smooth beneath, and dry leu 
black. Fertile aments .ekoxtet and broader, the capsule spreading and showing the 
. gt&iks. 

*** * Filaments seperale; stigmas undivided. Small trees. 

7. S. VIMINALIS, L: Btisket Osier. Basket Willow.' 

Leaves linear-lanGcolate, very long and acuminate, entire or obscurely crenate, „ 
whit^-silky beneath: stipules very small; aments cylindrical-ovoid, clothed with > 
long silky hair; ovary long and. narrow; styles elongated; stigmas linear, mostly 
entire. 

Wet meadows ; introduced from Europe. A middle sized tree, with slender and 
«exible branches. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long of a beautiful lustre beneath. IW> 
wients yellow. Anthers orange. Considered the best species for basket making, 

Seo. ii. Amsnts lateral, with 4 to $ leafy braets at. the base, appearing witk •* 
Wore the leaves :.8taKims%— -Shrubs er small trw. - 



SALIGACE.&. 331 



8. S. oqrdata, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. 

Itaaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes truncate or heart-shaped at 
feese, acuminate, sharply toothed, smooth, paler beneath; stipules reniform off 
•Tate, toothed, often large and conspicuous, or sometimes small and almost entire; 
mments appearing with the loaves, leafy at base, cylindrical, th© fertile elongating 
ki trait, 

Low river banks and low meadows. A shrub 2 to 6 feet Or a small tree 6 to II 
feet high, with leaves 4 to 6 inches long. Fertile aments 2 to 3 inches long. 

9. S. angustata, Pursh. Narrow -leaved Willow. 

Lsaves lanceolate, acute, long and tapering to the base, slightly toothed, gmoofch 
and scare 3ly glaucous -beneath ; stipules semi-cordate ; aments large, appearing be- 
Jbre the le aves ; ovary tapering into a long style. 

Banks of streams. A large shrub or small tree 8 to 16 feet high, with very long 
and slender twigs, and long and narrow leaves. 

Ssc. re. Aments pcduncled (long and loose) borne on the summit of lateral leafy 
fcranchsg of the season. — Shrubs and trees, wit-hike branches very brittle at the fcaae, 
• Ovary sessile, smooth; stamens 2. 

10. S. alba, L. White Willow. Yellow Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, pointed, toothed, clothed more or le« 
▼lth white silky hairs, especially beneath; stipules lanceolate; stigmas nearly see- 
file thick and recurved. An introduced tree of rapid growth, attaining a height 
•f 50 to 80 feet, with several varieties. Yar. 1, vitellisa, has yellow or light red 
••ranches; leaves shorter and broader. (S.vitellina, Smith <£ Borrer. S. Pameachi- 
ana, Barret.) Var. 2, cerulea has the leaves nearly smooth at maturity. 

** Ovary stalked, smooth; stamens 2 to C. 

11. S. fragilis, L. Brittle Willow. Crack Willow. 

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath, serrate with infiextd 
tteth; stipules somicordate, pointed, toothed; stamens mostly 2. 

A tall and handsome tree, with smooth and shining branches, introduced front 
Barope. and cultivated for basket-work, with several varieties. Yar. 1. decipisks, 
■as dark brown buds, and the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very 
•totuse. (S. deeipiens, Hoffman.) Yar. 2, Husseliana, has the leaves long and 
"bright, strongly serrate, the younger ones, and upper branches of the annual . 
aaoota, silky-downy; stipules large and acuminate. (S. Husseliana, Smith.) 

12. S. nigra, Marshall. Black Willow. 

Leaves narrowly-lanceolate, pointed and tapering at each end, serrate, motiV 
fmooth, green on both sides ; stipules small, deciduous ; glands of the sterile flow- 
ers 2, large and deeply 2 to 3-cleft ; stamens 3 to 6. 

Margins of streams. A tree 15 to 25 feet high, with a rough black bark. 
Branches very brittle at base, pale yellow. Sterile aments 3 inches long, and eftse. 
▼ifch but 3 stamens in the upper scales. 

13. S. LUCID Ay- Muhl... Shining Willow, 

Leaves ovate oblong or lanceolate and narrow with a long acumination, smootfe . 
•ad shining on both sides, serrate; stipules oblong, toothed; stamens mostly" 6. 

Overflowed banks of streams. A handsome species, sometimes 12 to 15 feet high, 
•ffcen flowering at the height of 3 or 4 feet. Branches smooth/ dark shining greet. . 
leaves broad and glossy above. 

14. S. Babylonica, Tourn. Weeping Willow. 

Branches pendulous; leaves lanceolate, acuminate smooth, glaueeus beneaMi; 
$Np*iU* rcuadiah, oblique, a«*minate; awry sessile, ovate, smooth. This beautify 



332 SALICACE^E. 



rpecies is a native of the East, and has been cultivated until nearly naturalized. 
<Fhe long slender drooping branchlets very naturally indicate the common name of 
tfce tree; Only the fertile plant is known in the United States. 
•** Ovary stalked, hairy? stamens 2. 

15. S. LONGIFOLTA, Muhl. Long-leaved Willow. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remote- 
ly denticulate with projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young, at length 
nearly smooth ; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed; scales hairy at the base, often 
glandular-toothed at the top in the sterile aments; stigma very long, sessile. 

River hanks. A variable rooting species 2 to 12 feet high, with brown bran«k«i 
and white branchlets., often, prostrate. 

2. FOPULUS, Tourn. Poplar; Aspen. 

Lat. populu s, the people, being often planted by the public ways. 

Dioecious. Aments cylindric. Bracts (Scales) of the 
aments irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from a 
cup-shaped disk, which is obliquely lengthened in front. 
Stamens 8 to 30, with distinct filaments. JStigmas 4 ? 
elongated. Capsule superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, many- 
seeded. Seeds com ose. — Trees, with soft wood , usually broad 
and more or less heart-shaped or ovate toothed leaves on long 
petioles , and long drooping a ments, appearing before the leaves. 

1. P. TREMULOIDES, Michx. American Aspen. 

Leaves roundish-heart-shaped, with a sharp short point., dentate- serrate, smootli 
on both sides, with downy margins ; scales cut into 3 to 4 deep linear division*, 
fringed with long hairs. 

Woods and oppn fields, common. April. A tree 20 to 50 f><ct high, with smooth. 
greenJsh-wbrilte hark. Leaves 2 to 2 1 / £ inches loner, 2^ to 3 wide, on petioles 2 to 3 
inches; 1 on r?. which are laterally compressed, so that they are thrown into a continued 
agitation by the slightest breeze. White Poplar. 

2.' P. GRANDTDENTATA, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. 

Leaves roundiph-ovnte, with large and irregular pinnate teeth, white-silky-woolly 
when young, at length smooth on both sides; scales cut into 5 to 6 unequal small 
divisions, Slightly fringed. 

Woods and crrores. rather common. A tree 40 to 50 feet high, with a diameter 
of 1 foot, straight, cohered with a smooth, greeniph bark. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long 
and nearly aa wide, generally at the extremities of the distant, coarse and crocked 
Branches. 

3. P. heteophylla, L. Various-leaved Poplar. 

Leaves roundish-ovate or fyeart- shaped, obtuse, serrate, white- woolly when yowag, 
at length nearly smooth, oxoept on the veins benoaflf. 

Swamps. Mry. A tree 40 to 60 feet high, with round branches. Leaves !arg», 
usually quite blunt, the auvicled lobes at the base often conceal the insertion of 
the petiole* 

4. P. angulata, Ait. Water Poplar. Cotton- Bood.' 

Leaves broadly-deltoid, or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate or cut-serrate! 
acuminatCo 
Banks of streams. March, ApriL A tares of large dimensions 40 to 80 feet high, 



B ALS AMIFLUiE. 3 3 8 



and 1 to 2 feet thick, with acutely angled or winged branches. Leaves often 7 to 8 
inches long, and about as wide on the young shoots; whilst on fall-grown tree3 
they are only 2 to 3 inches long. The buds are corcred with resin. 

5. P. balsamifera, L. Balsam Poplar. TacamaJiac. 

Leaves ovate-acuminate, finely serrate, smooth on both sides, white and reticu- 
late-veined beneath; scales dilated, slightly hairy; stamens very numerous. 

Borders of rivers and swamps, rare. April. A tree 60 to 70 feet high, and 1 to 
V% feet thick, with round branches. The bud3 are covered when young with .a 
balsamic resin. 

CULTIVATED SPECIES. 

6. P. CANDICANS, Ait. Balm-of-Gilead. 

Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate, obtusely and unequally serrate, whitish be= - 
neath, somewhat 3-veined ; petioles hirsute. 

Woods, common in cultivation. April. A tree 40 to 50 feet high, and' 18 to 30 
inches in diameter, with smooth and greenish bark, and large dark green foliage. 
Fertile aments 6 inches long. The buds are covered with a balsamic resin, much > 
used in domestic practise^ 

7. P. DILATATA, L. Lonibardy Poplar. 

Leaves smooth, deltoid, acuminate, serrate, about as wide as long; trunlc lobed 
and sulcate. Native in Italy as its name imports. It has long been cultivated in 
this country, and is found in the vicinity of all old settlements. 

8. P. alba, L, Abele. Silver Poplar. 

Leaves heart-shaped, broad-ovate, lobed and toothed, acuminate, dark green an4 
smooth above, very white downy beneath ; fertile aments ovate ; Migmas 4. A high- 
ly ornamental tree, native of Europ9. The silvery whiteness of the lower surface 
of the leaves produce a striking contrast with the dark green of the upper. 

Order 107. BM3MLWWM— Sweet- Gum Family. 

Trees, with a balsamic colorless juice, alternate palmately lobed leaves, deciduous 
stipules, and nionozcious flowers in seperate roundish aments, destitute of calyx or co- 
rolla, the fruit of'Z-b&aked and 2-ceUed several-seeded woody capsules : consists only of 
the genua 

LIQITIDAMBAR, Linn. Sweet-Gum; 

Lat. Uquidum, fluid, and Arabic arnica?*, amber, in allusion to the terebinthine- 
juice that flows from the tree. 

Sterile flowers in conical clusters, naked. Stamens 
numerous, intermixed with minute scales : filaments short. 
Fertile aments consisting of 2-celled ovaries, subtended 
by minute scales, all more or less cohering and hardening in 
fruit, forming a spherical head, the capsule opening between 
the 2 awl-shaped diverging styles. Seeds small, often abor- 
tive. — Tree, with alternate simple or lobed leaves deciduous 
stipules and racemed nodding aments, inclosed in the bud by a 4? 
kaved deciduous involucre. 



334 PLATANACEJE AND -URTICACEJE. 

L. Styraciflua, L. Sweet- Gum. Bilsied. 

Leaves rounded, deeply 5 to 7-lobed, smooth and shining, finely glandular-ser- 
iate, the lobes pointed. 

Moist woods. April. A large and handsome tree, with finely grained wood and 
gray bark, with corky ridges on the fcranchlets. The young twigs are yellowish^ 
putting forth leaves of a rich green, which are fragrant when bruised, turning 
deep rod or crimson in autumn. ' Fruit when mature about 1 inch in diameter, 
forming a brownish woody and prickly strobile. 

Order 108. PLATANACEJK.— Plane-tree Family. 

5Trces, ivith alternate palm ately-lobed leaves, sheathing stipules and monoecious fit/w- 
ars in seperate and naked spherical aments, destitute of calyx or corolla ; the fruit 
dub-shaped 1-seeded nutlets, furnished- with bristly down- along the base: consisting..'. 
©nly of the genus 

PEATANUS, Linn. Buttonwood. 

Gr. plains, broad, in allusion to the ample shade of its foliage. 

Sterile flowers of numerous stamens with clavate 
small scales intermixed : filaments very short. Fertile 
blowers in seperate aments- consisting of inversely pyra- 
midal ovaries mixed with little scales : style rather lateral, 
awl-shaped, or filiform , simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, 
tawny-hairy below, containing a single orthotropous pendu- 
lous seed. 

T~ P. occidentalis, L. American Plane or Sycamore. 

Leaves angularly-sinuate-lobed and toothed, the short lobes sharj)-pointed ; fer- 
tile heads solitary, suspended on a long peduncle. . 

Banks of streams. A very large and well-known tree, with a white bark sepera- 
ting early in thin brittle plates. Leaves woolly when young, alternate, on long pe- 
tioles. Aments axillary globose. 

2. P. orientalis, L. Oriental Sycamore. 

A handseme shade tree, native of the East, is occasionally m&t with in-culthc*». 

Order 109. URTICACE2&.— Nettle Family 

Trees, shtubs and- herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, monoecious or dioecious 
fl&wers, flemished with a regidar calyx, free from the mostly 1-celled ovary which 
forms a 1-seeded utricle or achenium in fruit. Stamens as many as the Ivies of <A« 
<talyx and opposite them. Comprising several very distinct suborders. 

Suborder i. MOEEiE. The Mulberry Family. 

Shrubs or trees with a mitty juice. Fruit fleshy, composed of the fleshy caly* osr 
»$c®ptacle. 



UliTICACE-B. 335 



1. MOJtUS, Tour a. Mulberry. 

8t. Moras, the ancient ncme. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the two kinds in sepa- 
rate axillary ament like spikes. Calyx 4-parted, the sepals 
ovate. Stamens 4 : filaments elastieally expanding. 
Ovary 2 -celled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing : 
styles filiform, stigmatic down the inside. Aohenium 
ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent berry-like calyx, 
the whole .fertile spike thus becoming a compressed berry. — 
Trees, with milky juice } alternate mostly lobed leaves and in- 
conspicuous flowers. 

1. M. RUBRA, L. Red Mulberry. 

.Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, rough above, downy beneath, pointed, sometime* 
-/variously lobed; flowers often dieecio us: fruit dark purple. 

Rich woods, common. May ; fruit in July. A small spreading tree, covered 
vith a grayioh much broken and furrowed bark. Jbeaves i to 6 inches long, % as 
wide, entire or divided into lobes, thick, dark green. Berries compounded' of a 
great number of small ones, of an agreeable acid liavor. 



2. M. ALBA, L. White Mulberry. 



Leav&s obliquely heart-ovate, acute, serrate, sometime* lobod, smooth and shi- 
ning; fruii whitish. 

Naturalized near houses. A small tree, native of Clrln^. Leaves 2 to 4 inchea 
vide, acute, .petiohue. JFlowzrs green, in small, roundish spikes or 
Ireatb. xhis and the variety myltioaulis are cultivated for feeding sUkwornw, 

3. M. NIGRA, L. Black Mulberry. 

Leaves scabrous, cordate, ovate or lobod, obtuse, unequally serrate :/V&Z« tpBm 
• oval. — Native of Persia, cultivated for ornament. Pf**i dark red or biackieft, of 
.&a aromatic acid flavor. 

2. EEOU3SONETIA, L'Her. 

In honor of P. N. Brousscnei. a distinguished French naturalise. 

Flowers polygamous, in cylindric amenta. Calyx 4- 
rpsrtei. Pistillate aments globose; receptacle cjlin- 
dric-club-shaped, compound; calyx 8 to 4-toothed, tubular.. 
Ovaries becoming nesby, club-shaped, prominent. Sttli 
lateral. Sssbs 1, covered bj the calyx.-— Treeg, natiw$ of 
Japan. 

B. PAPTRIJERA, L. Paper Mulberry. 

Leaves of the younger tree, roundish-ovate, acuminate, mostly undivided, ef **« 
adult tree S-lobed; fmU hispid.— A fine hardy tree, often cultivated, ^riih a Itir 
busby head, large, light green, downy leave*, and dark red fraii ssistwjsal *a*tfMr 
&&*a peas, ©svered Tfith long purple hairs* 



836 CRTICACE^. 



3. MACLURA, "Nutt. 

Dedicated to William Maclure, Esq., of the U. S., a distinguished geologist. 

Flowers polygamous, in amentg. Ovaries numerous, 
coalescing into a compound globose fruit, composed of 1-seed- 
ed, compressed, angular, wedge-form carpels. Style 1, fil- 
iform, villous.— A'liictescent tree, with alternate entire leaves^ 
without stipules, and axillary spines. 

M. atteantiaca, Nutt. Osage Orange. Bow-wood. 

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, obscurely denticulate, somewhat acuminate, cori- 
aceous, smooth and shining above, strongly veined beneath. A beautiful tree, na- 
tive on the banks of the Arkansas. Leaves 4 to 5 inches -long, 1% to 2% wide, on 
ehort petioles. Fruit about as large as au orange, golden yellow when ripe, sus- 
pended by an axillary psdunale, which amidst the dark glossy foliage forms a beau- 
tiful contrast, 

Suborder ii. CANNABINEiE. Hemp Family. 

Erect or twining herbs, with a watery juice. -Flowbrs dioecious, the sterile rae*~ 
mod or panicicd. Styles 2. Fertils flowers in a cone-like anient. 

4. IIUMULUS, Linn. Hop. 

Lat. humus, moist earth; the hop flourishes only in rich soil. 

Flowers dioecious; the sterile in loose axillary pani- 
cles : sepals and stamens 5. Fertile flowers in short 
axillary and solitary spikes or aments : bracts foliaceous, im- 
bricated, each 2-flowered : calyx l-sepaied ; embracing tha 
ovary. Achenia invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx, to- 
gether forming a membranaceous strobile. — A rough perennial 
twining herb, with mostly opposite heart shaped. 3 io 5 lobed leave* 
and the /Lowers in axillary panicles and strobile-like aments. 

II. Lot-ulus, L. Hap-. 

Leaves -mostly 3-lohcd, deeply cordate at base, on long petioles. 

Banks of streams, truly indigenous. July. Stem twining with {he flub. Cal&st- 
scales in fruit covered wirh orange-colored -resinous grains, in which th« t p-<«Uiiwr 
■Mitcrness and aroma of the hop resides. 

5. CANNABIS, Tourn. Hemp. 

The ancient name, of obscure etymology. 

Flowers dioecious j the sterile in axillary compcurid 
racemes or panicles-: sepals and stamens 5. Fertile 
flowers spiked-clustered, 1-braeted : calyx of a single se- 
pal, swollen at the base and folded round the ovary. — A tall 
roughish annual, wiik digitate 6 io Iparted leaves, and axillary 
fowers, the staminaie in cymose panicles and the fertile in §4itil§ 
spikes* 



'urticaceje. 337 



C. sativa, L. Common Hemp. 

Leaves palmately 5 to 7-foliate, tlic leaflets lanceolate, scfrate, the middle one 
the largest. 

Waste places, escaped from cultivation. June. A tall erect plant cultivated for 
the sake of its fibre, which- is the best ef all materials for cordage and fail-cloth, 
Fhwers green, small. 

Suborder hi. X T E,TICEiE. Nettle Family proper. 

Serbs (in otir country) with watery juice, and flowers in spilces, Mads, or panicles, 
Style single or none. 

"5. 'UETICA/Tourn. 'Kettle. 

'Lat. uro, to burn; some of the species are armed with stinging hairs. 

'Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the sterile mostly 
-vYith 4 sepals, and 4 stamens -: the fertile with 4 or 2 sep- 
arate sepals, and no rudimentary stamens. Achenium ob- 
long or ovate, flattish. — Herbs with stinging hairs, stipulate 
leaves, and greenish flowers in axillary panicles, racemes, 
srrikes, or heads. 

Sue. i. Uhtica proper. Sterile calyx 4-parted ; the fertile of 4 very unequal so* 
pals, the 2 outer small, the inner foliaceous. — Lucres opposite. 

1. U. graciles, Ait. Slender Kettle. 

Sparingly bristly, tall and slender; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3 
•to 5-nerved from the roundel or scarcely heart-shaped base, smoothish, on elouga- 
! ied bristly petioles; flower -clusters in slender and loosely panieled branched spikes. 

Fencerows and moist ground, rather common. July. Per. Plant 2 to 6 feet 
•high, with scarcely any stinging hairs except on the petioles and sparingly on the 
principal reins, not downy. Flowers minute, green. 

2. U. DIOICA, L. Dimzious or Stinging Kettle, 

Very bristly and stinging ; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, pointed, very deeply Nft 
rate, downy underneath a3 well as the upper pari; of the stem; flower-dusters in 
spanieled branched spikes. 

Waste places, common; introduced. cTune — Aug. Per. Stent, 2rto >&. feet high ? 
"branching, obtusely i-augled, with opposite short-petioled leaves, 3 to -4 inches long 5 
and about % as wide. F 'lowers small, green. Whole plant copiously beset witt 
stinging bristles. — Like the last mono -dioecious. 

3. U. UPvENS, L. Small Stinging. Kettle, 

■Leaves elliptic or roundish-ovat^, somewhat 5-nervei. acutely serrate, with 
spreading teeth ; flower-clusters nearly simple, 2 in each axil, shorter than the pet- 
ioles. 

Cultivated grounds, rare ; introduced from Europe. July. Ann. Sfem 10 to 15 
-inches high, stinging. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long on slender petioles. 

Sec. 2. La.poe.tea, Gaud. Sterile calyx 5-parted, the fertile of 2 equal sepals :— 
Leaves alternate. 

4. U. Canadensis, L. Canadian Kettle. 

Leaves ovate, obtusely serrate, pointed; flowers in long and loose ttjvaiicarUljr? 
branched panicles, the lower sterile, the upper fertile. 

N2 



838 URTICACEiE. 



Moist shady grounds, along streams, common. 'Aug. Per. Stem 3 to 6 f?el 
high, branching, stout, erect. Leaves often 6 inches long, strongly feather-veined. 
This species has rery iough and strong-fibres, and was iormealy -proposed, by 'Mr. 
Whitlow as a substitute for hemp. 

6, BCESMERIA, Jacq. False Nettle. 

iKamed.aftcr G. Ji,.Bcshmcr } a German Botanist. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, minute. Sterile 
floyveiis with 4 sepals, and 4 stamens. Fertile with & 
tubular or urn-shaped entire or 4-toothed calyx inclosing the 
ovary.. Style awl-shaped, stigmatic dow,n one side. Aciie- 
kiu.m elliptical, closely invested by the persistent calyx. — 
Herhs or shrubs, (nearly allied to Urtica) taith opposite or 
alternate haves and clustered fiov:ers in axillary sjji/ces. 

J3. GYLINDRIOA, Wilid. Common False Nettle, 

$rp.GOt..h.ish ; sUm tall and simple; Usives mostly opposite, oblong-ovatt or ^rate- 
lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 3-neryed, on long petioles; flowers dioecious or soma- 
times intermixed, in clusters. 

Moist thickets, common. June — Aug. Per. S>.m 2 to 3 feet high, obtusely 
4-ftfigled. Leaves 2 to 4 inches long. % as wide. Flowers minute greenish, in 
slander mostly leafy jspis.es, -the sterile interrupted, the fertile mostly uninter- 
rupted. 

7. PILEx\ ; -Lind'L Stinglesss Nettle. 

Flowers monoecious,; the two kinds often intermixed in 
the same panicle, bracted; the sterile of 3 to 4 sepals and 
stamens ; the ^fertile with 3 more or less unequal sepals 
or divisions and an incurved scale before each. Stigma 
Fcssile, peneil-tufted. Agiienium minutely warty. — Smooth 
gt hairy herbs, with opposite long petiole d leaves ; the Jluwers in cut' 
Wary clusters. 

p. ruMiLA, Lindl. Eichweed Ckanceed. 

fx)w? sUm* smooth and shining, translucent; leaves oyate, coarsely tootfoel, 
pointed, 3-nc-jPyed, smootbfah ; fiower-c! utters much shorter than the petiole; sepah 
cf the fertile 4lQtvers lar.ceclate, somewhat unequal. 

CocI and Ejoigfr.sh«4ed places, common. July— Sept. Ann. Sttm 4 k> 18 * n*h«f 
Juigh, -sTith txncotb pellucid branches. Flov:crs Tery small, grecnifhu 

S. PAPvIBTABIA, Tourn. PELLiTORr. 

J<fii partes, a wall; from the place where some of the species grow. 

Floaters monoecious or polygamous, in clusters surround- 
4 by a manj-cleft involucrate brae*. Calyx 4-parted : 
b*?a*i&2s t s 4, at first incurved, then expanding with an elas- 
tic force, %ttC$ terminal, short or noae-; %n<m& peneil- 



CONIFERS. 889 



tufted. — Small herbs, with usually alternate leaves } and green 
/lowers in axillary clusters, 

P. Pennsylvania, Muhl. American Pdliiory. 

Low, simple or sparingly branched, minutely downy; leaves oblong-lanceolatf, 
re ry thin, veiny, roughish with opaque dots ;-Jbnvirs often perfect, shorter ths.» 
the involucral leaves ; fertile calyx bell-shaped, deleft to the middle ; stigma sessile. 

Shaded rocky banks, rare. June — Aug. Ann. A small Homely weed G to 12 
inches high. Leaves alternate, hairy, 1% to 2 inchea long, }^ inch- wide, on pe- 
tioles. Flowers dense, greenish and reddish-white. 

Sub-class II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EX0GEN3V 

Ovules not enclosed in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen 
without the intervention of a pistil, and becoming truly 
naked seeds, the carpel being represented by a fiat open 
scale or leaf, or entirely wanting, Cotyledons often more 
than two, 

Qrdeb, 110.- CQEWEEM.— Pine Family. 

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly with subulate or acerose entire liases, 
ioncscious or dioecious flowers in aments destitute of calyx or corolla. Ovujlss 
ropouSg Embryo in the axis of the albumen. (Wood destitute of duets, 
% imposed chiefly of a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circu- 
lar disks on two sides.) Comprises the three following sub orders. 

-■'.-order i. ABIETINE/E. Proper Pine Family. 

Fertile flowers in aments, consisting of open imbri- 

1 carpels in the form of scales subtended by a bract, in 

fruit forming a strobile or cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the 

base of each carpellary scale, with the orifice turned. dcAvu- 

war.d. 

1. PXNU3, Tourn. Pine. 

The classical Latin name. 

Plotters monoecious. Strobile large, corneal';* car- 
flllary scales thickened at the summit, becoming strong 
and woody in fruit. Cotyledons 3 to 12, linear. — Trees, 
often of the loftiest dimensions, with evergreen, needle-shaped leaves, 
in fascicles of 2 to 5 from the same slender buds, sheathed by the 
scariuus bud-scales at the base. Fiowering in May or June ; the co?i$$ 
maturing the seeds in the autumn of the second year. 

* Leaves 2 or 3 in a sheath, rigid, scales of the cones thickened at the end, and moU- 
lyUfpcel, with a 'point or svvne;. bark rough. 



340 CONIFERiE. 



1. P. inops, Ait. Jersey or Scrub Pine. 

Leaves m pairs, rather short ; cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved, the scales 
tipped with a prominent and straight awl-shaped prickle. 

Barrens and sterile hills, common. A straggling tree 15 to 40 feet high, with 
spreading or drcfoping branchlets ; young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. 
Leaves 1% to 2% inches long. Cones 2 to 3 inches long. 

2. P. rigid A, Miller. Pitch Pine. 

Leaves in threes (rarely in fours) from very short sheaths, flattish; cones ovoid" 
conical ; the scales tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. 

Barren sandy or gravelly plains, common. A tree SO to 70 feet high, with v*ry 
rough and dark bark, and hard wood saturated with resin. Leaves rigid, 3 to 5 
inches long, dark green. Cones usually clustered in 3s or 4s, 2 to 3 inches long. 

3. P. RBSINOSA, Ait. . Red Pine, 

Leaves in pairs, from long sheaths, semlcylindrical, elongated ; ccnes ovoid-coni- 
cal ; scales pointless, dilated in the middle. (P. rubra, Michx.) 

Dry woods, banks of streams ; northern parts of the State, Pine Creek, Lycom- 
ing Co., Canisteo, Tioga Co. A tree 50 to 80 feet high, with reddish and rather 
smooth bark, and compact wood, softer than that of P. rigida. Leaves dark green, 
5 to 8 inches long. Cones about 3 inches long, sometimes aggregated in large and 
close, clusters. 

4. P. mitts, Michx. Yellow Pine. 

Leaves in pairs (rarely in 3), from long sheaths, channelled, slender ; cort.es ovoid 
or oblong-conical; the soaks slightly enlarged at the end, tipped with a minute and 
weak prickly point. 

Dry gravelly or sandy soil, common. A tree 60 to 80 feet high, 18 to 36 inches 
thick, straight, producing a very durable, finegrained, moderately resinous tim- 
ber, valuable for flooring, &c. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, softer than in any of the 
preceding, dark green. 0mes 2 to 3 inches long. 

5". P. MONTANA, N. Pome Pine, 

Leaves in pairs, short, rigid, very acuminate ; cones large, growing in clusters, 
sometimes on the trunk of the tree. 

Mifflin, Centre and Union Counties. This somewhat doubtful species was first 
discovered by Mr. F. H. Miller, of New York, growing on the south slope of the 
seven mountains hi: Mifflin county from thence to the Natural Bridge west and 
south to Cumberland Co., Va. Since then I have found it on high sterile land in 
the western part of Union Co. The trunk is short, rarely exceeding 30 feet in 
Sleight, with a rough bark and conical top. Foliage light green, very disagreeable 
to the touch. Cones very large, 4 to 6 inches long and 3 to 4 inches in diameter. 
This may prove to be the Table-mountain Pine of Michx. 

* * Leaves 5 in a sheath, srft and slender; scales of the cones pointless and not thiol*- 
medatthe end ; bark svnopth. 

6. P. Strobus, L. White Pine. 

Leaves in fives, very slender, rather glaucous, with deciduous sheaths ; cones nar- 
tqw, cylindrical, nodding, somewhat curved. . 

Cool and damp woods, common. The White Pine is one of the most majestia 
and most useful of forest trees. The trunk is straight, covered with a smoothish. 
bark, and from 80 to 120 feet high, with a diameter of 2 to 4 feet, or more. Leaves 
fcbout 4 inches long, bluish-green, forming a very soft and delicate foliage. Cones 
$Jk>6 inches long; the scales very slightly thickened upward. 

2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir. 

The classical Latin name. 

Sterile aments scattered or somewhat clustered towards 



CONIFEE^K. 3 *M 



the ends of the branchlets. Scales of the strobiles thin 
and flat, not thickened at the apex, nor with a prickly point. 
Seeds with a persistent wing. — Handsome trees or shruhs, 
with evergreen, scattered, short, frequently 2 ranked leaves. 

Ssc. i. Cone* long, erect, lateral. Bar k Finooth, with blisters of balsam. — Lmvu 
fiat; becoming 2-ranked, silvery-whitened underneath, obtuse, or notched at the, ap&c. 

V. A. BAXSAMEA, Marsh. Balsam Fir. Silver Fir. 

Lsa ves n&rrcwiy linear; cents cylindrical; large, -violet-colored; tracts oborat©, 
serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, slightly projecting. Repressed. 

Cold damp woods and swamps; Muncy Creek, Lycomiog Co. A beautiful ever- 
green, much cultivated for orm merit. The branehc sare nearly horizontal, gradu- 
ally becoming shorter upwards, forming a regular pyramidal head. Leaves % to 1 
inch long, growing upon the sides and top of the branches, of a bright green above 
and silvery"- white beneath. Cunts 3 to 4 inches long, 1 inch thick; the scales \ery 
broad and rounded, 

% A. Frasert, Pursh. Double Balsam Fir. Fraser's Fir. 

Z vxces narrowly linear, often emarginate, glaucous beneath ; cones small, oblexg 
ovate ; bracts oblong-cuneate. short-pointed, the upper part much projecting and 
reSexed. (A. balsamifera, Michx.) 

Mountains, Lewis Lake, Pokona mountain,, and Bear meadows. Centre Co. A 
highly ornamental tree, much resembling the fv Norway . -Jfir " ia foliage. Leaves 
}/> to % inth Jong; of a yellowish green color. Cones 1 to 2 inches long when ir.a- 
t^i, . -l'-=Lin^u2shud by the long -pointed, violet-colored, reiiextd bracts, £kru$ 
*.~teni3 terminal. 

3ac. ii. Canes hanging, terminal ; sterile aments scattered. — Leaves y^gr&gft, 

* Leaves 2-ranked, fiat, whitened underneath. 

3. A. Canadensis, Michx. Hemlock Spruce.. 

Leaves linear, Sat, obtuse; cents oval, of few scales, some t> hat longer than the 
leaves. 

Hilly or rocky woods, and along nK)untaln,streams r common. A well known tree, 
7C to 80 feet high, with a li'xht spreading spray, and delicate foliage, bright aboYv, 
silvery underneath.- Cones % inch-long. The bark is extensively used in tanning. 

* * Leaves needle-shaped, A-aagii'-dr, squally distributed aU around the tranche?. 

4. A. ALBA, Michx. White Spruce. Siii'jle Spruce. 

Leaves slender, spreading, of a glaucous or light blvddh-green hue; seaU$ of the 
oblong cone* entire. 

©aid swamps and moist woods, rare: Bear Meadows, Centre Co. A tree 40 to 60 
feet high, slender, with light-colered bark, slender and often drooping branch!*!*, 
and pale so ui what spreading leaves, 3^ to ^ inch long. Cones small, 1 to V/% 
ineh long, pale-brown. 

5. A. nigra, Poir. Black or Double Spruce. 

Leaues short, erect, rigid, very dark. groan; eones ovate with tLe scales wavy andr 
toothed at the apex. 

Swamps or mountain woods. A tree 40 to 70 feet high, with a straight trunk, 
and lofty pyramidal head. The leaves thickly cover the branches, about % inck 
lQ3%. Gj?w 1 to 2 inches long, reddish-brown. 

3.. LAMX, Tonrn. Larch.- 

The ancient name. 

Ame^ts lateral and -scattered; bud- like, SfEE-lLir 2%OW» 
N2* 



342 CONIFERS. 



©&s nearly as in Pinus. Cones ovoid, erect, the bracts and 
scales persistent; otherwise as in Abies. — -Trees, with de- 
dduons soft leaves, collected in fascicles of 20 to 40, (developed 
in early spring) and crimson or red fertile aments in flotver. 

L. Americana, Michx. American Larch. Tamarack* 

Leaves nearly filiform, without sheaths ; cones ovoid, composed of few rounded 
sealer, inclining upwards ; tracts elliptical, often hollo-wed on tho side. 

Swamps, not common. Black- Hole Valley, Lycoming Co, A beautiful tree, 30 
to 70 feet high, often cultivated. Leaves! to 'l inches long, collected in bunches 
o£J.2 to 29 on the side of the branches. Cones deep purple, % to 1 inch long. 

Sub-order ■ ii.. CUPRESSINEJE.: Cypress Family. 

Fertile flowers consisting . of few carpellary scales, 
without bracts, bearing 1 to 8 erect ovules on their base, 
forming a closed strobile or drupe-like fruit. 

4. THUJA, Tonrn. Arbor Yitm. 

€?r. Fhua, Thuoia, the ancient name of some resinous evergreen, 

Flowers monoecious on different branches, in very small 
terminal, ovoid aments.- Aethers 4, sessile. Fertile 
aments of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each 
bearing 2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Co- 
tyledons 2, — Trees or shrubs^ with evergreen squamose im- 
bricated leaves. . 

1. T. occidsntalis, L. . American Arbor Vttce. 

Leaves ovate rhombic, with a gland on the hack, appreased-inibricated in 4 rowa 
on the 2-edged branchlcts; scales of the cones .pointless, l-sce&>d ; seeds broadly 
•winged. 

Stamps and coo! rocky banks, rare. A tree 20 to 30 feet high, with very tough 
and recurved branches. Cones about ^4 * nca loug, yellowish-brown.. Tho wood Id 
vary light, soft and durable. 

The Thuja criektaiis, Chinese Arbor Vifw a beautiful cxcrgrecia shrfcfe, witfc 

bright greou foliage, is common ia cultivatioav 

5. CUPEESSUS, Toura. Crpsasa. 

The classical name. 

Flowers monoecious en different branches, ia terminal 
small aments. Steuile aments composed of shield-shaped 
eeale-like fiiamgnts, bearing 4 anther-celis under the margin. 
Fertile aments globular, with scales in 4 ranks, bearing 
several erect ovules. Cone globular, firmly closed, but 
opening at maturity. Seeds compressed, narrowly winged. 
Gqtylei)QHs11,i& S^Slr&ng-scmtcd evergrem frits, m& 



CONIFERS. 843 



eery small and scale-like closely oppressed-imbricated leaves t and 
very durable wood. 

C. THYOIDES, L. White Cedar. 

Leaves minute, ovate, with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated In 4 
fo w s on the 2-edged branchlets ; cones spherical. 

Swamps, rare. May. A tree 30 to 70 feet high, with white, fine-grained and very 
SSgbi, sort and durable wood. Cone scarcely larger than a pea, few-seeded. 

6. TAX ODIUM, Kichard. Bald Cypress. 

Gr. Taxaz, the Yaw, and oides, resemblance. 

Flowers monoecious on the same branches. Sterile 
Aments spike-paniclod, of few stamens. Fertile aments 
ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with 2 ovules at the base of 
each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick 
and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled 
seeds at thair base. Cotyledons 6 to 9.— Trees with linear 
%-ranlted and deciduous leaves. 

T. distiohum, Richard. American Cypress. 

Lzav?.s linear, strictly 2-rauked and spreading ; sometimes awl-shaped and im- 
bricated on the flowering branches; sterile aments paniculate, pendulous, leaflets; 
cone oblong-globose. 

Swamps, along the Delaware, rare. A large tree sometimes attaining the height 
of 103 factor more, with a wide spread and often depressed head. Foliage light 
green and open. Cjms 1 inch in diameter. The timber is light fine-grained and 
£or&Ll© 3 

7. JUNIPERUS, Linn. Johiper. 

The classical name. 

Flowers dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, in very 
small lateral auents: anthers 4 to 8, l-celled. Fxrtils 
aments ovoid, of 8 to 6 fleshy, 1 to 3-ovuled scales; in fruifc 
forming a sort of drupe or berry, scaly-bracted underneath. 
Sseds 1 to 3, long. Cotyledons 2. — Evergreen trees or 
shrubs, with awl-shaped or scale like rigid leaves. 

1. J. communis, L. Common Juniper. 

Lzjvzs in threes, linear-awkshaped, pri ckly -pointed, spreading; longer iha*n Mis 
OToid berry. 

Dry w:>od3 and sterile hills. May. A shrub, with numero us prostra te spreading 
branch's, spreading nearly flat on the ground, rarely ascending. Leaves in whorls 
of 3, J^-inch long, bright green except the glaucous- white coa-jaye upper surface* 
Berries dark-purple, as large as a pea.- 

2. J. Virgin iana, L. Red Cedar. 

Ltavts 4-ranked, much crowded, on young plants and rapid! y-growiag shook kwV 
shaped and somewhat spreading in pairs or threes, on older lateral twigs y#xj 
•mall and scale-like, closely imbricated, triangular-ovate. 

Dry rocky hills, common, generally in limestone regions. April. A small tree, 
with numerous horizontal tranches. B+rries small! bluish, corered with a while 



$44 CONIFER ja. 



girder. The wood is finer grained and compact, of a reddish hue, ?ery light aod 
Arable. 

3. J. SiBisrA, L. Savin. A widely spreading or almost prostrate shrub, nath* 
•f South Europ e, is sometimes found in cultivation. (J. Yirginiana, Yar. humii&fc 

Suborder hi; TAXINEiE. Yew Familt. 

Fertile flowers solitary, consisting -of a naked oruk ; , 
ripening into a drupe-like or nut-like fruit. 

8. TAXXTS, Tourn. Yew.. 

The classical name. 

Flowirs mostly dioecious, axillary from eealy hum. Sta- 
mens 8 to 1G, monodelphous,- anthers peltate. 6 to 8- 
eelled. Fertile flowers solitary, scaly- bracted at the 
base, consisting of a single ovu!e v becoming in fruit a fleshy 
1-seeded drupe. Cotyledons 2. — Trees or shrubs, vsiih- 
m-tr green, flat mucronate, rigid, scattered 2 -ranked leaves. 

T. Canadensis, Willd. American Yew. 

Stems diffusely spreading ; leavu linear, with slightly reyolute margins; stm\h 
W*?-ptaclc globose. . 

Moist shaded banks and hills, ner.r streams. April. A email ey«rgref-n stragling 
cs? prostrate bush, with the general aspect of a dwarf hemlock spruce. Lki<us 
nearly an inch long, green on both sides, arranged in 2 opposite rows on the jdd%* 
#* the branchiate. Drafts oy&1. ©oacaye or op-fen at the summit; r«d and jiakj 
^h#n B^fe"or«, 



CLAS'3 II. 
ENDOGEMS Oil MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and 
pith ; but the woody fibre and vessels collected into bundles 
or threads which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular 
tissue : perennial trucks destitute of annual layers, increas- 
ing by internal accretions, Leaves mostly parallel-veined 
(nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom seperating by an 
articulation, alternate, entire. Flowers commonly in threes. 
Embryo with a single cotyledons (or if two they are alternate), 

Sub-class III. AGLUMACEOUS ENDQGENS. 

Plants of the endogenous structure, with flowers con- 
structed on the usual plan; perianth verticillate, consisting 
of one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or wanting. 

.Order 111. ARAQEBS.— Arum- Family. 

Plants weili acrid or pungent juice, sin p^e cr compound often veiny leaves, and 
tfroncscious or perfect ■ floivers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded bg a 
spathe. Floral envelopes none, or of 4 to 6 sepals. Fhuit usually a terry. 

1. ARUM, Linn. Indian Turnip. 

The ancient name, of unknown meaning. 

Flowers monoecious, the upper sterile and the lower fer- 
tile, or sometimes polygamous dioecious, on the base of an 
elongated spadix, surrounded by a hooded spathe, convolute 
at base. Perianth none. Anthers crowded and some- 
what whorled on the spadix ) nearly sessile. Berry 1-celled. 
many-seeded. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootslotl 
er corm r sending up a simple scape, sheathed with the petioles of the 
simple or compound veiny leaves. 

1, Ai triphyllum, L. India ii Turnip. Jack-in-the-PuIpit. 

Leaves mostly 2, divided into 3 elliptical-ovate painted leaflets; spadix club- 
shaped,, obtuse, much shorter than the spathe ; sputhe ovate, acuminate, flat and 
deflected above. 

Rich moist woods, common. May. Conn turnip-shaped, wrinkled, with an in- 
tensely acrid juice. Leaves 2 to 7 inches long, % as wide, smooth. Spathe with the 
p«tieles and sheaths green, or frequently variegated with dark and whitish stripsa 
qs spot*. . Berries bright scarlet, in a dense head, ripe in autUEin. 



§46 AltACEiE. 



2. A. Draoontium, L. Green D rayon. Dragon-root. 

Leaf mostly solitary, pedatoly divided into 7 to 11 oblong-lanceolate pointed 
leaflets; spadix tapering to a long and slender point, beyond the oblong and point- 
ad- spathe. 

Low ground's, alon* streams, common. May. Corms clustered; Zea/ J large aind 
spreading, on a petiole 1 to 2 feet long, extending much beyond the peduncle. 
SpaUie, greenish, rolled in a tube, with a short erect point. Berries scarlet. 

2. PELTAN-DRA, Raf. Arrow Arum. 

Qr-.pelta, a shield or target, andar^s, stamens; from the shield-shaped stamen*. 

Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and ta- 
pering spadix throughout; the staininate above, and the 
pistillate below. Spathe convolute throughout, elongated. 
Perianth none. Stamens peltate. Berry 1-celled, 1- 
seeded.— A stemless perennial he rh< with -arrow-shaped leaves 
and simple scapes from the rout of thick tufted fibres, 

P. VlRGlNlCA, Raf. Arrow-leaved Arum: 

Acaulescent; leaves oblcng, hastate-cordate, acute at the apex, the lobes obtuse; 
spathe elongated, incuryed; spadix covered with flowers nearly the whole length/ 
(Arum Yirginieum, L. Lecontia, Tvrr.) 

Swampy borders of ponds and streams, common. June. A' smooth dark gresn 
plant, with scapes 8 to 15 inches high. Leaves- radical, numlirous, 8 to 12 inches 
long, y^ as wide, on petioles 3 to 12 inches long. Berries 1 to ^-seeded, green when 
ripe. 

3. CALL A, Linn. Water Arum. 

An ancient name, of unknown meaning. 

Spx\tiie spreading, ovate, persistent. Spadix oblong, 
entirely covered with flowers, the lower perfect, the upper 
often staminate only; destitute of a perianth. Anthers" 
with slender filaments. Stigma sessile. Berries distinct, 
few-seeded. — Perennial aquatic herbs, with a creeping thick- 
i$li 'roots-tack, hearing J tear t shaped hng-petioled leaves, and solitary 
scapes. 

C. PALUSTRIS, L. Nbrlltern Calla. Common Water Arum. 

Leaves cordate ; spathe oyate, flat; spadix. covered" with ovaries, intermixed with 
«t%mens. 

Bogs and shallow waters, rare. June. A fine plant. Leaves 2 to 3 inches loaf, 
% as wide, on long petioles, with an involute acuminate point. Ssape 6 to 8 inches 
high, roundish, smooth. Spatlie clasping at the base, greenish-yellow, -white and 
eoffc within. Spadix 1 inch long. 

The C. ^Stitiopioa, (Ethiopian Calla) A beautiful pl&nt from Cap® Good Ebp« U 
•£UnEiet with in green houses and parlors. 

4. SYMPLOOARPUS. Salisb. Skunk Cabbage: 

Gr. symploJco, connection, and karpos, fruit ; the berries being united. 

Spatss hooded-shell-form ; pointed; fleshy. Spadix ob- 



Alt ACE 31. 347 



long, entirely covered with perfect flowers. Perianth 
deeply 4-parted, persistent. Stamens 4, opposite the pe- 
rianth lobes, with short filaments. Style 4-angled, with a 
minute stigma. Seeds berry-like, imbedded in the enlarged 
and spongy spadix, — Perennial herbs, pervaded with a strong 
odor, with a thick descending rooislock bearing coarse fibrous root*, 
and a, cluster of very large and entire veiny leaves, preceded by tht 
nearly sessile spalhes. 

S. FOETIDUS, Saiisb. Common Sh.inh Callage. 

Heaves ovate, heart-sh aped, short-petioled; spadix globular, much shorter than 
the spathe. (letodes, Bigk) 

.Moist grounds, common. March. April. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, smooth. Fpaih* 
spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, Incurved. 'Fruit rip« 
in Sept.. Icr^i n-.a rov:.ah and globular mass, 2 to 3 inches in diameter, in dee^y 
jhedding the bulblct-Iike seeds. Medicmal. 

5. CFtONTIUM, Lmn. Golden-club. 

An ancient name, of obscure origin, 

'Spatiie none. Flowers crowded all over a cylindrical 
rpadix, perfect; the lower with a 6 parted perianth and 6 
Ftamcns, the upper with 4. Ovaey free, i-ce'lled ; stigma 
sessile, minute. Fi.eit a green utriele or dry berry.— An 
squat ic perennial with a deep rcotdock. longprtiilcd and entire 
nerved Jfoaiing leave*, and the epadix terminating Hit scape* which 
thicken upwards, covered with yellow flowers, 

O. AQUATICEM., L. Common Golden-club. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; spile or spadix cylindrie on a cluk-shr.pfcd «cap«. 

Fends and marches. lU^y. leaves C to 10 inches long-, % to '% as wide, fmooth 
of » deep green, velvet Eke shove, paler leneath. Sccpe 8 to 15 inches long, ?scV- 
ing in a spadix of a rich jeHow -color, covered with small perfect yellow fiouirt 

6. ACOFXS, Linn. Calamus. 

•€.r. a, privative, and lore, the pupil of the eye; a suppofed remedy for tore ejf*. 

Spadix lateral/ sessile, emerging from the side cf a ecaps 
whieh resembles the leaves, densely covered with flowers. 
Perianth 6-scpaled. Stamens 6. OvAKYl,free: stig- 
ma minute, sessile. Freit at length dry, l-few-sf eded. — 
Pungent aromatic plants, especially the thick creeping rooistocke, 
which send up ensijovm leaves, and foliaceous scapes bearing tk$ 
tpadix on one edge. 

A. Calamus, L. Sweet Flag. Common Calamus. 

Scape prolonged and leaf-like far beyond the cylindrical apadix. 

Margins of streams and v. t nedovs, not rnre. Jnne. Fhizoma horizontal, 
scrcmatic. Leaves sword-shaped. 2 to 3 feet long, r.nd 14^°% * neB ^We. Spadist 
S to 3 Jinches. long, gtesile ca the tide of t&e *cape, eovtred with minute jpsaaiifc, 
flowers, 



848 LEMXACEiE AND TYPHACEJ3. 



Order 112. LEMBJAOES.— Duckweed Family. 

Minute stemless plants, floating free on the water, destitute of distinct stem and 
foliage, hut a flat frond, producing one or two monoecious flowers from a chink at 
the edge or upper surface, and usually hanging roots from underneath. Fructifica- 
tion much as in Araceas, of whicn these plants appear to he minute and greatly 
reduced forms. 

LEMNA, Linn. Duckweed. 

The Greek name of uncertain moaning. 

Flowers 2 to 3, appearing from the margin of a flat 
frond ; enclosed in a spathe, monoecious : the sterile consist- 
ing of 1 to 2 stamens with long filaments; the fertile of a 
1-celled ovary, a short style and a simple stigma. Fruit a 
utricle. — Floating annuals^ consisting of a stem and leaf 
confounded (frond) sending down from the under surface^ 
roots which hang loosely in the water ^ and .producing the 
sp alliaceous /lowers from the margins, which are seldom found. 

1. L. minor, L. Lesser Duckweed, 

Fronds roundish-obovate, thick ish, often grouped; root -solitar j ; ovule solitary-; 
feed horizontal. 

Stagnant water, very common; hut not yet found in flower in this country. 
IVoruU % inch long, somewhat flesh;/, increasing rapidly by gcmmis (young fronds) 
go as often completely to coyer the surface of the water.* 

2. L. trisulca, L. Star Duckweed. 

Fronds oblong-lanceolate, from a stalked base, thin, denticulate at the tip, pro- 
Jiferous from the sides near the middle so as to form crosses; flowers very minute; 
ovule solitary, half anatropous. 

Ditches and ponds : rarely in flower. Fronds % i ncn or nacre long. 

3. L. POLYRXirZA, L. Larger Duckweed. 

Fronds roundish ovate, thickiah, flat above, pain: ately veined, 04 to '■% inchtong) 
often dark purple beneath; root a bundle of 8 to 10 simple fibres in the middle of 
the frond. 

Stagnant waters, rare. It is said never to have been seen in flower in thii 
-country. , 

Order 113. TYPHAOEffi.— Cat-tail Family. 

Marsh herbs, with nerved, and linear -sessile leaves, ana monoecious flowers on a spa- 
dix or in heads, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary tapering into a slender 
ptyle, and usually an elongated tongue-shaped 1-sided stigma. Faurr nut-like when 
'ripe, 1-eeeded. Sjsed suspended, anatropous. 

1. TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-taix Flag. 

Gr. typhos, a marsh ; alluding to the plaee of its growth. 

Tlowers in long and very dense cylindrical spikes, termi- 



TYPHACE^J. 349 



nating the stem; the upper part consisting of stamens, in- 
termixed with simple hairs ; the lower or fertile part consist- 
ing of ovaries, surrounded by club-shaped bristles, which 
form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets minute, very 
long-stalked. — Marsh herbs, with perennial roots, very de- 
ciduous spathes or bracts, and narrow leaves sheathing the base of (he 
erect thickish jointless stems* 

1. T. latifolia, L. Common Cat-tail. Reed-mace, 

Leaves linear, nearly flat ; sterile and fertile spikes close together or continuous. 

Borders of ponds. July. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, round and smooth, leafy below, 
terminated by the large cylindric spike, which is 6 to 10 inches long, 1 inch thick, 
brownish at the surface. 

2. T. angustifolia, L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail 

Leaves channelled towards the base, narrowly linear; sterile and fertile spikes a 
little remote. 

Muddy pools and ditches, rare. July. Stems and spikes more stend&r, and iha 
leaves narrower than in the last. 

2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. Burr-rEeb. 

Gr. sparganon, a fillet, from the ribbon-like leaves. 

Flowers collected in seperate dense globose heads, scat- 
tered along the summit of the stem, subtended by leaf-like 
bracts, the upper ones sterile, consisting merely of stamens 
with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower or fer- 
tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each sur- 
rounded by 3 to 6 scales much like a calyx. Fruit nut- 
like when mature, 1 to2-celled. — Aquatic herbs, with fibrous 
perennial roots, simple or branching sterns^ sheathed by the base of 
the linear leaves. 

1. S. ramosum, Hudson. Great Burr-reed. 

Stem erect, branching above ; leaves triangular at base, the sides concave ; scaHes of 
the fertile flowers thickened and dilated above; stigma linear, longer than the style, 

Borders of ponds and ditches, common. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high, round. 
Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, % to y% inch wide, thickish. Heads of flowers light green ; ' 
fertile ones 2 to 5, the lowest generally somewhat stalked, sterile ones above, mor# 
numerous, smaller, sessile. Stigmas often 2. 

2. S. Americana, Nutt. American Burr-reed. 

Stem erect, mostly simple; leaves triangular at the base, the sides flat; stigma 
conical) oblong, oblique, about % as Joag as the slender style. 

Small streams and ponds, common. Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, simple or di- 
vided at base. Leaves mostly radical, 1 to 2% feet long, % inch wide, keeled at 
base. Fertile heads sessile, mostly 3, below the several barren ones, with the sini~ 
pie styles conspicuous. 

8, S. NATANS, L. Floating Burr-reed, 

Stem weak; leaves flat, thin, often floating; heads few, the sterile I to 2. $ttgm<n 
oblong, shorter than the style. 

02 



S50 NAIASACE^ 

Ponds and streams, common. Aug. Stem long and slender, and with the Icayw 
Boating. Loaves when floating, elongated, narrow, and pellucid. 

Order 114. HAIABA0EJE.— Pondweed Family. 

Immersed aquatic plants, with jointed stems and sMaihing stipules within the pt- 
tiolcs, or sessile sheathing oases, inconspicuous mono-dioecious flowers, which are naked 
or with a free merely scale-like calyx. Stamens definite. Ovaries 1, or 2 to 4, fres, 
1-ovuled, Stigma simple, often sessile. Flowers usually bursting from a spaihe, 
Fsutit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 

1. NAT AS, Linn. Naiad. 

■* Gr. Naias, water-nymph ; from the habitat. 

Flowers dioecious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary, 
solitary and sessile. Fertile flowers consisting of a 
single ovary tapering into a short style ; stigmas 2 to 4, awl- 
shaped. Stamens 1, with a slender filament. Fruit & 
little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose epicarp. — Slender 
branching herbs, growing entirely under water, with opposite and 
tvhorled crowed linear leaves, sessile and dilated at the ba$e> and very 
small flowers, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in 
the axils. 

1. Jf, flexilis, Rostk. Bending Water Nymph. 

Leaves membranaceous, spreading, narrowly linear, very minutely denticulate^ 
opposite or in 3g, 4s or 6s at the joints ; sf^iasusualiy 3 to 4. (N. Canadensis, Miches 
Caulinia, WUld.) 

Ponds and slow streams, common. July— Sept. Stem 8 to 20 inches long, manj' 
times forked. Leaves % to 1 inch long, less than 1 line wide. Flower* very small, 
•sessile. 

2. N. minor, L. Smaller Water Nymph. 

Leave* alternate or opposite, line ar-subul ate, recurved, priekly-tootfced, rigid. 
la water, not common. Aug. Stem, long, submersed, rathsr rigid. JPi«#** 
small. 

2. ZANNICHELLIA, Mitchell. Horned Pondwmd. 

In honor of ZannichdU, a Yenitian botanist. 

Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kini» 
from the same axil; the sterile consisting of a single stamen, 
with a slender filament; the fertile of 2 to 5 (mostly 4) 
sessile pistils in a cup-shaped inyoluere. Stigma large and 
peltate. Fruit a nutled, on a short stipe, beaked with a 
short style. — Slender branching herbs, growing entirely under 
water, with very slender stems opposite or alternate long and 
linear thread-form entire leaves^ and zheaihmg memhnmeo^ 
stipules 



NAIADACE^l. 851 



Z. palustriS; L. Common Homed Pondweed. 

Stem filiform, floating; style half as long as the fruit, -which is fiaitish, some- 
what incurved, even, more or less toothed on the hack, nearly sessile. 

Ponds and slow streams. July, Aug. Stem i to 2 feet long, round, smooth. 
i saves grass-like, 2 to 3 inches long, sessile. Flower* issuing from axillary bracts, 
*iuall, 2 tegether, a sterile and fertile. 

3. POTQMAGETON, Toum. Pondweed. 

€rr. potomoS) a river, and^eifon, near. 

Flowers perfect, spiked. Perianth single, 4-Ieaved. 
Itamens 4, nearly sessile, opposite the perianth lobes. 
Jtaries 4, pedicellate : stigma sessile or nearly so. Fruit 
{ sessile nutlets or drupes, flattened on one or two sides. 

>EED8 hook-shaped. — Mostly perennial aquatic and submersed 
'herbs, with creeping and rooting stems, two -ranked pellucid leaves, 

miied membraneous sheathing stipules, and small greenish flov:2rs 

\ to 10, in a pedunculate spike, rising above the water, 

* Leaves of twofornvs, the upper floating. 

1. P. NATANS, S. Broad-leaved Pondweed. 

Leaves all long-petioled, the floating ones coriaceous, oval, elliptical, or ovate, 
biefiy rounded or a little heart-shaped at the base, many-nerved ; immtrsed ones 
> .near or lanceolate ; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles ; fruit short- 
pointed, more or less keeled on the back. 

Ponds and slow waters, common in the Susquehanna. July, Aug. Stem slender, 
i io $ feet long, branched. Spike 1 to 2 inches long, 20 to 49-fiowered. Yaries with 
the lower leaves all reduced to petioles. 

2. P. oblongus, Viv., Fries. Oblong -leaved Pondweed. 

Leaves oblong-elliptical ; nutlets small, obtuse and pointless, always rounded at 
ike back. 

Pools and ditches. Floating leaves oblong-elliptieal or oblong-lanceolate. FruU 
rounded, not half as large as in P. natans. 

3. P. heterophyllus, Schreb. Various-leaved Pondwzed. 

Floating leaves elliptical or oblong, or the lowest lanee-spatulate, on long ps» 
tides; immersed leaves lanceolate or linear, sometimes elongated and grass-like, 
flaccid, obscurely denticulate or rougiiish on the margins, the lower sessile ; jp#» 
duncles mush thicker than the stem, elongated; spike cylindric, many-flowered. 

Pools and shallow slow streams, common. Aug. Stems numerous, branched, 
filiform. Floating leaves 1 inch long, very variable. Peduncle 1 to 2 inches long, 
Nutlets roundish, flattened on the sides, obtuse and rigid on the back. 

4. P. hyrridus, Michx. Hybrid Pondweed. 

Floating leavei oval or lance-oblong, 5 to 7-nerved, on petioles ; immersed leavts 
Capillary ; spike globular, few-flowered, on a short somewhat club-shaped peduncle. 

Shallow pools and streams. Aug. A delicate species, with thread-like branching 
stems 1 foot ©r more in length, and the floating leaves % *° M inc5a long, some- 
times none. Fruit nearly rouaid, flattened on the sides, somewhat keeled &JQ4 
crested on the back. 

* * Leaves all submersed, uniform. 

5. P. lucens, L. Shining Pondweed. 

LtQflm oval-lanceolate, flat, large, the short petioles continuing in a tWKttiMk/ 



852 alismace^:. 



small pointed ; peduncles thickened upwards; spiles cylindrical, many-flowered ; 
nutlets slightly keeled. 

Ponds and deep streams. June. Stem long, Tbranched. Leaves large, very pel~ 
lucid, and when dry shining above, beautifully veined, 3 to 5 inches long, % to 1 
inch wide, acuminate, each with a lanceolate bract above the base. Spike 2 inches 
long, of numerous green Howers. 

6. P. PERFOLIATUS, L. Perfoliate Pondweed. 

Leaves clasping by a heart-shaped base, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes 
around ovate, obtuse : spikes terminal, with a few alternate flowers; nutlets rounded 
on the back, short-pointed. 

Ponds and rivers, common. July. Stem 2-forked, very leafy, 6 to 10 inches 
long. Leaves shining, 1 to l 1 ^ inch long, % as wide, obtuse, flat, more or less- 
wavy or crisped. Spike on a peduncle, 1 to 2 inches long. 

7. P. PAUCXFLORUS, Pursh. Grassy Pondweed. 

Stem very slender, and filiform, flattish ; leaves narrowly linear, acutish ; spikes 
few-flowered, short-peduncled; nutlets obliquely lenticular, distinctly crested on 
the back. 

Ponds and streams, common. July, Aug. Leaves numerous 2 to 4 inches long? 
scarcely 1 line wide, obscurely 3-nerved, of a bright green color. Flowers 3 to 5* 
greenish, on a terminal peduncle an inch long. 

8. P. PECTINATUS; L, Fennel-leaved Pondweed. 

Stems thread-like, many-times forked ; leaves bristle-form, 1-nerved ; spikes inter* 
yupted, on long peduncles ; nutlets rounded-obovate. 

Ponds and deep streams. June. Plant much branched and leafy. Leaves 3,to 
6 inches long, less than 1 line wide, thickish. Spike in clusters of 3 or 4 seperated 
in fruit by considerable intervals. Fruit purplish. 

*•** Stipules none; leaves all opposite and immersed. 

9. P. DFNSUS, L. Dense Pondweed. 

Leaves pellucid, elliptical or lanceolate, clasping; spike few-flowered, short-pe* 
iuncied, reflexed in fruit; nutlets beaked and keeled, Bethlehem, Sehwenitz. 

Order 115. ALXSHACEJE — Water-Plantain Family. 

Marshy herbs, with parallel-veined leaves sheathing at the base, scape-like flowering, 
stems, and perfect or monoecious flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx 
and corolla; sepals and petals each 3, distinct. Stamens definite or indefinite. Ova~ 
eies 3 to-many, distinct or partly so. Styles and stigmas as many as the ovaries. 
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1 to 2r seeded., 

Sub-order i. JUNCAGINE'iff. Arrow-Grass Family, 

Calyx and corolla colored alike (greenish). Seed ana- 
tropous, witb a straight embryo. — Leaves petiole-like without 
a blade. 

1. TKIGLOCHIN, Linn. Arrow-Grass. 

©r. treis, three, and glochin, a point; in allusion to the points of the capsule 

Se?a&$ and petals nearly alike, ovate ; concave^ deciduous*. 



ALI3MACEJE. 353 



Stambns 6, with oval anthers, on short filaments. Pistils 
united into aS to 6-ceiied compound ovary; stigmas ses- 
sile : ovules solitary. Capsule splitting when mature 
into 3 to 6 carpels, which seperate from a central axis. — 
Herbaceous aquatic or marsh plants, with ensiform rush-like leaves, 
sheathing the base of the slender and jointless scape, and smaU 
greenish powers in a spiked raceme, bractless. 

T. maratimum, L. Sea-side Arroia-grrass. 

Stapt and leaves fleshy, thiekish ; fruit ovate, acutish, of 6 united sarpel* irhish, 
9&e rounded at the base and slightly grooved on the back. 

Salt marshes, rare. July. Scape 18 inches high, from a horizontal rootstoek. 
Loaves linear, smooth, thick, 6 to 12 inches long, less than a line wide. Fhfifitrt 
g?eeni«h ; 30 to 40 on the obtusely angled scape. 

2. SCHEUCHZERIA, Linn. 

In honor of the two "brothers Scluucluers, Swiss botanists. 

Sepals and petals 6, oblong, acute, persistent, spread- 
ing. Stamens 6, with linear anthers. Oyaries 4, globu- 
lar, slightly united at base, with fiat sessile stigmas, 2 to 8- 
ovuled, in fruit forming 3 diverging and inflated capsules, 1 
to 2 seeded, opening along the sides. — A low perennial oog- 
herhy with a creeping jointed rootstoek, tapering into the ascending 
simple- stem, which is partly sheathed by the grass-like leaves, termi- 
nated by a looss raceme of a few flowers with sheathing bracts. 

S. PALUSTRIS, L. Marsh Scheuchzeria. 

Peat bogs, rare. July. A rash-like plaiat, 8 to 12 inches high, angular. L&ii#t 
4 *© 6 inches long, eenai-cylindrie. Fhowtr* yeilowieh-grsen, on shsrt p«U«elSj 
task axillary to a braet. 

Sub-oepee ii. ALISMEiB. 

Caxtx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. 
Sssd campy lotropoUsS. — Leaves commonly furnished with a 
blade. 

3. ALISMA, Linn. Watsr-Plahtaik. 

Qi. &y$mei, anxiety, from th© supposed remedial preper&fts. 

Flowsss perfect. Petals and sepals S. STAMiNg 6. 
Oyaries and styles numerous, in a simple circle on a flat- 
tened receptacle, forming coriacious achenia in fruit. — Aqua- 
He perennials, with radical several-ribbed leaves, and ths ssape with 
t&horted panieled branches, bearing small white or pals rwe-whrsd 
flowers. 

02* 



UM HYDROCHARIDAQE^. 



A. Plantago, L. Common Water- Plantain. 

Leaves ovate, oblong, or laneeol ate, narrowed rounded or somewhat cordate at 
the base, 3 to 9-nerved, on long petioles ; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered. 

Ditches and marshy places, common. July, Aug, Scape 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves 
4, to 6 inches long, % as wide.. 

4. SAGITTAEIA, Linn; Arrow-head. 

Lat. sagitta, an arrow ; from the peculiar form of the leaf. 

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioseious or perfect. Petals 
3. Sepals numerous (about 14). Ovaries many, collect- 
ed in a spherical head on a globular receptacle, in fruit form- 
ing membranaceous aehenia, covered with the persistent 
style. — 3farsh or aquatic herbs, with milhy juice and fibrous 
roots, radical, mostly sagittate leaves sheathing at the base the scapes^ 
which bear the white or whitish flowers in 3s. 
Sec. i. Sacittaria., proper: Flowers monoeeious, rarely dioecious. 

1. S ; . variabilis, Ehgolni. MSS*. Gray. Common 
Arrow-head. Variable Arrow-head. 

Leaves triangular-arrow-shaped, or entire, oblong, lanceolate, linear, and some- 
times mere naked petioles ; scapes simple. 

Ditches, pools, streams, and moist grounds, common. Juty, Aug. Petals white. 
€: This with its Protean varieties-of which almost every pool and stream furnishes 
a goodly number, embraces many nominal species of authors, and may safely be • 
held to inelude all that are found within our limits," Gray. The largest forms 
bear sagittate leaves 12 inches or more long and 7 wide, others have both the 
main blade and the lobes linear, many bear entire leaves , or else mere naked pe- 
tioles; the smallest forms being only from 3 to 5 inches high. 

Sec ii. Echinqdgrus, Richard) Engelmann> in Gsay.. Ftoivers perfect. Sta- 
mens 7 to 21. 

2. S". ptjsilla, Nutt. Dwarf Arrow-head. 

Leaves linear, obtuse and short, with foliacious summits; scape simple, about as 
long as the leaves, umbellately 3 to 8 flowered, some of them becoming proliferous 
runners; pedicels elongated, recurved; petals inversely heart-shaped; stamens 
about 9 ; styles much shorter than the ovaries. 

Muddy margins of ponds and streams. Aug. Scape 2 to 4 inches high. Leaves - 
rarely ever subulate 1 to 2 inches long, scarcely, a line wide. Flowers 3 to 6 K 
each ripening 8 to 15 carpels,. 

Order lTQ. HYDR0CHAMBAGE2E.— FfofsXh Famity.- 

Aquatic Kerbs, with dioecious or polygamous regitiar flowers on scape-Wee peduncles 
from a spathc) and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are 
united into a tube and coherent with the 1 to b-celled ovary. Stamens 3 to 12, dis- 
tinct, or monadelphous: anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 to 6. Fruit ripening under, 
water, indehiscent, many-seeded. 

I. UDORA, Nuttr. Water-weep. 

Or. udor, water; in allusion to its place of growth. 

Polygamous. Flowers- solitary and sessile, from & sessiifc 



HYDROCH ARID ACE.3J. 355 



and tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers 
minute, with a 6-parted perianth ; anthers 9, oval, nearly 
sessile. Fertile flowers with 8 to 6 oblong anthers, and 
the perianth extended into an extremely long and capillary 
tube, the small lobes obovate, spreading. Style long and 
filiform : stigmas 3, large and spreading, 2-lobed. Ovary 
3-celled, with 3 projecting pointed placentas, each bearing a 
few orthotropous ovules, Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few- 
seeded. — A perennial herh, growing under water, tvith long 
branching stems, thickly beset with pellucid and veinless, l-nerved 
■sessile, whorlcd or opposite leaves ■, and very small whitish sessile' 
Jlowers. 

U. Canadensis, Nutfc. Ditch Moss. Water-weed. 

Leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, finely serrulate, in 3s and 4s; perianth tube 
filiform. (Elodea Canadensis, Midix. Serpicnla verticiliata, Mulil.) 

Ponds and slow streams- July. Stem submersed diffusely 2-forked, filiform. 
Leaves % to % inch long, less than 1 line wide, thin. Flowers minute, of a dingy 
'jrhite, the slender hair-like tube 2 to 3 inches long. The staminate flowers breaks 
off) and float on the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen to fertilize 
the stigmas, which are raised to the surfaca by the excessively prolonged calyx?- 
kibe, 

2. YALLXSKEKrA, Micheli. Tape-grass. 

In honor of Antonia Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist. 

Dioecious. Sterile, flowers numerous, crowded in at 
Bead on a conical receptacle, inclosed in an ovate at lengths 
S-valved spathe, which is borne on a very short scape : pe° 
bianth 2-parted: stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers 
solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe which is borne on a 
vary long scape :: perianth elongated, 6-parted; the al- 
ternate segments linear; tube linear, coherent with the 1- 
eelled ovary : stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed. Ovules very nu- 
merous on 3 parietal placentas. Fruit elongated, cylindric, 
berry-like, 1-celled, many-seeded. — Stemless plants, ivith. long 
and linear grass-like leases,, growing entirely under water r 
and spiral scapes. 

U. spiralis, L. Del-grass. Tape-grass. 

Leaves linear, thin, long and ribbon-like, obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhafc 
nerved and-netted-veined* 

Slow waters, common. Aug. Per. Leaves all radical 1 to 2 feet long, % inch 
wide, grass-like, smooth and deep-green. Perianth reddish-white. The staminate 
clusters of flowers break away from the bottom, as in Udora, and float on the sur- 
face, where they expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which: 
are raised to the surface at this time; fertilization being thus accomplished, the 
filiform scapes which are 2 to 4 feet long, coil spirally and draw the orary unties,- 
water to ripen. . 



856 ORCHID ACEiE. 



Order 117. ORCHIBAGEM.— Orchis Family. 

Perennial often acauZescent herbs, with flashy corms, or tuberous fascuuMed *ooU r 
t&mpU, paraUd-veined entire Uaves, and irregular Onerous flowers; the perianth ad- 
herent to the l-celled ovary with 3 parietal placenta, gynandrous stamens, and poUm 
whering in waxy or mealy masses. Perianth segments in 2 rows, the outer (caZym) 
waually colored and petaloid like the inner, the lowest one (lip) different from th* 
©ihers and often spurred. Stamens 3, united with the style and thus forming t&e 
9oimm, on which the 2-celled anther is variously situated. 

1. MXCROSTYLUS, Nutt. Adder' s-mquth. 

Gt. mikros, little, and stylos, a diminitive column or style. 

Sepals spreading. Petals filiform or linear, spreading. 
Lip auricled or halbert-shaped at the base, entire or nearly 
so. Column very small, with 2 teeth or wings at the sum- 
mit. Pollen masses 4, collateral, cohering by pairs at tha 
Rpex. — Small herbs, arising from solid bulbs , producing sim- 
ple stems or scapes, which bear 1 or 2 leaves, and a raceme of 
minute greenish flowers. 

M. ophioglossoides, Nutt Common Adder r s-mouth. 

Leaf solitary near the middle of the stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short and ob- 
te*e ; pedicels much longer than the flowers; Up obtusely aurieled at the has*,, 
t-fcoothed at the summit. 

Bamp woods, rare. July. Stem 4 to 10 inches high, 5-angled, with a single l«s£ 
about 23^ inches long and 1 inch wide. Flowers whitish 5 minute, numerous,, is a 
$»nminal raeeme an inch or more in length. 

2. LXPARIS,. Richard. Twayblads. 

€te. Uparos, fat or shining; in allusion to the amootk leavtft. 

Sipals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the petals 
filiform, spreading. Lip fiat, entire often bearing 2 tubercles 
above the base. Column elongated, incurved. Pollen 
MASSES 4, collateral. — Small perennial herbs,, arising from 
wlid bulb?, with 2 root-haves and a low scape, bearing a ra- 
tone of few purplish or greenish flowers. 

1. L. liliifolia, Richard. Lily-haved Twayblade. 

Leaves 2, ovate, shorter than the scape ; petals Aliform, refiexeaV; lip large, wedge* 
♦feovate, abruptly short-pointed.. (Malaxis liliifelia, WiUd.) 

Moist woodlands. June. Scape 6 to 8 inches high, triangular. Ltavsu radical, 
I to 6 inches long, % to % as wide, tapering iato a sheathing base. Flowers rather 
large, 10 to 20 in a terminal raceme ; the 3 sepali greenish-white,. 2 upper petalj^ 
yellowish-white, and the large lip white. 

2, L, L(SSSLii, Richard. Smaller Twayblade. 

lmnt% 2, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, sharply keeled ; scape angular ; Mp obo- 
f ate or ©rate, entire. (Malaxi* Oorreana, B&rt.) 
$ogp and v et xryeadowi, rare. Jua% Julj», >&cgN ft to 8 ia&bes high, 3 to &-*ng W<L 



ORCHIDACEJE. 857 



Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, 1 inch wide, sheathing at base-. Flowers small, erest, 
about 4, appressed to the rachis in a thin raceme, greenish-white. 

3. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coral-root. 

Gr. Jcoralllon, coral, and rhiza, root; the root being coral-like: 

Flowers ringent ; the sepals and petals nearly alike, 
the lateral ascending and the upper arching : lip recurved, 
spreading above, 2-ridged below, adherent at the base of the 
straightish column. Anther 2 -lipped, terminal : pollen 
masses 4. — Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green 
foliage, with much branched and toothed coral-like r@ot-sto.cks, and 
simple scapes furnished with sheaths, bearing dull colored flowers in 
spiked raceme, 

1. C. multiflora, Nutt. Large Coral-roof. 

Scape many-flowered ; Up wedge-ovate, 3-lobed, the middle lobe recurved, 3 times 
as long as the lateral ones ; ovary and capsule oblong. 

Woods, about the roots of trees ; common. Aug., Sept. A brownish or purplish- 
plant 10 to 18 inches high, with a few sheathing bracts instead of leaves, and 10 to- 
SO rather large brownish-yellow flowers. Lip whitish, spotted with crimson, ^ to 
% inch long. Spur yellowish, conspicuous. 

2. C. YfiSTARiANA, Conrad. Smaller Coral-root. 

Scape few-flowered; Up oblong, minutely 2-toothed near the base, minutely 
notched; spur obsolete ; ovary elongated. 

Woods, near Philadelphia. June, July. Plant about 6 inches high, with 3to 10- 
flowers, nearly as large as in C. multiflora. 

3. C. innata, H. Brown, Early Coral-root. 

Scape few -flowered; Up oblong, 2-toothed near the base; ovary and capsule obloag 
or club-shaped; spur obsolete. 

Swamps and wet woods. May, Jun* Scape, slender, 5 to 8 inches high, yellow- 
ish-green, with 3 or 4 membraneous sheaths. Flowers 5 to 10, dingy-yellowish ^- 
Up white, seldom spotted. 

4. C. odontorhiza, ISTutt. Small Late Coral-root. 

Scape several-flowered; Up roundish, entire, thin with a crisped or wavy margin; 
evary and capsule globular or roundish oval ; spur none* 

Fvich woods, about the roots of trees. Aug., Sept. Scape 8 to 10 inches high, a 
little enlarged at the base, with 2 or 3 sheaths. Flowers 10 to 12 in a terminal 
pendulous raceme, purplish ; lip whitish, spotted with purple, with 2 oval protu- 
berances on the palate. 

i. APLECTRUM, Nutt. Adam and Eve. 

Gr. a, without, and pleldron, a spur; from the total want of the latter. 

Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals nearly eqiiaL 
Lip with a short claw, free, 8 lobed, with a 3-ridged palate ; 
without a spur. Anther situated a little below the sum- 
mit of the column. Pollen-masses 4. — A perennial herb, 
with a simple scape, invested below with 3 greenish sheaths, 
springing up in May from. the. side of a thick globular solid 



358 ORCHID ACE2E. 



bulb or corm, which also produces late in the summer a large 
oval, many -nerved and plaited petioled green leaf from it$ 
apex, lasting through the winter, 

A. hyemale, Nutt. Patty-root. Adam-and-Eve. 

Bich shady woods, rare. May, Jane. Bulbs 2 or 3 together, horizontally con- 
nected, often 1 inch in diameter, filled with exceedingly glutinous matter. Leaf 
solitary, 4 to 8 inches long, elliptic acute at each end, on a petiole 2 to 3 inches long, 
inserted on the summit of tha bulb. Flowers brownish, erect, racemed, en a scape 
1 foot high. Lij) whitish and speckled. Capsule large, smooth, nodding. 

5. TIPULABIA, Nutt. Chane-fly Orchis. 

Tipula, the crane-fly : from the fancied resemblance of the flowerg . 

Sepals and petals spreading ohlong or spatulate. Lip 
8-lobed, prolonged underneath into a filiform spur twice as 
long as the flower. Column narrow and wingless. Anther 
lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 2, each 2-parted. — A 
perennial herb, with solid bulbs, connected horizontally, pro- 
ducing a single ovate nerved leaf, and a long and naked slen- 
der scape, hearing a many-flowered raceme of greenish flow* 
ers, tinged with purple. 

T. DISCOLOR^ Nutt. Two-colored Crane-fly Orchis. 

Pine woods, rare. July. Scape 10 to 18 inches high, with 1 or 3 sheaths at the 
bass. Leaf solitary on a slender petiole. Flowers small, nodding, greenish wit& 
a> tinge of purple, fifaur nearly 1 inch long. 

6. ORCHIS, Bnn. Orchis. 

The ancient Greek name. 

Flowers ringent. Sepals and petals nearly equal, all, 
or nearly all converging upwards and arching oyer the column. 
Lip turned downwards, with a spur on the under side at 
base. Pollen-massss pedicillate, collected into 2 large 
masses borne on a slender stalk, the base of which is at- 
tached to the 2 glands of the stigma : glands contained in 
a common little pouch.— Perennial herbs, with showy floxs* 
ers in a spike. 

O. SPECTABILIS, L. Showy Orchis. 

Leaves 2, radical, oblong-obovate, obtuse ; s&ape angular, naked, few-fiowered, 
tearcely longer than the leaves; bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; spur club-shaped, 
fchorter than the ovary. 

Shady woods. May, June. Scape 4 to 7 inches high, arising from a thick fleshy 
fibrous root, 5-angled, smooth. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long. Sepals and petait all 
faulted, pink-purple; lip ovate, undivided, and with the obtuse spur white. 



ORCHID ACE^. S59 



7. GrYMNADENTA, R. Brown. Naked-gland Orchis, 

Gt. gymnos, naked, and aden, a gland. 

Flowers as in Orchis. Anther-cell parallel; the ap- 
proximate glands naked. 

Gr. TRIDENTATA, Lindl. ThreeAoothed Gymnadenia. 

Lower leaf oblong, rather acute ; upper leaf much smaller bract-like ; jiowwi 
few, in an oblong terminal spike; lip wedge-cblong, 3-toothed at the apex. 

-voods, and swamps. July. Stem slender, 6 to 12 inches high, with a single 
leaf. Spike, 6 to 12-flowered 5 compact. Flowers pale yellowish-green. £pur club- 
shaped, curved upwards, longer than the ovary. 

8. PLATANTHERA, Richard. False Orchil 

Qr.platus, wide, and anther a, an anther. 

Flowers as in Orchis, hut with the lateral sepals spread- 
ing. Anther-cells diverging at the base; the two naked 
glands widely separated. Lip with a spur at the base. — 
Perennials, with spicateor. racemose flowers } often shotcy. 

* Scape 2-Jeaved at the oase: spur very long; lip entire. 

1. P. orbiculata, Lindl. Sound-leaved Orchis. 

Leaves vary large, orbicular, spreading flat on the ground ; scape bracted, far- 
ing many flowers in a loose raceme ; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate ; Up 
linear-spatulate, drooping, nearly 3 times as long as the sepals; spur curved, ■len- 
der, linear-club-sL 

Bich shady woods, Bear meadows, Centre Co., rare. July. Seapel to 2 feet high, 
■with scales. Leaves 2, very smooth, shifting above, silvery 

underneath, 4 to S inches wide. Flowers yellowish-green. Lip % to 1 inch long. 
Spur 1% to 2 inches long. 

* * Simi leafy ; Up entire dboui the UngtJi of the spur. 

2. P. bracteata, Torr. Bracted Green Orchis. 

Lower leaves obovate, the tipper oblong, and gradually reduced to laneeol*4» 
bracts; petals linear-lanceolate, erect; Up oblong-linear, truncate and minutely 1 
to o-toothed. 

Daaui woods. June. Stem 6 to 12 inches high, with 6 to 12 smaU s green flowof* 
in a loose spike. Lip mere titan twice the length ©f the sac-like, somewhai 2-iob«fi 
spur. 

3. P. FLAYA, Gray. Yellowish Orchis. 

Stem leafy ; lower leaves oblong acute ; upper lanceolate, acuminate ; spike deis*», 
eylindrie ; petals ovate ; lip oblong, obtuse, toothed at the base, and with a small 
protuberance .on the palate; spwr filiform, rather shorter than the sessile ovary. 

Wet places. June — Aug. Stem 10 to 20 inehes high, with small greenish-yellow 
flowers, in a long spike at first dense, at length loose. Leaves about 3, with long 
sheaths, 3 to 7 inehes long, and % to 2. inches wide. 

* * * St&m Imfy ; Up fringed along the &ide } undivided, shorUr them ite &w ; easrf 
%etih an acuminate heal: 

4. P. cristata, Lindl. Crested Orchis. 

Lower U&m lanceolate, elongate*, the upper gradually reduced te »barp-p6Iato4 



360 ORCHIDACEiE. 



bracts ; spike oblong or cylindrical ; petals rounded, crenate ; lip ovate, with a torn- 
fringed margin ; spur shorter than the ovary. 

Swamps, rather common. June, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Flowers small, 
yellow, in a crowded terminal spike. 

5. P. CILIARIS, Lindl. Yellow Fringed Orchis. 

Ldaves oblong or lanceolate, the upper passing into pointed bracts ; spike oblong, 
rather closely many-flowered; lateral sepals rounded, YefLexed; petals linear fringed 
at the apex ; lip oblong, about % the length of the spur. 

Swamps and wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, with a 
short spike of very showy flowers. Leaves sheathing at base, the lower ones 3 to 5 
inches long. Floivers bright orange-yellow. Lip furnished with a very long and 
copious capillary fringe, % inch long. 

6. P. BLEPHARIOGLOTTIS, Lindl. White I 'ringed Orchis. 

Lower leaves lanceolate, channeled ; spike oblong ; petals oblong, slightly cut or 
toothed at the apex ; lip oblong or lance-oblong. 

Swamps, rare. June, July. Stem 1 to 1^ foot high, with the lower leaves 6 to 8 
inches long, the upper gradually smaller. Flowers pure white, in a dense oblong 
Spike. Lip fringed in the middle. 

* ** *Stem leafy; lip B-parted shorter than the long spur, narrowed at the base in- 
to a claw. Flowers white or greenish. 

7. P. LACERA, Gray. Ragged Green Orchis. 

Leaves oblong or lanceolate ; raceme loosely many-flowered ', petals oblong, linear, 
entire; lip 3-parted, with wedge-shaped segments; spur filiform, club-shaped, as 
long as the ovary. 

Swamps and moist thickets, July. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, slender. 
Leaves few, 3 to 6 inches long, mostly acute. Flowers greenish-yellow, numerous. 
Lip with narrow divisions, doeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes. 

***** Flowers purple. 

8. P. pyscodes, Gray. Small Purple Fringed Orchis. 

Leaves oblong, the upper passing into linear-lanceolate bracts ; raceme cylindri- 
cal, densely many-fiowered ; lovjer sepals round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovate 
or spatulate, denticulate above ; divisions of the lip broadly wedge-shaped, many- 
cleft into a short fringe. 

Moist meadows. July, Aug. Stem 2 feet high, smooth, slender. Flowers bright 
purple, in a crowded spike 4 to 7 inches long, small, very showy, fragrant. Lip 
short-stalked, scarcely % inch broad, its 3 fan-like, spreading segments, as well as 
the petals beautifully fringed. Spur nearly 1 Inch long. 

9. P. fimbriatAj Lindl. Large Purjple Fringed Orchis. 

Lower leaves oval or oblong, the few upper one3 passing into lanceolate bracts 
Spike or raceme oblong, loosely-flowered; lower sepals ovate., acute; petals oblong, 
fringe-toothed down the sides; lip fan-shaped, with pendant, large divisions, many- 
cleft into a capillary fringe. (0. grandiflora, Bigl.) 

Wet meadows, rare. June. A superb plant, 1% to 2 feet high, with a thick, 
hollow, stem with a few sheathing bracts at base. "Leaves 2 or 3 principal ones i 
to 7 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, the upper ones linear, 1 or 2 inches long. Flow- 
ers very large, showy, lilac-purple, in a terminal raceme 3 to 6 inches long. Lip 
much dilated, % to 1 inch broad, with a deep and nearly capillary crowded fringe. 

10. P. PERAMCENA, Gray. Fringeless Purple Orchis. 

Lower leaves oblong- ovate, the upper lanceolate; spike oblong or , cylindrical, 
densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate ; petals rounded-obovate, raised on a 
claw ; lip large, with broadly wedge-shaped divisions^ the middle one 2-lobed. (0. 
fissa, Pursh. P. fissa^ Lindl,) 



ORCHID ACE 3L 861 



5fois"t meadows and banks, rare. Aug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, slightly winged. 
Leaves 4 to 6 inehes long. Flowers, large and very showy, violet-purple. Lip % 
Inch long, with minutely and variably toothed divisions. Spur \% inch long. ' 

9. ARETHUSA, drono?. Arethusa. 

Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa. 

Flower ringent, with the lanceolate sepals and petals 
nearly alike, united at the base, ascending and arching over 
the column. Lip spreading towards the summit, bearded 
inside. Column adherent to the lip below, dilated at the 
apex. Pollen-masses granular, 2 in each cell of the lid- 
like terminal anther. — A beautiful low herb, iviih a sheathed 
scape from a globular solid bulb, bearing a single large purple flow* 
er, and a solitary, linear, nerved leaf 

A. bulbosa, L. Bulbous Arethusa. 

Sphagnous swamps, rare. May. Scape 6 to 10 inches high, the lower pari bear- 
ing 3 to 4 loosely sheathing scales, with lanceolate points, from the upper of which 
there is often a linear-lanceolate leaf. Flowers 1 to 2 inches long, very handsomt- 
bright-purple. Lip yellow and white, bearded in the middle, 

10. POGONIA, Juss. PoaoNiA. 

Gr. pogon. a bsard, from the bearded lip of .the original species. 

Flowers irregular, the sepals and petals separate and 
somewhat spreading. Lip crested or 2-lobed. Columx 
r ree, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal, 
stalked, with 2 farinaceous pollen-masses, 1 in each cell. — ■ 
ry erennial herbs, with 1 to %-leaved stems, and purplish flowers. 

1. P. OPHIOGLOSSOIDES, Nutt. Adder' 's-tongue Pogonia* 

Root fibrous; stem bearing an oval or lanceolate, clasping leaf near the middle- 
und a smaller leaf-like bract next the flower-; lip spatulate^ beard-crested and 
ringed. 

Bogs, common. June, July. Scape 8 to 12 inches high. Flowers mostly soii- 
ary (sometimes 2 to 3), handsome, 1 inch long, pale-purple. 

2. P. verticillata, Nutt. Whorled Pogonia. 

Hoot of thick fibres; stem bearing a whorl of 5 oval or oblong-ovate pointed sea- 
t ile leaves at the summit, 1-fiowered; sepals narrowly linear, twice as long as ths 
oblong petals ; lip short, 8-lobed, the middle lobe wavy and crested. 

Bogs, rare, June. Scape about 12 inehes high. Flowers mostly solitary ; the 
«epals 2 inches long, brown ; petals paler ^nd obtuse. 

11. CALOPOGON, &. Brown. Calopogox, 

Gr. Jcalos, beautiful, &nd pogon, beard; from the bearded lip. 

SEPAL^and petals nearly alike, spreading, distinct. Lip 
rather spreading, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded 
along the upper side. Column free, winged at the apex. 
P2 



H>2 ORCHID ACE 3?. 



Anther terminal, sessile; pollen-masses 2 (one in each 
cell). — Scapes from a solid bulb, sheathed below by the base 
of the grass -like leaf naked above, bearing several showy flowers* 

C. PULtJHELLUS, R. Br. Grass Pink. 

Leaf linear, 8 to 10 indues long, sheathing the base of the stem. Scape 12 to 18 
inches high, 2 to 6-flowered. Fl&ibers 1 inch broad, pink-purplo. fragrant. ScpaJt 
and petals ovate-lanceolate, acute. Lip beautifully beardad towards the spreading 
summit with white, yellow, and purple clav&te hairs. 

12. SPIRANTIIE8, Richard. Ladies' Tresses. 

Gr. speira, a coil or curl, and antlios, blossom. 

Spike spiral. Flowers somewhat ringent; the lateral 
sepals rather oblique at the base and nearly opposite the lip ; 
the upper one cohering with the petals. Lip oblong, con- 
cave and embracing the column below, with 2 callous pro* 
cesses at base. Column arching, qbiiqudy short-stalked, 
mostly with a 2-clcft beak. Anther dorsal ; pollen-masses 
2, club-shaped, affixed to a common gMid.— Perennial herbs, 
with elusiered tuberous roots sending up mostly naked scapes, bear* 
ing a spirally twisted spike of small white flowers, bent horizontally, 

1, S. GRACILIS, BigL Slender Ladies 9 'Tresses, 

Zerets radical, ovate, caducous; scapa very slender, smooth, sheathed; *p$kt 
p'endtfr, with the flowers in a straight of- usually spiral row; bracts ovate, pointed ; 
Up spatulate-oblong, strongly wavy oflspcd. 

Hilly woods and sandy plains. July. Aug. Syipe 8 to 12 inches high, erect, with 
a few sheathing scales or leaflet?. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, thin, sometimes fall- 
ing oit' before the flowers expand. Flowers white, 1-5 to \i± inch long ; the calli at 
first oval, at length elongating and incurved. 

2. S. CERNUA, Richard. Nodding Ladies 9 Tresses. 

Leaves radical , linear-lanceolate, veined, those of the stem smaller, passing Into 
toasts ; spiJce dense, minutely pubescent; hra-cls ovato- lanceolate, pointed; Up 
oblo©g, furnished with 2 minute callosities at the base. 

Wet gra^y places, common. Aug. — Oct. «$Vy?/>« 6 to 13 inches high; the root 
leaves 4 to 12 iuctaes long. Spiftt thick, 3 to 8 inches long, seldom twisted. Flow- 
ers white or cream color, fragrant. 

13. GGQDYERA, R. Brown. Rattlesnake Plantain. 

Dedicated to John Qoodyer, an early English botanist. 

Flowers ringent. Calyx herbaceous, upper sepal 
vaulted. Lip saccate at the base, sessile, over the 2 lower 
Bapals. Column small, straight. Pollen-masses 2, con- 
sisting of angular grains, loosely cohering by a manifest 
web.— -Perennial herbs, with a root of thick fibres from a 
fleshy somewhat creeping rootstock t bearing a tuft oj ihickish 
zJ'oied leaves ne$t the ground, and small greenish white flower* m 
a spikjt.on a slender B&*p&. 



ORCHID ACE ;E. 3G& 



1. G. pubescens, R. Brown. Rattlesnake Plantain. 

Eeova radical, ovate, conspicuously reticulated and blotched with wbite; scop* 
sheathed, witla numerous flowers in a crowded spike; hp inflated with an abrupt 
orate apex; stigma rounded at the summit. 

Rich woods. July, Aug.. &.ipc 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves 1 to 2 inches lon^ » 
contracted at bfise into a winged petiole, seareely half as iong r dark green, veined 
vith whito. Flowers whitish, in a terminal oblong spi&e. 

2. G. repens, B. Brown. Smaller Rattlesnake Plantain. 

Small and slender; leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat reticulated with white* 
fiowers several in a loose 1-sided spike ; lip inflated ; *wilh an oblong obtuse apex; 
stigma distinctly 2-tootfecd. 

Rich woods, under evergreens, and on mountains. Aug. Scept 6 to 8 inches 
Mgh. Leaves 1 inch long. Flowers greenish-whiLe. 

14. LISTERIA, E. Broyrav Twaybladit. 

In honor of Martin Lister^ as eminent British botanist. 

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or refLexccT. 
Lip mostly drooping, longer than the sepals, 2-lobed or 
2-cleffc. Column wingless: stigma with a rounded beak. 
Anther dorsal, ovate : pollen-masses powdery, in 2 
masses, joined to a minute gland. — Perennial herbs, with 
fibrous roots, the stem bearing a pair of opposite sessile leaves in the 
middle, and a spike or raceme of greenish or brownish purple small 
flowers. 

1. L. AUSTEALIS, Lindl. Twayllade. 

Leaves ovate; raceme loose and slender; flowers very small, on pedicels twice the 
length of the ovary : lip linear, slightly sagittate at the base, 3 or 4 times as long 
as the sepals, 2-parted, with the divisions imear-sstaceous. 

Damp thickets, rare. June. Plant -i to 6 inches high. Leaves % inch long. 
Flowers small, purplish on minutely glandular-pubescent pedicels. 

2? L. coNYALLARieiDES, Hook. Large TicayNade. 

Leaves oval-roundish, sometimes somewhat "cordate at base, often acute; racemt 
loose, pubescent; jfowers on slender pefiiceis; lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed, at the 
spreading apex, and 1-toothed on each side at/the- base; scpah narrowly lanceolate, 
spreading, twice as long as the lip. 

Damp mossy woods, rare. June. §tem very slender, 5 to 10 inches high, sheathed 
with a few bracts. Leaves nearly 1 ineh long, 'jA as wide. Flowers dark brown 
and green, the purplish lip nearly i^inoli long. 

15. CYPKIPEDIUM, Linn-. Lady's Slipper. 

Gr. Kupros, Venus, &i<lp6$*Qn } a sock or slipper. 

Sepals spreading; the 2 anteriar distinct, or commonly 
united into one under the lip. Petals similar but usually 
narrower, spreading. Lip a large inflated sac, somewhat 
slipper-shaped. Column short,. 3-lobed, the middle lob& 
dilated and petaloid,. the lateral hearing a 2-ceiled aniheir 



g.64 cannace^:. 



under each of thein. Stigma terminal. — Perennial herbs, 
vjith tufted fibrous roots, large many -nemed plaited leaves , sheathing 
at the base, and solitary or few large and sliowy flowers. 

* Stem leafy, 1 to Z-fiowered. Flowers yellow and white. 

1. C. PUBESCENS,Willd. Large Yellow Lady's Slipper. 

Stem leafy; sepals and linear wavy-twisted petals longer than the lip, pointed; 
lip flattened laterally, very convex and gibbous above ; sterile stamen triangular. 

Bogs and damp low woods, rare. May, June. Stem 2 feet high, pubescent 
Leaves large, pubescent, 3 to 6 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, plaited, acute. Flow- 
ers 1 to 3, greenish-yellow, spotted with purplish-brown. Lipl% to 2 inches long, 
much inflated, pale yellow. 

2. C. PAKYIELORUM, Salisb. Small Yellow Lady's Slipper. 

Leaves oval, pointed ; sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; Up flattish above and be- 
low; sterile stamen triangular, acute, 

Rich low woods. May, June. Stem 10 to to inches high. Leaves clasping the 
base, pubescent, 3 to 5 inches wide, strongly veined. Flowers yellowish, fragrant, 
the perianth more brown-purple than in C. pubescens. Lip bright yellow, % to 1 
inch long, 

3. 0. CANDID TJM, Muni. "White Lady's Slipper. 

Leaves cblong-lanceolate, acute ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ;. Up flattish, laterally 
convex above ; sterile stamen lanceolate. 

Low grounds, rare. May. Stem 5 to 10 inches high, slightly pubescent, 1-flow- 
ered. JPetals and sepals greenish. Lip white, % inch long. 

* * Scape naked, Cleaved at the base.- Flowers purplish* 

4. 0. ACAULE, Ait- Common Lady's Slipper. 

Downey; scape leafless, 1-flowered ; leaves 2, oblong, obtuse; sepals oblong- 
lanceolate, pointed, nearly as long as the linear petals ; lip drooping, obovoid, with 
a fissure in front; sterile stamen rhomboid, pointed. (0. humila, Salisb.) 

Moist woods and sides of mountains, common. May, June. Scape 8 to 12 inches 
high, with a braet at the top. Leaves 5 to 7 inches long, 2 to 4 inches wide, plaited 
and downy. Flowers solitary, large purplish or pale pink. Lip nearly 2 inches 
long, veiny, purple or sometimes nearly whitei 

Order, 118. CAMBJAOEIE — Indian Meed Family. 

Tropical plants with Pie nerves of the leaves diverging from a midrib, the irregular 
■perianth with 3 petatoid filaments, only one of which is fertile, with al-cdled antft#?» 
3rtjtt a. 3-celled, capsule. Seed round, not. winged. 

CANNA, Linn. Indian Reed. 

The Hebrew name of the reed. 

Perianth unequal, variable in the number of its parted 
scarcely lip-shaped. Stamens petaloid, : only one with half 
an anther on its edge. Style flat, straight, nearly free. 
Ovary 3-celled, with many ovules. Fruit membraneous, 
3-celled, with a deciduous granular surface. Seeds round T 
smooth.- — Jj% extensive genus of herbaceous tropical plants^ 



AMARYLLIDACE.E. 3G5 



with erect stems bearing distant sheathing leaves and handsome 
flowers in spikes or racemes. 

C. In Die A, L. Indian Shot. Indian Reed. 

A beautiful plant often found in cultivation, native of the East Indies. Stem.' 
leaves 1 to 2 fret long, and 3 to 6 inches "wide. Flowers scarlet and yellow, borne 
in a spike. 

Order 119. ABIAR7LLIDA0EJE.— Amaryllis Family. 

Chiefly bulbous and scope bearing herbs, with linear flat root-leaves and regular 
C-androus flowers, the tube of the ^-parted perianth coherent with the o-cclled ovary. 
Anthers introrse. Style single. Cafsile 3 celled, lcculicidal, manv-s^JLd, 
Seeds with fleshy albumen. 

1. AMARYLLIS, Linn. Amaryllis. 

A poetical name. 

Perianth with 6-petal-like similar divisions. Sta- 
mens 6, inserted in the throat of the perianth : anthers 
versatile. Capsule membranaceous, 3-iobed. — A splendid, 
genus, with the long linear leaves and scape from a coated bulb, and 
the showy flowers issuing from a I to %• leaved spat he. 

A. Atamasco, L. Atamasco Lily. 

Spathe tubular, 2 cleft, 1-flowjred; perianth funnel-form; stamens and style de- 
clined. 

Shady woods, rare. June. Leaves a foot long, linear, concave, smooth. Flow- 
ers solitary, white and pink, 3 inches long, on j, scape 6 inches high. 

A. formooISSIma, L. Jacobea Lily. A beautiful flower from Mexico, sometimos 
cultivated. Flower dark red, on a scape 6 to 10 inches high.- 

2. AGAVE, Linn. American Aloe. 

* Gr. agavos, wonderful, in allusion to A. Americana, the Century -plant. 

Perianth tubular-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted; the 
divisions narrow, nearly equal. Stamens 6, soon exserted : 
anthers linear. Capsule coriaceous. 8-celled, many- 
seeded. Seeds flattened. — A splendid American genus, 
with mostly thick and fleshy radical leaves, often spiny or cartilagi 
nous teeth, and a large many flowered pyramidal panicle an a scape. 

A. VlRGiNiCA, L. False Aloe. 

Stemless, herbaceous; leaves linear-lanceolate, fleshy, smooth, with cartilaginous 
serratures on the margin; scape simple, smooth; the flowers scattered in a loose 
spike, with leaf like scales. 

Rocky banks, southern part ©f the State. Sept. Scape 3 to 6 feet high, round, 
loosely spicate above. Flowers greenish-yellow, very fragrant. 

A. A:iericaxa, L, American Aloe. Century Plant. A splendid herbaceous Dlant 

P2* 



366 AMARYLLIDACEiE. 



from tropical America, is sometimes found in our conservatories. Leaves radical^ 
3 to 6 feet long, 4 to 12 inches wide, very thick, spinose-toothed. Scape rising to> 
the height of 16- to 25 feei, bearing a pyramidal panicle of yellow flowers. 

3; HTPOX1S) Einn. Star-grass, 

®t. hypos beneath, and" oxus, sharp; on account of the pointed base of the fraife 

Spathe 2-leaved. Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spread- 
ing, the 3 outes divisions somewhat herbaceous. Stamens* 
6) with erect anthers. Capsule crowned with the withered 
or closed perianth, not opening by, valves. SEEDS-roundisli. — 
Acaulescent small herbs, ivith grassy and hairy linear leaves f 
and yellow flowers on slender scapes from a solid bulb, 

H, erecta, L. Star-grass. 

Leaves linear, grass-like; scape umbellately 3 to 4rflowered, mostly shorter than 
the loaves. 

Meadows and open woods, common. July. Scaped to 6 inches high. L«aves%\V 
radical, 6 to. 12 inches long, % inch wide. F lower s^usu&lly A, yellow within^greea- 
ieh without, . 

CULTIVATED EXOTIOS* 

£ GAL AMEEXJS> Linn. Snowdrop: 

Or. gala, milk 1 , anilws, flower; on account of the whiteness of the flowers^ 

Blowers spathaceous. Sepals 3, concave; corona formed! 
of 3 small emarginate petal-like segment; stigma simple.— 
An ornamental bulbous exotic r sending; up in early spring & 
scaj>e with a single white flower. 

Gr. NXYALIS, L, Snow-dropi 
Leaves linear, radical, keeled, acute ; scape 1-flowcred. Native of the Alps; fibvr* 
(Wing in oarlj^ spring. Scape 3 to 6 inches high, arising from a perennial bulb>\ 
tfoarieg a*, single, large nodding flower as white as (mow, issuing from ivspathe? 
Grown (petal*) striate with green*. 

5. NAJffCISStIS; Linn. Daffodie. Jonquil. 

Gr. navhe, stupor; from the effects produced by the smell of some specie*. 

Perianth regular, 6-partecfc Grown, monophyllous^ 
bell-form, salver-form * or with the tube funnel-form. Sta~- 
mens 6, short; Style longer than the stamens : stigma 
8-parted. — Showy bulbous exotics^ with linear or ensiforrm 
iiaves, and yellow straw-color or white flowers, issuing /torn 
a witliermg compressed spathe, opening on one sid&, 

1. EK JONQUILLA, L. Jonquil. 

Leaves linear; scape 1 to 3 flowered ; segments of the perianth spreading, ellipti- 
ealjBT 6patulate*..aeute ; cup. (corona) bell-«haped, crouat?. Native of Spaia. April*., 



H(EMOIKmACE,35. S67 



May. Scape 9 to 12 inches high, roundish, slender; bearing a few fragrant flowers, 
of a rich chlorine yellow, 1% to 2 inches in diameter. CUp % inchdong. Leave* 
9 to 10 inches long, with the edges lomewhat rolled. 

2. N. pceticus, L. Poet's Narcissus. 

Scape 1-flowered; segments of the perianth, imbricate at base, somewhat refiei-ed, 
nearly round; crown short, flatrj rotate, crenulate; 3 anthers shorter than the tube. 
Native of South Europe. June. Scape about 1 foot high, bearing a single white- 
flower, V/<> to 2 inches iiudiameter ; the cup or crown singularly adorned with cir- 
cle* of crimson, white and yellow. 

3. N. PsEUDA-NAR€rSSTJS, L. Daffodil, 

Scape 2 edged, straight, striated; segments of the perianth ovate or spatulaie- 
•vate, sulpher-yellow ; crovxn very long, with.acrenate-serrate orifice. Native of 
Bhgland. April, May. Leaves linear, 9 to 12 inches long, siriate, veined. Scapa 
9 to 12 inches high, bearing at the top a single large flower, about 2 inchesin 
diameter, commonly doubled by cultivation. Cup 1% to 2 inches long, orang> 
jellow. 

4. if. sulpuuPwEUS, L. Sulphcr-colored Daffodil. 

Scape 2-cdged; leaves linear, flat; spathe 1-flowered; segments of the perianth 
elliptic-spatulate ; crown somewhat bell-form, crenate. May, June. Flowers 
itrp.w-colored, 2 inches in diameter, on a scape 1 foot high. Crown % inch long 
orange-yellow. Style Ion*. 

6: LEUCOJUM, Linn. S^ow-Flakf. 

Perianth; regular, fcparted : segments equal, spreading, 
Stamens 6, equal : anthers long. Sty*ls elavate, longer 
than the stamens. —Exotic bulbous plants, with ensiform- 
leaves mid ofieu niimerow white jlower tissuing; from a termi- 
nal spathe, 

L. iESTlvuivr, Ik Summer Show- FlaJce. 

Leaves long, ensiform ; spathe manyvflowered, long; divisions of the ptriamih^ 
regular, oval. June. A pretty border flower ; native of Austria. Scape 1 to 2- 
feet high. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, % inch wide. Spathe 2 to 3 indies long, with 4- 
fcu 10 flowers, on peduncles at last. 1^ to 2% inches long. Flowers w^hite ; the di- 
visions tipped with green. 

0RDER 120: HCEMODOHACEJET.— Bloodwort Family.. 

Utrb+ceout plants, with' fibrous perennial roots, equitant leaves and perfect 3 to « 
tmdrous regular flowers, which are usually more or less woolly autside ; Vic tube of" 
the Globed perianth coherent with the whole surface or UHtfiwerelythe lower part, of 
titc 3-celled ovary. Style single, sometimes 3-partible. Capsule crowned or incio6e4\ 
by the persistent perianth,, 3-ceiled, loculieidal, 3-many-socded* 



ALETRI&, Linn. Star-grass, 

lie slave who grinds corn, in allusion to the ap 
of ^tho flowers^ 

PERiANTiLcylindrical, tubular-bell-shaped, rough- wrinkled 



6r. Aletris, a female slave who grinds coro> in allusion to the apparent mealiness- 
of ^tho flowers^ 



3 68 IRIDACE^E. 



on the outside, 6-cleft at the summit. Stamens 6, inserted 
at the base of the lobes, included. Style awl-shaped, 3- 
cleft at the apex. Capsule ovate, inclosed in the roughened 
perianth, 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at the summit. — 
Perennial and smooth stemless herbs, with very little fibrous 
roots, spreading clusters of thin flat lanceolate leaves, and 
small white or yellowish flowers, in a slende?\ spiked raceme. 

A. FARINOSA, L. Star-grass. Colic Root. 

Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth; flowers pedicellate, oblong-tubular ; lobet 
lancc-oblong. 

Grassy sandy or gravelly woods, not common. July, Aug. Scape 2 feet high, 
w ith several minute bract-like leaves. Flowers white, appearing as if covered with 
a rough powder. 

Order 121. IRJBACEffi.— Iris Family. 

Herbs with equitant 2-ranled leaves, and regular or irregular perfect Jlowers, the 
tube of the C-cUft petal-lile perianth eoherrnt with the Z-celled ovary, and 3 distinct 
or monodclphous stamens with extrcrse anthers. Flowers from a 2-leaved spathe, 
usually showy and ephemeral. Sules single: stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, Iccu- 
licidal, many -seeded. 

1. IRIS, Linn. Flowjer-de-Luce. 

Gr. Iris, the rainbow deified; on account of the bright and various color of the 

blossoms. 

Perianth 6-eleft, the 3 outer divisions spreading or re- 
flexed, the 3 inner smaller and ereot. Stamens distinct, 
placed before the outer divisions of the perianth, and under 
the 3 petal-like stigmas. Capsule 3 to 6-angled. Seeds 
fiat. — Perennials, loith sword-shaped or grassy leaves and 
large blue, white and yellow flowers. 

1. I. versicolor, L. Blue Flag. 

Stem stout angled on one side, more or less fiexuous; leaves sword-shaped; pt- 
rianth beardless; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides fiat; capsule oblong, 
turgid, with rounded angles. 

"Wet places, common. May, June. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rarely branched, frcm 
a large fleshy creeping root. Leaves % inch wide. Flowers 2 to at the summit 
cf the stem, blue, variegated with green, yellow and white at the base. 

2. I. VlRGlNlCA, L. Slender Blue Flag. 

Stem slender, round, smooth; leaves narrowly linear; perianth beardless; ovary 
S-sided, each side deeply 2-grooved; c ipsule triangular, acute at both ends. 

Wet meadows, rare. June. Foot tuberous, creeping. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
somewhat fiexuous, round. Flowers 3 to 6 at the summit of the stem, blue and 
yellow, more delicate than in the preceeding. 

3. I. CRISTATA, Ait. Crested Iris. 

Scape mostly 1-fiowered, as long as the leaves; periunih bearded, the beard crested 



IRIDACEJE. 369 



Mountains, southern part of the State. April, May. Scape 10 to 15 inches high, 
bearing a solitary flower. Flowers blue and yellow. 

CULTIVATED EXOTIC SFLGIES. 

4. I. PUMILA, L. Dwarf Iris. 

Scape short, 1 -flowered; spathe shorter than the tube; reflexed sepals narrower 
than the erect petals. April, May. Native of Hungary. A handsome dwarf 
species, eultivatcd in the edgings of walks Leaves numerous, 4 to 6 inches long, 
broad-sword-shaped) suberect. Flowers large, (Lee-p purple, bearded on a yery short 
scape. 

5. I. OCHROLETJOA, L. Yellow Iris. 

Beardless; leaves ensiform, depressed, striate; scape sub-terete, many-flowered; 
ovary nearly round, somewhat 6-angled. July. Native of the Levant. Stem 2 
to 4 feet high. Leaves 1)4, to 2 ibet long. Flowers yellow or sulphur-colored. Cap- 
tuU 2 inches long, round-. 

6. I. G-ermanica, L. Flower -de-Luce. Fleur-de-Lis. 

Stem many-fiowered ; leaves long-ensiform ; sepals reflexed, bearded ; petals emar- 
ginate, bent inwards at the point. Native of Germany, common iu gardens. June ■ 
Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves numerous, V/ 2 to 2 feet long, % to 1 inch wide 
Flowers § to 4 inches in diameter, purple. Sepals with a beautiful yellow and 
white beard. 

7. I. xiphium, L. Bulbous Iris. Spanish Flag. 

Moot bulbous ; leaves linear, strongly channelled, the margins confluent towards 
the apex; scope few-flowered. June, July. Native of Spain. Le-aves 6 to 10 inches 
high, thick and flsshy, % inch in diameter, white on the upper cr hollow side, 
round towards the point. Flow&rs very showy, blue yellow and white, the outer 
perianth lobes short, on a scape 10 to 12 inches high. 

2.' SISYMNCHIUM, Linn. Blue-eyed Grass. 

Qt. sus. a hog, and rugekoSj a snout ; from a fancy that hogs are fond of rooting it up. 

Perianth 6-parted ; the divisions equal, spreading. Sta- 
mens 3, rnonodelpheus. Style short : stigmas 3, involute, 
filiform. Capsule globular-8-angled. seeds globular.— 
Low slender perennials, with, fibrous roots, grassy or lanceo- 
late leaves, and small mostly blue flowers in umbelled cluster $ 
from a 2-leavcd spathe. 

S. Bermudiana, L. Common Blue- eyed Grass. 

Scape winged, naked or 1 to 24eaved ; Uaves narrow and grass-like ; spaike urn- 
bellately few-flowered; divisions of the perianth cbovate, more or less notched at 
the end, and' bristle-pointed from the notch.-— Var. akceps (S. anceps, Cav.) h&s a 
broadly winged seape, and the outer leaf of the v«ry unequal spathes longer than 
the flowers .—Var. 2. mucronatum (S. mueronatum, Michx.) has a slender and nar- 
rowly winged scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe acute, unequal, one 
of them usually longer than the flowers. 

J&pifit meadows, common among grass. June — Aug. Scape to 10 ineheshigk.- 



S70 IRIDACE2E. 



Flowers small, delicate, blue, changing to purplish, 4 to 6 opening in succession- 
gpatln often purplish. There are various intermediate forms. • 

CULTIVATE®' JSJTOTTCS. 

3. PARDANTHUS, Linn. Blackberry Lily. 

St. partialis, a panther, and anthos, flower ; the flowers are- spotted like the panther*. 

Spathe of 2 or % ovate sliorfc bracts. Perianth regular, 
8-parted; the divisions equal. Stamens 3, with thread- 
like filaments. Stigma straight or incurved, feed by the 
base, subfiliform. — An ornamental garden plant, with yellow- 
ish and reddish spotted flowers. 

P. Chinensis, L. Blackberry Lily. 

Stem round, flexuous, leafy; leaves- ensiform, vertical, sheathing; panicle some* 
what dichotomou3 and corymbo.se; perianth 0«.t, spreading: segments lance-linear. 
July, Aug. Native of South Africa- (Dommon in cultivation, Stem 2 to 3 feet 
kigh. Leaves tapering to an; acute- point. Flowers yellow, spotted with red, 1 to* 
V/ z inch in diameter. Fruit composed of numerous blacE glossy seeds attached- 
sound the rachis, resembling a blackberry. 

4. CROCUS, Linn. Saffron. Crocus. 

Kamed from the youth Cvccus, who, according to Grecian mithology, was changed! 
into this flower.. 

Perianth funnel-form, the segments united at base into 
a sJsnder tube. Stamens 3. Stigma 3-cleft, convolute,, 
©rested. — Bulbous plants, with a radical 1 to 2-leavcd thin 
transparent spathe, the long tube of the flowers nearly or quite sessils 
upon the bulb. 

1. C. SATITA, L. Saffron Crocus:. 

Leaves linear, revolute on the margins; stigma S-parted, as long' as the corolla,, 
refiexed. Sept. From Asia. Leaves radical, with a longitudinal white furrow 
above. Flower nearly- sessile on the bulb, with a long white tube, and purple el- 
liptical segments. Stigmas long, emargmate, exscrfeof a, deep orange color. The 
stigmas compose the saffron of the shops so much used for medicinal and coloring 
purposes. There is a variety with yellow perianths. 

2. C. VERNUS, L. Spring Saffron*. 

Leaves short, linear; stigmas included within the flower, with 3 short' wedge- 
shaped segments. Native of the Alps. Scape 1 to 2 inches high, 3-sided. Flowers 
mostly purple, often yellow, pale blue or white, very variable; tube very slender, 
gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs;, limb hoik 
shaped, shorter than the tube. Anthers yellow, sagittate. March, April; 

5. TIGRIDIA, Linn. Tiger Flower. 

Name in reference to the large spotted flowers. 

&PATH.S 2-le.aved, carinate, 1-flowered. Perianth 6- 



BIOSCOREACE^ AND SMILACE.E. 371 

parted, with oblong segments, upright-spreading ; the altera* 
ate ones the broadest, Stamens 3, monodelphous : fila* 
Ments united into a long tube : anthers subovate, double. 
Style filiform, the length of the tube. Capsule oblong, 
B-sided-: seeds numerous, roundish, covered with a pulp. — 
Showy South American hutbeus plants, with large, very evanescent 
yellow and red spotted flowers. 

T. Pavonia, L. Tiger Flower. 

Stem simple, flexuous ; leaves sword-shaped, veined ; segments fiat"; petals pandu- 
rvform. July — Sept. A superb plant, native of Mexico and Peru. Stem 2 to 2^ 
fjet high, erect, round, leafy, somewhat branched. Leaves erect, 8 to 12 Incites 
long, smooth. Flowers 5 to 8 inches broad, yellow, variegated with scarlet, crim- 
son and purple, very evanescent, lasting but a few hours, but a new one appears 
daily for several weeks. 

Order 122. DZOSC ORE AOEiE.— Yam Family. 

Twining herbs or un&ersftruhs, from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocls, 
ribbed and netted-veined leaves mi petioles and small dioecious 6-andi'cus and regular 
fawers in spikes. OvAit? adherent, 3-celled. Styles 3, united below -or distinct 
Jfttuir usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged capsule. 

DIOSCOREA, Plumier. Yam. 

In honor of the celebrated Greek naturalist, Dwscorzd-cs. 

Flowers very small, dioecious. Stamens G at the base. 
of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth : filaments sub- 
ulate. Stales distinct nearly to the base. Capsule 8- 
eelled, triangular, 3-winged. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, 
flat, with a membranaceous wing. — Climbing perennials, with 
•alternate often heart shaped leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flow* 
£rs in axillary branched racemes or spikes. 

D. yillosa, L. Wild Yam-root 

Herbaceous; leaves mostly altercate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fenrg, 
more or less heart-shaped, pointed, 7 toll ribbed.— Var. quatisnata, (D. quaterfca- 
£a, Wj.lt) has the leaves more acuminate and 7-nerved, the lateral nerves 2-partcd. 

Thickets nod old iiekls, common. Ju]y. A s.ender vine Wining over bm-has, 
.eometitn.-s 10 or 12 feet ions:. Flowers minute, greenish-yellow, the steriU in pea- 
s&uioue panicles; the fertile in pendulous simple racemes. 

Order 123. BWIhAGEEl.— Smilax Famtly. 

Herbs or shrubs, often cHmbing, with rihled and censpiczwu? nttkd veiny leaves, 
regvUir Q-cndrous f.ctoers with ih$ & parted perianth fret from th4 S-ceUed oxary. — 
Fi/twsbs dioecious or perfect Oyasy S-oeUed, 1 or XBany.«fi©de<i Fsuit a ie^r Ic 
many-seeded Xsqxtj. 



372 SMILACE^. 



SMILAX, Tourn. Greenbrier. 

An ancient Greek name of obscure meaning. 

Dioecious or polygamous. Perianth of 6 equal spread- 
ing segments, deciduous. Stamens mostly 6, inserted at 
the base of the perianth segments : filaments short 
Stigmas 3, thick, on a very short style. Berry globular, 
i to 3-celled, 1 to 8-seeded. Seeds globose, suspended, 
orthotropous. — Shrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, often ever- 
xr ten and prickly .climbing by tendrils on the petioles, with greenish 
-terns, cor date or ovata leaves , and small flowers in axillary pedunckd 
umbels, 

Ssc. i. Smilax preper.-— 5lfems woody, often prickly ; ovules solitary. 

* Leaves broad, thielcish, of ten persistent 

1. S. rotundifolia, L. Common Greenbrier. 

Stem nearly round ; branchlets more or less 4-angular ; leaves round-ovate, often 
broader than long, slightly cordate, abruptly short-pointed, 6 -nerved ; peduncles 
< oarcely longer than the petioles. 

Moist thickets, common. June. Stems armed with stout scattered prickles, 
often climbing 20 to SO feet. Flowers yellowish-green in small globose axillary 
umbels. Berries bluish-black. 

2. S. QUADRANGULARis,Willd. Square-stemmed Greenbrier. 

Branches and branchlets square, armed with stout scattered prickles ; leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base, 3 to 5-nerved; peduncles 
about the length of the petioles. 

Dry woods. June, July. Leaves about 3 inches long, % as wide, thinnish, some- 
times minutely rough-ciliate on the margin. Flowers greenish-yellow. Berries 
black. 

* * Leaves, broad, thin, entirely deciduous ; priclcles brisUe-like. 

3. S. hispiba, Muhl. Hispid Greenbrier. 

Stem round, the lower part very hispid ; leaves ovate, mostly heart-shaped, point- 
ed, strongly 5-nerved ; peduncles 6 to 10-flowered, 2 or 3 times the length of the 
petioles. 

Moist thickets. June. Stem elimbing high, densely beset below with shining 
brown weak and slender prickles ; the flowering branches often naked. Leaves 3 
to 5 inches long, minutely rough on the margins, bright green on tooth sides. iV 
duncles 1% to 2 inches long . 

Sec. n. Coprosmanthtjs, ^ott.SUm herbaceous, not prickly. Learns long- 
petioled, thin. 

4. S. herbage A, L. Carrion-Flower. 

Stem erect and recurving, or climbing ; leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, motfcly 
heart-shaped, .7 to 9-nerved, mucronate or pointed, smooth; tendrils sometimes 
none ; peduncles very long, compressed. 

Moist meadows and river-banks, common. June. Stem 3 to 6 feet long, climb- 
ing or leaning on other plants. Leaves very variable, on petioles 1 to 3 inches 
long. Flowers numerous, on peduncles 3 to 6 inches long, yellowish-green in glo- 
bose axillary umbels of about an inch in diameter, exhaling the stench of carrion. 



TKILLIACES. 



Order 124. TRILLIACEJE.— mHtum Family. 

■Herbaceous plants, with simple stems, verticillate, net-veined leaves, aizd large termi- 
nal mostly solitary trimerous flowers. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6 to 10. Ovart 
tree, 3 to 5-celled, with as many styles. JTeuix succulent, 3 to 5-celled. Seeds 
numerous. 

1. TRILLIUM, Linn. Trillium. 

Lat. trilex, triple ; all the parts being in threes. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, 
herbaceous, persistent. Petals 3, larger. Stamens 6, 
^ith linear adnate anthers, an short filaments. Styles 3, 
awl-shaped, distinct or united at base, stigmatic down the 
inner side. Berry 3-sided, ovate, 3-celled. Seeds hori- 
zontal, several in each cell. — Low perennial herbs, toxih a 
stout simple stem rising from a short and abrupt tuberous rooisiock, 
bearing at the summit a whorl of 3 broadly ovate leaves, and a ter- 
minal large flower.. 

1. T. cernuum, L. Nodding Trillium. Wake-Robin. 

Leaves broadly rhomboid, pointed, nearly sessile ; petals white, oblong-ovate, 
^pointed, recurred, somewhat wavy- 

Moist woods. May, June. Stem slender 10 to 15 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 
inches in diameter, nearly round. Flower white, pendulocs beneath the leaves., 
*m a peduncle 1 to 2% inches long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate, green, 1 inch long. 
Petals % to 1 inch long, \& to % inch wide. 

2. T. erectum, L. Purple Trillium. Birth-root. 

Leaves broadly 'rhomboid, abruptly acuminate; petals dark dull purple, ovate, 
'acme^vhat pointed, flat, spreading. 

Rich woods, common. May. Stem 12 to 15 inches high. Ltaves 3-nerved, 3 t@ 
*€ inches long. Flower on a peduncle 2 inches long, soon reclining. Petals 1 to 1} -^ 
inch long, greenish outside. Ovary brown-purple. Medicinal. 

3. T. <gsandiflorum, Salisb. Large- flowered Trillium, 

Leaves oboyate-rhoniboid, pointed, barely sessile ; petals obovate, spreading from 
an erect base, longer and much broader than the sepals, white, changing to rose- 
^eolor. 

Kich woods, rare. June. Stem 10 to 12 inches high. Flower on a slightly in- 
clined peduncle, which is 2 or 3 inches long. Petals 2 to VyX inches long, broadest 
mear the apex. 

4. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. Painted Trillium. 

Leaves oyatc, acuminate, rounded at "the base, short pctioled ; petals ovate or 
OTal-lancecIate, pointed, wavy, widely spreading, nearly twice as long as the sepals 
ehorter than the peduncles. 

Cold damp woods. May, June. Stem 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves long acumi- 
nate, 3-nerved, 3 to 4 inches long, % as wide. Petals 1 inch long, white, paiutvd 
with purple lines at the base. Medicinal. 

5. T. sessile, L. Common Sessile Trillium, 

Leaves ovate or oblong, sessile or nearly so, acute ; peiaU iaaceclate, ersct, muc& 
longer than the sepals, dar& dull purple. 

Q2 



374 LILIXCEJE. 



Eich woods, rare. April, May. Stem 6 to 8 inches high, smooth, leaves rather 
thick. \]/ 2 to 2% inches long, i to 2 inches wide, smooth and entire. Sepals gresn, 
% inch long. Petals narrow, 1 inch long. 

6. T. NiVALEj Riddelh Snowy Trillium. 

Small; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse; nct.tls oval-lanceolate, obtuse sorncwhafc 
wavy, white, as long as the peduncle, longer than the sepals^ 

Etch shady woods, rare. April. Stern 2 to 4 inches high, from a thick tuberous 
root. Leaves 1 to 2 inches long, by % to 1 inch wide. Se2)ats green, much narrower 
than the petals. Petals % to 1 inch long. Styles long and liliform. 

2. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Indian Cucumber-root. 

Named after the sorceress Media, from its supposed medicinal virtues. 

Perianth revolute, of 3 sepals and 3 petals. Stamens 
6, inserted at the base of the perianth : filaments thread- 
like, longer than the linear-oblong anthers. Styles 3 3 fili- 
form, recurved-diverging, deciduous. Berry spherical, 3- 
celled, few-seeded.— -A perennial herb, with a simple slender 
stem rising from a horizontal and tuberous white rootstock, bearing 
a whorl of 5 to 10 sessile leaves near the middle and another of 3 
smaller ones at the top } subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved 
flowers. 

M. ViRGlNlCA, L. Cucumber Boot. 

Leaves rf the lower whorl obovate-lanceolatc. pointed; upper cues ovate, 
Rich damp woods, common. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect. Flowers S to 
G, greenish-yellow, reilexed, with long dark red reflexed stigmas. 

Order 125. LlLIAOE^—LUi/ Family. 

Herbs, with par allel-nervcd scszile or sheathing leaves, regular per/at 6-(rardy i)- 
cndrc/iis flowers with a petal-Uhc Q-meram perianth free from the 2 to Z-cdled ovary. — 
Stamens G inserted into the perianth ; anthers attached by a point. Style single ; 
tricMA simple or S-lclcd. Fruit a o-valvtd loculicidal cap&ule cr berry, flw-many- 
§eed<_d. 

Tribe 1. A3PARAGE.E. The Asparagus Tribe. 

Druit a few-seeded berry, 2 to 3-celled. Iiocisiccls creeping or tuberous. 

1. ASPARAGUS, Linn. 

The ancient Greek name. 

Perianth G-parted, spreading above. Stamens 6, with 
peltate anthers. Style short: stigma 3-lobed. Berry 
(spherical, 3-celled; cells 2-seeded.— Perennials, with mucli- 
branchod stems from thick and matted rootstocks } narrow 
haves in clusters, and small gree~nish-i/ellow axillary flowers. 



LILIACE^E. 375 



A. OFFICIANALIS, L. Garden Asparagus. 

Stem herbaceous, erect, rounded, mu-di branched ; leaves thread-like, fasciculate 
and flexible ; peduncles jointed in toe middle. 

Cultivated in gardens, and naturalized. June. Stem 1 to 3 feet high. Flowers 
small, solitary, drooping. Btrry globose, red. 

2. POLYGON ATU3I, Tourn. Solomon's Seal. 

G'r. polus, many, and gonu, knee, alluding to the many jointed stems and rhizoittau 

Perianth tabular, 6-lobed at the summit. Stamens Q y 
inserted on or above the middle of the perianth- tube, in- 
' eluded. Ovary 3 -celled : style slender : stigma capitate 
or triangular. Berry globular, blue or black, the cells I 
to 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, milk simple erect or curving 
stems from thick and knotted creeping rooistocks, mostly alternate and 
sessile or half clasping nervzd leaves, and axillary nodding green- 
ish flowers, 

1. P. CANALICULATUM, Pursh. Great Solomon's S:ah 

Stem stout, angled or channelled; leaves oblong-orate, obtusely pointed, partly 
clasping, smooth, nearly equally many-nerved ; peduncles 2 to 6-flowered, smooth ; 
filaments smooth, shorter than the anther?, inserted en the zxiiddle of the perianth- 
tube. (Convallaria eanalieulatiim, MuM.) 

Rich sandy river banks, common. June. Stem 3 to 5 feet high, curved. Leaves 
green on both sides. Perianth cylindrical-oblong, greenish-white. 

2. P. PUBESCENS, Pursh. Smaller Solomon's Seal. 

Stem round, or slightly grooved on one side ; leaves ovate-oblong or elliptical- 
lanceolate, minutely (Jowbje and glaucous underneath, with 3 to 5 principal serve?, 
sessile ; peduncles 1 to 2-flowe-red, smooth ; filaments minutely glandular puberulent, 
inserted near the summit of the perianth. (Csnvallaria pubescens, MuM.) 

Woods and reeky banks, common. May. June. Stem. 1 to 2 feet high, slightly 
curved. l\rianth % inch long, cylindrical-oblong* greenish. Ovules often G in 
each cell. 

3. SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal. 

Kamc a diminutive of SmUax, to which this genus, however, has little resemblance, 

Perianth 4 to 6-parted, spreading deciduous. Stamens 
4 to 6, inserted at the perianth-lobes : filaments slender : 
anthers short, Ovary 2 to- S-celled. Styles short and 
thick: stigma obscurely 2 to 3-lobed. Berry globular, 
1 and 2-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with simple stems from 
creeping or thickhli rooistocks, alternate nerved leaves, and whits 
often fragrant flowers in a terminal simple or compound raceme. 
Six: i. Sjhlagika, Besf. — Divisions of the perianth and stamens 6. 

1. S. racemosa, Dosf. False Spikenard, 

Minutely downy; stem somewhat flexuous; leaves numerous, oblong or oval- 
lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate ; abruptly short-petioled '„ racexie compound^ panicledj 
t&tfirg 3reelled, 



§76 LILIA€E#:. 



Moist woods. May, June. Stem zigzag, 2 feet high from a thick and fleshy root- 
etook. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long, ahout % as wide, contracted into a lon» acumi- 
aation. Flowers very numerous, small, white, on white pedicels, with white ex? 
serted filaments. Berries pale red, speckled with purple, aromatic. 

2. S. STELLATA, Desf. Star-flowered Solomon's Seal. 

Smooth or nearly so; leaves 7 to 11, oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely ciliate 
slightly clasping, thickish=; raceme, simple, few-flowered; ovary 2-celled. 

Moist hanks. May, June. Stem about 12 inches high,, round, Leaves smooth,, 
glaucous beneath, 4 to 6 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, tapering to the apex. Flow 
ers about 8, w^hite, stellate. Berries blackish,, 

3. S. trifolia, Desf. Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. 

Smooth, dwarf; leaves 3, sometimes 2 or 4, oblong or oval-lanceolate, sho rt-pointed; 
Barrowed into, a sheathing base; raceme simple> ovary -2 to 3-celled. 

Swamps. May, June. Stem-.Z to G inches high; Leaves smooth on the margin,, 
about 2 inches long, % as wide. Raceme terminal, erect, consisting of 4 to 6 white 
flowers. Ferianth-lobe& spreading. Anthers brownish. Berries red. 

Sec. ii. M'aianthemum, Desf. Divisions of the perianth and stamens 4. 

4. S. bifolia, Ker.- Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. 

Smooth or nearly so; stems low, mostly 2-leaved; Zeaues-hearti-shaped, petioled cr 
sessile.; raceme simple, crowded. 

Shady, moist woods, common. May. Stem 3 to 5 inches high, with 2 or some- 
times 3 leaves near the summit, and often a larger radical leaf on a long petiole. 
Flowers white, small, fragrant, in an oblong raceme, one inch long. Berries rea?~ 
dish, speckled^ 

4*. CLINTONIA, Ea£ 

Dedicated to Be Witt Clinton. 

Perianth 6-parted, bell-shaped, lily-like ; deciduous-,. 
Stamens G ; inserted at the base of the segments : fila- 
ments long and threacMike : anthers iinear-oblong. Ovary 
ovoid-oblong, 2-celled ; style long, compressed : stigma 
depressed. Berry ovoid,, blue, few to many-seeded. — Acau- 
lescent perennials, with slender- creeping rootstocks, sending up a 
naked scape, sheathed at the base by 2 to 4 large oblong or oval ciliate 
leaves, and bearing rather large, umhtlled or rarely single, white or 
greenish flowers at the summit. 

1. Q\ BORE ALLS, Ruf. Northern Clintonia. 

Umbel 2 to 7-flowered; ovary with 10- to 12 ovules in each cell. (Dracaena 
Tborealis, Ait.) 

Cold moist mountain- weeds. June. Sco.pe- 6 to 8 inches high. Leaves radical^ 
5 to 8 inches long. Perianth % to %inch long, greenish-yellow. Berry blue. 

2. C* limbellata, Torr. Small-flowered Clintonia. 

Umbel 12 to 30-flowered ; cells of. : the berry 2-seeded. (Convallaria umbellata>, 
Michx,) 

Rich woods, through the Alleghenies. June. Scape many-flowered, 9 to 12 inched, 
high. Leaves 2 to 5, 6 to 9 inches long. Flowers 15 to 'SCy whits?, speckled, witls^ 
purple ^£ to y% inch long, odorous 



LILIACE.E. 877 



5. CONVALLAEIA, Linn. Lily of the Valley. 

Lat. cojivallis, a valley, the locality of some -specie's; • 

" Perianth bell- shaped, 6 parted. Stamens 6, divergent, 
arising from the base of the segniont. Berry globose, 2-- 
celled. — An elegant sweet-scented perennial herb, often eulti- : 
vated in gardens with mostly 2 radical ovate leaves, and a slender 
stape bearing white flowers in a single rank. 

C. majalis, L. Lily of the Valley. 

Sea pi nak-id, smooth, semi cylindric; le aves nearly radical, orate; raceme, nnwla, . 
one-sid-d. 

Allegheny mountains, common iri cultivation. May. Scape -6 inches high. 
Leaves 4 to? inches long, ovaie-cdliptical, pointed. 

Tribe 2. ASPIIODELE.E. The Asphodel Tribe. 

F^utl a few to many sealed capsule, 3 celled;, loculicidal. . Seeds anatropous or 
ani^hi tropicus* . 

Sec. i. Not bulbous. 

6. IIEMOROOALLIS, Linn. Day Lily. - 

Gr. nemcra. a day. and J:al!o*, beautiful ; its flowers lasting but a day. 

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like, the short tube enclosing. 
the ovary, the spreading limb G-parted. Stamens 6. insert- 
ed on the throat of the perianth : filaments long and 
thread-like, declined: stigma simple. Capsule rather 
fleshy, 3-angled, 8-valved, with several black round seeds in 
each cell. — IShowy perennial exotics, with fleshy fibrous roots, 
radical linear, keeled 2-r a uked leaves and yellow or reddish 
flowers, (which collapse and decay after expanding for a 
single day) home on tall scopes. 

1. II . fulya, L. . Common Day Lily. 

7rni$r divisions cf the perianth wavy and obtuse, the veins. branched. 

Damp grounds, escaped from cultivation and naturalized-. July. Leaves nu- - 
merous. about 2 feet long, and an inch v.i Je. smooth, acute. Fl-otvcrs large, tawny- 
orange or reddish. Scape round, thick, smooth, 3 feet high. Style stria ce. 

2. II. FLAVA, L. Yellow Day Lily. 

Divisions of the perianth fiat, the veins undivided. Native of South Europe. 
July. leaves 1 to 2 feet long, * 2 incn W*d«*i fcetd^d. Scape 2 feet high, branching. . 
JTtouxriA argfi, yellow, swset scented. Cult'vat^d. '■ 

3. II. GRAMINEA, L. Grassdeavcd Day Lily. 

Leaves gra>s-hke, linear, keeled; 3 inner perianth lobes larger, waved, the outer 
smaller. Native of South Europe. Jul}\ Leaves 6 to 18 inches long, narrower 
rnd much smaller than in either of the preceding species. Seupc 9 to 12 inches 
high, 3 to 6-flowt red. Ptrianth orange-yellow on the inside, reddish on the outsit , 
Rare in Cultivation. 

Q2* 



&78 LILIACE.3E. 



% FUNKIA, Gaert. Japan Day Lilies. 

Perianth funnel-bell-shaped, 6-parted. Stamens 6. 
Filaments long, declined, the upper ones the shortest : 
anthers oblong, fixed by their sides, turned up at the ends. 
Style long^, declined, superior, furrowed : stigma obtusely 
Wangled. Capsule 3-sided, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 
very numerous, flat.— Ornamental 'perennial herbs, from Ja- 
pan, with somewhat heart-shaped long-pet ioled' leaves, and 
tvhite op bluish flowers on br acted scapes. 

1. F. ALBA, Geert. 'White Day Lily. . 

Leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate; perianth* funnel-form, with a long tube; 
Aug., Sept. Scape 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves smooth, on long radical petioles 3 to I 
inches •wide. Flowerz- large, white, very fragrant, 3 to 4 inches long, somewhat 
crowded, each axillary to a large bract. Anthers yellow. 

2,. F. cgehulia, G-sert. Blue Day Lily. 

Leaves heart-shaped, on petioles; perianth tubular-bell-shaped, swelled^. July,- 
Aug. Scape 2 to 3 feet high. Bracts yellowish. Flowers bluifch-purplo, 2 to 3 
inches long, the slender tube enclosing the ovary ; border inflated, round-tw»U~ 
shaped*-. Anthers blue. 

Si F. JAPONIOA, Goorfc. Japan Day Lily. 

Leaves lanceolate or ovate-laneeolate; perianth funnel- form, with soraewhafe' 
reflexed segments. July, Sept. Leaves 3 to 4 inches long, narrowed into .a petiole 
of 4 to 5 inches in length. Scape slender, 12. to 18 inches high. F lower s mucH* 
smaller than in. the preceding. species., pale-purple, Lto 2 inches long.. 

8; ASPHODELUS, Linn. King's Spear-. 

Q'r. ai privative* sphallo,. to surpass ; a flower not surpassed in beauty. 

Perianth^ 6-partecT, spreading, with. 6 valves, covering; 
the ovary. Stamens 6; issuing.. fi:om-. the valves. Capsule, 
globular, many-seeded! — -Fine garden plants with showy 
flowers* 

1. A. LTJT.EUS, L. Kings Spear. Yellow Asphodel. 

Stem leafy ; leaves linear 3-nerved. A showy garden perennial from Sicily, or 
the easiest culture and rapid increase. June. Stan-1 to 3 feet high, thickly in-- 
vested' with, th j iOng.linear.hollow- tapering^striped leaves. Flowers yellow, in a. 
very long spiko. 

2, A. RAMOSUs, L. Branching Atphodel. 

$Wn naked, branched; leaves ensiform, koelod, smooth; peduncle as long as tli©- 
bract. Native of South Europe. June. Not so tall, aa the preceding, but with... 
longer white flowers,. 

Sic. ii. FuUous: 

9.. ORNITHOGALUM, Tourn. STAR-oir-BETmEnEM.. 

Gr. ornithos,.* bird, and gala, milk; why so-called is not obvious. 

Perianth deeply 6-parted ; spreading above the middle :. 



LILIACBJt 3T.& 



the divisions several, nerved. Filaments 6, fl&ttened-awl- 
shaped. Styles 3-sided : stigma 3-angled. Capsule* 
roundish-angular, with a few roundish seeds in each cell. — 
Perennial herbs, with radical leaves and a naked racemose or 
corymbed scape from a coated h*Z5. 

G< UMBELLATUM, L* White Siar-of-BetTdchem. 

Flowers corymbose, 5 to 8 on long spreading pedicels; sepals green in the middle 
omtside. 

Moist meadows, naturalized, common in gardens. Native of England. Jane, 
Scape 5 to 8 inches high. Leaves linear and narrow, emarginate, 5 to 8 inches long, 
•with a white line on the upper side. Flowers white, few in a loose corymb. 1\- 
rianth-lobes beautifully marked with a longitudinal green stripe on the out*idfc 

10. ALLIUM, Linn. Onion. Garlic. 

The ancient Latin name of the Garlic. 

Perianth of 6* entirely colored sepals, which are distinct 
©* united at the very base, 1 -nerved, becoming dry and more 
or less persistent. Filaments awl-sbaped or dilated afc 
their base. Style filiform :; stigma simple. Capsuls 
lobed, 3-celled, 3-valved, with a few black and tough seeds 
in each cell. — Strong-scented and pungent acaulctcad kerhi% 
tcith the mostly radical leaves and the scape from a coated 
bulb , the flowers in a simple umbel, and a 1 to 'l-talved ypaihe. 
*-Um,bel often a'tnsdy bulcf-iearing unth or without fevers. 

1. A. VINE ALE, L. Field Garlic. 

Scape slender, clothed with the {-hea thing ba?e3- of the -leaves below the mids3;e ;~ 
leave? round, hollow, slender, channelled above : filaments much dilated, the al- 
ternate one 3-cleft, the middle divisions aether bearing. 

Mnist meadows and fields, naturalized and some placid very troublesome. Jnne. 
Bulb ovoid, small. Leaven 6 to 12 inches long. Scape 1 to 2b< fe<t high, bearing. » 
epathe of 2 small bracts at the top, and an umbel of rcse-oolorcd and green flowers 
at the top with which bulbs are sometimes intermixed. 

2. A. Canadensis, Kalm. Wild Meadow Garlic. 

Scape leafy only at the base ; leaves narrowly linear, Satiish : unilel few Cowered ; 
fiaments simple, dilated Below, about as long as the perianth. 

Moist fields, common. May, June. Leaves very long and narrow. Stope 12 tc 
15 inches high, round, smooth, bearing a spathe of 2 ovate actite bracts at the top, 
with a head of bulb3 and Cowers. Flowers whitish or pale roso-coicr. Gn.pedicele r 
tlie bulbs are sessile, each furnished with a bract beneath. 

* * Umbel bearing only flowers. 

3". A. cernuum, Eoth. Nodding Garlic. Wild Onion, 

Scape miked, angular, elongated, often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or 
drooping many-Cowered nmbel ; leaves linear, elongated, sharply keeled; sejrals 
oblong-ovate, acute, much shorter than the slender Clements; ovary 6-toothed at 
the summit, becoming a roundish 3-seeded capsule. 

Banlcs and steep roots, common. July. Scope 10 to 12 inches high, besr'ng a> 
lao#e umbel of 20 to £0 fiowers. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long. Flowers -white os 



380 LILIACE^E. 



rose-color. The variety with white flowers grows abundantly in steep ro-,:ky 
places along the Susquehanna. The plant is very strong-scented. 

4. A. TRICOCCUM, Ait. Wild Leek. Lance-leaved Garlic. 

Scape naked, bearing an erect many-flowered umlel ; leaves lance-oblong or ellip- 
tical, fiat; sepals obtuse, oblong; capsule strongly 3-Iobed. 

Rich shaded sandy woods, rare. Jifly. Bulbs clustered, pointed, 2 inches long. 
Leaves 5 to 10 inches long, 1 to 1}4 inch widb, acute, tapering into a petiole, ap- 
pearing in early spring and decaying before flowering. So-ipeX2 to 15 inches high, 
"bearing a thin 2-leaved deciduous spathe at the top, with an umbel of 10 to 20 
white flowers. 

5. A. triflortjm,- Raf. Mountain Lcehs 

Scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves; leaves' lanceolate, nerved ; umbel 
few-flowered. Pursh.- 

Mountains, rare* May,* J line. 

CULTIVATED EJTC TIC SPECIES. . 

6. A. SATIVUM, L. Common Garlic. 

Bulb compound; stem leafy; -burbifereus : si aniens tricuspldatc. Kative of Sie'ly. 
July. Stem 3 feet high. Floiv-en small, white. Bulbs strong-scented and acrid. 

7. A. SciKENOPRASUM, L. Chives. Cues. 

Scape as long as the round subulate leaves; Flowers small, rosc-eclo-iv* Juner- 
Common in gardens. 

8. A. Pop. rum, L. Lee/:. 

S'e-m compressed, leafy; leaves sheathing atbnse; itawsmi tricu*pldat©. Native 
Of Switzerland. July± Eonl- 'bearing a scaly cylindrical bulb. Stern 2 feet high, 
tearing long linear alternate sheathing leaves, and at the top a large umbel of. 
small white flowers. 

9. A. Cepa, L. Common Onion. 

Scape fistulous, swelling towards the ba?e, longer thanthe terete fistulous 'leaves „ 
K&Live of Hungary. Universally cultivated for the kitchen. Culture has pro- 
duced numerous varieties. - 

11. HYACINTHUS, Linn. Hi'AciNTir. 

A fabulous name. 

Perianth sub-globose or bell-shaped, regular 6-cleft. 
Stamens 6, issuing fr.om the middle of the segments. 
Dv t ary with 3 necteriferous pores at the summit. Capsule 
8-celled, about 2-seeded. — Ornamental f bulbous plants, native 
of the Lev ant y with fragrant white, pink blue and p&'ple 
flowers. 

H. orient alts, L. . Common ILjacintli. 

Terianth funnel- form, half 6-cleft, swelled at the base. May. The hyacinth is 
a well known garden flower, long prized and cultivated. Leaves thick, linear- 
lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long. Scape 5 to 10 inches high, thick, bearing a dense 
ibyrseid raceme^of difkrcntvjEh&des of blu«>piuk ; purple or white fragrant flowers. . 



LILIACE.3R. 881 



12. POLYANTHOS, Emm Tuberose. 

Qr. polus, many, anthos, flower ; the plant bearing numerous flowers. 

Pemantk- funnel-form, incurved. Filaments inserted 
into the throat. Stigma 3-cleft. Ovary at the bottom of 
the perianth.-—^ beautiful bulbous exotic, with white fragrant 
flowers. 

P. tuberosa, L. Tuberose. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate ; fioioers alternate, in pairs ; perianth-lobes oblong. Na* 
tire of Ceylon. Aug., Sept. Scape scaly, 2, to 3 feet high, with white regular flow- 
ers of a delicious fragrance, 

Tribe 3. TULIPACEJE. Tulip or true Lily Tribe: 

Fruit a many-seeded 3-celled loculicidal capsule. Seeds anatropous. Peria2tf&-. 
<3-leaved. — Bulbous. 

13. L1LIUM, Linn. Lilt. 

The classical Latiu name. 

Perianth funnel-form or bell-shaped, colored, of 6 dis^ 
tinct sepals, spreading or recurved above, with a necteriferons 
furrow at the base, deciduous. Stamens 6, somewhat ad- 
hering to the bases of the sepals : anthers linear, versatile. 
Style elongated, somewhat club-shaped : stigma 3-Iobech 
Capsule oblong. 3- celled, containing numerous fiat seeds 
densely packed in % rows in each cell. — Perennial scaly 
bulbous herbs, with simple stems, numerous alternate-scattered 
or ivhorled short and sessile leaves and one to several large and 
showy flowers.. 

* Flowers erect, bell-shaved, this sepals narrowed below into claws. 

L L. Philadelphkjum, L. Wild Orange Lily. 

Leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper chieSy in whorls of 6 to 8; flowers 1 to 3 or- 
sometimes 5. open-bell-shaped, with lanceolate sepals. 

Open woods, hillsides and- fence-rows, net rare. June — A'tig. Stem 2 to 3 'feet 
high, round, smooth, simple. Leaves 2 to 3 inches long, % to \< 2 inch wide, 1 to 3 
nerved. Flowers large^reeldigh-orange, the inside spotted with. purple neartha' 
base, 1]/ 2 inches long, on a peduncle 1 to 3 inches long. 

2. L. Catesb^i, Walt.. Wild Bed Lily. Catesby's Lily., 

Leaves, linear-lanceolate, scattered; fiow&rs solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long- 
clawed sepals wavy on the margin, and recuryed at the summit, the margins oS 
the claws involute. 

Low sandy soil, and meadows, rare, Montour Co. July. Stem 12 to 18 inches 
high, bearing a single large terminal scarlet flower, spotted with dark purple and" 
yellowish inside. S'pal4 ovate or rhombic-oYate. Wjth the mid-vein green on the.. 
©utside. . 



382 LILIACE2E. 



* * Flowers nodding, hell-shaped, tthe sessile sepals 7'evolute. 

3. L. Canadsnse, L, Wild Meadow Lily-. 

Leaves remotely whorled, lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves- 
rough ; flowers mostly 3, sometimes 5 or more, long-peduncled, funnel bell- shaped,, 
the sepals recurved-spieading above the middle. 

Moist meadows, common. June, July. Stem 2 to 3 feet high. Flowers 1 to 3, 
sometimes 5 to 20, pendulous, yellow or orange at the base, densely spotted witii- 
brown-purple inside and outside above, 2 to 3 inches long. 

4. L, SUPERBUM, L. Turlcs-cap Lily. Superb Lily. 

Lower leaves whorled, lanceolate, pointed, smooth, 3-nerved, upper ones scattered ;• 
flowers often 3 to 40 in a pyramidal raceme, nodding with revolute sepals. 

Hich lo-w grounds rather common. July, Aug. A superb plant 3 to 5 feet high r . 
•with an erect, round, straight stem. Flowers bright orange, with numerous dark 
purple spots inside. Sepals 3 inches long, linear-lanceolate; beautifully and fully 
5© volute,. 

CULTIVATED EJT®TTC SFEiJIES, 

5. L. tigrinum, L. Tiger-spotted Lily. 

Heaves scattered, sessile^ 3-nerved, the upper ones cordate-ovate ;• sepals revolutsy 
papillose inside. A.ug. Native of China, common in cultivation. Stem 4 to 6 feet 
Mgh, woolly, bearing bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Flowers large, dark orange 
©r reddish, spotted with black, in a pyramidal raceme. Sepals 4 to 6 inches long, 
beautifully revolute, scabrous on the midvein, inside. 

* * * Flowers bell-shaped.. 

6. L. BXJLBIFERWM, L. Oroynge Lily. Fire Lily. 

Leaves scattered, 3-veined, pubescent when young ; flowers bell-shaped, erect 
sough within. July. Native of Itah r . Stem thick, round, 2 to 4 feet high, bearing 
pmall, roundish bulbs in the axils of the leaves. Flowers large, orange-colored^, 
scabrous within. Common in cultivation. 

% L, CANBIDW,. !*• Common White Lily. 

Leaves scattered, lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; -flowers bell-shaped, smooth/ 
on the inside. July. Native of the Levant. A much cultivated and beautiful 
garden plant, with a thick stem, 3 to 4 feet high. Flowers large, snow-white^ 
^ery fragrant, in a terminal raceme. 

14. ERYTHRONI1TM, Linn. Bg-g's-tooth Violet: 

Gr. eruthros> red, which is inappropriate as respects our species. 

Pemanth liliaceous, of 6 distinct lanceolate sepals, re- 
curved or spreading above, deciduous, the 3 inner usually 
with a callous tooth on each- &id,e of the erect base and a 
groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped : anthers 
oblong-linear. Style elongated. Capsule obovate, con- 
tracted at the base, 3-valved. Seeds ovate. — Nearly stem- 
less bulbous perennials, with two smooth and shining flat leaves 
tapering into petioles and sheathing the base of the l-Jlowere<i 
scape. 



LILIACE^E. 383 



1. E. Americanum, Smith. Yellow Dog's-tooth Violet. 

Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, involute at the point, spotted ; scape naked ; sepals 
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, inner ones bidentate near the base ; style club shaped; 
stigmas united. 

Meadows in sandy soil, common. April. May. A beautiful little plant. Scape 
6 to 9 inches high. Leaves 2, spotted with purple, and dotted 5 inches long, one of 
them nearly twice as wide as the other. Flower drooping, yellow, revolute in the 
sunshine, spotted near the base. 

2. E. albidum, Nutt. White Dog's-tooth Violet. 

Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, spotted, not dotted ; sepals linear-lanceolate, th 1 © 
inner without lateral teeth; style thread-like and club-shaped; stigma 3 cleft. 

Low tbrc'iets and sandy meadows, often in company with the other species. 
April, Mi y. Leaves without an acumination, including the petiole i to 5 inches 
long, spotted with purple. Scape 6 to 7 inches high, bearing a single white flovrer. 
Sepals V/ k inch long. 

15. FRITTILLAPtIA, Linn. Crown Imperial. 

Lat fiiiillu?j a chess-board; alluding to the checkered flowers. 

Perianth bell-shaped, with abroad base and necterifenms 
cavity above the claw of each segment. Stamens 6 ; as long 
as the sepals. Seeds flat. — Bulbous perennial exotics ? icith 
shouy, but ill-scented flowers. 

L F. imperiaiSj L. Common Crown Imperial. 

Raceme comose, naked below ; leaves lanceolate, acute. May, June. Native of 
Tarsia. A showy flower of easy culture, common in cultivation. Stem thick, 1 to 
2 feet high, the lower part inserted with the long leaves, the upper part is naked, 
bearing at the top a cluster of several red or yellow nodding flowers beneath a 
crown formed by the pairs of leaves at the base of each pedicel. 

2. F. MALEAGRis, L. Checkered Crown Imperial. 

Leaves alternate, linear, channelled; stem 1- flowered. May. Native of Britian 
Stan a foot high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves. Flower usually eoli 
tary, large, nodding, and beautifully checkered with purple pale red or yellow. 

16. TULIPA, Linn. Tulip. 

Persian thouliban, a turban; alluding to the form of these magnificent Sowers. 

Perianth bell-shaped, with sepals. Stamens 6, short, 
subulate: anthers 4-angled. Stigma thick. Capsule 
oblong, triangular. Seeds flat. — Bidbous exotic i perennials ) 
with radical leaves and a showy solitary flower on a scape. 

1. T. Gesneriana, L. Common Tulip. 

Leaves ovate-lanceolate ; flower erect, smooth, with obtuse sepals. May. Native 
of P*r3ia. There are more than 503 varieties enumerated in catalogues, with red, 
tsarlet, crimson white yellow, brown, purple, striped , blotched and fringed flowers 

2. T. SUAVEOLENS, L. Sweet-scented Early Tulip. 

Lcava linear-lanceolate ; flower erect, smooth with acute sepals, the alternate 



384 §dELANTJIA€E^. 



ones lanceolate, the others ovate. Native of Persia. Flowers mostly vellov, 
fragrant, appearing in April. 

Tribe 4. ALOINEiE. 

Fruit 3-cel'led, S-valved, with a loculicidal dehiscence, opening at the summtt. 
Seeds numerous.— .Not bulbous. 

17. YUCCA, Linn. Adam's Needle. 

Jucca, the Indian name. 

Pertanrh inferior globular or bell-shaped. Stamens 
with awl-shaped filaments. Style none. Capsule oblong, 
with 3 obtuse angles 3-celled, many-seeded, opening at ths 
summit. Seeds flat. — Evergreen perennials, with narrow 
filamentaceous radical leaves , and a scape of numerous white flowers, 
in a terminal panicled raceme or spifce, 

1. Y. ANGUSTIFOLIAj L. Narrow-leaved Yucca. 

Leaves long linear, filarnentose on the margins, rnucronate. Aug. Native of tha 
Southern States. Leaves 10 to 15 inches long, }4 to ■% inch wide, with whit* 
threads along the margin. Paraded spike terminal, on a scape 2 to 3 feet high, 
many-flowered. Flowers globular-bell-shaped, white. 

2. Y. filamentqsa, L. Adam's Needle. Silk-grass. 

Leaves lance-linear, nlamentose, mucronate ; 3 inner sepals broad-lanceolata; 
eapsule large ohiong-obovate. July, Aug. Native of the Southern States. Leav-es 
12 to IS inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, very filarnentose on the margin. Scape 3 
to 5 feet high, bcaaing a terminal panicle of numerous white fragrant flowers. 
Perianth globose. Stigmas recurved, spreading. 

Order 126. MBhAETRMBM—Melanthiuin Family 

Herbs, with perfect or polygamous and regular Q-m-erous and 0-androus flowert, 
ihepekdoid perianth free from the 3-ceUcd ovary, exirorse anther s } and 3 (sometimes 
united) more or less distinct styles. 

Suborder i. TJVULARIEiE. The B&llwort Family. 

Perianth soon deciduous, the divisions distinct, petaloid. 
Styles united at the base or throughout. Fruit a 3-celled 
few-seeded berry or loculicidal capsule. — Seems from small 
perennial rootstocks and fibrous roots, ovate or lanceolate membra- 
naceous sessile or clasping leaves., and. perfect flowers on solitary or 
1 -flowered peduncles. 

1. TJVULARXA, Linn. Bellwort. 

JSame "from the flowers hanging on the uvula, or palate." 

Perianth nearly bell-shaped, lily-like, the sepals spaiu- 



MELANTHACE^J 385 



late-lanceolate, with a necteriferous groove or pit at the 
base of each. Stamens 6, with short filaments: anthers 
long and linear, adnate. Style deeply 3 -cleft Capsule 
triangular, 3-celled, 3-valved from the top, with a few obo- 
void seeds in each cell. — Perennial herbs from creeping root- 
stocks, alternate sessile or clasping leaves,, and pale yellow nodding, 
mostly solitary flowers, 

* Leaves clasping^ perfoliate 

1. U. GRANDIFLORA, Smith. Large-flowered Bellworl. 

Leaves oblong or elliptical-ovate, pale and very -slightly pubescent underneath; 
■sepals smooth within ; anthers nearfy pointless ; lobes of the capsule with convex 
*ides. 

Rich woods, rare. May, June. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, passing through the 
perfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing into 2 branches at the top, one of which, 
bears a large pendulous pale-yellow flower. Perianth 1% inch long. Anthers % 
inch long. 

2. U. PERTOLIATA, L. Perfoliate Bellworl. 

Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath; sepals granu- 
lar-roughened inside; anthers pointed ; capsule-lobes with concave sides. 

Moist woods and thickets, common. May, June. Stem 8 to 12 inches 'high, 
passing through the perfoliate leaves near the base, 2-branched at the top. Leaves 
2 to 3 inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Flowers pale-yellow, % to 1 inch long. 

* * Leaves sessile. 

o. U. sessilifolia, L. Sessile-leaved Bellworl. 

Low, smooth; leaves oval or lance-oblong, pale, glaucous underneath; styles 
united to the middle, longer than the obtuse anthers; capsule. triangular ovate. 

Low woods, common. May. Stem 6 to 10 inches high, forked near the summit. 
Leaves 1 to 1% inch long. -Flowers 1 to 2 on a slender axillary peduncle, cream- 
colored, % Inch long. 

4. U. puberula, Michx. Puberulent Bellwort. 

/Leaves shining, ovate, green, minutely puberulent, as well as the branches; 
styles united below, as long as the short-pointed .anthers; capsule ovate, sessile. 
Mountains, southern parts of the State. 

% PROSARTES, Don. Prosartes. 

^r.prosartaSy to hang from; in allusion to the suspended ovules or flowers. 

Perianth bell-form, 6-parted, mu^h as in Uvularia. 
Stamens 6, the thread-like filaments inserted at the base of 
the perianth. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules suspended 
from the summit of each cell. Styles united into one : 
stigmas B, short, recurved. Berry ovoid, pointed, 3 to 6- 
seeded, red. — Downy low herbs, widely branched above, with 
closely sessile, ovate leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers on, 
slender terminal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. 

P. LANUGINOSA, Don. Pale-flowered Prosartes. 
Leaves ovate-oblong, aeuminate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base \ 



386 MELANTHACE2E. 



•closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; sepals lance-linear, 
acuminate, soon spreading, twice as long as the stamens. (Streptopus, Michx.) 

Rich woods, rare. May. Stem 12 to 15 inches high, with 2 to 3 forks near the 
summit. Flowers greenish-yellow, the sepals % i 110 * 1 Jo^g? marked with conspicu- 
ous cross- yeinlets like the leaves. 

S. STREPTOPUS, Michx. Twist-Stalk. 

Gr. stre/ptos, twisted, and pous, foot, or stalk. 

Perianth 6-parted, recurved spreading from a bell-shaped 
base, the 3 inner sepals keeled. Stamens 6 : filaments 
short, flattened : anthers arrow-shaped. Ovary with 
many ovules in each cell : styles and even the stigmas 
muted into one ! Berry red, roundish-ovoid, with several 
seeds in each cell. — Kerbs with somewhat stout stems, di- 
vergently spreading branches, ovate and acuminate round clasping 
leaves j and small flowers on slender filiform peduncles. 

1. S. AMPLEXIFOLIUS, DO. Clapping Twist-Stalk. 

Leaves oblong-ovate, closely clasping, very smooth, glaucous beneath ; peduncle. 
-abruptly bent or contorted near the middle; anthers acuminate, entire; stigma 
entire, truncate. 

Low cold words, rare. Jane. Stem 2 to 3 feet high, rough at the base, forked. 
F '..Givers greeni; h-white, on a filiform peduncle, bent round the clasping base of the 
1 javes, rarely 2-iiowered. 

.2. S. roseus, Michx. Rose Twist-Stalk. 

Leaves ovate- oblong, clasping, finely ciliate on the margin, green on both sides ; 
tranches -sparingly bent with short bristly hairs; anthers 2-hcrned ; stigma minutely 
3-cleft. 

Gold damp woods, rp.re. May, Jun". Per. Stem 12 to 18 inches high, 2 or 3- 
forked at the upper j?art. Flowers rose colored, 1 to 2 on filiform nodding peduncles. 

Sub order ii. MELANTHIEiE. The True Golciiicum 

Family. 

Perianth mostly persistent, the sepals distinct or rarely 
their claws united. Styles 3, seperate. Fruit a 3-celled, 
3 -parted capsule. — Herbs with acrid poisonous properties* 
and sometimes poll/ gamous or dioecious flowers. 

4. MELANTHIUM, Gronov., L. 

^3t. melas, black, anthos, flower ; the flower becoming black after blossoming. 

Polygamous. Perianth petaloid, rotate, deeply 6-parted ; 
the segments somewhat cordate, raised on slender claws, 
with 2 gla&ds at the base. Stamens 6, on the claws of the 
perianth. Styles short, awl-shaped, tipped with simple 
minute stigmas. Capsule ovoid-conical, 3-lobed ; 3-celled, 



MELANTHACE^E. 387 



many-seeded. — Tall perennials, with simple stems, lance- 
linear grass-like leaves, and an ample pyramidal panicle of cream- 
colored racemose flowers. 

1. M. Virginicum, L. Virginian Melanthium. 

Loaves linear-lanceolate, long ; sepals ovate hastate, at last oblong, flat, theglancte 
distinct; filament cohering with the claws beyond the middle. 

Wet meadows, rather common. July. Stem 3 to 4 feet high, leafy. Leaves 9 to 
15 inches long, somewhat clasping at base. Flmvers greenish-white, the perfect 
and sterile mixed, on short pedicels, in simple alternate racemes, together consti- 
tuting a pyramidal panicle 10 to 15 inches long. 

2. M. HYBRIHUM, Walt. Hybred llelanthium. 

Leaves long-linear, nearly smooth, clasping the stem ; sepals round-rhomboid or 
broadly ovate, wavy, the glands united; fila,ments involved in the lower part of 
the involute claws. 

Low and high grounds, rare. July — Sept. Stem 2 feet high, leafy. Leaves vary- 
ing from lance-linear to lanceolate. Periantii very open, yellowish-green. 

5. VEEATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. 

Lat. vere, truly, atrum, black ; in allusion to the color of the flowers or root. 

Flowers polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and 
separate sepals, more or less contracted at the base, without 
glands. Stamens 6, free from the sepals and shorther than 
they, recurving. Styles 3, short, awl-shaped. Capsule 
ovoid, membranaceous, S-lobed, the carpels distinct at the 
summit. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, iciih simple stems r 
plaited 3 ranked leaves, and racemepanicled dull or dark flowers. 

V. yiride, Ait. White Hellebore. Indian Poke. 

Liaves broad-ovate, plaited ; panicle pyramidal, with compound racemes; 

Swamps and low grounds, common. June. Stem stout, very leafy to the top, 
2 to 4 feet high. Leaves large, sheathing the stem at the base. Flozvcrs yellowish- 
green, moderately spreading. Hoot very poisonous. 

6. AMIANTHEMUM, Gray. Fly-Poison. 

Crr. amiantos, pure, and antlws, flower ; alluding to the unspotted glandless perianth. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading, the dis- 
tinct petaloid sepals oval or obovate, sessile. Filaments 
capillary. Anthers kidney-shaped or heart-shaped. Styles 
filiform. Capsule ovoid conical, 3-lobed. Seeds nearly 
wingless, 1 to 4 in each cell. — Perennial herbs, from a 
bulbous base, with simple scape like stems, linear-keeled grass-like 
leaves, and handsome flowers in a simple or rarely compound dense 
raceme. 

A. musc^etoxioum, Gray. Fly-Poison. 

Leaves broadly linear, elongated, obtuse,. as- long as the scape; raceme simple, 
oblong or cylindrical ; capsule abruptly 3-horned; seeds oblong with a fleshy red. 
saat. 



388 juncace^;. 



Shady stamps, rare. June. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves mostly radical,. 10 
to 15 inches long, % to 1 inch wide. Raceme 3 to 9 inches long, dense-floweredi 
Perianth and stamens white,. 

7. HELONIAS, Linn. Unicorn 

Gr.Jielos, a swamp; the place of its growth.. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong per- 
sistent sepals. Stamens -6, longer than the sepals : anthers 
roundish-oval, 2-celled, blue. Stales 3, involute, stigmatic 
along the inner side. Capsule obcordatelj 3-lobed, locu- 
licidallj 3-valved, the valves deeply 3-lobed, many-seeded. — 
A smooth perennial, with a hollow naked scape from a tuberous 
root's fock^ numerous leaves, and a simple short dense raceme of p alb" 
purple flowers \. 

H. BULLATA, L. Purple-fiowered Unicorn*. 

Leaves inversely lanceolate or oblong-spatulate; flat, nerved ; scape leafless. (El 
latifolia, MicJix^ 

Sandy swamps, rare. May. Scape 1 to 2 feet high, thick and fleshy. Leaves-W- 
In 18 inches longj 1 to 1^ inch wide. Flowers purple, with. obtuse sepal& 

& CEAMJELEKUm, Willd'. DEvil's-bit: 

6Fr. cliamaiy on the ground, and leirion, a lily; of no obvious application; 

Flowers dioecious. Pertanth of 6 spatulate-oblong- 
sepals, persistent. Stamens 6, longer than tho sepals : 
filaments thread-like : anthers yellow. Fertile flow- 
3JRS with rudimentary stamens. Styles 3, linear club- 
shaped, stigmatic along the inner side. Capsule ovoicU 
©blong, not lobed, loculicidally 3-valved from the apex, 
many-seeded. — A smooth perennial -herb , with a slender stem 
from a thick premorse tuberous rootstock, clustered spreading^ leaves^ 
and a. long slender spiked racame of yellowish-white flowers, 

C. LUTETTM, Willdv Unicorn Root Blazing-star. 

Leaves flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulate, tapering into a petiole ; fertile scap&' 
Tery leafy ; sterile spilce nodding ; stamens exserted. . (Helonias dioica, Pursh.) 

Low moist grounds, rather common. June. Spilce at length 6 to 10 inches long 
showy. Root-leaves 4 to 8 inches long, % to 1 inch wide, somewhat whorled at tbo 
"base of the scape. Flowers small, very numerous, yellowish-white. The fertile 
plants are taller, more erect, but with fewer flowers.. Medicinal. 

Q&DER 127. JUNGACE7E.— Rush Family. 

Grass-Mice or. sedge-like herds, with jointed stems and a regular persistent perianth* 
of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3, stamens with introrse anthers, and a V, 
to Z-celled ovary, forming a Z-valved 3 to many-seeded capsule. Style single. Sesds^ 
Sfnairopous, with a minute embryo inclosed at the base of the albumen*. 



JUNCACE^. 389 



1. LUZULA, DO. Wood-rush. 

Italian, luce' da. a- glow-worm: from the dew glistening upon its flowers. 

Perianth persistent, 6 parted, spreading. Stamens 6. 
Stigmas 3. Capsule, 1-eelled, 3-valved, 3 seeded. — Pe- 
rennials, with flat and soft nsuully hair?/ leaves and spiked- 
crowded or umbelled flowers. 

1. L. pilosa, Willdv Pilose Wood-rimh.- 

Lzsbves lanee-liuear. hairy: peduncles unibelled, simple, mostly l-Ucwered; sepals 
pointed, shorter than the obtuse capsule; sdeds tipped with a curved appendage. 

Wools and banks. April. May. Stein, 6 to 12 inches high, cisespitose at the base. 
Madic tl fe ives numerous, 2 to 1 inches 'ong, veined, fringed with ion£ white hairs. 
Panicle 8. to i2-nptvered, unbailed. Flowers reddish-brown. 

2. L. campsstris, DC- Common Wood-rmh^. 

Leaves flat, linear, hairy; spaces 4 to 12, soniewh ^tuimbelled, ovoid, straw-color, 
somi of them lo'iroedncled^ otlaera liMi-ly- sessile; sep%U aeirninate,-. awnad, 
longer than llie obtuse capsule; s'eds with a. conical; appendage at the ba? n . 

Dry fiidds and woods. May. Stem 8 to 12 inches high, eaeajitose at base. L a .avs$ 
gra^s like 2 to 6 inches loag, very hairy on^tha margins. Floaters rjddhii-bro.ru, 
kL ovoid or oblong nearly erect spikes. 

. 2. JUNCTT3, Linn. State Bba-Rfcsii, 

The classical name, from j : oigi. to join, allulingto thdr-usefor bands. 

Pehiaxth spreading glunificeous, G-partel. Stamens 6, 
er S'jmetime3 3. Stigmas 3^ snbsessile; Capsule 3-celled, 
loeulicidil, many-sectal.— Chi--; 1 ;/ perennials, with pithy 
stem;, and eynmse^ pajticled } or clattered small greenish or 
brownish flowem. 

*Lsivi§ none. Scapes na^ed amiTi imple from milted running rootsiochs. Stamens 3. 

]., J. EFFU3US, L. Common or S\ft Rush. Bull-rush. 

Scape soft an:! pliant, finely striated ; patiicU diffusely much branched, many- 
Sowered ; sepals green, lanceolate, very arate. as long as the obovate very acuta 
sspsule; stamens 3. 

Marshy grott&d, very abundant. June. Scape 2 to I feet high, erect, terminating 
in a long tapering point. Panicle bursting from a fissure in the side of the scap* 
above the middle, sessile. Fkrujers greenish, with white anthers. 

* * Scapes naked, $&m of Hie sheatlis at the ba^e leaf -bearing. Stamens 6. . 

2. J. SETA0EU3, Rostkow. Bristly Push. 

Scape slender, filiform; panicle loose, rather simple, few-flowered ; sepals lanceo- 
late, very acute, especially the 3 exterior, longer than the obovate pointed capsule. 

Swamps. June, July. A very slender species, growing in tufts about 2 feet 
high. Shapes sheathed at base, turning light chestnut color. Panicle small, 20 to 
SO-tiowered, bursting from the side of the scape, below the summit. 

* * * Ste?ns leaf-bearing. Leaves round or flattened laterally knotted, or j&mt&k. 

3. J. sCRlPOlDESj Lam. Many-headed Rush* 

SU:n erect, stout, round; leave* round; panicle rather eimple^ bearing 6 ts §, 

R2* 



390 • JUNCACE^. 



pale-green densely many-flowered spherical heads ; sepals rigid, awl- shaped, andf 
somewhat awned, especially the outer, as long as the triangular acuminate capsule ; 
seeds barely pointed at each end., 

Wet borders of streams, rather common. July, Aug.. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, 
from a thickish; creeping r-ootstock. Remarkable for its burr-lik« green headJ,- 
usually ^ inch, in diameter. 

4. J. paradoxus^ & Meyer, in Gray's Flora. 

Stem stout and round; leaves terete or somewhat flattened ; panicle deccmrcurui 
"heads numerous, globular,. 8 to 15- flowered; sepals lanceolate, somewhat awl-point 
©d, rigid ; seeds conspicuously tailed at both end*. 

Wet places, common. July, Aug. Stem 1 to 2% feet high. Heads less dense, 
fewer-flowered, and sometimes smaller than the foregoing. " Remarkable for the 
loose white seed coat prolonged at both ends into a tail longer than the body of 
the seed." 

5. J. ACUMlSTATirs, Michx. &harjp-fntited Rush . 

Stem erect, terete; leaves slender, nearly terete ;. panicle terminal, with rather 
slightly spreading branches; heads 3 to 8-flowered, chestnut-colored; sepals linear- 
lanceolate, very acnte, shorter than the acutely triangular capsule ; seeds tail- 
pointed at both ends.. 

Peat bogs and borders of pond's. July, Aug. Stem TO to 15' inches high. Flewer-i- 
nale-green or purplish, mostly 3;inahead. Capsule turning deep chestnut- brown*. 

*.*=-* * Leaves joihtless, fiat and' open. Stamens 3.. 

6. J. marginattjs, Rostkow. Grass-leaved Rush. 

Stem leafy, erect, flattened ;■ leaves linear, grass-like, nerved'; heads globose, 3} 
to 8-flowered; sepals oblong, the 3 outer with the bracts slightly awned, the inner- 
obtuse and. pointless, as long as the globose capsule ; seeds minutely pointed at 
both ends.. 

Moist, sandy places, common. July. Stem 1. to 3 feet. high, tuberous at the base,, 
with numerous root-leaves. Panicle simple or compound. Sepals soft, chestnut- 
purplish, with a green keel. 

**-*-*-*Zaa3iss cliannellcd or 'involute, thread-form or almost setaceous.- Stamens-Q- 
7'. J. TENUIS, Willcl, Slender Rush.. 

Sterns^ slender; wiry, simple, leafy only near the base ; leaves setaceous-linear,, 
channelled ; cyme shorter than the involucral leaves ; Jlowers solitary one-sided ,, 
nearly sessile ; sepals lanceolate, very acute, a little longer than the obtuse capsule; . 

Low grounds and fields, very common. June, July.. Stem caespitose, 10 to 13; 
inches high.. Flowers green, shining, somewhat racemose or one-sided on tile: 
brancblets*. 

8. J. (xERARDi, Loi'seT. Black Grass. 

Stems simple, flattish, leafy, rigid; leaves linear-bristly, channelled; panicte* 
terminal, oymose, longer than the Involucral leaves, rather crowded ; Sf2)als ovate - 
oblong, obtuse, nearly the length of the obovoid obtuse capsule. 

Borders of salt-marshes, common. Aug. Stem 10 ? to 18 inches Ligh, slender*. 
JHoliagp deep-green. Quter sepals deep ohestnnt-brown, with a deep green keel.. 

9. J. BUFONIUS, L. Toad Rush. 

Annual; stems diffuse, low and slender, leafy, often branched at the base ; pani- 
ete forking,. spreading, the flowers remote;. ■sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, much, 
longer than the oblong obtuse capsule.. 

Low grounds and roadsides, very common. June, Aug. Stem 3 to 9 inches high? 
tufted, divided towards- the top.. Fanicle loose, spreading, & w-flowcred, pale-gre^c .. 
glowers greenish. 



PONTEDERIACE^l. 391 



****** Stems leaf-bearing ; leaves terete, short. Stamens- 6- 

10. J. NODOSUS, L. Jointed Rush. 

Stem erect, slender, 3 to 5-leaved; leaves terete, short; heads I to 2,. or several* 
and clustered, globose, 10 to 20-Howered; sepals lanceolate, awl-pointed, nearly £J 
long as the slender 3-angled capsule. 

Gravelly borders of streams, &c, common. Aug. footstools slender. Stem 8 
to 20 inches high. Heads in a loose panicle, or in a dense cluster. Flowers brown- 
l»h or greenish. 

Order 128. PONTEBERIkGEEl.— Pickerel-weed Family. 

Aquatic hei-bs, with perfect more or less irregular flowers from a spathe ; the pcto*. 
fovl Q-merous perianth free from the o-celled ovary, and the 3 or 6 mostly unequal or 
dissimilar stamens inserted in its throat. Perianth-loses colored alike. Styles 1 : 
itigma. 3 to 6 cleft. Capsule 3-cclled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, witk 
jomew-hat mealy albumen. 

1. PONTEDEETA, Linn. Pickerel^weed. 

Dedicated to Pontedcra, Tr-of. at Padua at the beginning of the last century.. 

Perianth funnel-form, 6-cleft, 2-lipped ; the 3 lower 
lobes spreading, and their claws, more or less seperate down 
to the base. Stamens 6, unequally inserted,. 3 near the 
base and 3 near the summit of th.e tube ~ anthers oval r 
blue. Ovary 3-celled - r 2 of the cells empty, the other 
containing a single suspended ovule. Utricle 1-celled, 
filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow 
water, with thick creeping rootstocks, 'producing erect lofiy- 
petioled mostly cordate leaves, and a 1-leaved scape, termi- 
nated by a spike of violet-blue ephemeral flowers*. 

P. CORD ATA, L, Common Picker el- weed.. 

Leave* arrow-heart-shaped, 11 ant; spV.ce very dense, from a spathe-likc br&cti— 
Tar. angustifolia, Torr., has triangular-elongated and tapering leaves, scarcely 
tordate at base. 

Tonds, common. July — Sept. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, bearing a single smooth 
glossy leaf, 4 to- 7 inches long andl ; %'to 3 inches wide. Flowers aggregated by 2&- 
and 3s, sessile bright blue, with, a pair, of small yellow- spots on the upper lobe. 

2. EETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pavon. Mto Plantain. 

Gr.-hetera different, and aner, for anther; the anthers being dissimilar. 

Spathe several-flowered. Perianth, salver-form, with, a 

, slender tube, th*e Limb somewhat 6-parted. Stamens 3,, 2 

of the anthers ovate,, yellow, the 3d oblong or arrow-shaped, 

greenish. Capsule, incompletely 3-eelled, many-seeded.. — 

Creeping or floating lew herbs,, with mostly rounded long- 



392 COMMELYNACEiE. 



petioled leaves, and a 1 to few-flowered spathe bursting from* 
the sheathing side or base of a petiole, with blue or white 
Jlowers. 

H. RENIFORMTS; Rui2T & Pavon. Mud Fiantani. 

Leaves round kidney-shaped ; spathe oblong- acuminate, 3 to 5-flowercd. 

Muddy margins ef streams. July, Aug. Stem prostrate and rooting in the- 
mud, partly floating. Leaves semicireulariy nerved, on petioles 2 to 3 inches long,. 
flowers white. 

3- SCHOLLERA, Sclrrebor. Water Star-grass. 

Dedicated to *Frederic7c A\.Sclioller, a German botanist. 

Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lanee-linear 
spreading segments on a very long filiform tube. Stamens 
3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped anthers- (or- rarely an 
abortive fourth one): filaments nearly equal, subulate. 
Capsule oblong, invested by the withered perianth, 1 -celled, 
many-seeded. — A grass-like herb, growing wholly under 
water, only the small pale yellow flowers expanding on the 
surface, with slender branching stems, clothed with linearr 
translucent sessile leaves and If lowered spathe. 

S. GRAMINEA, Willd. Common Water Starwort. 

In flowing streams, common in the Susquehanna. July, Aug. Stem-2 to 3 frf& 
Tbug. Leaves 3 to 6 inches long,, very narrow, flowers yellow, with a tube l)-^- 
mch long and a thick style. 

0RDEK 129. O0SIMSL¥i)JAGEM,— Spiderwort Family, 

Herbaceous plants, with jointed often brandling leafy stems, and'modly perfect and 
$-androus Jloivers, vrith the perianth free from the 2 to 3-celled ovary. Perianth in 
2. rows; outer row herbaceous, 3-leaved; inner petal-like, ephemeral. Stamens 
0, hypogynous. Style 1: sttgm A: undivided, Capsulb 2 to 3 celled, 2..to 3-valv©d ; , 
lo«ulieidal> 3 to several-seeded. 

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. Day-flower.. 

Dedicated to the early Dutch botanist?, J: c£- G. Commclyn*- 

Perianth in 2 rows; outer one 3-leaved^ calycine ; inner 
3'-leavod petal-like. Stamens 6, unequal, 3 of them fertile, 
one of which is bent inward : 3 of them sterile and smaller.,. 
with imperfect cruciform, anthers : filaments naked. Cap- 
sule 3-celled, 2 of the cells 2-seeded, the other 1-seeded oj: 
abortive. — lUbrbaceous plants, with branching stems, lance- 
linear leaves contracted' at the base into sheathing pet ivies, the 
jfaral one cordate and clashing, folded t-ogetlier or hooded; 



XYRIDACE^. 893 



and forming a kind of spathe inclosing the blue or white 
ephemeral flowers. 

1. 0. ANGFSTIFOMA, Miehx. Narrow-leaved Bay-flower. 

Stem usually reclining and rooting at the joints; leaves lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate; spath&i bearfc-shaped, folded together; peduncles, usually, divided, the 
smaller, branch L-flowered or sterile ; petals jmequ&l, the lawer one much smaller ; 
capsule 2-celled.. 

Damp rich woods and banks, rare. July — Oct. IVr. Plant nearly smooth, 12 
to 18 inches high. Leaves 3 to 5 inches long, % to 1% inch wide, varying from 
lance-linear to lanceolate. Spathe veiny, 3 to 5 -flowered. Flowers deep blue. 
Stamens 2, perfect. 

2. C. VlRGlNlCA, L. Virginian Day-flower.. 

Stems upright, smooth ; leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, the upper surface anc£ 
margins rough backwards ; sheaths friuged with rusty bristles; spathes crowded 
and nearly sessile, broadly dilated; peduncle several-flowered : petals nearly equal * 
capsule 3-celled. 

Alluvial shaded river-banks. July, Aug. Per. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, erect,. 
Leaves 5 to 7 inches long, 2_inche3 wide. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. Flower i- 
■felue, clustered at* the top of the stem. Siemens 3. 

€. ccelestis, with blue or white flowers is sometimes cultivated; 

2. TRADESCANTIA, Linn. Spiderwort. 

Named for Tradescant, gardner to Charles the First. 

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all 
alike,, ovate, sessile. Stamens 6, all fertile: filaments 
bearded. Capsule 2 to 3-celled, the cells 1 to 2-seeded. — 
Herbaceous perennials, with heeled linear or lance linear leaves, and; 
ephemeral white purplish and rose-colored flowers in axillary and' 
terminal umbelled clusters. 

1. T. Virginica, L. Common S'piderwort. 

Leaves lance-linear, elongated,, tapering from the sheathing base to the point,, 
ciliate ; umbels terminal, many-flowered ; calyx pubosceut. 

Moist shady woods, common in cultivation. May — Aug. SI ems thick, round,.. 
jointed, 12 to 18 inches high. Leans numerous, 12 to. 18 inches- long, by % to 1 
inch wide.. Flowers blue, in gardens often purpJish or white, soon fading. 

2.. T. rosea, Vent. Rose-colored r Spider word. 

Small and .slender, smooth; leaves linear, long, ciliate at the base; umbel simple 
©r sometimes a pair ; calyx smooth. 

Moist woods or sandy fields, common. May. Stem S- to 12 inches high. Leave* 
grass-like, 6 to 8 inches long, about % inch wide.. Flow&rs rose-colored, much- 
smaller than in the preceding species. 

Order 130.. XYRIBAGEJE.— Xyris Family, 

Rush-like 7ierbs, with equitant leaves sheathing the base by a naked scape, which i£* 
terminated by a head of perfect S-androus flowers, with extrorse anthers, a glumaceous* 
calyx, and a regular corolla. Fruit a 3-valved capsule containing many anatra* 
jk>us seeds ;— chiefly represented by the genus,. 



E91 ERIOCAULONACE^E. 



XYEXS, Linn. Yellow-eyed Grass. 

Gt. xyros, sharp, in allusion to the pointed leaves. 

Perianth in 2 rows ; outer row glumaceous, 2 of the- 
segments boat-shaped or keeled; inner row petal-like, with 
claws, more or less coherent. Stamens 6, 3 fertile with 
linear anthers, and 3 sterile, plume-bearing. Style 3-cleft. 
Capsule oblong, free, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, 3~ 
Talved.— Rush-like Iverbs, with narrowly linear rigid radical 
leaves, sheathing the scape, and yellow flowers in a terminal dense 
head. 

1. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Common Yellow-eyed Grass.. 

Scape nattish, somewhat 2-edged at the summit, 1-angled balow, smooth ; leave® 
linear-ensiform, flat; head globular-ovoid; lateral sepals obscurely torn-fringed; 
above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract. 

Wet meadows, rare. July, Aug. Per. Scapel' to 2 feet high, somewhat bulbous 
at the base, often spirally twisted-. Leaves fvw flat, 6 to 12 inches long, b£ to ^ 
inch wide. Petals rather large, yellow, the claws turning brownish. 

2.. X. BREVIFOLIA, Michx. Short-leaved Yellow-eyed Grass. 

Leaves subulate, ensiform, short; head globose ; petals shorter, than the sepals 
slightly notched. 

"Wet meadows, rare. July. Per. Scape 12 to 18 inches high, compressed near 
the summit. Leaves much twisted. Flowers yellow. 

Order 131. EEMG AWWEACEM— Pipewort Family.. 

Aquatic or marsh plants, usually aceuulescent, with linear cellular- spongy leaves 
naked scapes sheathed at the base, and bearing dense heads of monoseiom or dicccious 
minute flowers in the axils of minute bracts, with a double perianth, introrse anthers- 
and a 2 to 3-celled 2 to 3-seeded capsule ; principally represented by the genus 

EEIOOAULON", Gronov. Pipewoet. 

Gr. erion, wool, and laulos, a stalk; from the woolly scape of many species.. 

Flowers chiefly monoecious; the central ones of the* 
head sterile, bearing 4 or 6 stamens, the exterior fertile. 
Sepals 2 or 3, the lateral ones boat-shaped. Corolla 
tabular and 2 to 3-lobed in ; the sterile flowers; of 2 or 3 
sepals in the fertile, each bearing, a black gland. Style 2. 
to 3-parted. Capsule 2 to 3-celled, loeulieidal. — Herbaceous 
plants , with smooth often pellucid leaves, simple scapes bear- 
ing a single head, the bracts and perianth whitened at the 
summit with a clothing of dense fine wool and the outer bracts 
scarious, often empty and forming a hind of involucre. 

E. SEPTANGULARE, Withering. Jointed Pipewort. 

Scape slender, 6 to 7-angied or furrowed ; leaves subulate-cnsiform, conspicuous- 
% cellular ; pellucid; outer bracts oboyate. rounded ; head small, round*. 



CYPEKACEiE. 395 



Ponds and borders of swamps. &ug. Per. Scape 2 inches to 6 feet long, ac- 
cording to the depth of the water- pellucid and cellular. Leaves submersed, in a 
small tuft at the bottom, 1 to 3 inches by 1 to 2 lines, awl-pointed, tapering from 
a flattened base. Head lead-color, % to % in«h broad. Stamens 4. 

Sub class IV. GLUMACEJ^ or GLUMACEOUS EN- 
DOGENS. 

Plants of the endogenous structure, with the flowers in- 
vested in an imbricated perianth of glumes instead of a 
calyx. Ovary with one ceH containing a solitary ovule 
and becoming a 1-seeded achenium or caryopsis. 

Order 132. CYFERACEE.— SeJge Family, 

Grass-liJ:e or rush-like herbs, loith fibrous roots and solid stems (culms), closed 
Sheaths, and spiled chiefly Z-androus flowers, one in the ami of each of the giume-UJce 
imbricated brae's, destitute of any perianth, or -with, hypogfnous bristles or scales in 
its p'ace, and a %-eeHed ovary, with a sinyle erect dnatropous ovule, in fruit forming 
an achenium. Style 2-ekft, v, hen the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-clefJt 
when it is 3-anguIar. 

1. BULICHIUM, Richard. 

Gt. duo, two, foiJcen, a scale; alluding to the glumes in two roTvs. 

•Spixelets 6 to 10-flowered, linear, flattened, sessile in 2 
ranks on axillary solitary peduncles emerging from the 
sheaths of the leaves. Scales 2 -ranked, lanceolate. Pe- 
rianth of 6 to 9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 
3. Stile 2-cIeft above. Achenium flattened, linear- 
oblong, beaked with the long persistent style. — -Perennials, 
Willi short fled linear Cranked leaves, and round simple jointed 
culms, leafy to the summit. 

D. spathacsum, Pers. Spailiaccous Dulichium. 

Borders of ponds, common. July — Sept. Culm 1 to 2 fbet hkh. Leaves flat, 
spreading almost horizontally in three directions. Spikelets% inch-long, brownish, 
.on a flexuouo rachis. Scales rut-ty-yello w. 

2. CYPEEUS; Linn. Galingale. 

The ancient Greek name. 

Spikelets many to few-flowered, disposed in a simple or 
compound terminal umbeL Scales 2-ranked, deciduous 
with age. Stamens I, 2, or mostly 3. Perianth none. 
Style 2 to 3- cleft, deciduous. Achenium lenticular or 
triangular, naked at the a pes. — Mostly perennials } with simple 



396 -CYPERACE^I. 



modly triangular culms leafy at the "base, 1 to several leaves at the 
8 tmmit forming an involucre to the umbel, and unenued peduncle* 
sheathed at the base. 
Sec i. Pt.cre.us, Beauv. — Style 2-cleft : achenium flattened. 

1. C. FLAVESCENS, L. Yellow Sedge. 

Stamens 3; spHce linear, rather obtuse, 14 to 30-fiowered, clustered at the end of 
the 2 to 4 very short rays.; scales obtuse, 1-nerved ; achenium shining, orbicular. 

Low grounds, rare- Aug. Culms 4 to 10 inches high, Leaves narrow, as long 
as the calm. Spikelets 5 to 8 inches long, yellowish. Involucre 3-leaved, verjr 
unequal. 

2. C. DIANDRUS, Torr. Dlandrous GaUngale. 

Stamens 2 ; spikes lance oblong, rather acute, 14 to 2i-flowered, scattered or clus- 
tered on the 2 to 5 very short or unequal rays; scales oblong, rather obtuse, brown- 
margined ; achenium oblong-ovate. 

Low grounds. Aug., Sept. Culms C to 12 inches high, o "ten weak and somewhat 
decumbent, clustered. Stamens sometimes 3 in the upper axils. "Var. castaneus, 
Torr., has oblong-lanceolate, shining close chestnut-brown scales, and scarcely ex- 
eerted style. 

3. C. Cleavertt, Torr. Delicate GaUngale. 

Stamen 1 ; culm bristle-form, terminated by a single and similar erect involucral 
leaf and a solitary lance-linear 10 to 12-flowered spike ; scales linear-oblong, rather 
acute, 3-nerved; achenium oblong-obovate. 

Near Philadelphia, Dr. Cleaver. Culm 4 to 6 inches high, triangular. Spike % 
inch long much compressed. 

Sic. ii. Cypzrus proper- — Style 3-cleft. Spikes many-flowered. Achenium tri- 
angular. 
* Stamen 1 : umlel contracted or sessile. 

4. C inflexus, Muhl. Odorous Galingale. 

Dwarf, in tufts; spilzes -oblong -linear, about 8-flowered, collected in 2 or 3 ovate 
heads; scales oblong, tapering into a long recurved point; involucre 3-leaved, very- 
long. 

Sandy .shores. Aug. Ann. Culms 2 to 5 inches high, densely clustered. Leaveg 
linear, as long as the culm. Umbel often sessile. Spikelets yellowish. Plant 
sweet-scented like Me^ilot in drying. 

** Stamens Z: culm triangular. 

5. C. STRIGOSTJS, L. Tall GaUngale. 

Culm mostly stout, tuberous at the base ; umbel simple or compound, many- 
rayed; rays numerous, elongated; spikes linear-lanceolate, flat, 8 to 10-fiowe<red, 
very numerous ; scales oblong-lanceolate, strongly nerved, acutish. 

Low and cultivated grounds, very common. Aug., Sept. Culm 1 to 3 feet high. 
Spikes 1 to 2 inches long, consisting of 20 to 80 spikelets. Scales loosely imbricate, 
yellowish on the sides. 

6. C. dentatus, Torr. Toothed Galmgah. 

€kdm, slender; umhel 4 to 7-rayed, compound; spikes 3 to 6 on each partial ray, 
clustered, oblong or ovate. lanceolate, flat, 6 to 30-flowered; scales strongly keeled, 
with vei*3' acute tips; joints of the axis naked; achenium obovate, minute. 

Sandy swamps. Aug Rhizoma creeping. Culm 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves 
somewhat rigid, pale yellowish-green. Scales reddLh brown on the sides, green on 
the back. 



CYPERACE^S. 397 



7. C. FILICULMIS, Vahl. Slender-stalked Galingale. 

Culm slender, wiry, often reclined ; spikes numerous and clustered in a dense 
head, or in 1 to 3 additional looser heads en spreading rays, 6 to lQ-flowered ; scald 
ovate, blunt, loose ; achenium obovate. 

_ Dry sterile soil. Aug. Culm 1 foot high, clustered, tuberous at hase. Leaves 
linear, dull green. Scales yellowish-green, with a scarious margin. 

* ** Inner scales herbaceous, fret. 

8. C. ERYTHROHIZOS, Muhl. Red-rooted Galingale. 

Culm obtusely triangular ; umbel compound, many-rayed ; involucre 4 to 5-leaved, 
•very long ; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong-cylindrical heads, 10 to 18- 
flowered ; scales lanceolate, mucronate. 

Wet alluvial banks. Aug. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves shorter than 
the culm. Spikes bright chestnut colored. Hoot fibrous, red. 

3. HEMICARPHA, Nees. 

-Qr. hemi, half, fan&karphos, straw or chaff, in allusion to the single inner scalelet on 
one side of the flower. 

Spike many-flowered, ovoid, one or few in a lateral clus- 
ter, sessile. Scales imbricated in many rants, ovate or 
obovate. Inner scale single behind the flower, very thin. 
Perianth none. Stamen 1. Style 2-cleft. — Loio tufted 
annuals ■; the naked culms with bristle-like leaves at the base. 

H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Dwarf Hemicarpha. 

Dwarf; involucre 2-leaved, 1 long as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, 
the other a minute leaf; spikes 2 or 3; scales tipped with a short-recurved point. 

Sandy shores. July. Culms 1 to 4 inches high, in dense tufts, leafy at base. 
Leaves setaceous. Spikes % inch long, sometimes solitary. Scales very numerous. 

4. ELEOCHARIS, R. Brown. Spike-rush. 

<2r. clos, a marsh, and charis, to delight in; being marsh plants. 

Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many to 
several-flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides in many, 
rarely 2 or 3 ranks. Perianth of 3 to 12 (usually 6) 
bristles, often rough or barbed downwards. Stamens 3. 
Style 2 or 3-eleft 7 bulbous at the base, jointed with the 
apex of the lenticular or mostly obtusely triangular achen- 
ium. — Chiefly perennial leafless herbs , with tufted culms 
sheathed at the base, some of them often sterile from matted or creep- 
ing rooisfocks. 

1. E. quadrangulata, R. Brown. Square-stalked 
Spike-rush. 

Culm even, sharply 4-angled, 3 of the sides concave, the fourth wider and flat; 
Scales broad-ovate, very obtuse ; achenium smooth, erowned with a beaked tubercle 

Shallow water. Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, with purple sheaths at base. 
Spike 1 to 1)4 inch long. Scales with a scarious margin, dotted with purple. 

S2 



S98 .CYPERACE.fi. 



2. E. OBTUSA, Schultes. Obtuse Spike-rush. 

Culms nearly terete, tufted; spike globose-ovoid, many-flowered; scales very 
numerous (80 to 130), densely crowded in many ranks; style 3-(rarely 2)-cleft 
achenium obovate, shining, tumid-margined, about half the length of the 6 bristles, 
crowned with a broad tubercle. 

Muddy places, very common. July. Culms 8 to 15 inches high. Spxlce thick 
and obtuse. Scales with a green midrib. 

3. E. palustris, R. Brown. Common Spike-rush. 

Culms nearly terete, striate, rising from running rootstocks; spikes oblong* 
lanceolate, pointed, many-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, 1 oosely imbricated in 
several ranks; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned with a flattened 
tubercle, shorter than usually 4 bristles. 

Marshes and lowmeadows, common. June — Aug. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, stout 
and tall when growing in the water, or slender and lower when in gras?y grounds. 
A very variable species. Spike % to % inch long. Scales reddish-brown, with a 
broad and translucent whitish margin and green keel. 

4. E. intermedia, Schultes. Intermediate Spike-rush. 

Culms capillary, wiry, striate-g rooved, densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffuse- 
ly spreading or reclining ; spike oblong ovate, acutish, loosely 10 to 18-flowered; 
scales oblong, obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown; achenium smooth, 
ohovoid, tubercled, nearly equalling the 6 bristles. 

Wet slopes, common. July. Culms very numerous, 6 to 12 inches high. Aclitn- 
ium light brown. 

5. E. TENUIS, Schultes. Slender Spike-rush. 

Culms almost capillary, erect, sharply 4- angular, the sides concave; spike ellip- 
tical, acutish, 20 to 30-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple with a broad 
•carious margin and green keel ; achenium obovate, roughened ; bristks 2 to 3, 
half the length of the achenium, or wanting. 

Wet meadows and bogs, common. July. Culm 8 to 12 inches high, very slender, 
with 1 or 2 purple sheaths at base. Spike % inch long. 

6. E. ACICULARIS, It. Brown. Capillary Spike-rush. 

Culms finely capillary, 4-angular; spike 3 to 8-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, 
rather obtuse, greenish with purple sides ; achenium obovate-oblong, rather acute 
at each end, tumid, with 3-ribbed angles, longer than the 3 or 4 very fugaceous 
br'stles. 

Muddy places, and margins of brooks, common. June — Aug. Culm 2 to 8 inchaf 
long, clustered, slender. 

5- SCIRPUS, Linn. Bulrush. Club-rush. 

The ancient Latin name"of the Bulrush. 

Spikes many or several-flowered, terete, mostly clustered, 
often appearing lateral from the extension of the involucral 
leaf like a continuation of the culm. Scales regularly 
imbricate on all sides in several ranks. Perianth of 3 to 
6 bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2 or 3-cleft, simple at base, 
deciduous. Achenium lenticular or triangular. — Cluejly 

fcrcnnials, with the culms sheathed at the base, sheaths usually leaf- 
earing, and solitary conglomerated or corymbose spikes. 



CYPERACEJR. 399 



Ssc. i. Scp.irus proper. — Bristles rigid, mostly barbed downward?. 

1. S. planifolius, Muhl. Flat-leaved Club-rush. 

Culms triangular, loosely tufted, leafy at the base ; leaves linear, flat, as long as 
the culm, rough on the edges and keel; spilce ovate or oblong, 5 to 7-flowered, rusty 
color ; scales ovate, with a strong green keel prolonged into an awned tip ; bristle* 
4 to 6, upwardly hairy, as long as the blunt achenium. 

Dry or moist woods, rare. Jaae. Culms 6 to 12 inches long, rough on the edges. 
Scales yellowish. 

2. S. pungen?,, Vahl. Pungent Club-rush. 

Culm sharply 3-angled throughout, with concave sides ; haves 1 to 3, elongated, 
keeled and channelled ; spikes 1 to 6, capitate, ovoid, long, overtopped by the point- 
ed involucral leaf; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex; anthers tipped 
with a minute fringed appendage; style 2-cleft; bristles 2 to 6, shelter than the 
obovate smooth achenium. 

Borders of fresh ponds and streams. July, Aug. Culm 1 to 4 feet high. Leave* 
4 to 10 inches long. This is the species used" for rush-bottom chairs. 

3. S. LACUSTRIS, L. Bulrush. Tall Club-rush. 

Culm large, cylindrical, gradually tapering at the apex; spikes ovate-oblong, nu- 
merous in a compound umbel-like panicle, turned to one side, rusty brown; scale* 
orate, mueronate; bristles 4 to o; achenium obovate, mucronate. 

Fresh water ponds and lakes. July. Culm 3 to 8 feet high, % inch thick at the 
base, tipped with an erect pointed invoiucral leaf, shorter or longer than the 
panicle. Scales brown, minutely pubescent. 

4. S. DEBILIS, Pursh. Weak-staUced Club-rush. 

Culms slender, tufted from fibrous roots, leafless, sometimes 1-leaved at the base 
tpikzs ovate, 1 to 8 in a sessile cluster; scales round-ovate, greenish-yellow ; style 2 
to 3-cleft; bristles 4 to 6, longer than the obovate shining achenium. 

Low grounds, and banks of streams. Aug. Ann. Culms 6 to 12 inches high. 
Sprkelets apparently bursting from the side of the culm 2 or 3 inches from the top. 
Bristles retrorsely hispid. 

5. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Darlc-green Club-rush. 

Culm rigid, obtusely triangular, very leafy; leaves broadly linear, flat, rough 
margined ; umbel cymose-decompound, irregular, the numerous spikes clustered 
1 j to 10 together in dense heads; bristles 6, scarcely exceeding the obovoid con* - 
^pressed achenium. 

Low grassy ground, common. July. Culm about 2 feet high, leafy nearly to 
the top, smooth. Spikes ovoid, dark-lead-colored or olive-green, turning brownish. 
involucre of 3 principal leaves, dark-green. 

Sec ii. TaicnopHORrif, Richard.— Bristles 6, capillary, tortuous, smoothkh. 
Stem leafy. 

6. S. lineatus, Miehx. Loose-flowered Wool-grass. 

Culm triangular, leafy; leaves linear, flat, rough on the margins; umbels termi- 
nal and axillary, loosely cymose-panicled, drooping, the "terminal with alto 3-leaved 
involucre ; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical, on filiform pedicels ; scales ovate, 
pointed with a green keel. 

Low grounds. July. Culm 1 to 3 feet high. Bristles crisped, scarcely exceeding 
the scales. 

7. S. Eriophorum, Michx. Wool-grass. 

Culm nearly terete, very leafy ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid ; panicli 
decompound, large, loose; spikes ovate, clustered on the lateral pedicels, woolly 



400 ' CYPERACE^l. 



at maturity ; bristles rusty-colored, much longer than the pointless scales ; aclitn- 
ium, short-pointed. 

Wet meadows, common. July, Aug. A somewhat variable species 2 to 5 feet 
high, leafy near to th< j top. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, flat above, rough on the mar- 
gin. Scales with the sides brown and the keel greens 

6. EjftlOPH ORUM, Linn. Cotton-grass. 

Gr. erion, wool or cotton, and pliora, bearing. 

Spike many-flowered. Scales imbricated all round in 
several ranks. Perianth woolly, of numerous flat hairs, 
much longer than the scales, persistent aud forming a silky 
or cotton -like usually white tuft in fruit. Stamens 3. 
Style 3 -cleft. — Perennials, with mostly leafy stems, and 
mostly umbelled ' spikelets, finally clothed with long silky hairs. 

1. E. Virginicum, L. Virginian Cotton-grass. 

Culm rigid, nearly terete below, obtusely triangular above ; leaves narrowly- 
linear, elongated, fiat; spikes crowded in a dense cluster or head ; wool rusty-coloiv 
3 times the length of the scale; stamen 1. 

Bogs and low meadows, common. July, Aug. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, leafy » 
Scales with pale sides and a green keel. Hairs very numerous, tawny. 

2. E. ■ polystachyon, L. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass. 

Culm rigid, obscurely triangular; leaves linear fiat, or barely channelled below* 
triangular at the point; involucre 2 or 34eaved; spikes several, on nodding pe- 
duncles, some of them elongated in fruit. 

&q£S and marshes, common. • June, ripe in Aug. A variable species. Ci'lmt 
to 2 feet high, tunooth. Scales green, at length brown. Hairs very numerous,,. 
long ; white with a reddish tinge, 1 inch long. 

7. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. 

Lat. fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, a style; from the ciliate etyle. 

Spikes several to many-flowered. Scales regularly im- 
bricated in several ranks. Bristles none. Stamens 1 to 
8. Siyle 2 or 3-cleft ; with a thickened or bulb-like base, 
deciduous. — Perennials with leafy culms, and cymose-um- 
helled spikes, as in Scirpus. 

;1ec. i. ^iMBRispLUS proper. — £%7a2-cleft, mostly fiat and ciliate on the margin. 

1. F. lax a, Vahl. 

Culms grooved and fiattish, slender; leaves chiefly from the base, narrowly linear, 
flat, channelled, cili.ite-denticulate, glaucous ; umbel simple or compound ; involu- 
ere about 34e&ved ; spik es ovate, acute; stamen single; achenium C to 8-ridged on 
each side. 

Low clayey soil. J jly, Aug. Culm 4 to 12 inches high. Umbel small, some of 
the rays divided, Spikes % inch long. 

Sec. ii. Trichelostylis, Lestib. Style 3-cleft, seperating from the triangular 
achenium.. 

2. F. AUTUMNALis, Roem. & Scbultes. 

low, tufted; culms fiat, often diffusely spreading; leaves fiat, very acute; in- 



CYPERACfi-E. 401 



vrJucrt 2-leaved; umbel usually decompound ; spirts oblong, acute, single or 2 or 3 
together at the end of the rays ; stamens 2 or 3 ; ackenium obovate-triangular. 

Muddy grounds'. Aug.— Oct. Culm 8 to 12 inches high. Leaves mostly radical. 
Scales rusty brown with a green keel. 

3. F. OAPiLLARis, Gray. Capillar?/ Fimhristylts. 

Low, densely tufted; culms capillary, much laager than the bristle- form leaves; 
Sheaths hairy at the throat; involucre 2 or Sdeaved ; tmilel compound or cymose- 
pamcled; spikes ovoidroblohg; stamens 2; acheniam very obtuse, tipped wiUI the- 
minute bulb. 

Sandy fields, common. Aug. Culm 3 to 8 inches high. Leaves mostly radical. 
Scales rusty-brown with a green keel. 

8. CERATOSGIICEXUS, N.ee3. Hokxed Rush. 

Or. keras, a horn, and schoinos, a rush. 

Spikes 2 to 5-flowered, one perfect, and' 1 to 4 staminate. 
Scales few and loosely imbricated, the lower empty. Pe- 
rianth of 5 or 6 rigid or cartilaginous bristles. SrAM'EN^ 
8. Style .simple, entirely hardening into a long beak writh 
a narrow base, much exserted, and several times longer than 
the flat and smooth achenium. — Perennials, with triangular 
leafy culms and large sprees clustered in simple or compound iermhvjl 
and capillary cymes. 

I. C CORNICULATA, NeC3, 

Cymes decompound, diilase ; bristles awl-shnped", stout, unequal, shorter thaa th* 
aoheuiuni. 

Wet places. Aug. debit 3 to 6 feet hi A -'n. triangular. Leaves 12 to 10 iaghei 
itng. l /2 inch wide. Fruit w-th the bck. I iu^h lon^. 

9. RHYN'CHOSPORA, Vahl. Beak-sush. 

Gr. rujekos, a snout, and spora, a seed; from the beaked acheniu^i. 

Spike ovstc, few to several-flowered. Scales loosely im- 
bricate, the lower ones smaller and empty. Bristles 6, 
rarely more. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-cleft. Achen- 
ium lenticular or globular, crowned with the persistent base 
of the style. — Perennials, with more or less triangular leafy 
culms, and small spikes in terminal and axillary clusters, cymes or 
heads, 

1. R. CYM03A, Knit. Tii-fled SeaJc-rush. 

Culm triangular; leaves linear, fiat; cymes corymbose ; spikes crowded and clus- 
tered; achenium round-obovate, twice the length of the bristles. 
Low grounds, rare. July, Aug. Gulm 12 to 18 inches high, slender,. 

2. R. alba, Vahl. White BeaJc-rmh, 

Culm triangular above ; leaves nearly bristle- form ; spikes several corymb-clus- 
tered, lanceolate; stamens usually 2.; achenium o-?o!4 r acrrewsd at the base, short-. y 
than the Qto M bristles 

S2* 



402 cyperace^:. 



Bogs and swamps, common, July, Aug-. Culm slender, 12 to 20 inches high* 
smooth. Spikelets about 2-flowered. Scales lanceolate, whitish, when old brownish* 

3;- E. CAPILLACEA:, Torr: Gayillary Beak-rush. 

Culm triangular, slender ; leaves bristle-form ; spikes 3 to 6 in a terminal cluster, 
and mostly 1 or 2. on a remote axillary peduncle ; achtnium oblong-ovoid, stipitate, 
about half the length of the 6 stout bristles.. 

Bogs and rocky river-banks. July. Culm* 6 to 9 inches high. Spikelets 1 to 3* 
flowered. Scales -light-brown, oblong, mucronate. 

4L K.' GLOMERATA, Vahl. Clustered Beak-rusk. 

Culm obtusely triangular ; leaves linear, fiat ; spikes very numerous in distant 
©lusteis or heads, ovoid-oblong; achtnium obovate, margined, narrowed at the 
base ; bristles 6, downwardly barbed- 
Low grounds. Aug. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves flat, shorter tham 
the culm. Scales lanceolate,, brownish. 

10. CLADIUM, P. Browner Twicf-ritsh. 

Or. klados, a twig or branch, application uncertain.. 

Spikes oroid or oblong* Scales few, imbricate in &. 
somewhat trif&rious manner ; the lowest empty. Bristles^ 
none. Stamens 2» Style 2 or 3-cleft, deciduous* 
Achenium ovoid or globular. — Perennials, with leafy stem* 
and terminal and axillary corymbs or panicles. 

(3. MARICOLDES, Torr. Smooth Twig-rush. Bog r rmh. 

Culm obscurely triangular; cymes small, compound ; spikes clustered in heads of; 
3 to 8 together on 2 to4 peduncles ; style 3-cleffc, with entire lobes-. 

Bogs and ponds. July. Culm 2 feet high, nearly smooth. Leaves channelled^ 
with a long compressed point. . Scales* e.baut6 } brown ;,4» lower ones usually empty, 

II. SCLEEIA, Linm Kut-rush, 

Gr. skleria, hardness; from the bony or crusted fruite 

Flowers monoecious. Fertile spikes Mowered, usual- 
ly intermixed with clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes*. 
Scales loosely imbricated^ the lower empty. Stamens 1 
to 3; Style 3*elef£. Achenium globular, seated in a 
shallow or saucer-shaped disk. — Perennials, with triangidan 
leafy cuimsj and fascicled or panicled spikes. 

Sec. Si Seolerxa proper. — Perianth lobed or a ring, often obscure; 

1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Three-clustered Nut-rush^ 

Culm broadly-linear leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikes few, terminal and axil- 
larjfr in triple clusters, the lower ped uncled ; siamtns S ; aehxnium ovoid-glubular> 
slightly pointed! 

Low grounds. June, July: Culm 2 to 3 feet high, leafy. Beams 2 to 3 linet^ 
wide, rough om the margin. Scales purplish. Achenium large and white. 

2. S. PAUCIFLORA, MuhL Fewflbwered Nut-rush. 
Somewhat downy or nearly smooth ; lecm$ narrowly linear; clusters few-flowered; 



CYPERACE^3. 403 



bracts ciliate ; scales smoothish ; tubercles of the perianth in 3 pairs at the base of 
the shining roughened achenium. 

Swamps and hills-. July. Culm 9 to 18 inches high, roughish above. Fascicles 
2 or 3; the lower lateral ones when present peduncled,. Achenium* white, rougk- 
with elevated points. 

Sec. II. Hypoporum, Nees. Perianth none: stamens lor 2; 

3. S. VERTICILLAHA, Muhl. WJwrled Nut-ruth. 

Smooth ; culm simple, slender and with the linear leaves smooth ; fascicle 4 to C f 
alternate, sessile, distant ; bracts minute, setaceous ; scales smooth; achenium glo- 
bose, roiigh- wrinkled, short-pointed. 

Swamps. June — Aug. Culm 6 to 10 inches high, very slender, terminated by 
an interrupted' spike or fascicle of 4 to 6 rathsr distant sessile cluster*. &ate* 
purple. 

12. CAEJEX, Linm Sedge. 

A classical name of obscure signification. 

Spikes one or several, androgynous, monoecious or rare- 
fy dioecious- Scales of the spikes 1-flowered, equally im- 
bricated around the axis. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Style 
single, included i stxgmas 2 or 3, elongated, exsertecL 
Ovary inclosed in an inflated sac (perigynium). Achen- 
ium lenticular, plano-convex or triangular, crowned with the 
lower portion of the st;yle. — Perennial kerbs, chiefly, flower- 
vng in April or 3£ay, often growing in wet places, with tri- 
angular culms,, grassy; leaves usually rough on the margins* 
and keel, and bearing the spikes in the axils of green anS 
leaf -I ike or scale* I ike -bracts. 

g£C. i. ^pifosstaminate at the summit. 
* Stigmas 3. 

1. C. POLYTRTGHOIDES, Muhl. Bristle-stalked Sedge,, 

Culm slender; leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm ; spilce very *mall, few*- 
flowered ; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, obtuse, slightly nerved,. en tire at th»- 
apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale. 

Low grounds and bogs-,. common. Culm a foot high, very slender* TertiU fl&i9°- 
ert 3 to 8. 

2. C PEDUNCULATE, Muhl; Feduncled Sedge.. 

Spikes about 4, on long peduncles, very remote ; sJieaths with green tips much-, 
ihorter than the stalks ; pzrigynia with a long attenuated base, the orifice minute- 
3y notched, a little longer than the dark purple scale. 

Dry woods and rocky hillsides, rare. Culms 4 to 10 inches high, tufted, prostrate- 
at maturity.. 

3^ G~ UMBELLATE,. Schk. UmbeUed Sedge. 

Tufted; culms very short; staminate spilce short, ereet, sometimes With a few 
pistillate flowers; fertile spikes 4 or 5, ovoid, few-flowered, the uppermost clcse to-* 
the sterile spike and sessile, the rest on radical peduncles of about an unequal 
height; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, acuminate^ 

Rocky hillsides. Culms in dense tufts 2 to 6 inches high. Leaves radical, nar- 
row, rough, longer than the culm. 



404 CYPERACE^!. 



4. G. Pennsylvania, Lam. Pennsylvanian Sedge. 

Sterile spikes erect, commonly on a short stalk ; fertile spikes usually 2. approxi- 
mate, nearly sessile, ovoid, 4 to 6-flowerecL; perigynium roundish-ovoid, with * 
short and abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length of the ovate pointed 
chestnut-colored scale. 

Dry woods and hillsides, common. Cuhn-s tufted* 4 to 12 inches- high, slender, 
rough above. Leaves short, somewhairglaucous. 

5. C. VESTITA, Willcl. Short Woolly Sedge, 

Sterile spikes 1 or 2, the uppermost cylindrical, short-stalked ; fertile spiJ:es 1. or 
2. approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong.; perigynia ovoid, downy,, nerved, short- 
fceaked, a little longer, than* the ovate pointed scale., 

Sandy soils, rare. Culms about 2 feet high, tufted. Leaves flat, shorter thaa 
the culms, rough. 

6. C. TENTACULATA, Mubl. Long-poirded Sedge. 

Sterile S])ikes solitary; fertile spikes 2 or 3, ovoid, oblong, or cylindrical, densely 
Cowered, approximate and diverging horizontally ; perigynia, crowded, ovoid, in- 
Sated, very long-beaked, 2- toothed at the apex, longer than the long-subulate 
Ecale. 

Wet meadows, common. Culm 12 to 13 inches high, triangular, rough on the 
angles. Leaves bright green, longer than the culm. 

7. C. INTUMESCENS, Kudge.. Swollen Sedge. 

Sterile sjnkes oblong, peduncle! ; fertile spikes 1 or 2, ovoid, loosely 5 to 8-flowered, 
closely approximated, sessile, or the lower on a very shortly exserttd peduncle; 
perigynia ovoid, erect-spreading, tapericginto a long beak, much longer than tha 
ovate cuspidate scale. 

Wet grounds, common. Culm- slender, 15 to 20 inches high,. with 1 to- 3 fertila 
spikes closely crowded' together. Leaves broad-linear, rough on the margin. 

8. C. FOLLICULATA, L. Tall Yellow Sedge. 

Sterile spike solitary, small, short-stalked, or sessile ; fertile spikes 3 cr 4, ovoid, 
very remote, the lower on exserted peduncles ; perigynia erect-spreading, tapering 
to a long point, exceeding the, ovate white long-awned scale. 

Swamps. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, leafy. Leaves fiat, smooth, % inch wide, yellow- 
ish. Bracts long,.foliaceous. 

9. C LUPULINA, Muhl. Hop-like Sedge.. 

Sterile spikes short-peduncled; fertile spikes 2 or 3, oblong-ovoid*, erect, the upper 
approximate, the lower on more or less exserted stalks; perigynia erect, inQexed, 
long-beaked, much longer than the lanceolate awned scale. Var. 1. pedunculata, 
Beck. Fertile spikes all peduncled, distant ;• the 3 upper subumbellate. 

Swamps and wet meadows, not common. A coarse robust species 2 to 3 feet high* 
with very thick culms, long bright green leaves, and very thick. spikes 2 or S.inches 
iii length. 

10. C. VESICARIA, L> 

Staminate spikes 2 or 3; fertile spikes mostly 2, oblong, or cylindrical, stout', ap- 
proximate, the upper sessile, the lower on a short rough stalk.; perigynia obiong- 
©void, 17-nervcd at base, 10-nerved above, with a short tapering beak, bread^r 
than the long pointed scale. 

Marshes, rare. Chester County, Darlington. A bright green plant about 2,fe.t 
high. Culm sbarply angled and rough, shorter than the leaves. 

11.. C. EGABRATA, Schweinitz. Rough Sedge. 
Ftr.Ule spikes 4 cr 5, cylindrical, erect, rather dfc tent, densely £cwered:.tfce lower 



CYPESAGEJE. 400 



on long stalks; braces without sheaths; perigynia ovoid, contracted at the base, 
few-nerved, rough with an oblique notched beak, longer than the ovate brown 
scale. 

Wet meadows and swamps. Culm 18 inches high, and with the dark green leaves 
and bracts very rough. 

12. C. debtlis, M-ichx. Wtah Sedge. 

Sterile spiles solitary, occasionally fertile at the apex ; fertile spike? with loose 
alternate flowers, on a somewhat zigzag rachis; perigynia oblong, tapering at each 
end twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate a^ned scales. 

Moist meadows. Jane. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, weak and slender, sometimes 
procumbent, leafy. Leaves narrow. 

13. C. OLIGOCARPA, Scbk. Few-fruited Sedge. 

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spiJ:es small. 3 to 8-Sowered ; style very 
short, thickened towards the base : pcrigyniuni roundish-triangular, with a slightly 
eblique point. 

Woods. Oldm 8 to 12 inches high, erect, Leaves longer than the culm, rough on 
the edge, dark green. SheaUfs smooth. 

14. C. PLANTAGIN.EA, Lara. Plardainduce S--dj-\ 

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spilces mostly 4. oblong. 5 to 8-flbwe 
tracts very short, dark purple or the lowest greenish at the apex; perigynia oblongs- 
acute at each end, recurved at the apex. 

Shady woodd* Culm 8 to 20 inches high, erect. Leaves radical, broad, strc 
3-nerved. 

15. C. GRANULARIS, Mil-Ill. E'JWiuJ -fruited S^dge. 
Sterile spike sessile, or short-stalked, occasionally bearing a few fertile Slower?!; 

fertiU spikes 3 or 4, cylindrical, densely flowered, remote, the 2 lowest peduncled ; 

perigy. i sited ; bracts longer than the culm . 

Wet meadows, common. Culm 10 to 15 inches high, erect or somewhat decurnben * 

16. C ANCEP3, Willi., rule S:dge. 

Sterile spilce solitary, triangular ; fertile spikes 2 to 4, slender, loosely flowered; 
perigynia ovcid, narrowed at each end. Var. 1. Sip-iatula has the spikes oblong, 
more densely flowered, and the gerigynia obovoid with a shorter point. (0. blanda, 
pew.) 

Open woods, common. Culm G to 12 inches high, triangular, leafy near the base . 
Leaves as long as the culm, pale-groen and somewhat glaucous. 

17. C. BULLATA, Schk.. Inflated Sedge. 

Sterile spikes 2 or 3: fertile spiles 1 or 2, mostly 1, approximated, oblong or cylin- 
drical, stout, sessile or on short smooth stalks : perigynia spreading, ovoid, long- 
beaked, twice as lonjj as the lanceolate scale. 

Wet meadows. Culm \}/ 2 to 2}/ 2 feet high, triangular, rough above, leafy. 
Bracts and leaves narrow, about as long as the culm. 

18. C. hystericina, Willd. Porcupine Sedge- 

Sterile spile solitary ; fertile spikes 2 to 4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered, 
the uppermost nearly sessile, the lower on long stalks, atlength nodding; perigynia 
ovoid, inflated, spreading, many-nerved, beaked, twice as long as the oblong awncu 
scales. 

Wet meadows. A pale or yellowish-green plant, 1 to 2 feet- high. Leaves lon;y. 
l-^eai'-laneeolate. Fertile spikes % to \y % inch. long, % 



406 CYPERACEJ3. 



• Stigmas 2. Spikelets mostly sterile at the summit. 

19. C. bromoides, Scbk. Brome-like Sedge. 

Spikes 4 to 6, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, some of the central ones wholly fertile ; 
perigynia erect, narrow-lanceolate, with a tapering point, longer than the laneeo* 
late scale; style jointed at the base. 

Swampy grounds common. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, slender, rough above. 
Soak light brown. Occasionally dioecious. 

20. C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Fox Sedge. 

Spike oblong and dense, or more or less interrupt; d, of 8 to 10 crowded clusters; 
perigynia ovate from a broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at 
maturity ; scale ovate, cuspidate. 

Low grounds, common. Culm 18 to 2i inches high, obtusely triangular above, 
leafy, Spikes \y 2 to 2]/ 2 inches long. 

21. C. STIPATA, Muhl. Beaked Sedge. 

Spikes 10 to 15 aggregated, or the lower ones distinct and sometimes compound"; 
perigynia lanceolate, with a long beak tapering from a truncate base, lenger than 
the scale. 

Swamps and low grounds, common. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, thick and succulent. 
Spike 2 inches long, straw-color. 

22. C. ROSEA, Schk. Rose Sedge. 

Spikes 4 to 6, the uppermost approximate, the others all distinct and the lowest 
often remote : perigynia oblong, 8 to 10 in each spike, narrow at the base, rough 
on the margin, twiee as long as the ovafo obtuse scale. 

Moist woods and meadows, common. Culm 12 to 15 inches high. Spikes yellow- 
ish-green. Varies with weak slender culms, and small 3 to 4 flowered spikes. 

23. C RETROFLEXA, Mulil. Retroflcxed Sedge. 

Spikes 4 or f , all approxima 4 "'-, the 1 or 2 lowest distinct but not remote ; perigynia 
-about 5 to 7 in each spike, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, smooth on the margin, spread- 
ing or reflexed, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate pointed scale. 
Moist meadows and pastures. Culm 12 to 15 inches high, slender. 

24. C. CEPHALOPHORA, Muhl. Oual-headed Sedge. 

Spikes 5 or 6, small, and densely aggregated into a short ovoid head ; perigynia 
broadly ovate, with 2 or 4 distinct nerves on the outer side, scarcely longer thsm 
the ovate roughly-pointed scale; acJienium roundish ovate ; style short tumid at 
the base. 

Woods and fields, common. Culm 1 to 2 fjet high, leafy at base. Whole plant 
green. 

25. C. CAESPITOSA, L. Smaller Bog Sedge. 

Sterile spikes solitary or sometimes 2, cylindrical-oblong; fertile spik&s mostly 3 
cylindric, obtuse, distant, the lower ©n a short exsert peduncle ; per igyniwm ovoia 
or oval, somewhat acute, smooth, mostly longer than the oblcng obtuse blackish 
scale. 

Mountain bogs. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, slightly round above. Leaves flat, 
light green. Beck, 

2G. C. CRINITA, Lam, Fringed Sedge. 

Sterile spikes 1 or 2, often with fertile flowers variously intermixed ; fertile spiltt 
B to 5, long-cylindrical, densely flowered, on exserted nodding stalks ; bracts longer 
than the culm ; perigynia roundish-obovate, slightly inflated, obscurely nertod, 
shorter than the oblong light-brown scale. 



CYPERACBJ5. 407 



Wet meadow3 and borders of rills, common. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, sharply 
angled, with pale leaves about % inch wide. Fertile, spikes 2 to 3 inches long. 

27. C. stricta, Lam. 

Sterile spikes 1 to 3; the fertile 2 to 4, cylindrical, slender, usually barren at the 
summit, sessile or the lower on a short stalk; lower bracts auricled, seldom ex- 
ceeding the culm; perigynii ovate-acuminate or elliptical, with a short, entire, or 
slightly notched point, usually shorter and broader than the reddish-brown scale. 

Wet meadows and swamps, common. Calm 2 to 2^ feet high, slender sharply 
triangular, rough. Leaves shorter than the culms, narrow, rigid, rough and glau- 
cous. Grows in large thick tufts. 

28. C ALOPECOIDEA, Tuckerman. Fox-tail Sedge. 

Head of 8 to 10 aggregated spikes, oblong, dense ; perigynia compressed, obscure- 
ly nerved, ovate, somewhat longer than the scale; achenium pyriform. 

Woods not common. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, rough on the angles. Spike yellow- 
i.sh-green. 

Sic. ii. Spikes pistillate at the summit. 

• Stigmxs 2. 

29. C Fraseri, Sims. Fraser's S-dge. 

Spike simple, ovoid ; perigyniiyn ovoid-subglobose, entire at the point, striate, 
longer than the oblong scale. 

Mountains. Culm about a foot high, sheathed at base. Leaves radical, broad, 
wavy.- Beck. 

30. C. STELLULATA, Good. Star-like Sedge. 

Spikes 3 to 5, distinct, obovoid or roundish at maturity; perigynia ovate, acumi- 
nate, scabrous on the margin, at length spreading horizontally, longer than the 
ovate acute scale ; achenium oblong or ovate ; style slightly tumid at the base. (G. 
Ecrrpoides, ScJtk.) 

Swamps and wet meadows, common. Culm 8 to 18 inches high, stiff, leafy bo- 
low. A variable plant embracing several nominal varieties, some of which occa- 
sionally bear dioecious spik.es. 

31. C. SCOPARIA, Schk. Broom-like Sedge. 

Spikes o to 8, club-shaped, at length ovate, more or less approximate, some time 8 
forming a dense head ; perigynia narrowly lanceolate, tapering into a long slender 
beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale. 

Low meadows, common. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, triangular rough above. Leaves 
long and narrow. Spike, brownish or straw-colored when ripe. 

82. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Hare's-foot Sedge. 

Spdke 10 to 15, approximate, alternate and sessile; perigynia ovate-lanceelate, 
twice as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale; achenium narrowly oval, on a short 
etalk. Var. cristata has the spikes closely aggregated, with the perigynia spreading. 

Wet fields, common. t Culm I to 2% feet high, furrowed. Spike sub-cylindrie 
when young. 

33. 0. STRAMINEA, Schk. Straw-colored Sedge. 

Spikes about 6, roundish-ovoid, approximate ; perigynia orbicular-ovate, much. 
compressed, broadly and membranaceous!/ winged, somewhat longer than the 
lanceolate scale ; achenium sessile, oval. 

Wet meadows, borders of woods and fields. A variable species, including several 
nominal species. 



408 GRAMINEiE. 



• * Stigmas 3. 

34. C. Skortiana, Dew. Short's Sedge. 

Xfyikes about 5, cylindrical, erect, more or less distant, and the lowest rather re- 
mote, all androgynous and densely flowered; perigynia broadly-obovate, abruptly 
contracted at the base into a short etalk, but little longer than the short-pointed 
somewhat obovate scale. 

Marshes, Southern parts of the State. 

35. C. MILIACEA, Mulil. Nilht-like Sedge. 

Sterile spike solitary, pedunculate ; fertile spikes 3, slender, cylindrical, on filiform 
nodding peduncles; perigynia ovoid triangular, slightly beaked, entire at the 
orifice, as long as the ovate-lanceolate scale. 

Wet meadows. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, slender, leafy below. Leaves narrow, 
about as long as the culm, yellowish-green. 

86. C. SQUARROSA, L. Squarrose Sedge. 

Fertile spikes ovoid or oblong, obtuse and very thick, rigidly erect on short stalks:; 
■perigynia longer than the lanceolate pointed scales, which are nearly concealed by 
the crowded bases of the fruit. 

Low meadows. Culm 2 feet high, triangular, rough, leafy. Spike 1 to 2 inches 
long. % to % inch in diameter, densely flowered. 

Order 133. GR ISHEFEJE — Grass Family. 

Grasses, with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the joints, alternate 2-ranked 
leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the hypogynous flow- 
ers imbricated with 2-ranked glumes or bracts. Stamens 1 to 6, commonly 3 : an- 
thers versatile, 2-celled. Styles mostly 2 or 2-parted : stigmas feathery or hairy. 
Ovary 1-celled, forming a seed-like grain (caryopsis) in fruit. Flowers green, in 
email spikelets, arranged in a spiked raceme or panicled manner. 

L LEERSIA, Solander. White Grass. 

Named in honor of I. D. Leers, a German botanist. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, perfect, flat. Glumes none. Pa- 
LEiE (outer perianth) compressed-carinate, awnlesg, bristly 
ciliate. Stamens 1 to 6. Stigmas feathery, the hairs 
branching. — Perennial marsh-grasses with fiat leaves, which 
with the sheaths are rough upwards. 

1. L. orysoides, Swartz. Cut-grass. False Rice. 

Panicle diffusely branched, often sheathed at the base ; flowers elliptical, with 3 
ctamens; paleos strongly bristly ciliate. 

Wet places, common. Aug., Sept. Culm retrorsely scabrous, 3 to 5 feet high. 
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, very rough with hooked priekles. Panicle with 
many widely spreading and flexuous branches. 

% L. Virginica, Willd. White Grass. 

Panicle simple, the lower branches spreading, the flowers closely appressed and 
•omewhat imbricated on the slender branches; flowers oblong, with 2 stamens ; 
paleas sparingly ciliate, greenish-white. 



gramine^:. 409 



Wet woods. Aug. Calm 2 to 4 feet high, slender, branched, erect or decumbent, 
■Leaves linear-lanceolate, rough. Panicle terminal, at length much exsert&l. 

:2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Wild Rice, 

G r. Zizanion. the ancient name of some wild grass. 

Blowers monoecious, the staminafe and pistillate in 1* 
^lowered spikefets in the same panicle. Glumes none, or 
only rudimentary. Pale^e 2, herbaceous, concave, awnlesa 
in the sterile. Stamens 6. Stigmas pencil-form. — Large 
and of', en reel like wafer grasses, with the spikelets jointed with the 
clavale pedicels, very deciduous. 

1. Z. AQUATICA, L. Indian Rice. Water Oats. 

-Panicle pyramidal; the lower branches spreading and staminate. the npper ereet 
-'and pistillate; pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lower pjJtce loug-awued, rough; styles 
distinct. 

Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water. Aug. Ann. Culm 3 to 9 
foet high, stout terete, smooth. Leaves 2 to 3 feet Jong, lincar-lan •••eolate. Panicle 
terminal, a foot or more long. Grain linear, slender, ]/ 2 i^ch long; gathered for 
food by the North-western Indians. 

2. Z. MILTACEA, Micbx. Millet-like Water-Rim. 

-Panicle diffuse, pyramidal; sUminatc and pidillate flowers intermixed; awns 
■■short; styles united ; grain orate. 

Swamps. &c. Aug. Per. Culm erect, 6 to 1.0 feet high. Leaves involute, very 
long, narrow, glaucous. Panicle terminal, large. 

3. ALOPEOURTJS, Linn. Fox-tail Grass. 

Gr. alcpzx, a fox, and oura, tail; in allusion to the form of the spike, 

Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, boat-shaped, anS 
keeled, nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceed- 
ing the lower palese, which is awned on the back below the 
middle; uppor palese none. Stamens 3. Styles mostly 
united : stigmas long and feathered, — iPanicle spiked, cylin* 
driCj terminal. 

A. ARISTULATTTS, Miehx. Wild Water-Foxtail. 

Glaucous; paleoz rather longer than the obtuse glumes, which are wedge-shaped 
at the base, and hairy on the back and margin ; awns twice as long as the flower; 
anthers oblong. 

Wet meadows, rare, June, Aug. Per. -Calm 12 to 18 inches high, ascending 
-knee-jointed at the base, smooth, terete. Leaves linear-ianceolate, very acute* 
Jfrike nearly 2 inches long, pale. 

4. PHLEUM, Linn. Timothy. 

An ancient Greek name. 

•'Glumes 2, much longer than the paleae, distinct, equal, 
froat-shaped, beaked or mucronate. Palese 2, included ia 
T2 



410 GRAMINE^E. 



the glumes, awnless, truncate. Styles distinct. — JSpik* 

very dense, rylindric. 

P. PRATENSE, L. Timothy. Herd's- Grass. 

SjriU cylindrical, elongated; glumes ciliate on the back, truncate, tipped with a 
brjfctle less than half their length. 

Meadow?, &c* naturalized, and much cultivated. Oidrn 2 to 3 foet high, pimple, 
fttapofrh. Leaves flat, smooth and glaucous. Spike green. Anthers purplish. 
l^teeixxed very .valuable for hay. 

5. V1LFA, Adans. Rush-Grass. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. 
Glumes 1-nerved, carinate; the lower one smaller. Pale^e 
2, much alike j the lower one 1-nerved, rather acute, longer 
than the glumes; the upper 2-keelecl. Stamens mostly 2. 
Stigmas simply feathery. Grain oblong or cylindrical, 
c..leciduoii3. — Culms wiry or rigid: leaves involute, their 
sheaths often enclosing the lateral panicle . Flower nearly sessile in 
the glumes. 

3. V. VAGlNiEFLORA, Torr. Hidden-flowered Rush-Grass. 

Culm?, slender, ascending; leaves involute-awl-shaped ; panicles simple and spiked, 
the lateral and often the terminal concealed iu the sheaths; glumes equal, about 
i.s large as the pal etc. 

Sandy soils. Sept., Oct. Ann. Culms about a foot high, taffced. Leaves with 
a blender point. Panicle oblong compressed, few-flowered. Anthers purple. 

2. V. ASPERA, Beauv. Rough-leaved Rash- Grass. 

'Lowest leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute 
and filiform point; the upper ones short, involute; sheaths partly inclosing the 
contracted panicle; paleoz much longer than the unequal glumes. 

Sandy fields and dry hills. Sept. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, simple, terete. Zeaveg 
1 to 2 feet long. Panicle lateral and terminal* Palcce rough above, smooth ©j 
■hairy below, of greatly variable proportions. 

6. SPOEOBOLU3, R. Brown. Drop-seed Grass. 

Gr. spora, seed, and hallo, to cast forth. 

Spikelets 1 -(rarely 2)-flowered, in a contracted or open 
panicle. Flowers nearly as in Vilfa ; the palese longer 
than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2 cr 3. Grain a 
globular utricle, containing a loose seed, deciduous. 

S. JUNCEUS, Kunth. Rush-like Drop-seed Grass. 

Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elongated ; culm naked above, bearing 
a narrow loose panicle ; glumes ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one .half as long as 
the upper one. 

Pry soil. Aug. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Spilelcts J £p % lines .long, -shlnlsg 



OKAMINKJ;. 411 



7. AGKOSTIS, Linn. Bent-Giia*-.*. 

Gr. agios, a told ; the place of growth 

Spi&ETJJTS 1-flowcrod, in an open panicle. GlumlS 
somewhat unequal, usually longer than the paleao, pointless. 
Valvj: very thin, pointless, naked; the lower 3 to 5-nerved, 
mostly awhed on the back; the upper often minute or want- 
ing. Stamens mostly 3. Grain free. — Calms usually 
tujied, slender, bearing a ddjjfcse panicle*. 
Sec. i. ILricsomum, Michx— Upper p&lece none, or obsolete. 

1. A. SCABRU^I, Mulil* Rowfh Thin-grass. 

<",'./; geniculate at base, assurgentr'; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate^- scabrotia on. 
the m length aiJTu.seiy Bp] ale green, the branches short; 

unequal, longer than the awn (A. perennans, Gray.) 

Dan | laces. July, Aug* l\r. Culms I to 2 feet high. Leaves i to G 

J to 2 lines Wide. 

2. A. laxiflorum, Michx. Hair-grass. 

Culms \.T\ b! rider, erect ; ; , lanee-Iinear, the lower soon 

in vol U • very loose and divergi nt, } ; i r, lish ; glumes unequal acute, longer 

than ! 'it.. .;• 'I p 

Drj tion. May, June. Per. &ulm i8 •inches high. Lower leaves 3 

to G inches low:. Woonif ng flliforur. SjpikeleU clustered at the extrvmctics of iu<* 
branchl pedes. 

■ palece manifest. 

13. A. vulgaris, With. Red-top. B&rd's-grass: 

lion' i.ig; panicle oblong, with | r< ad Qg shorl liffuU \ovy 

nearly equalling, th Uie^y awnless, 3-nerved. 

(A.hippida, WilhL) 

i-"' 1 to 2 feet high, mostly apright. Leaves linear 

Junicle purple, -4 to 6 inches long. A valuable ■ 

4. A. ALBA, L. White Bent-Grass. Fiarin-G ra^s. 
Panicle narrow, contra. l< d ig, the branches rough; 

linear; / werpdi horter than the glumes 6-nerved, awaless, orrarelv 

'. I;e back. 
Moist meadows and fields, introduced ; native northward. July. Culm 1 to 2 
f< ei i at the lower joints, rankle greenibh. while or bare- 

ly, tinged with purple. A valuable grass. 

8. CINNA T Linn. Wood Reed-Grass. 

S pi relets 1-fiowcred, flattened, crowded in an open 
panicle. Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, nearly 
equal. PaLEJS 2, nearly equal, compressed, shortly stipi- 
tate, naked at the base, the lower one longer than the upper, 
short-awned near the summit. Stamen 1, opposite the up- 
per pale®. Grain linear-oblong, free. — Perennial, rather 
sweet-scented grasses, with simple upright culms, bearing a large 

•pound terminal panicle, and linear -lanceolate flat leaven. 



412 GRAMINE^. 



C. ARUNDINACEA, L. Common Wood Reed- Grass. 

Panicle spreading, mostly contracted in fruit; lower glume and the upper palea 
about % shorter than the lower pal ere. 

Moist grounds. Aug. Culm simple, smooth, 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves a foot or 
more in length, linear-lanceolate, rough on the margin. Panicle 8 to 12 inches 
long. Flowers green or purplish; 

9. MUHLBNBERGTA, Schrebor.- Drop-seed Grass. 

Dedicated to the Rev. Dr. MuhZenburg , a distinguished American botanist. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely open pani- 
eles. Glumes mostly acute, persistent-; the lower rather 
smaller or minute. Flower very short-stalked or sessile in- 
th.e glumes. Pale^i usually, bearded at the base, deciduous 
with the inclosed grain* often equal; the lower 3-nervedj. 
mucronate or awned at the npex. Stamens 3. — Chiefly 
perennials, with branched and often diffuse rigid culms and short 
narrow leaves.. 

1; M. SOBOLIFERA, Gray. Shoolmg Muhlenhergia. 

Culms ascending, sparingly branched ; panicle contracted, filiform, simple, with- 
oppressed alternate branches; glumes barely pemt-od, almost equal, y z shorter than 
the equal palere; lower palece muc>*onate at the tip. 

Open roeky wood?. Aug. Cu?jyi 2 feet high, producing young shoots from the 
roots. Leaves pale green, somewhat scabrous. Punicle with the iiowers rather . 
crowded. 

2. M. Mexicana, Trin. IPxiean Muhlenberg ia. 

Culms ascending, much branched ; panicles lateral and terminal, often included 
at the base, contracted, dense-flowered; glumes &c\\mmo.tQ awniess, unequal; paleca 
about as long as the glumes, equal, awnle?s. 

Moist grounds. Aug. Boot er eping. Calms 2 to 3 foet high. Leaves broad- 
linear, fiat. Panicles numerous, terminating the branches, pale green or purplish* 

3. M. SYLVATICA, Torr. & Gr. Wood Muhlenhergia. 

Culms ascending, much branched and diffusely spreading; panicle slender, con- 
tracted, densely-jnany-flowered ; glumes almost equal, bristle-pointed, nearly as 
long as the lower long-awned -palese. 

Low or rocky woods, common. Sept; l?0c£ creeping. Culm 2 to <L feet high. 

4. M. Willdenowii, Trin, 

Culms upright, slender, simple or sparingly branched; panicle contracted, slen- 
der, loosely flowered; glumes slightly unequal, short-pointed, half the length of 
the lower long awued paleae. . (Agrostw tenuiflora, Wdld.) 

Rocky wood*. Aug. Hoot- creeping. Culm 3 f et high, with swelled and pube- 
scent joints. Leaves few, spreading* strongly nerved. 

5. M. DIFFUSA, Schreber, Drop-seed. Nimble Will. 

Culms diffusely much branched \^panicles contracted, slender, rather loosely 
many-flowered, terminal and lateral; glumes very minute, the lower obsolete, the 
Tapper tsaneate; awn about twice as long as the palere. 

Dry hill- and woods. Aug., Sept. Qulm 8 to 18 inches high, compressed, laavti,:, 
fyugh . Bristle purplish. 



GRAMINE.E. 413 



10. BRACHYELYTEUM, Beauv. Short-husk Grass. 

Qr.lrdchas, short, and elglPQii } husk; from/ the very short glumes. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a filiform pedicel of aa abor- 
tive second flower, few in a simple appressed raceme. Lower 
glumes obsolete. PalejE involute, inclosing the linear- 
oblong grain, somewhat equal, the lower 5-nerved, the upper 
2-pointed. Stamens 2 ; the linear anthers and stigmas 
very long. — A perennial grass, with simple culms, rather 
downy sheaths, broad ana] Jlai lanceolate pointed leaves, and large 
spikelets. 

B. aristatum, Beauv. 

Calm erect, from creeping rootstocks; panicle simple, loose.. 

Rocky woods, common. Jur-e. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, slender, -L&racs i to 6 
inches long. Lower jpileue, >vith a very long awn. Spikelets 1% inch long. 

11. CALAMAGR03TIS, Adans. Reed BsntGuass. 

Or. alamos*, a re-ad, and agroslis, a grass. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered, in an open, contracted, or spiked 
panicle. Glumes 2, keeled or boat-shaped, often acute, 
nearly equal. PalEjE 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, 
surrounded with a copious tuft of write bristly hairs:, the 
lower one bearing a slender awn on the back or below the 
tip-, rarely awnless. Stamens 3. Grain free. — -Perennial-, 
with running root-stocks, and mostly tall and simple ri'^id' floorers. 

T. C. Canadensis, Ban v. Uan&lmn, Reed- Grass. 

Pmicle oblong, loose; lower pakaz nearly as long as the lanceolate acute glume-", 
bearing an exceedingly delicate awn below the middle; rudimentary pedicel mmut . 
(Arundo Canadensis, Michx.) 

Wet ground.?. Julv. Rather glancous. Cium 3 to 5 feet high. Leamk a fo^t 
long, flat, parrow. Panisl-i erect, m-i^h divided, at length spreading, often purplish. 

2. C. CONFINIS, Nutt. Close-flowered Reed- Grass. 

Panicle elongated, narrow, the branches appressed after flowering, pale; lower 
palece nearly equalling the oblong-lanceolate acute glumes, with a rather stout and 
slightly exsertcd awn between the middle and the base: pappus nearly as long ad 
the flower. 

Swamps. July. Culm erect, simple, about 3 feet high. Leaves about % inch 
wile, smooth. Panicle 5 to 8 inches long.. 

3. C. coarctata, T'orr. Glaucous Reed- Grass. 

Panicle contracted, dense ; lower patem shorter than the acuminate tips of tho 
lanceolate glumes, awned; pzppus% as long as the flower. 

Wet meadows. Aug. Culm 3 to 5 feet high* simple, somewhat glaucous. Leaves 
linear lanceolate; soabroas and somewhat hairy. Panicle 5 to 6 inches long. 

12. STIPA, Linn. Feather-Grass. 

Cxt. ?typa } tow; in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the featheryaTros of some 
of the species. 

Spikelets 1-flbweredj the flower stipitate. Lower p&« 
T2* 



414 GE AMINES. 



ixEM coriaceous, cylindric-involute, closely embracing the 
smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, bearing a long 
and twisted simple awn,, jointed with its a-pex. Stamens, 
mostly 3. Stigmas ])h\mose t ~Perennials, with narrow in- 
volute leaves and a loose panicle* 

S. AVENACEA, L, Black Oat- Grass. 

Culm slender, leafy at the ba?e ; leaves nearly bristle-form ; panich spreading - 
somewhat one-sided; paleoz blackish, nearly as long as the pointed glumes ; awn 
very long, naked. 

Dry or sandy wood?'. July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves mostly radical, Z to 
Sinches long. Banidz nodding. Awn 2 to 3 inches long, 

13. ARISTIDA, Linn. Triple- awned Grass* 

An, ancient Ljitin name, from arista, a beard or awn. 

Flowers stipitaie. Glumes unequal, often bristle^ 
pointed. Lower pale^e tipped with a triple awn ; the up- 
per much smaller. Scales 2, entire, smooth. — Annuals or 
perennials, with branching cuius, narrow, often involute leaves, and,' 
racemed panicles; 

1. &> DICHOTOMA, Michx. Poverty Grass. 

Culms in tufts^mu'eh fork-branched; FpiJcelets in short contracted rxecmesy 
flower rather shorter than the glumes; lateral awns very short, the middle noV- 
longer than the palcae, bent clown. 

Sterile -.soils. Aug. Ann. Culm 5 to 15 inches high* Leaves Sat, very slender,, 
■moothi&h. Racemes. -en club-shapttl pedusieka.- 

2'.'. A. purpurascens, Poir. Purple Three-awned Grass* 

Oulms mostly simple, filiform, erect; leaves very narrow, fiat; panicle spiked*'.. 
frensely flowered ; aivns nearly ejjual, 3 or 4 times the length of the pales©, the 
middle one rather longest. 

Sandy fields and woods. Sept. Per. Calm 2 to 3 ft©fc Mgh,. clot ked with long; 
smooth. leaves below- Hanicle 1 foot long, purple... 

14'. SPARTINA;, Sehreber. Gorb or Marsh Grass* 

Gr. spartina, a eord; on account of its long and tough leaves. 

Spikelets imbricate, 1-flowered, much compressed. 
Glumes and pale.^; unequal, awnless. Stamens 3. Styles. 
long, mostly united below. — Perennials, with simple and 
rigid reed like culms, long and tough leaves, vory smooth sheath^ 
and racemed spikes* 

1. Sv cyjsosuroideS) Willd; Fresh-water €ord- Grass*. 

Leaves very long, filiform at the end,^ keeled flat, at length convolute ; spikes & to * 
£0, scattered, spreading; glumes awn pointed ; style 2-cleft at the summit. 

Banks of streams and marshes. Aug. Culm 3 to 8 feet high, smooth, tereta*^ 
Zt&wes % to 4 feet long, narrow. Sgiku linear, 2 or 3 inches Ic»& »traw«c«ta 



GRAMINEJ5. 415 



2. S. JUN GEA, Willd. Rush-like Cord- Grass. 

Culms low and slender; lea ves Barrow aod rush-like, strongly involute; spikes P~ 
to 5, short-peduncled ; glumes acute, rougb-serrulate on the back ; palew rathe* 
ebtuse ; styles distinct nearly to the base. 

Salt marshes and river banks. July, Aug. Hoot creeping, forming thick tufta. 
Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rigid, emooth. Leaves 6 to 10 inches long, fcmcoth. £%4]ee& * 
Tfcjually 3. 

15, ATHEROPOGON, Muhl. 

Gr. other, a bristle, and pogon, a beard; the beards being bristle-lik©. 

Spikelets one-sided, nearly sessile, alternate, 2 or 3~ 
flowered, the terminal flower abortive. Glumes 2, mem- 
tranacecus, unequal ; the lewer shorter. Lgwir value. 8— 
nerved, 3-toothed. at the apex, the upper 3 -nerved and 2- 
toothed. Abortive flowers pedicellate, neutral. Sta- 
mens 3. — Spikes shorty arranged in a raceme. 

A. APLUDOIDES, Muhl. Bristle-beard Grass. 

Culms erect, in tufts ; sheath* commonly hairy ; leaves narrow, acuminate; spikes 
linear-oblong, almost sessile, horizontal, numerous or rather remote, forming a-. 
ifcrict racema ; rachts tipped with a slender naked point. 

Dry rocky banks, rare. Aug. Per. Culm 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, , 
attenuate at the end^ Spikes 20 to 40 on short nat peduncles. ArMcer* Irigkt; 

Ifi. CYNGDON, Richard. Bermuda Grass. 

Gr. Jcuon, a dog, and odens, a tooth. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered,. with. a naked rudiment of a second* 
flower, imhricate-spiked on one side of a flattish rachis. 
Glumes keeled, pointless, somewhat unequal. Pale^. 
pointless and awnless, the lower larger, boat-shaped. Sta- 
mens 3. — Low diffusely -branched and creeping perennials ? , 
wtth short Jiaitish leaves, and usually digitate spikes at the naked:, 
summit of the flowering culms. 

C. Dactylon, Per3. Dog's-tooth Grass. 

£§?i'7t-<?s digitate, 3 to 5; paleos smooth, longer than the blunt rudiment. 
Bandy waste places; introduced. July, Aug. Culm creeping, a foot o? mot®? 
Lang, prostrate. Stigmas dark purple. 

17. ELEUSINE, Gssrt. Crar^Grass. Yard-Grass, 

Gr. Eleusitif the town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshipped, 

GprKELETS sessile, 2 to 6-flowered, with a terminal naked^; 
rudiment. Glumes membranaceous, pointless, shorter thau, 
the flowers. Paleje membranaceous, awnless and pointless^, 
$h$ lower orate, keeled, larger thaa the upper. Stamens $* , 



416 Gil AMINE .E. 



Pericarp free from the oval seed. — Jjow annuals, with fiat 
leaves, and digitate or cluttered l-sidcd spikes, 

E. Indica, Gaerfc. Doy's4ail Crass. Wire-grass. 

Culms branched at the base, ascending flattened; spikes 2 to 5; spinelets about 
■fiflewered. * 

Yards ar.d cultivated grounds; introduced. July — Nov. Culm 9 to 18 inches 
king. Leaves distichous; linear, somewkat pubescent. Spikps usually 2 to 4, 2 
inches long; greenish. 

13. TRICUSPIS, Bcauv. 

Lat. tricurjriS) three-pointed; alluding to the lower palcEB. 

Spikelets nearly terete, 3 to 12*flowered, the terminal 
flower abortive. Glumes shorter than the flowers. Lower 
PALEiE bifid at the apex, and tricuspidate by the projecting 
keel and marginal nerves, the base villous. Stamens 8. 
Stigmas dark purple, plumose. — Leaves acuminate ; sheath* 
bearded at the throat. Panicle compound, spreading ; . the spilxlcls 
jjurplish, often racemed. 

T. seslerioides, Torr. Tall Era- top. 

Panicle loose, spreading ; tranche* flex uous, smooth ; rpi\dds ovate-lanceolate, 
6 to 6- flowered, nearly terete, tinning. 

Sa-ndy fields. Aug. Per. Outfit 3 to 5 feet high, erect, smooth. Leaves hmq, 
flat, nerved. Psnicle very large, at length spreading and pendulous, usually 
gurple. 

19. DAGTYLTS, Linn. Orchard Grass. 

Gr. daltylos, a finger? in allusion to the form of the spike. 

Spikelets 2 to 7-flowered, crowded in one sided clusters, 
forming a branching dense panicle. Glumes unequal ; the 
larger keeled, mncronate ; the lower 5-ncrved, with a fringed 
keel; upper bifid. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. — il- 
vennzals, with keeled leaves, and contracted ghnizrate panicles, 

D. GLOMERATA, L. Rough Orchard Grass. 

Rough and rather glaucous; leaves broadly linear; brandies of the panicle naked 
at the base; spikelets 3 or 4-flowered. 

tfiulds and meadows.; introduced from Europe.. June. Culm 2 to 3 feet high, 
•aroet. Pimide glaucous. Good for hay. 

20'. KCELERIA. 

In honor of M. . Ka ler, a German botanist 

Spikelets compressed, 2 to 7-flowered. Glumes 2, 
shorter than the flowers; the lower much narrower, keeled. 
Palea membranaceous, unequal ; the lower acute or obtuse, 
unawned or with a short awn. below the tip ; the upper 2- 



GR AMINES. 417 



keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short. — Perennials, 
with simple and tufted culms, often down p si heaths, and contracted 
or spike like panicles, 

Sf.c. i. Kceleria proper. — Spikelets 3 to 7-flowered, crowded in a dense and nar- 
row spike-like panicle. 

1. K. cristata, Pers. Crested Koderia. 

Panicle, narrowly spiked, interrupted at the base; spikelets 2 to 4-fiowered; Imoer 
palea acute, often mucronate-pointed. 

Dry grounds or hills. June. Culm 2") to 30 inches high, smooth, leafy to one- 
half its height. Leaves flat, erect, pubescent, 2 to 3 inches loug. Sheaths smooth 
or downy. 

Sec. ii. Reeoulea, Kunth. — Spikelets usually 2-flowered, and with an abortive 
rudiment or pedicel, in a contracted or slender panicle. 

2. K. Pennsylvania, DO. Pe> rtrizylv mucin Kceleria,. 

Panicle long and slender, rather loose, the racemose branches somewhat elonga- 
ted; upper glume obovate, barely obtuse; kiwer palea rough. 

Moist woods r.nd meadows. May. June. Culm about 2 .feet high, simple. Leaves 
short. Hat. Fdnicfe 4 t<> 8 inches long, v ry slender with y-ilo wish-green spikeieta^. 
Varies with a larger and fuller panicle-, with the aspect of Cmaa. 

21. MELICA, Linn. Melic-Grass. 

An old name fiom meli, honey. 

Spikelets 2 to 5-flowerecl, the 1 to 3 upper flowers im- 
perfect and dissimilar, convolute around each other. Glumes 
usually large, 2-valved, unequal, the upper 7 to 9-nerved, 
Pale^e membranaeeeous, unarmed. Stamens 3. Stig- 
mas branched plumose. — Leaves flat and soft. Panicle sim- 
ple or sparingly branched. 

M. SPECIOSA, Muhl. Showy Mdic- Grass. 

Smooth: panfe-e loose, erect, with a few spikelets on each branch, each Fpikelei 
containing 2 perfect {lowers and a stalked rudiment composed of 3 abortive one*& . 
glumes and palea very obtuse. 

Eich soil. June. Per. Culm 3 to 4 feet high. Spikelets % m °k l° n S« 

22. BRIZA, Linn. Quaking Grass. 

Gr. brizo, to nod or hang down; alluding to the pendulous spikelets. 

Spikelets many-flowered, ovate or heart-shaped. Glumes 
roundish, unequal, purple. Pale^e ; inflated ; lower one 
cordate at base, embracing the upper, which is- nearly round 
and much shorter. Stamens 3. Stigmas branched plu- 
mose. Grain flattened. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, with- 
the large and showy spikelits often drooping on delicate spikelets, 
B. MEDIA, L. Common Quaking Grass. 

Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikelets 5 to 9-3owered, heart-shaped 
When old. 

Meadowa; naturalized. June. Per. Culm 3 to 4 feet high* 



4:18 GE AMINES. 



23. GLYCERIA., R. Brown. Manna-grass. 

Gr. glulceros, sweet ; alluding to the sweet-tasted grain* 

Spikelets mostly terete, long, linear, many-flowered ; 
HACHis jointed. Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal, 
pointless. PALEiE somewhat chartaceous, nearly equal, 
naked, the lower rounded on the back, strongly 7-nerved, 
the upper 2-keeled. Stamens 3 or 2. Stigmas decom- 
pound. Grain oblong. — Perennial smooth marsh-grasses, 
witth simple culms pom running root-blocks , flat leaves and nearly 
entire sheaths ; the panicle loose and open. 

1. G. FLUITANS, R. Brown. Common Manna grass. 

Panicle 1-sided slightly branched ; spikelets 7 to 13-flowered, apprcsscd; lower 
palm oblong, obtuse. 

Shallow water, common. June, July. Oulm thiekish, 2 to 15 feet high, from a 
creeping root. Leaves short and rather broad, very smooth. Panicle 12; to 15 
inches long, slender, partly concealed in the upper sheath. 

2. G. obtusa, Trin. Obtuse-flowered Manna-grafs. 

Panicle dense, narrowly oblong; spikelets ovate, 6 to 7-flowered; glumes scarious ; 
lower palecB ovate, obtuse, the upper as loug when old*. 

Swamps, rare. Aug., Sept. Culm stout, 1 to 2 feet high, very leafy. Leaves 
linear, long, smooth. Panicle 3 to 4 inches long, many-flowered. 

3. G. ELONGATA, Trin, Long-panided Manna-grass. 

Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated, somewhat 1-sided, recurving; the branch- 
es appressed, bearing the 3 to 4 -flowered spikelets nearly to the base ; lower pale® 
oblong-ovate, obtuse, rather longer than the upper. 

Wet woods, common. Jnly. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, simple. Leaves 1 foot or. 
more long, rough. Panicle 1 foot long. Spikelets pale, with short pedicelled flowers. 

4. G. NERVATA, Trin. Nerved Manna-grass. 

Panicle diffuse, loose, the branches capillary, at length drooping; spikelets very 
numerous, ovate-oblong, 3 to 7-fiowered ;palea?ox$l, obtuse, nearly equal in length. 

Moist meadows, common. June. Culm erect, 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves rather 
long, narrow-linear, fiat, smooth. Panicle large, broad and open, often purplish. 

2i. POA ; Linn. Meadow-grass. Spear-grass. 

An ancient Greek name for gras3. 

Spikelets ovate or oblong, compressed, few-flowered, it 
an open panicle. Glumes 2, mostly shorter than the flow- 
ers. Pale^e nearly equal, membranaceous, awnless, ©ffcen 
with a villous web at the base; the lower one keeled or con- 
cave; upper one 2-keeled. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas 
plumose. Grain oblong. — Grasses, with tufted culms } 
smooth usually flat and soft leaves f and the spikelets in diffuse 
or contracted panicles. 



GRAMINEJE. 419 



1. P. annua, L. Low Spear-grass. 

Calms spreading or decumbent, flattish ; panicle short and broad, often 1-sided, 
at length spreading; spikelets crowded, very short-pedicelled, 3 to 7-flowered. 

Cultivated and waste grounds, very common . April — Oct. Culms 3 to S inches 
high, very smooth. Leaves lance linear, short, bright brown. 

2. P. PUNGENS, Nutfc. Vernal Spear-grass. 

Culm Gompressed ; panicle somewhat simple, spreading ; spikelets lanceolate, 3 or 
4-Howered, crowded at the extremeties of the branches ; flowers rather obtuse. 

Rocky places. April, May. Per. Culm stoloniferous from the base, 1 to 2 feet 
high. Leaves very short, cuspidate, the radical ones long, linear, those of the culm 
usually 2, lanceolate, very short. 

.8. P. SEROTINA, Ehrh. Red-top. 

■■Culm erect, smooth ; panicle diffuse, elongated, at length somewhat nodding at 
the top, the branches mostly in pairs ; spikelets numerous ovate lanceolate, 2 to 4- 
fiosvercd; glumes lanceolate, sharp-pointed. 

Banks of streams and wet meadows, common. June, July. Per. Culm 2 to 3 
feet high. Leaves narrow-linear, flat, smooth. Panicle 6 to 10 inches long, the 
branches mostly whorled. Spikelets green,, or often tinged with dull purple. 

4. P. paVTENSis, L Spear-g^ass. 3Ladoio grass. 

AJms. from a creeping base, and with the sheaths smooth; panicle pyramidal, 
Bomewhat crowded, the branches commonly in fives, spreading; spikelets 3 to 5- 
fiowered, oblong ovate; flowers acute. 

Fields and meadows, very common in cultivation. May — July. Per. Root 
creeping^ Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves keeled, linear, abruptly acute, deep green, 
the lower very long. Highly prized as a pasture grass. 

t>. P. compressa, L. Blue-grass. Ynre-grass. 

ttalm much flattened, obliquely ascending ; ponvcle contracted, somewhat 1- 
sided; sp&cekts 4 to 9- flowered, flattened; flowers linear elliptical, rather obtuse, 
h.iiry below on the keel. 

Fields and pastures, common ; introduced. June, July. P r -r. Root creeping 
fcxt-neivcly. Culm 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves short, bluish, smooth. 

•6. P. CONCERT A, Ell. Clustered Meadow Grass. 

Culm erect, geniculate; panicle, terminal and axillary, erect; spikelets about 6- 
fioWv-rcd, compressed; flowers clustered, smooth. 

Meadows, rare. SJvoeinits. V,v. Culm 2 to 3. feet high. Leaves smooth, s^rru- 
lato on the margin. Panicle A to 3 i-iches long. 

25. ERAGROSTIS, Beans. 

An early name, probably from era, the earth, and Agrostis. 

Spikelets 2 to 70-flowered, nearly asm Poa, except tha-t 
the lower palca is but 3-nerved, not webby at the base, and 
the upper is persistent on the rachis for some time after the 
rest of the flower is fallen. — Culms often branching : leaves 
linear, frequently involute ) and the ligule bearded. Panicle 
various. 

1. E. PiLOSAj Beauv. Pilose Er agrostis. 

JPunick loose, ample, wilh ca pillary branches, all but ihe lower scattered and 



420 -GRAMINE.E. 



naked in the axils, compound ; spikelets 5 to 12 flowered, nearly linear, flattish J 
flowers ovate aeutish. 

Sandy soil. Aur. Ann. Culms 5 to 12 inches hiirh, tufted. Leaves flat or in- 
volute, bearded With long hairs at the throat. Spikelets % to % i&ch long, .puff' 
piish. 

2. E. CAPILLARIS, Nees. Capillary Eragrosiis. 

Panicle expanding, very compound, delicate; the axils naked; spikelets oblong 2 
to 4-flowered, on long capillary pedicels. (Poa capiilaris, L.) 

Dry sandy p< aces, common. August- Ann. Cubits 12 to 18 inches high, tufted. 
Leaves linear, fiat, the sheaths fringed with long hairs- Panicle 8 to 18 inches 
long, much branched. 

3. E. spectabilts, Gray. Show?/ Eragrostis. 

Panicle divergently spreading, the rigid branches reflexed with age, -and a b^ard- 
ed tuft in the principal axils; spikdeU oblong or linear 7 to 10 or 15-flowered ; flow- 
ers ovate, minutely ciliate. (P. spectabi'is, Pursh.) 

Sandy fields. Au^, Sept. Ann. Cahn and long leaves rigid, mostly smooth,} 
lower sheaths often downy. Panicle 1 to 2 feet long, with purplish spikelets. 

26. FESTUCA, Linn, ^escue^grass^ 

An ancient Latin name. 

Spikelets oblong, 8 to many-flowered ; the flowers nofe 
■webby at the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Pa- 
lea chartaceous or almost coriaceous, roundish on the back*, 
acute, mucronate or awned at the summit, the upper mostly 
adhering at maturity to the inclosed ^rain. Stamens most- 
ly 3. Stigmas dimply plumose. — F lowers and leaves ratiier 
• dry and har^h. Spikelets panicled or racemose, 

1. P. ELAT1GR, L. Tall Fescue- Grass. 

Panicle branch* d. loose, rather spr-admg; spikelets crowded, 4 to 6 flowered; low* 
> (r palce nearly pointless : flowers eylindrie. 

Moist nn*adovs and pastures. June. Per. Calm 3 to 5 feet hijh. Leaves hroad ■■- 
linear. 9 to IS inch s long. Panicle. 6 to 10 inches long, mostly nodding. iSpitc&UU 
% inch long. Introduced. 

2. F. pratensis, Hudson. Meadow Fescue-Grass. 

Panicle simple, or sparingly branched; spikdets 5 to 10-flowered ; lower palea 
-barely acute. 

Fields and meadows, common, naturalized. June. July. Per. Culm 2 to 3 feet 
high, without a creeping base. Leaves broad-linear, u^rved, smooth, rough on 
tiie margin. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long, somewhat one-sided. 

3. F. NUTANS, Willd. Nodding Fescue-Grass. 

'Panicle of several slender and spreading branches, mostly in pairs, drooping 
when old, naked b^low, bearing near their extremity a few ovate 3 to 5-flowerai 
spikelets; flowers ovate oblong, rather obtuse, clos; together. 

Rocky and open wood*. July. Per. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, naked above. Leavst 
%roadly-linear, acuminate, dark green, often rather hairy. " Panicle few-flowered, 

4. F. rubra, L. Bed or Creeping Fescue- Grass. 

Piomcle one-sided, erect, spreading; spikvlds soma what terato, 5 or 6-flowere<i$ 
$&»ers lender. Umn4heir awns. 



GR AMINES. 421 



Dry soils. June. Per. Root extensively creeping. Culm 12 to 18 inches high, 
**rect. Leaves lcng pubescent on the upper side. Panicle, contracted. Introduced^ 

27. BROMUS, Linn. Belo^e-grass. Cheat. 

Bromos, a name given by the Greeks to a kind of oats, 

Spikelets oblong, 5 to many-flowered, panicled. GrLTTMES 
unequal, membranaceous, the lower 1 to 5-nerved, the upper 
3 to 9-nerved. Lower pale^e bifid at the apex, and usually 
awned a little below the tip; upper 2-keeled, tit length ad- 
hering to the groove of the oblong or linear grain. Sta- 
mens 3. Stigmas simply plumose. — Coarse grasses, with 
large spikelets, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened at the apex* 

1. B. ciliatus, L. Clliate Broine- grass. 

Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches at length divergent, droop- 
ing; spikelets 7 to 12-flowered ; lower glume 1-nerved ; flowers oblong-lanceolate, 
-tipped with an awn, % to ^4' their length ; upper p-ihce bristl y-ciliate ; the lower 
Silky, with appressed hairs near the margins. (B. Canadensis, Michx. B.pube- 
gcens, Muhl. B. purgans, L.) 

River banks and moist woodlands. July, Aug. Per. Culm 3 to 4 feet high. 
Leaves large, % to v / 2 inch wide smooth or somewhat hairy; the sheaths eftea 
hairy or densely downy near the top. Variable as toits, pubescence, &c. 

SL B. SECALINUS, L. Cheat Chess. 

Panicle spreading, the drooping peduncles but slightly branched; spikelets oblong- 
ovate, turgid, smooth, of 8 to 10 flowers overlapping each other, mostly longer 
.than the awns; lower glumes 5 -nerved; upper 7-nerved. 

^Cultivated grounds, common in grain-fields. June. Ann. Cu lr m 2 to 3 feet 
liigh, with swollen and pubescent joints, /.eaves broad linear, hairy above. Pani' 
tile 4 to 6 inches long. Introduced from Europe. This troublesome grass is very 
.common.in wheat fields, especially when the grain is injured by frost; which has 
agiven rise to the common, but mistaken idea, that wheat is changed into this plant, 

3. B. mollis, L. S>ft Bronte-grass. 

Panicle erect, close, compound; spikelets ovate, flattish, the flower3 closely im- 
bricated, downy, as long as the awn. 

Fields and pastures, sparingly naturalized. June. Biennial. Culm 1 to 2 feet 
high. Leaves very soft, pubescent. Panicle 3 to 4 inches long, Spikelets -nearly 
-erect, 5 to 10-newered. 

4. B. ARVENSIS, L. Field Brome-grass. 

Panicle erect, spreading ; spikelets lanceolate, compressed, 7 to 8-flowered ; Jlower 
imbricate, compressed, smoothish, about as long as the straight awn. 

Fiilds and meadows. West Chester. Barlingtoa. June, July. Ann. Culm 
*about 2 feet high, smooth, with dark-colored pubescent joints. Leaves lance- 
iinear, hairy oa both sides. Panicle slender, spreading, at length drooping. 

28. UNIOLA, Linn. Spike*grass* 

%n ancient name of some grass. 

Spikelets compressed, many-flowered ; one or more of 
the lower flowers sterile, and consisting of a single paleae. 



422 GE AMINE JE. 



Glumes keeled. Pale^e of the perfect flowers *2 ; lower 
one boat-shaped; upper smaller, doubly keeled. Stamens 
mostly 1. — Upright perennials, in tufts from creeping root- 
stocks, with broad leaves and large spikelets in a panicle. 

U. LATIFOLIA, Michx. Broad-leaved Spike-grass. 

Spike 7 ets on slender pedicels, drooping in an ample loose panicle, oblong-ovate, 
10 to 15-fl owered ; flowers nearly appressed, ovate-lanceolate and acuminate, some- 
what falcate ; stamen 1. 

Mountains and shaded banks. Aug. Culm 3 to 4 feet high, somewhat branch- 
ing. Leaves flat, nearly 1 inch wide, Panicle 1 foot long, loose. Spikelets 1 inch 
long and % inch wide. 

29. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reed. 

Or. pliragmites, growing in, or forming hedges. 

Spikelets 3 to 7-flowered ; flowers surrounded by a 
tuft of hairs, all 3 -androus and perfect, except the lowest, 
which is either neutral or with a single stamen, and naked. 
Glumes 2, lanceolate, unequal. Pale^e very unequal ; the 
lowest one elongated, acuminate ; the upper 2-kceled. 
Styles long.— Tall and stout perennials, with numerous 
broad leaves, and a large terminal panicle. 

P. COMMUNIS, Trin. Common Reed dass. 

Panicle loose, diffuse when old ; spikelets 3 to 5-flowered. (Arundo Phragmites, L.) 
Edges of ponds and swamps. Aug., Sept. OiUm 9 to 1 2 feet high, very leafy, 

with numerous joints. Leaves 1 to 2 feet long, linear-lanceolate, flat, glaucous. 

Panicle very large, loose. The largest grass in the Northern State3 ; resembling 

groom-corn at a distance. 

.38. TPJTICUM, Linn. Wheat. 

The classical name. 

Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, single at each joint, and 
placed with the side against the rachis. Glumes transverse, 
nearly equal and opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Pale^b 
lanceolate ; the lower one concave, acuminate or awned at 
the summit ; the upper one flattened, bristly-ciliate on the 
nerves, free or adherent to the grooves of the grain. Sta- 
mens 3. — Flowers spiked. 

Sec i. AaROPYRUM, Gsert Perennials. Spikes 2-ranked; glumes acute o* 
pointed. 

1. T. REPENS, L. Couch-grass. Quitch-grass. 

Raotitocks creeping extensively; spikelets 4 to 8-flowered; glumes 5 to 7-neryed; 
rachis rough on the angles ; awn none, or very short. 

fields and meadows, naturalised and troublesome. June — Aug. Culm 1 to 3 
feet high. Leaves flat, roughiih or hairy above, laaee-linear. $pik* 5 to & inebe* 



CRAMINEJ3. 423 



2. T. caninum, L, Awned Wheat-grass. 

Boot fibrous, not creeping ; spikelets 4 or 5-flowered ; glumes 3-nerved ; rachis 
bristly on the edges; awn longer than the smooth flower. 

Wood? and banks, introduced. Jaly. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves flat, rough- 
ish on both sides. 

Sec. ii. Triticum proper. Annuals. Glumes ovate-oblong and ventricose boat- 
shaded. 

3. T. sativum, L. Wheat. 

Calm round, smooth, with the internodes somewhat inflated; stipules truncate ; 
spike parallel, somewhat 4-sided: spikelets crowded, broad-ovate, about 4-flowered ; 
awns of the upper paiese generally longer than the flowers. Annual and Biennial. 
This is the most valuable plant of the order, and is universally cultivated. Many 
varieties are known to farmers. 

32. LOLXUM, Linn. Darnel. 

The ancient Latin name. 

Spikelets many-flowered, solitary, and placed edgewise 
on the continuous rachis. Inner glume mostly wanting. 
Lower paleje lanceolate, mucronate or with a short bristle 
at the tip ; upper one 2 -beaked. — Spike simple : rachis not 
jointed. 

1. L. PERENNE, L. Common Darnel. Rye-grass. 

Glume much shorter than the spikelet; flowers 6 to 9, awnless, sometimes awn- 
pointed. 

Meadows and fields; naturalized.. June. Per. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth. 
Leaves Jance linear, smooth, shining. Spikelets 12 to 20, alternate, forming a spike 
about 6 inches long. A good pasture grass. 

2. L. temulentum, L. Bearded Darnel. 

Glume full}- equalling the 5 to 7-flowered spikelet; awn longer than the flower. 

Old fields. July. Ann. Culm about 2 feet high, terete. Leaves lance-linear, 
rough on the margins. Spikelets much compressed. The seeds are said to be 
poisonous. Introduced from Europe. 

32. ELYMUS, Linn. Lyme-grass. Wild Ryev. 

Gr.. Ely mos, a Lull, also an ancient name for some grain. 

Spikelets 2 to 4 at each joint of the rachis, all fertile, 
each 2 to 7-flowered ; the uppermost flower imperfect. 
Glumes nearly side by side in front of the spikelets, rarely 
wanting. pALEiE coriaceous, the lower rounded on the 
back, usually awned at the apex. — Rye-like grasses, with 
simple spikes* 

1. E. ViRGlNicus, L. Wild Rye.~ 

Spike rigidly upright, dense and thick, on a short peduncle usually included in 
the sheaths; spikelets 2 or 3 together, 2 or 3 flowered, smooth, short-awned ; glumes 
I&neeoiate, stoougly nerved; 



424 guamine^. 



River banks. Aug. Per. Culm: 2 to 3 feet high, smooth. Leaves broadly linear,, 
flat, rough, deep green. Spike, 3 to 5 inches long, stiffly erect, thick. 

2. E. Canadensis, L. Canadian hyme-grass. 

Spike rather loose, curving, on an exserted peduncle ; spiJcelets mostly in pairs of" 
S to 5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy flowers; glumes lance awl-shaped, tipped 
with short awns. 

River banks, in rich soil. Aug. Per. Root creeping. Culm 3 to 4 feet high r 
erect. Leaves broad-linear, flat, somewhat rough. Spike 6 to 8 inches long, at 
length nodding. A variety (E. glaucifolius of Muhl.) is pale or glaucous through? 
out, with spreading awns 1^ inch long. 

3. E. Hystrix, L. Bottle-brush Grass. 

Spike erect, loose; the spreading spikelets 2 or 3 together, early deciduous from 
the joints, about 3-flowered ; flowers smoothish, or often rough-hairy, tipped with, 
an awn thrice their length. 

Moist woodlands, common;. July. Per. Culm^tQ 4, feet high, erect, smooth. 
Leaves broad-linear flat,, and with the sheaths smoothish. Spike 4 to 6 inches long,. 
at length spreading. . 

4. E. STRIATUS, Willd. Striated Lime-grass. 

Spike erect ; spikelets in pairs, 2-flowered, awned, hispid ; glumes linear, nervedy 
awned, nearly as long as the spikelets. 

Shady woods, June, rare. Per. Culm 8 to 12 inches high, erect, striate. Leaves- 
lanceolate j acuminate, rough above - r sheaths smooth. Leaves somewhat spreading... 

S3. HOR-DEUM, Linn. Barley. 

The ancient Latin name. 

Spikelets I-flowered r with an awl-shaped rudiment cm 
the inner side, 3 at each joint of the racbis, the lateral one* 
usually imperfect. Glumes side by side in front of the 
spikelets, slender, awn-pointed or subulate. Pale^ 2, the 
lower with a long awn, the upper 2-keeled, obtuse. Sta- 
mens 3. — Spike dense, simple, the rachis often separating 
into joints. 

1. H. VULGARE, K Common Barley. 

Culm smooth, 2 to 3 feet high; leaves lance-linear, keeled, nearly smooth ; sheaths 
auricled at the throat ; spike thick, about 3 inches- long ; spikelets all fertile, l r 
flowered, with an awn-like rudiment at the apex of the upper palese ; glumes col*- 
lateral ; flowers in four rows. Ann. Extensively cultivated. May. 

2, H. DISTICHUM, L. Ttoo-rowed Barley. 

Culm 2 to 3 feet high ; leaves lance-linear, scabrous above ; sheaths auricled at 
the throat; spike Z to 4 inches long, linear, compressed,; lateral spikelets abortive,. 
awnless;/rm'£ arranged in two rows. Ann. more common in cultivation thaia* 
the former species. 

34. AIRA, Linn. Hair-grass. 

An ancient Greek name for Darnel. 

Spikelets 2-flowered, in an open diffuse panicle. Glumes 
2, unequal, about as long as the flowers. ]?ale^ thin and, 



GRAMINE^J. 425 



membranaceous, the lower one awned on the tack below 
the middle, 3 to 5-nerved. Stamens 3. 

1. A. flexuosa, L., Common Hair-grass. 

Panicle loose, spreading, trichotomously branched ; branches smoothish, fiex^ 
nous; flowers scarcely longer than the glumes ; lower palece slightly 2- toothed.' 

Dry rocky or sandy places, common. June. Per. Culml to 2 feet high, slender, 
from small tufts of setaceoas involute leaves. Panicle whiiish, the lower branch- 
es somewhat whorled. 

2. A, C.E3PlTC3A r L. Tufted Hair-grass. 

Panicle pyramidal or oblong; lower palece eroded-4-toothed at the truncate apex ;• 
awn straight, short. 

Wet places. June, Jn]y. Per. Culms 2 to 3 feet" high, in close tufts. Leaves 
Siit, linear, roughish. Panicle dull purplish, the branches somewhat whorled. 

3. A. PRiECOX, L. Ear??/ Hair-grass. 

Panicle small, oblong, somewhat spiked; lower palece with 2 awl-pointed tips; 
awn twisted, inserted below the middle, longer than the flowers. 

Sandy fields. June. Calms 3 to 4 inches high, tufted. Leaves short, smooth, 

setaceous. Panicle few-flowered, greenish,. 

35. SEC ALE, Linn. Eye. 

Spikelets solitary on the teeth of the rachis, 2 or 3- 
flbwered ; the 2 lowest flowers fertile, sessile, opposite ; the 
upper one abortive. Glumes awl-shaped, opposita, shorter 
than the flowers. Lower paleje with a very long awn ; 
upper often biiid at the apex. Scales abortive, hairy. 

S; Cereale, L, Rye. 

Culm hairy beneath the spike, 4 to 6 feet high; leaves lance-linear, rough-edged 
rough above, glaucous; spike about 5 inches long, linear, compressed; palexs 
smooth; awns scabrous ciliate, long. Ann. or Biennial. June. The rye has long 
been cultivated and may be considered naturalized. 

36. TRISETUM, Persoon* 

Lat. tris, three, and seta> a bristle. 

Spikelets 2 to several-flowered, usually in a contracted 
panicle. Lower palece compressed-keeled, awned below 1 
the sharply 2-cleffc or 2-pointed apex .:— otherwise nearly as 
in Aira. 

T. palustre, Torr. Meadow Trisetum. 

Smooth ; panicle rather long and narrow, loose, the branches capillary; spflceltii 
flat; glumes rather unequal, shorther than the 2 smooth lanceolate flowers; lower 
palem ending in 2 setose teeth. 

Wet meadows, rare. May — July. Per. Culm slender 2 to 8 feet high. Leav%$ 
fiat, lanes-linear, about 3 inches long. SpiksUts yellowish-white, tinged with gmn» 

U2* 



4'26 GRAMINE.E. 



37.. DANTHONIA, DO. Wild Oat-orass. 

In honor of M. Dantfioine } a French Botanist'. 

Spikelets 2 to 10-flowered; the upper flower often im- 
perfect. Glumes nearly equal, mostly longer than the 
flower. Pale^e hairy at the base; lower one 2-toothed at 
the summit, with, a twisted, awn. between the teeth.; upper 
one obtuse, entire. — Flowers in a spiked panicle. 

D. spicata, Beauv. Wild 1 Oats. 

Panicle simple, raceme-like, rather 1-sided; spikelets few, appressed, 7-flowered ; 
lower palece broadly-ovate, loosely hairy on the back, about % the length of the 
awn. 

Dry and sterile or rocky soil. July. Culms tufted, 1 to 2 teet high, erect 
leaves short somewhat involute-awl-shapod; sheaths bearded -at, the throat, 

38. A VENA, Linn. Oat: 

The classical Latin name. 

Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, panicled, commonly large\ 
Flowers rather remote, the upper ones, often imperfect, 
Glumes loose and membranaceous, nearly equal. Pale^e 
2; the lower one bifid at the summit, with a long twisted 
awn on the back below the tip. Stamens 3. Grain 
oblong-linear, grooved, on. one side,: — Panicle compound^ 
loose,, 

T. A. satiya, L, Common Oat. 

Culm 2 to 4 feet high; leaves linear-lanceolate, veined, rough, with loose striate 
sheaths; stipules torn; panicle loose ; spikelets pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered 
palece somewhat cartilaginous, closely embracing the grain; Ann. A., highly in*- 
poriant grain.. 

2. A. sterilis, L. Animated' Oat: 

Stem 3 to 4 feet high, and with the leaves smooth, the latter long, acute, flat \ - 
spikelets 5-flowered; outer flowers and awns hairy, inner flowers awnless. Ann, 
Erom Barbary. Cultivated as a curiosity. The awns are 2 inches long, geniculate 
and twisted more or less according to the state of. the atmosphere. 

89. HOLCI7S, Linn. Soft: grass; 

An ancient name, of obscure application * 

Spikelets 2 or 3-fibwered in & contracted panicle, poly- 
gamous. Glumes herbaceous, somewhat boat-shaped, mu- 
cronate. Lowest flower neutral, small and abortive, or 
obsolete; the middle one perfect, 3-androus, awnless ; the 
upper one staminate only, 3-androus ; bristle-awned tawafcdfr 
ike tip, 



GR AMINES. 427 



H. lanatus, L. Velvet-grass. White Timotliy. 

Soft-downy, pale ; panicle oblong; upper glume mucronate under the apex ; axon 
©f the staminate flower recurved. 

Moist meadows. June* Per* Root fibrous. Calm 18 inches high* Leaves 2 to 
5 inches long, flat. Glumes pubescent, whitish or tinged with purple. Introduced 
from Europe. 

m ANTHGXANTHW, Linn. Vernal-grass. 

Gr. anthos, flower, and zanifios, yellow; from the color of the spikes. 

Spikelets 3 -flowered, the two lower flowers neutral and 
each consisting of a single awned paleae ; the upper flowers 
perfect, of 2 paleae, diandrous, nearly equal, short, awnles.— 
Panicle contracted or spike-like. 

A. ODORATUM, L. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass. 

Panicle spiked, the spikele-js spreading; one of the neutral flowers with a bent 
awn near its base, the other short-awned below the tip. 

Meadows and woods, completely naturalized. June — Aug. Per. Culm about & 
foot high, erect. Leaves short. Panicle 1 to 2 inches long, yellow or brownish 
"when mature. Very fragrant when about half dry, 

41. PHALxiEIS, Linn. Canary-grass. Eibbon-grass. 

Gr. phalos, shining ; in allusion to the smooth palea3. 

Spikelets 3 -flowered ; the two lower flowers mere neutral 
mdiments at the base of the perfect one, which is flattish 
awnless, of 2 shining paleae, shorter than the equal boat- 
ghhped glumes. Stamens 3-. — Leaves broad, flat. Panicle 
dense and spike- like.. 

P. ARUNDINACEAj L. Reed Canary grass. Ribbon-grass, 

Panicle more or less branched, clustered, a little spreading when old ; glumes 
obtusely keeled ;.palca> unequal; abortive Jlovjers hairy. 

Swamps. July. Aug. Per. Culm 2 to 5 feet high, erect, a little branching. 
Leaves deep green, sometimes variegated with white, when it is the " Ribbon gra&*>"" 
ol the gardens. Panicle 2. -to finches long. 

42. EANICUM, Linn. Panic-grass, 

An ancient Latin name. 

Spikelets 2-fiowered, naked. Glumes 2, unequal, mem*- 
Branaceous, concave. Lower flower of 1 or 2 paleae,, 
6taminate or neutral', membranaceous. Upper fxower per- 
fect, clbsed^with 2 paleae, inclosing the free and groovelesft 
grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose,, usually purple, — 
Spikelets paraded^ racemed r or sometimes spiked^ not m^ 
wl iterate*, 



428 GRAMINE^E. 



Sec. i. Digitaria, Scop. Finger- Grass. Spikelets crowded, 2 or 3 together m ■ 
simple and mostly 1-sided clustered spikes or spike-like racemes.— Annuals* 

1. P. SANGUINALE, L. Finger-grass. Crab-grass. 

Spikes 4 to 15, digitate-clustered ; spikelets oblong, downy-margined ; upper glume 
shorter than the flower. 

Cultivated grounds, everywhere naturalized: Aug. — Oct. Calm 12 to 18 inches 
high, spreading from the tufted baee, then upright. Leaves linear-lanceolate, and 
with the sheaths rather hairy. Spikes and often tire leaves purplish. 

2. P. glabrum., Gaudin* Smooth Finger-grass. 

Spikes digitate, somewhat alternate, spreading; spikelets ovoid, rather hairy; 
upper glume nearly equalling the flower. 

Sandy fields. Aug., Sept. Culm 6 to 12 inches high, procumbent or spreading* 
Spikes mostly 3 (2 to 6), about 2 inches long. 

3. P. FILIFORME, L. Slender Finger-grass. 

Spikes 2 to 8, alternate and approximated, thread-like ; spikelets all distinctly 
pedicelled, oblong, acute; lower glume none. 

Dry sandy soil. Aug. Oulms extremely slender, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves nar- 
row, 1 to 2 inches long. Spikes mostly 3, 1 to 2 inches long; rachis rough, flexuous . 

Sec. ii. Panicum proper. Panic-Grass. Spikelets scattered, awnless. — Modly; 
perennials. 

4. P. ANCEPS; Michx. Two-edged Panic-grass. 

Panicle contracted, pyramidal ; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved; . 
upper glume 7 -nerved; nez'Jral Jioiocrsl^longav than -the perfect, of 2 palese.--- 

Wet soil. Aug. Calms flat, upright, 2 to £ feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
1 to 2 feet long. % to y 2 * ncn wide, smbothish. 

5. P. AGROSTOIDES, Spreng. Agrostis-like Panic-grass. 

Panicles terminal and often lateral, pyramidal; spilelets racemose, crowded and 
1-Sided, on the spreading branch s, ovate-oblong,, acute, purplish; upper yl.uine o- 
nerved, longer than the neutral flower, with 2 paleas. 

Wet meadows. Aug. Culm 2 to 3 feet hixh, flattened, upright. Leaves long • 
and with the sheaths smooth, tufted. Panicle 4 to 8 inches long, mostly dark 
purple. 

6. P. PROLIFERUM, Lam. Proliferous Panic-grass. 

Smooth throughout; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, .pyramidal; 
ipikelets appressed, lance-oval, acute; lower glume broad, x / z to % the length of the 
upper; neutral flower little longer than the perfect one, of a single palese. 

Wet meadows and marshes. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culms thickened, succulent,* . 
Ibranehed, ascending from -a procumbent base. Leaves 8 to 12 inches long; sheath* 
flattened. 

7. P. CAPILLARE, L. Hair- stalked Panic-grass. 

Panicle pyramidal, capillary, compound and very loose, with slender straight 
©ranches, reflexed when old ; spikelets scattered on-long pedicels, oblong, pointed ; 
lower glume half the length of the single paleae of the neutral flower; 

Sandy soil and cultivated fields, common. Aug., St-pt. Ann. Culm upright; 
<t>ften branched at base and forming a tuft. Leaves flat, broad, and with the 
flattened sheaths hairy. Panicle oftea purplish. 

8. P. LATIFOLIXJM^ L., Broad-leaved Panic-grass. 

Panicle terminal, a little exserted, simple, pubescent; spikelets oblong-ovoidV 
Aowny; lower glume ovate, not % the length of the many-nerved upper .one; stcril* 
$emr mostly with 3 stamens. . 



GRAMINEJ3. 429 



Moist woods and thickets, common. June, July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, 
the joints and margins of the smooth sheaths bearded with soft woolly hairs> 
Leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base, often 1 inch wide. 
Panicle 2 inches long, with downy branches. 

9. P. clandestinttm, L. Hidden-flowered Panic-grass. 

Sheaths hispid, enclosing the short lateral panicles ; spikelets ovoid, pubescent, 
the lower flower neutral, with 2 paleas. 

Low thickets and river banks. Aug. Culm 1 to 3 feet high, very leafy to the 
top. at length producing appressed branches. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, from a 
&eart-clasping base, very acuminate. Panicles terminal and lateral, the former 
wholly concealed in the leaves, exserted, or on a long peduncle. Anthers and stig- 
mas purple. 

10. P. microcarpon, M-uhl. Small-pointed Panic grass. 

Panicle soon exserted, very many-flowered, narrowly oblong; spikelets- long, 
ov.oid^, smoothish; lower glume orbicular, very small. 

Thickets. July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, smooth, the joints and the orifice of 
the throat of the sheaths bearded with soft woolly hairs. Leaves broadly lanceo> 
late, rough-margined,, bristly-ciliate. Panicle 3-io 7. inches long. 

11. P. PAUCIFLORUM, Ell. Small-flowered Panic-grass, 

Panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovate hairy or smoothistfc 
apikelets ; lower glume % to %. the length of the upper one. 

Wet meadows and copses. June, July. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, at length much 
"branched and reclining, roughish, Leaves lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long, x /^ to ]^, 
inch wide, faintly 9-nerved, hairy or smooth, fringed on the margin. 

12. P. dichotomum, L. Variable Panic-grass. 

Panicle small, lateral, nearly simple; spikelets minute, on long peduncles, obo- 
void, mostly pubescent; lower glume l /$ the length of the upper; lower flower 
neutral, the upper paleae minute. 

Moist meadows and woods. July — Sept. Culms 8 to 2& inches high, at first 
mostly Simple, beaming a more ur less exaerted, compound spreading panicle, 1 to 3> 
inches long. Leaves lanceolate, flat, the radical tufted ones, ovate-lanceolate, very- 
short, thickish. Panicle changing its form, often purplish. A very variable spe- 
cies, embracing P. nodiflorum, pubescens, laxirlorum, and nitidurn of Lam. P* 
barbulatum and ramulosum of Michx. 

13. P. depauperatum, Muhl. Few ^-flowered Panic- grass* 

Panicle simple, contracted, few-flowered, often over-topped by the narrowly- 
linear upper leaves; spikelets oval-obovate, commonly poinied when young; lower 
glume ovate, % the length of the 9-nerved. upper one.. 

Dry woods and hills, common. June. Culms simple or branched at the base, 
forming close tufts, 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves short, becoming longer above, 
narrow-linear, hairy beneath. Panicle 4 to 7 inches long. Varies with the leaves, 
often involute. 

14. P. VERRUCOSUM, Muhl. Warty Panic-grass. 

Smooth ; panicle capillary, widely spreading, few-flowered ; spikelets oval, acute,, 
warty-roughened, dark green ; lower glume x /± the length of the upper one. 

Sandy swamps. Aug., Sept. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, branching and spreading,., 
very, slender, naked above. . Leaves narrow, smooth, spreading. 

15. P. Crus-GALLI, L. Barnyard-grass. 

Spikes alternate, crowded in a dense panicle ; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed'; 
lower palem of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. 

Wet places, near barn-yards. Aug., Sept. Ann. Culm 2 to 4 feet high, terete, . 
smooth, stout, branching from the base. Leaves lanceolate, % * Qca or more wide, t 
sough-margined. Spikes 1 to 3 inches long. 



430 CfRAMINEiE. 



4S. SETARIA, Beaivv. Bristle-grass. 

Lat. seta, a bristle ; in allusion to the bristly spikelets. 

Spikelets 2-flowered, invested with an involucre of 2 or 
more bristles. Glumes 2, unequal, herbaceous. Lower 
flower abortive; pale^e 1 or 2, herbaceous. Upper 
flower perfect; PALEiE cartilaginous. — Annuals., with lin- 
ear or lanceolate fiat leaves, and the inflorescence in a dense spiked 
panicle or apparently a cylindrical spike. 

1. S. VERTICILLATA, Beauv. Rough Bristle-grass. 

Spike subverticillate, cylindrical, somewhat interrupted; bristles short ; palece of 
the perfect flower roughish-punctate.. 

Naturalized near dwellings. July. Culm about 2 feet high, smooth. Leaves 
lanceolate, acuminate, rough, on the margin. Spike 2 to 3 inches long, green. 

2. S. GLAUCA, Beauv. Bottle-grass. 

Spike cylindrical, very dense ; bristles 6 to 11 in- a cluster; much longer than the 
spikelets ; perfect flower transversely wrinkled, 

Very common in stubble. July, Aug. Culm 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, 
hairy at base. Spilc-e 2 to 1 inches long, tawny or orange-yellow. Introduced. 

3. S. YIRIDIS, Beauv. Green Foxtail. 

Spike nearly cylindrical, more or less compound; bristles few in a cluster, longer 
than the spikelets; perfect flower striate lengthwise and dotted. 

Cultivated grounds, common. July, Aug. Calm 2 to 3' feet high, erect. Leav.es 
linear, flat, roughish. Spike 2 to>3 inches long, green. 

4. S. Italica, Kunth. Italian Bristle-grass. 

Spike compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nodding; bristles* 2 or 3 in- a 
cluster, either longer or shorter than the spikelets. 

Wet grounds, sparingly naturalized and sometimes cultivated under the name of 
Billet or Bengal Grass. Culm 4 feet high. Spike 6 to 9 inches long, yellowish or 






purplish. 

44. TRIPSACUM, Linn. Sesame-grass. 

Gr. tribo, to rub ; perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spikes. 

Monoecious. Sterile spikelets- above, in pairs on each 
joint of the rachis, collateral, 2-flowered : flowers each 
with 2 palese. Fertile spikelets solitary, as long as the 
joint, 2-flowered; the flowers with 2 palege ; the outer or 
lower flower neutral, the inner or upper one fertile. Styles 
united : stigmas very long, hairy, purple. Grain ovoid, 
free. — Calms stout and tall. Leaves hroad and flat. Spikes 
axillary and terminal, seperating into joints at maturity. 

T. dactyloides, L. Sesame- Grass. Gama- Grass. 

Spikes 2 or 3 together at the summit, and solitary from the upper sheaths. 

Meadows. July, Aug. Per. Culm erect or oblique, 4 to 6 feet high. Leaves 
forge, often 3 feet long, linear-lanceolate, smooth beneath, rough above. Spittes* 
4. to 8 inches long.. 



GR AMINE 3!. 431 



45. ANDROPOGON, Linn. Beard Grass. 

Gr. ancr, a man, and pogon, a beard, in allusion to the hairy Sowers. 

Spikelets in pairs upon each joint of the slender rachis, 
spiked or racemed. Lower flower staminate or neutral, 
the glumes and palea very minute or wanting. Upper flow- 
er perfect. Glumes awnless. Palea 2, shorter than the 
glumes ; lower one mostly awned. Stamens 1 to 3. Grain 
free. — Coarse and rough perennial Grasses, with lateral or 
terminal spikes csmmonly clustered or digitate, the rachis hairy or 
plumose bearded. 

1. A. PURCATUS, Muhl. Forked Beard- Grass. 

Spikes digitate, mostly in threes or fours ; lower flower staminate, awnless ; aum 
of the perfect flower bent. 

Sterile soils, common. Sept. Calm 3 to 4 feet high. Leaves fiat, the lower very 
long. Spikes 3 inches long, 3 to 5 at the naked summit of the culm. 

2. A. scoparius, Michx. Purple Beard- Grass. 

■Spikes simple, lateral and terminal, pedunculate, in pairs; lower flower neutral, 
awned ; glumes of the perfect flower smooth ; awyi twisted. 

Old fields and roadsides. Aug. Calm 3 to 4 feet high, slender, with many pan- 
iculate branches. Leaves flat, hairy. Spikes on a flexuous rachis, often purple. 

3. A. Virginxcus, L. Virginian Beard- Grass. 

Culm, flattish below, sparingly short-branched above; sheaths smooth; spikes 2oj 
8 together in distant appressed clusters. 

Sandy soil. Sept. Culms, about 3 feet high, somewhat tufted. Leaves a foot of 
mare long. Spike* 1 inch long, partly concealed in sheaths. 

46. SORGHUM, Pers. Broom-Corn, 

The Asiatic name of a •ultivated species, 

Spikelets 2 or 3 together on the branches of an open 
panicle, the lateral ones sterile or often reduced merely to 
their pedicels; the middle or terminal one only fertile, its 
glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless. Pale^E 
3, the upper one awned. Stamens 3. 

1. S. NUTANS, Gray. Indian Grass. Wood Grass. 

Panicle narrowly oolong, rather crowded, the perfect spikelets at length droop- 
ing, clothed near the base with fawn-colored hairs, shorter than the twisted awn 
sterile spikelets small and very imperfect, or reduced to a mere plumose -hairy ped- 
icel. 

Dry soil. Aug. Per, Culm simple, 3 to 5 feet high, terete. Leaves linear-lance- 
olate, glaucous. Panicle b to 12 inches long, the spikelets bright russet brown 
and shining. 

2. S. saccharatum, L. Broom Corn. 

Culm 6 to 10 foot high, thick, solid with pith ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, pu- 
bescent at base; panicle large, diifase, with long yerticillate at length drooping 



432 GRAMINEiE. 



tranches ; glumes of the perfect epikelet hairy, persistent. Ann. From the Ea#t 
Indies. Much cultivated. 

3. S. vulgare, L. Indian Millet 

An annual from the East Indies, is rarely oultivated as aeuriosity, or for the 
Beed for food for poultry. 

47. ZEA, L. Indian Corn, 

Gr. Zao, to live ; the seeds contributing eminently to the support of life. 

Monoecious. Staminate flowers in terminal paniculate 
racemes : spikelets 2-flowered : glumes 2, herbaceous, ob- 
tuse, subequal : palea membranaceous, awnless, obtuse. 
Pistillate flowers lateral, axillary, on a spadix enclosed 
in a spathe of numerous bracts : spikelets 2-flowered, 1 
flower abortive : glumes 2, very obtuse : palea awnless : 
style 1, filiform, very long, pendulous. Seed compressed. 

Z. Mays, L. Maize. Indian Corn. 

JRoot fibrous, often with aerial roots ; culm erect 5 to 15 feet high, channelled on 
One side, leafy ; leaves lauce-linear, entire, 2 to 3 feet long. Annual. Native of the 
warm latitudes of America. Very extensively cultivated throughout the temperate 
And torrid zones. Varieties numerous. 

48. COIX, Linn. Job's Te ah. 

Koix, a palm-leaved tree. 

Staminate flowers, in remote spikes ; glumes 2-flow- 
ered, awnless. Style 2-parted. Seed covered with the 
bone-like calyx. 

C. lachryma, L. Job's- Tear. 

Culm semi-terete above; flowers naked ; fruit ovate. June. Ann. A curiottt 
jprass, often cultivated for its -seeds, mhioh. -much resemble beeds. 



ADDITIONS. 



To Order 39. KOSACEiE, after Dalibarda, page 103, add 

Tribe III. Fragarie^e. — The Strawberry Tribe. 

POTENTILLA, Linn. Cinque-foil. Five-finger. 

Lat. potens } in allusion to its supposed medical virtues. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets at the sinuses, ap- 
pearing 10-cleft. Petals 4 or 5, roundish or inversely 
heart-shaped, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Aceenia 
many, collected in a head on the hairy receptacle.— Herbs, 
or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cy- 
mose flowers. 

* Leaves palmate: leaflets 3 to 5 : flowers yelUvj. 

1. P. Canadensts ; L. Common Cinque-foil or Five-finger. 

Hair}- or pubescent, procumbent and ascending, producing runners ; peduncles 
^axillary, elongated, 1-flowered; leaflets 5, oblong or obovate-wedge-form, cut-toothed 
towards the apex ; petals longer than the calyx. 

Dry fields, among grass, very common. April — Oct. Per. Stems at length 12 
to 18 inches long. Leaves white villous when young. Flowers yellow. A very 
variable species, embracing several varieties. Var. 1. pumila is a dwarf early 
flowering state in sterile soil. Var. 2. simplex is a taller and greener state, with 
slender ascending stems. (P. simplex, Michx.) 

2. P. ARGENTEA, L. Silvery Cinque-foil 

Low ; stems ascending, cymose at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly ; 
leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolute 
margins, green above, silvery-white-woolly beneath; petals longer than the calyx. 

Dry barren fields. June— Sept. Per. Stems 4 to 10 inches long, somewhat 
woody at base, at length with slender branches. Leaflets % to f& * nc k ky ^s- w i ta 
2 or S slender spreading teeth on each side ; upper ones linear entire. F lowers 
small, yellow. 

3. P. Norwegica, L. Norway Cinque-foil. 

Hairy, erect, forked above, rnany-flowered ; leaflets 3, obovate-oblong, coarsely 
Cut-serrate; calyx longer than the petals ; aclienia wrinkled or ribbed. 

Old fields and pastures. July — Sept. Ann. or Bien. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, 
hirsute, at length more or less branched. Lower leaves on petioles 1 to 4 inches 
long. Flowers pale yellow, in leafy corymbs at the top, and on long solitary pe- 
duncles below. 

** Leaves odd-p innate: flowers yellow. 

4. P. AR-GUTA, Pursh. Close-flowered Cinque-foil. 

Stem erect, tali and stout, brownish-hairy, clammy towards the summit; leaves 
pinnate, the lowest 7 to 9, the upper ft to 7-foliate; leaflets oval or ovate, incised or 
doubly serrate, downy underneath; flowers cymose-clustered. 

Rocky hills and banks.' July. Per. Stem mostly simple, 2 to 4 feet high. 
Radical leaves 1 foot or more long. Lmfltis 1 to 2 inches long, % as wide, sessile. 
blowers * bout % inch in diameter, yellowish-whits. 

V2 



484 ADDITIONS. 



5. P. FRUTICOSA, L. Shrubby Cinque-foil. 

Stem erect, very much branched, bushy ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5 to 7, crowded, 
oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath; stipules lanceolate, scale-like ; 
flowers numerous, terminating the branchlets. 

Margins of swamps, rare. June — Sept. A shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with a reddish 
bark, and numerous branches. Leaves numerous^ on short petioles. Flowers 
numerous, large, yellow. Cultivated. 

FRAGABIA, Tourn. Strawberry. 

Lat. fragrans, fragrant ; on account of its perfumed fruit. 

Calyx concave, deeply 5 cleft, with an equal number of 
alternate exterior segments or braeteoles. Petals 5, obeor- 
date. Stamens numerous. Styles deeply lateral. Re- 
ceptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming 
pulpy and whitish or scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenia, 
scattered over its surface. — Low perennials, with runners, 
radical ^-foliate leaves, aud white cymose flowers on scopes. 

1. F. VlRGlNlCA, Ehrh. Wild Strawberry. 

Leaflets broad-oval, smoothish above, the lateral ones distinctly petioled ; pedun- 
cles mostly shorter than the leaves ; achenia imbedded in the deeply pitted ovoid 
receptacle. 

Banks and rocky places. April, May. Fruit in June, Juty. Petioles radical, 
2 to 6 inches long, with spreading hairs. Leaflets coarsely toothed, 1 to 2 inches 
long, % as wide. 

2. F. vesca, L. Common Straicberry. 

Leaflets folded, thin; peduncles usually longer than the leaves; achenia »uperfl 
cial on the conical or hemi.-pLerical receptacle (not sunk in pits). 

Fields and meadows, common. April, May. Fruit June, July. Stolens often 
creeping several feet. Numerous varieties are cultivated. 

To Order 35. RHAMNACEiE, after Rhamn us, p. 74, add 
2. CEANOTHUS, Linn. New Jersey Tea. 

An ancient Greek name applied to this genus. 

Calyx 5-lobed, the lower part adhering with the ovary, 
the upper seperating across in fruit. Petals hood-form, 
on deader claws. Filaments elongated. Fruit 3 lobed, 
dry and splitting into its 3 carpels when ripe.— Shrubby 
plants, with entire leaves, and small white flowers in little 
umbel-like clusters, which are crowded in dense panicles or 
corymbs at the summit of naked flower branches. 

C. Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root. 

Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart* 
thawed at the base; common peduncles elongated, nearly leafless. 

Dry woodlands nnd fence-rows, common. July. An undershrub 1 to 3 feet* 
hi^h from a daik red rcct, with downy brunches and numercne tmaU flowers, in 
1-rctty \shite cl utters. 



ERRATA. 



Generic description of Nasturtium on page 29 should real — Pod nearly terete, 
&c, see Class 14, Tetradynamia, Order 2, Siliquosse, in Analytical Tables. 
On page 16, for Podophyllum pellatum, read peltatum. 
On page 36, 3d line, after Cleome for on, read or. 
Page 73, 6th line, from Euonymus for 5-sided, read 4-sided, 
Page 87, for Lespedza, read Lespedeza. 
Page 103, 2nd line from bottom, for stick, read disk. 
On page 110, for P. arbutifolio, read arbutifolia. 
Page 112, 4th line after Decoden, for stamens 15, read stamens 10. 
Page 220, 4th line after Chimaphila, for stamens 19, read stamens 10. 
Page 232, 2nd line after Tecoma, for 6 toothed, read 5-toothed. 
On page 272, 6th line from bottom, after "sinoothish," read Corolla, 
Page 2S1, 4th line after Datura, for petioled, read, plaited. 



INDEX' 



SO 



BOTANICAL NAMES 



The name of the Order3 and= Sub-orders are in small capitals, the Genera and? 
Sub-genera in Roman, and the.Synonynies in Italic. 



Abies 

AbietineEe 

Abrotanuin 

Absinthium 

Abutilon 

Acalypha 

ACANTHACXS! 

Acer 

Acerace^s; 

Acetosella 

Achillea 

Acnlda 

Aconitum 

Actaea 

Actinomeris 

Adenorachis, 

Adl&mia 

Addnis 

jEschynoniene, 

JEsculus 

Agave 

Aglumaoeous Endo- 

GEXS. 

Agrimonia 

Agrostis 

Agropyrunx 

Aira 

Aletris 

Alisma 

AL1SMACEJ3 
AlJSMEiE 

Allium 

Alnus 

Aloineae 

Alopeeurus 

Alsinese 

Althea 

Alyssum 

Amalanchier 

Amaranthacije 

Amaranthus 

Amartllidace^b 

Amar>"His 

Amberboa • 

Ambrosia 

Amianthium 

Amorpha 

Ampelupgis 

Amphicarpa 

Amphiotis 

Amygdale^: 

Amygdalus 

Anagardiac&b 



PAGE. 
340 
339 
190 
190 

317 

234 



307 

isa 

299 
10 
10 

184 

110 
24 
1-2 
84 
71 

305 

345 

101 

411 

422 

424 

367 

353 

352 

353 

379 

328 

384 

409 

50 

58 

27 

109 

300 

300 

365 

365 

196 

177 

387 

90 

75 

83 

153 

96 



67 



Anagallis. 

AXAGALLIDE^ 

Anohusa 
Andromeda 

ANDROMEDE.B 

Andropogon 
Anempne 
Angiospermc-us Esp- 

GENS 

Anoxace^i 
Anthemis 
Anthoxanthum 
Antennaria 

AXTIRRHINIDE.E 

Antirrhinum. 

An^chia 

Apetalous Exogenous 

Plants. 
Aphyllon, 
Apios 
Apium 
Aplectrum 

APOCYNACEiE- 

Apocynurn 

AQUIFOLIACEiE 

Aqudfolium, 
Aquilegia, 

Arabis 

AlfcACEiS 

Aralia 

Araljace^. 

Archemora 

Archangelica 

Arenaria 

ArethiXsa 

Ar.gempne, 

Aristlda 

Aristolochia 

ARIST0L00HIACE.E 

Arrneria 
Armeniaca 
Arnica 
Artemisia 

Arum. 

Asarum 

Asclepiadace.se 

Asclepias 

Ascyrum 

Asimina 

ASPARAGEJB 

Asparagus 

ASPHODELEiE 

Asphodelus 



PAGE. 

228 
228 
270 

<m 

212 
431 

2 



1 
14 

187 
427 
191 
235 
236 
§4 

296 
232 

32 
139 
357 
289 
289 
221 
222 
8 

30 
845 
142 
142 
138 
1S4 

52 
361 

21 
414 
297 
297 
225 

97 
195 
190 
845 
297 
290 
290 

45 

15 
374 
374 
377 
378 



Aster 

ASTEROIDEJE 

Astragalus 

Athero^ogcn. 

Atrdpa 

Avena 

Aviculksia. 

Azalea 

Balsamlfllle 

Balsaminace^s^ 

Baptisia 

Barbarea. 

Bar tenia 

Batatus 

Benzoin 

BEREERIDACEiS:. 

Berberis 

Beta 

Betula 

Betulace^ 

Bidens 

BlGNOXIACIJB 

BlGNOXEJS 

Biottia 

Blephilea 

Blitum 

Beehmoria 

Boltonia 

Boragixace.e 

Borago 

Brachel5"trum 

B rase nia 

Bras?ica 

Briza 

Brdmus 

Broussonetia. 

Buchnera 

Bupleurum] 

Buxus 

CABOMBACEJS 

Cacalia. 

CAqTACEiB- 

Cjbsalpine-E 

Calamagrostis. 

Calendula 

Call a 

Calliastrum 

Callistephus] 

Gallitrichace^ 

Callitriche 

Calopogon 



PAGE, 

162 
161 
• 89, 
415, 
284. 
426 
305-, 
218, 

333: 

64. 

93 

29 

287: 

279 

308, 

16 

16; 

300 

327 

327 

185 

2' 2 

£b2 

~m 

253 

2?9 
3?8 
169. 
266 
270 
413 
17 
34 
417 
421 
335 
244 
138 
318, 

17 

193 

118 

94 

413 

196: 

349, 
162; 
170, 
313 
314 
361 



488 


INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 






PAGE. 




FACE. 




PA'JE. 


Caltha 


7 


ClSTACEJB 


40 


Datura 


281 


CA.LYCANTIIACE.ffl 


111 


CladiuiQ 


402 


Deeoden 


112 


Calycanthus 


111 


Claytonia 


56 


Delphinum 


9 


Calystegia 


277 


Clematis 


2 


Dentaria 


S3 


Cameltna 


26 


Cleome- 


36 


Desuiodium 


85 


Campanula 


208 


Clethra 


215 


Dianthus 


49 


CAMPANULA0E2E 


203 


Clintouia 


S76, 207 


Dianthera 


234 


CAMPYLOSBERMffl 


140 


Ciinopodiuni 


258 


Diceutra 


23 


Cfmua 


361 


Cnieus 


199 


Dicotyledons 


1 


Cannabis 


336 


Cochlearia 


26 


Diclytra 


23 


Cannabinsjb 


336 


Gcelosperma 


141 


DieLytra 


23 


C'ANNACls/B 


364 


Cdix 


432 


Dierviila 


146 


CAPPARLDACKffl 


35 


Collinsia 


237 


Digitalis 


239 


Caprifoliuni 


145 


Collinsonia 


252 


Dioscorea 


371 


Capsella 


25 


Comandra 


310 


D103COREACE.3E 


371 


Capsicum 


284 


Conimellyna 


392 


Diosp5 r rus 


223 


Cardamine 


31 


CQMMELLYXAC32B 


392 


Dipiopappus 


168 


Cardiospernituu 


70 


Comp tenia 


327 


BlPjJACEJS 


15.4 


Carex . 


403 


COML J OSITiS 


155 


Dipsaeus 


15.5 


Carpinus 


3^5 


CONIFEHJB 


339 


DiptericanthU3 


284 


Cartharnus 


199 


Conium 


141 


Dirca 


308 


Carum 


138 


-Conoelinum, 


158 


Dodecathoon 


227 


Carya 


319 


Conopholis 


231 


Dracocephalum 


256 


Caryophyllacfje 


47 


Convallaria 


877 


Drosera 


42 


Cassandra 


214 


Convolvulus 


378 


Droseracejs 


42 


Cassia 


84 


CONYOLVULACEffl 


277 


Daliehium 


395 


CASSI.E 


94 


Coptis 


8 






Castanea 


323 


Coprosmanthus 


372 


Ebenaceje 


223 


Castilleja 


245 


Corallorhi&a 


357 


Echiaoeystis 


122 


Catananche 


206 


Coreopsis 


182 


Echinospennum 


269 


Catalpa 


233 


Coriandruru 


142 


EchinOdorus 


354 


Cataria 


255 


CORNACE^E; 


144 


Eehium 


2(i0 


Caulinia 


350 


Cornus 


144 


Eclipta 


175 


Cedronella 


2,55 


Cary-dalis 


23 


ELATIXACEJE; 


46 


Celvstrace^e 


71 


Corylus 


3.24 


Eiatina 


46 


Ceiastrus 


72 


Casmaiitliu3 


273 


Eiedcharis 


39.7 


Celosia 


302 


Crantzia 


132 


ElephantopusJ 


1&6 


Celtis 


312 


Ciussuluuls 


1-zfi 


Eleusine 


415 


Centaurea 


195 


Crataegus 


108 


Ely in us 


423 


Centrosema 


83 


Crocus 


373 


ElOdea 


46 


Ccphalanthus 


152 


Crotaiaria 


93 


Endogexs 


345 


Cerastium 


51 


Crucif^r.^s 


£4 Epigea 


213 


Certtssua 


97 


Crjptotamia 


137 


Epilobium 


113 


CERAT0PHYLLACEJ3 


313 


C ileum is 


123 


Epipliegua 


23.1 


Ceratophyllusn 


313 


Cucurbita 


124 


Eragrostis 


418 


Ceratdscaobn us 


401 


Ctcurbitacejb 


121 


Erechthites] 


192 


Cercis 


94 


Ciinila 


252 


ERICACEiE 


210 


Cij«rophyllum 


140 


Cup he a 


lis. 


Erigenia 


141 


Chamailmum 


383 


CuPRESSINEffl 


342 


Erigeron 


107 


Che i ran thus 


33 


Cupressus 


342 


Eriocaulon 


3&4 


Chclidonium 


. 21 


CUPULIFER^E 


320 


ERIOCAULOXACEffl 


391 


Chelone 


237 


CUrfCUTINEJE 


279 


Eriophola 


25 


CUEXOPODIACEffl. 


208 


Cuscuta 


279 


Eriophorum 


400 


Chenopddium 


m 


Cyddnia 


111 


Erysimum 


32 


Chjinaphiia 


220 


Cynoglossum 


263 


Erythraea 


286 


ClNCHONJgJR 


152 


ClNAREJI 


195 


Erythronium 


382 


^hionanthes 


295 


Cynthia 


201 


EJ§CAL.02n'IE*H| 


129 


Chrysopsia 


1T4 


Cyuolon 


415 


Eschschoitzia 


22 


Chrysanthemum 


189 


Cyper.vce.b 


395 


EUONYMEJB 


72 


Chrysospleniuiitt 


129 


Cypripediuia. 


363 


Euonynius 


73 


Cicer 


80 


C}rperus 


395 


EUPATORIACE^ 


157 


Dchorace.b 


2.00 






E.upotoriuia 


359 


Cichorium, 


200 


Diictylis 


416 


Euphurbia 


313 


Cicuta 


126 


Dahlia 


170 


E.UPHORBlACEffl 


315 


Ciinieifuga 


11 


Dalib;trdla 


303 


Eutdca 


273 


Cinna 


411 


Danthonia 


426 


EXOGENS 


I 


Circam 


116 


Dfiphne 


309 






Crfci.ma 


190 


Paiicua 


133 


5-*ba 


m> 





INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 


439 




PAGE. 


PAGE. 


PAGE!, 


Fflgopyrum 


306 Hepatica 


3 Lapatlmm 


306 


Fagus 


324 Heraclium 


1S4 Laportea 


337 


Fedia 


154 IIerpe?tis 


240 Larix 


341 


Festuca 


420 Hesperis 


34 Lathyrus 


78 


yukgo 


192 Hetcranthera 


391 Laurace^ 


307 


Firnbristyii3 


400 Ileucbera 


127 Laurus 


3o8 


Floerkia 


66 Hibiscus 


eS Lavandula 


2<4 


Foeniculum 


139 Ilieraceum 


202 Lecbea 


41 


Fraxinus 


295 Hippuris 


118 Ledum 


218 


Fragaria 


434 H(EMOD0RACE^ 


367 Lefcrsia 


408 


Frittiliaria 


883 IIGllcus 


426 LEC^tMiROBJI 


77 


Fumaria 


24 Hurdeum 


424 Ltmna 


34S 


FuMARiAcaa 


22 Hottoriia 


• 229 Lemnace^j 


34S 


Funkia 


878 Hqttoxism 


229 Lentago 


149 




Hotlstonia 


153 LENTlBULACEa 


230 


Galictia 


82 Hudsonia 


41 Leontiee 


17 


Gal ambus 


366 Hamulus 


336 LeGutodoa 


201 


Galatella 


166 Hyaiuthus 


380 Leoiiurus 


261 


(iaieupjis 


2*2 Hydrangea 


130 Lepachys 


180 


Galium 


151 liTDRANGEiB 


130 Lepldrum 


26 


Gaura 


115 Hydrastis 


7 Leptandra 


243 


Gauitberia 


212 Hydrocdtyle 


131 Les-pedeza 


87 


Gaylu-sacia 


210 HlDROCHARIDACE.fi 


354 Leucanibemum. 


1S3 


Gcntiana 


287 lItDROPKTLLAC£j3 


271 Leucojuin 


3€7 


GentianaceJI 


285 Hydroplyiluin 


271 Liatris 


lc7 


Geeanice^s 


62 llyoscyaiuus 


281 LlGELlELOE^ 


200 


Geranium 


62 HtPERICAOffi 


43 Ligustruin 


294 


Gerard ia 


214 Hypericum 


44 LiiJAcr.yE 


374 


Geum 


102 Hypophorum 


403 Lilium 


3£1 


Gillia 


2? 6 Hypoxia 


3C6 LlMNASTHACEiB 


66 


GilJema 


10Q HysBopis 


265 Limosella 


241 


Glechdma 


256 


Linages 


61 


Gleditschia 


95 Iberis 


27 Lin aria 


236 


Glemace^e 


395 Ilex 


222 Liitderrda 


241 


Glumaceous Exdogexs 395 llysanthus 


24.1 Linuaea 


148 


Glycer'a 


418 Impatieus 


64 Liuum 


61 


Gnapbaliurn 


191 Tmila 


175 Li pa ris 


356 


Gomphreua 


302 Iodanthes 


SO Llppia 


249 


Gonolobus 


293 Ipornea 


278 Liquid£mber 


333 


Good} era 


362 Ipornopsia 


277 Liiiodeixiron 


14 


GrAHIN&jS 


408 Iridace^ 


£68 Listeria 


363 


Gratiot a 


240 Iris 


368 Litbospermum 


267 


Grossulace^ 


119 Isacthus 


249 Lobelia 


2CQ 


Gymnadenia 


369 Isatis 


28 LOBELIACEfi 


266 


G IMNOSPiiRMOUS 


Exo- Isnarda 


116 LCGANEJB 


153 


GENS 


339 Itca 


129 Ldlium 


423 


Gynandropsis 


c5 


Louiccra 


145 




JASMINACEJB 


294 Lqujoerejb 


145 


Halorage^ 


116 Ja?niinum 


£94 Lophanthus 


256 


HAMAMEJ.ACE.8 


131 Jeffersonia 


17 LORASTEACE.B 


311 


Hamainelis 


131 JlGLANrACEuB 


318 Lotejs 


89 


Hedeoma 


252 Jiiglans 


318 Ludwigia 


115 


Hedera 


143 JCNCACEJE 


388 Luriaria 


27 


Hedyotis 


153 JUISCAG1NE.B 


352 Lupinus 


93 


Hedyasares 


84 Jtincus 


389 Luzula 


389 


Hedy^sarum 


84 J um perns 


343 Lycbnis 


50 


Heli anthej* 


364 Justicia 


234 Lycium 


284 


Heleiiium 


1S6 


LycOpersicnni 


283 


Hi-LIANTHEJS 


178 Kalmia 


217 Lycopsds 


266 


Helianthemum 


49 Koeleria 


416 Lycopns 


251 


Heliantbus 


180 Krigia 


201 Lyouia 


214 


Heliopsis 


179 Knhnia 


158 LysimtcLia 


227 


Helleborus 


12 


LlTHPACE^ 


112 


HelGuias 


388 Labiatjb 


249 




Helxine 


305 Laetuca 


204 Madura 


336 


IJemianthus 


241 Lagcnaria 


124 Magnolia 


13 


Hemicarpba 


3^7 Lamium 


261 MaCNOEIaCEjB 


13 


Hemorocillis 


377 Lappa 


198 Maianthtmnm 


378 



440 


INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 






PAGE. 


PAGE. 


PAGl. 


Mains 


110 NTSSACEffl 


309 Plnus 


339 


Malva ^ 


57 


Pisum 


80 


MALVACE.E 


57 Obolaria 


289 PlANTAGlNACE^I 


224 


Malaxis 


356 Ocymum 


264 Plantago 


224 


Maria 


214 ^notbera 


114 PLATANACEiE 


334 


Marrubium 


363 OlBACE.E 


294 Platanthera 


859 


Martynia 


233* Onograce^b 


113 Platanus 


' 334 


Maritta 


187 OnopOrdon 


198 Pluchia 


175 


Matthiola 


34 Onosmodium, 


267 Plumbaginace^s '■ 


225 


Meconopsis 


20 Opulus 


150 Poa 


418 


Medeola 


374 Opuntia 


119 Podophyllum 


16 


Medicago 


■92 OBCHTDACE.B 


356 PODOSTEMACEiE 


814 


MELANTHIEiB 


'386 Orchis # 
386 Origanum 


358 Podostemum 


314 


Melanthium 


251 Pogonia 


361 


Melampyrum 


247 Ornithogaluro. 


378 Polanysia 


35 


MELASTUMACEJS 


111 OROBANCHACEiS 


231 POLEMONIAClJS 


274 


Melica 


417 Orobanche 


231 Poleinonium 


276 


Melilotus 


92 Orontium 


347 Polyanthus 


381 


Melissa 


258 Ortbomeris 


166 POLYGONACEJB 


303 


Meldthria 


122 Grthospermle 


131 Polygala 


76 


MenispermaCejs 


15 Osmorbiza 


140 POLYGALACE^S 


75 


Menispermum 


15 Ostrya 


325 Polygon atum 


375 


Menth a 


250 OSALIDACEiB 


63 Pol y^gonum 


303 


Menyanthus 


288 Oxalis 


63 Polymnia 


176 


Menziesia 


215 Oxydendron 


214 POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS 


Mertensia 


269 Oxycoccus 


212 POME.E 


108 


Mikania 


158 Oxytripolium 


166. Pontederia 


391 


Microvillus 


356 


PONTEDERlACE^l ■ 


391 


Mirnulus 


239 Paeonia 


12 Populus 


332 


Mirabilis 


302 Panax 


143 Po'rtulaca 


56 


Mitchell a 


152 Panicuni 


427 PORTULACACEJI 


55 


Mitella 


128 Papaver 


21 Potentilla 


433 


Moliugo 


53 Pap aver ace m 


20 Poterium 


102 


Momordica 


123 PapilionacetS 


77 Primula 


226 


Monarda 


253 Pardanthus 


370 PR1MULACE.E 


226 


Monocotyledons 


345 Parietaria 


338 Primulejb 


226 


Monqpetalous Exogens 145 Parnassia 


43 Prinoides 


222 


Monotropa 


221 PaRNASSIEJE 


43 Priuos 


222 


MONO TROPE JE 


220 Passifldra 


121 Prosartes 


385 


MORE.33 


334 Passiflobacej! 


121 Proserpinaca 


117 


Morus 


335 Pastinaoa 


134 Prunella 


259 


Muhlenbergia 


412 Paulonia 


238 Primus 


96 


Mulgedium 


204 Pedicularis 


246 Ptelea 


67 


Myosdtis 


268 Peltandra 


346 Pterospora 


220 


Myrka 


326 Penthorum 


126 Pufmonaria 


271 


Myricaceje 


826 Pentstemon 


238 Pycnanthemum 


257 


Myriophyilum 


117 Persiea 


98 Pyiceus 


396 




Persicaria 


304 Pyrethrum 


189 


N abulias 


202 Petunia 


285 Pyrola 


219 


NaIADACE^E 


350 Phacelia 


272 Pyrdlese 


218 


Naias 


§50 Phanogamia 


l^Pvrularia 


310 


Narcissus 


366 Phalaris 


427 Pyrus 


109 


Nardosmia 


1«1 Pharbitis 


278 




Kasturtium 


29 Phaseole^i 


81 Quamocllt 


270 


Negunda 


70 Phaseolus 


81 Quercus 


320 


Nelumbiace^ 


18 PhILADELPHE^J 


130 




Nelumbium 


1 ; 8 Philadelpbus 


130 RANUNCULACE.& 


1 


Nemopanthes 


223 Phleum 


409 Ranunculus 


4 


Nemophila 


278 Phlox 


274 Raphanus 


33 


Nepeta 


255 Phragmites 


422 Reboulea 


417 


Nicandra 


282 Phryma 


248 Reseda 


36 


Nicotian a 


280 Phyllanthus 


317 RHAMNACE2B 


73 


Nigella 


13 Physalis 


282 Rhamnus 


73 


Nyctaginacejb 


302 Physostegia 


261 Rheum 


807 


Nympbasa 


18 Phytolacca 


S03 Rhexia 


111 


NYMPHiEACEiB 


18 Phytolaccace^ 


303 RH1NANTHTDE.E 


f41 


Nupbar 


19 Pilea 


338 Rhododendron 


iiy 


Nyssa 


-809 Pimpinella 


139 Rhodora 


215 



INDEX TO BOTANICAL NAMES. 



441 



RECTORS 

Rhlis 

Rhynchospora 
Rlbes 
Rlcinns 

Robinia 
R5sa 

R03A«EJS 

R03ACES,prCper 

Rosemarlnus 

RUBIACES 

Rubus 
Rudoeokia 
JRnellia 
Ruuiex 

Babbatia 

Sa-zina 
Sagittaria 

g.YLICACES 

&alix 

Salvia 

gAMBUcraa 

Sambucus 
BAMOLE-3S 

Samdlua 

Sanicula 

Sanguinaria 

Sanguisorba 

Santalace^b 

Sapindace^ 

Saponaria 

Sarracenia 

S\rracniacs 

Sassafras 

Satureja 

S.XURURACEJS 

Saururus 

SAXiPRAGAGE^ 

Saxifraga 

Saxifrages 

Seabidsa 

Seheuchseria 

Schollera 

Scbwalbea 

Scirpus 

S -WanthuS 

gieleria 

SCROPHULARlA<J£a! 

Scutellaria 

Seeale 

Sedum 

Seneeio 

Senicionojdes 

Serieocarpus 

Sesames 

Set aria 

Slcyos 

Sida 

Silene 

Silen eS 

SlLICULOS.E 
SlMQUOSJE 

Silpbium 

Sinap s 

Sisymbrium 

Sisyrinchium 

Slum 

Smilac&e 



PAGE. 

215 Smilaema 

87 Smllax 
401 Solaxaces 
119 Solanum 
318 Solea 

g9 Solidago 
105 Sonchus 

"og SOPHOE.2-11 

9g Sorbus 
205 Snrghum 
150 Sparg&ntum 
103 Spartina 
179 Specularia 
234 Spergula 
S09 Sperguiarfe 

Spigelia 

255 Spiraea 

53 SvmMM 

354 Spiran thus 

q 2 rj Spordbolus 

roa Stacbys 

§S Staphylea 

'^g STAPBYLE-E 

1 to Statice 
£.*, SU412tria 
2 r H3 Stellate 
-.oo Stlpa 

2o StreptorUS 
101 StylosantheS 
» lfl Svmphorii arras 
*Zq Symphytum 
.- 49 Symplociirpug 

19 Syringa 

jgg Tafiuum 
g 13 Tanacetum. 



Taraxicum 
Taxixes 



313 



^ Taxodium 
1 o 7 Taxus 
* 4 Tecoma 
^;?3 Tephrosia 

oQfr Teuorium 
nig Thalictrum 

398 ThijPi™ 

M 55 Thlaspi 

^no Thunbergia 

J05 Thuja 

«kq TlIYMELEACSS 

J25 Thj-mus 
,9- Tiarella 

194 TUia 
I7 fi TlLIACEJE 

\£ Tllhea 
ioo Tipularia 
tJo Tradescantia 
%o Tragopdgon 
qq Triehelostylus 
47 Trichodium 
47 Tricophorum 
25 Trichostema 
2g Trichspis 
, 77 Trientalis 
32 Trifolium 
31 Trigluchin 
o fi Q Trilliaces 



AY2 



137 Trillium 
371 Tridsteum 



, PAGE. 

. 375 Trtpsaeum . 
: 372 Trisetum 

280 Tritieum 

283 Tr&llius 
40 Tropsolaces 

171 Tropaeolum 

. 205 TlJBULIFLORS 

93 Tulipa 
110 Tulip aces 

431 TtfSSILAGIXES 

349 Tussilago 
414 Typha 
209 Typeaces 

54 

55 Udora 
154 Ulmaceje 

99 Ulmus 

99 Umbellieers 
362 Uuiola 

410 Urtica 

262 UrticaceS 

72 Urtices 

72 Uvularia 

225 Uyularle 
51 

151 TACCT-TES 

413 Taccinium 

386 Valeriaxaces 
88 Yallieneria 

147 Veratrum 

266 Yerbascum 

34.6 Verbena 
. 295 Yerbsxaces 
Verbeslna 

184 Vernonia 

57 YERNONIACE/E 

189 Veronica 
203 Viburnum 
344 vieia 

343 YicieS 

344 Yilfa 
232 Yinca 

90 viola 
264 Violates 

3 Yiscum 
135 Vitaces 

25 Yltis 

905 

342 Waldstelhia 

308 Wistaria 

258 

128 Xantbium 

61 Xeranthemum 

60 Xylosteum 
125 Xyridaces 
358 Xyris 
893 

205 Ydcea 
400 

411 Zannicbellia 
399 Zanthoriza 
263 Zaxtuoxylaces 

416 Zanthoxylum 

227 Zapania 
90 Zea 

352 Zinnia 

373 Zizia 

373 Zizania 

14T 



page. 

430 

425 

422 

. 8 

65 

65 

156 

383 

381 

161 

161 

348 

348 

35* 
311 
811 

131 

421 

337 
334 
337 
3*4 
384 



.210 
210 
154 
355 
387 
235 
247 
247 
186 
156 
156 
242 
. 140 



410 
2< 

37 

?6 
311 

74 

74 

103 
83 

178 
200 
146 
393 
394 

384 

350 
11 

66 
66 

249 
432 
183 

136 
409 



INDEX 



TO 



COMMON NAMES. 



Acanthus Family 234 

"A<lani-and-Eve 357 

Adams needle 384 

Adders-mouth 356 

Afrrimony 101 

Alder 328 

Alexanders 130 

Almond 99 

Almond Family 96 

Aloe 365 

Amaranth 300 

Amaranth Family 800 

Amaryllis 365 

Amaryllis Family 365 

American Aloe 365 

" Brookiime 242 

" Broomrapo 231 

■ ; Centaury 285 

'< Cowslip 227 

«* Laurel 217 

Anise 139 

Annie Family 108 

Apple of Peru 282 

Arbor Yltte 342 

Arethfcsa 361 

Arrow Arum 346 

" Gross Family 352 

" Grata 352 

" Head 354 

Arum 340 

Arum Family 845 

Asarabacca 297 

As hi 295 

Asparagus Tribe 374 

Aspen 332 

Asphodel 378 

Asphodel Tribe . 377 

Aster, Tribe '. 1C1, lti2 

Avens 102 

Bald Cyprosi 343 

Balm * 258 

Balsam 04 

Bnneberry 10 

Barberry 16 

Barley 424 

Barn-yard- grass 429 

Bar.tonia 28' 



Beard-tongue 

Beak-rush 

Beech 

Beech drops 
Beet 



- 238 
401 
324 
231 
300 



rim 

Butter-cup : >4, 

Button-bush 152 

Button Snake root l&T 

Button- wood 313 



Basil 258,264 

Bastard Toad Flax £10 

Bay berry 326 

Bay Family 307 

! Bean Tribe 81 

-Beard grass 431 



Bell Sower Family 208 
Bellwort, B. Famil t 384 
Bent grass 4Ll 
Bermuda-grass 415 
Bigndnia Family 233 
Bindweed Family 277 
Birch Family 327 
Birds-nest 2£0, 221 
Birth-root 373 
Birth wort Family 297 
Blackberry-Lily 370 
Black-grass 390 
Bladder-nut 72 
Bladderwort, E, Family 230 
Blazing-Star 388 
Elite 299 
Blood wort 20 
Blood wort Family 367 
Blue-curls 263 
Blue- eyed- grass 369 
Blue ?rass 419 
Blue hearts 244 
Bog-rm-h 389, 402 
Borage, B. Family 2C6, 270 
BuN.le-br usli-graaS ■; 424 
Bow-wood 3 6 
Box-wood • 318 
Bract ed Bind-weed 277 
Bramble, Br. Tribe 101, 103 
Bresic ' 34 
Bristle beard-grass 415 
Bri-lle -grass 430 
Brook-weed 229 
Broom-corn 431 
Broom-grass 421 
Broom-rape, Br. Fa- 
mily 231. 232 
Buck bean. 288 
Buck- thorn, E-' Fa- 
mily 73 
Buckwheat Family 303 
Bmj-bane 11 
Bugle- weed 251 
Bugloss tm } 270 
Bu'-rusb. 398 
Burdock 198 
Burr Mary gold 185 
Burr- reed 349 
Bush Honey suckl« 147 



Cabbags 

Cactus Family 

Calamus 

Calopo-ron 

Calico-bush 

Canary grass 

Cancer root 

Candy-tuft 

Caraway 

Cardinal-flower 

Carrion-flower 

Carrot 

Catmint 

Cat-tall Family 

Cat-tail Flag 



84, 343 

118 

• 347 

3€l 

217 
427 
231, 232 
27 
13S 
206 
372 
133 
255 
348 
343 



Cayenne Pepper 284 

Celendine 21 
Centaury 285, 286 

Chaff-seed 240 

Chamomile 1S7 

Cheat 421 

Cherry 97 

Chess 421 

Chestr.uk 323 

Chick' Pea SO 
Chick-weed, Ch. Fa- 
mily 50, 51 

Chives 3S0 

Cicily 1*0 

Cinchona Family 152 

Girm 880 

Cleavers 151. 

Climbing Fumitory 24 
Climbing ilempweed 158 
Clinton! a 207, 376 

Club Golden 847 

Club-rush 393 

Clover-trefoil 90 

Cockle-burr 178 

Cockscomb 802 

Columbine 8 
Colchicum Family 8R6 

Colts-foot 161 

Comfrey 260 

Coral-root £67 

Coriander 142 

Corn salad 154 

Cord-grass 414 

Cotton gracf MA) 



INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 



443 



PAGE. 

• Cotton-rose 192 
■ Cotton-thistle • 198 
' Cowbane 138 
Cow-parsnip 134 
-Cowslips .226,227 
Cow- wheat 247 
Crab-grass . 415, 42S 
Crane-bill, Cr. Family 62 
Crane-fly Orcliis 358 
Cress ' 29 
Crocus 370 
Crow-foot, Or. Fa- 
mily 1, 4 
Crown-beard 186 
Crowspur 23d 
Crown Imperial 383 
Cucumber- root 374 
Cud- weed 191 
Cut-grass 408 
Cypress, C. Family 342 
Cypress Vine 2" 9 



Daffodil 

Daisy 

Dandelion 

Darnel 

Day-hower 

Day-Lily 377, 

Deadly Night-shade 

Dead Nettle 

Devils-bit 

Diclytra 

Dielytra 

Dittany 

Dock 

Dodder, D. Family 

Dog-bane, D. Family 

Dogs tooth-grass 

Dogs-tooth-violet 

Dragon-head 256, 

D iv. go n- root 

Drop seed-grass 410, 

Duck-weed, D. Family 

Dutchman's Pipe 

Dutchman's Breeches 



366 
188 
203 
423 
392 
378 
284 
261 
388 
23 
23 
252 
306 
279 
2S9 
416 
3S2 
261 
316 
412 
318 
297 
23 

223 



Ebony Family 
Eel- grass 
Elder, E. Tribe 148 
Elecampane 17 5 
EiephantV-feot lob' 
Elm, E. Family 311 
Enchanters Night- 
shade .. _ 116 
Evening Prim-rcse 114 
Everlasting 191 
Eve-bright 207 

False Dragon-head 261 

« Flax 26 

" Gromwcll 267 

" Hellekore 387 
" Indigo 90, 93 

" Jessamine 284 

" Nettle 338 

" Orchis 359 

" Pennyroyal 249 

" " Pimpernel 241 



PAGE. 

False Rico 403 

" Rocket 30 
" Solomon's- Seal 375 

" Sun- flower 186 

" Winterge 219 

Fearin-grass • 411 
Feather-foil) F. Tribe -229 

Feathergrass 413 

Fennel 139. 

Fern 326, 327 

Fescue-grass - 428 

Fever-ftw 189 
Fig wort, F. Family 235, 237 

Filbert . 324 

Finger-grass 428 

Fir 340 

Fireweed 192 

Flax 61 

Fleabane 167, 175 

Flower de-Luce 368 

Flowering Plants 1 

Fly Poison 387 

Fog fruit 249 

Forget-me-not 268 

Four o'clock 302 

Fox-glove 239, 245 

Fox-tail 409, 430 

Fox-tail-grass 409 

Fringe-tree 295 

Frog's- bit Family 354 

Fumitory 24 

Gale Family 326 

Gaiingale 395 

Galhof-thc- earth 205 

Gavua-grass 430 

Garlic 379 
Gentian ,G . Family 285, 2S7 

Germander 264 

Giant Hyssup 256 

Ginseng 143 

Globe Amaranth 302 

Giobe-tiower 8 
Golden Alexanders 136 

" Aster 174 

« Club 347 

" Rod 171 

Gold-thread 8 

Gonolobus 293 

Gooseberry 120 
Goose-foot, G. Family 298 

Giass Family m 408 

Great Burnet 101 

G reek Valerian 27 6 

Green Yioiet 40 

Grien-brier 372 

Gromwell 267 

Ground Cherry 282 

« Laurel 213 

" Love 273 

" -nut 82 
Groundsel,G . Tribe-176, 194 



Hairgrass 

Hawkbit 

Hawkweed 

Hawthorns 

Hazelnut 



411,424 
201 
202 
108 
324 



PAOJ, 

Heal-all 259 

•Heath Family 210,213 

Hedge Bind weed 27? 

•* hysup 240 

: " -mustard 31 

" nettle 263 

Hellebore • BS7, U 

Hemiearpha 397 

-Hemlock 126, 141 

Hemlock spruce L41 

-Hemp 336, 289 

Hemp Family 3^d 

Hemp -net tie 262 

Hemp-weed 158 

Henbane 281, 2S3 

Herdsgrass 410, 41 1 

Hickory 319 

Holly, H. Family 221,223 

Hollyhock 58 

Honewort 1l7 

Honesty .27 

Honey-locust 95 

Honey-suckle 116 

Hop 336 

Hop-hornbeam 325 

Horehound 261, 263 

Hornbeam 325 
Horaed Pond weed 2SQ 

Horned Rush 401 
Hornwort, H. Family 313 

Horse-balm 153 

" nettle 283 

•' chestnut 71 

" mint 253 

Hounci stongue 2C9 

Hyacinth 380 

Hyssup 265, 256 

Indian bean 233 

" chick weed 53 

" cucumber-root 161,874 

" corn 121, 432 

« fig 119 

" grass 41 

" hemp 290 

" mallow 58 

" millet 432 

" pine.I.Family 220,221 

" plantain 193 

" reed, I. Family £64 

" rice 417 

" turnip 345 

Iris Family 3C3 

Iron weed 153 

Iron wood 325 

Ivy 143 

Jamestown weed 281 

Japan day lilies £78 
Jasmine, J. Family 294 

Jessamine ^84 

Job's tear 43i 

Jonquil 366 

Judas Trae 34 

Juniper 161, 843 

June berry 100 

*1 



Kidneybean 



4U 



INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 



Kings spear 
Knawel 
Knot weed 



PAGE. 

278 

55 

303 



Labrador Tea 212 

Laaies Tresses 362 

Lady's Slipper 363 

Larch 341 

Larkspxir "Q 

Lavender 225, 261 

Laural 213 

Leal blossom., 101,317 

Leadwort Family 225 

Leatherwood 308 

Leek S8( > 

L'ttuco 204 

Lilac 205 

Lily 374 

Lilly Family 381 

LUy-of- the- raSiey 377 

Lim'Jgrass 4-3 
Linden, L. Family 60, 61 

Lion's foot 17 

Liverloai ^3 
Lizard's-tailj L. Family 313 

Lobelia 206 

Locust S3 

Loose Strife 227 

Lopseed 248 

Louse wort 246 

Lungwort 269, 271 

Lupine 03 

Lychindia 274 

Lymcgrass 423 



PAGE. 

Monk's hood 10 

Moon-seed 15 

Morning Glory 273 

Moss Pink 275 

Motherwort 261 

Mountain Ash 110 

4 ' Fringe 24 

" Holly 222 

Morning Bride 155 

Mud wort 241 

Mulberry 3.35 

Mullein 235 

Mullein Pink 50 

Musk Melon • 123 

Mustard 32 



Madder Family 150, 151 

Mallow, M. Family 57 

Manna-grass 418 

Maple 69 

Mare's-taii 118 
Marigold 1S4. 185,199 

Marjoram 251 

Magnolia 13 

Mandrake 16 

Mangel-Wurtsel 300 

Marsh MarigoM V 

Marvel-of-Peru 303 

Matrimony Vine 284 

May Apple 16 

May-weed 187 

Meadow Beauty 111 

" Sweet 99 

" Rue 3 

Molilot 92 

Melon 124 

M<rmaid-weed 117 

Mezereum 309 

Mignionette 36 

Milfoil 117 

Milkweed 290 

Milk-wort 76 

Milk Pea 82 

Milk Vetch 89 

Mint 250 

Missletoe 311 

Mist-flower 158 

Mitrewort 129 

Monkey Flower 239 



Narcissus 

Nasturtion 

Nectarine 

Nettle 

Nettle-tre3 

Nightshade 

Nine-bark 

Nonesuch 

Nutmeg Flower 

Nut-rush 

Oak 

Oak of Jerusalem 

Oat 

Oilnut 

Onion 

Orchard Grass 

Orpine 

Osage Orange 

Osier 



366 
65 
93 

337 

312 

2S3 284 

99 

82 

13 

402 

SCO 
299 
426 
311 
379 
415 
126 
336 
329 
179 188 



Ox-eye 

Pa?ouy 12 

Painted-cup -■ 245 

Painted Tpomopsis 277 

Pal ma Christi 318 

Pansey 40 

Papaw 13 

Pappoose 17 

Parsley 139 
Parsnip 134*135, 137 

Partridge Berry 152 

Passion Flower 121 

Paulonia 238 

Pea 79, 80 

Peach 98 
Pear ' 110, 119 

Pearl wort 53 

Pellitory 338 

Pencil Flower 89 

Penny Cress 25 

Pennyroyal 252 
Pennywort 131,135,137,289 

Pepper-bush sweet 215 

Pepper-grass 26 

Pepper-root 28 

Peppermint 250 

Periwinkle 290 

Persimmon Tree 223 

Pheasant's Eye 13 

Phlox 274 

Pickeral-wecd 391 



PAGE, 

Pigmey-weed 125 
Pimpernel! 228 
Pine 339 
Pine-drops 220 
Pine-sap 221 
Pinks 49 
Pink-roOt" 154 
Pink Grass 362 
Pin weed 41 
Pipe wort 394 
Pipsissiwa 220 
Pitcher Plant 19 
Plantain 224 
Pleurisy-root 202 
Plum 96 
Poison Hemlock 141 
Poison Oak 68 
Poke-weed 303 
Pond Lily 19 
Pond-weed 351 
Poor-man's "Weather- 
glass 229" 
Poplar 332 
Poppy 21, 22 
Potato 279, 283 
Prickly Ash 66 
Prim or Privet 295 
Primrose 226 
Prince's Feather 301 
Prince's Pine 220 
Puccoon '20 
Pumpkin 1*24 
Purslane 545 
Putty-root 358 

Quaking Grass 417 
Qqeen of the Prairie 100 

Queen Margaret 170 

Quince 111 

Raddish 33 

Bagged Bobin 50 

Bag-weed 177 

Baspberry 1.04 

Battle-box 93 
Battle-snake Plantain 3f 2 

Bed-bud 94 

Bed Osier 144 

Beed 422 

Rhubarb 3C7 

Ribbon-grass 427 

Biver-weed 312 

Bobin's Plantain 187 

Bock Bose 40 
Rocket 33. 34 

Bose 105 

Bose Acacia 89 

Rose Campion 60 

Rosebay 217 

Rosemary 265 

Rosin-plant 177 

Rye 425 

Rush-grass 410 



Sacred Bean 


18 


Saffron 


199, 370 


Sage 


254 


Sandwort 


M 



INDEX TO COMMON :NAMES. 



445 



Salsify 
Panicle 
Barsaparilla 
Sassafras 
Saxifrage 
Savory- 
Scorpion Grass 
Scratch Grass 
Sedge 
Seed-box 
Self-heal 

Seneca Snake-roct 
Senna 

Sesame-Grass 
Shad berry 
Shepherd's Purse 
Shinleaf 
Sicklepod 
Sida 

Side-saddle Flower 
Silk-weed 
Skull-cap 
Skunk Cabbage 
Snail 

Snake-head 
Snake-root 
Snap-dragon 
Sneeze-weed 
Snow-ball 

" berry 

" drop 

" Flake 
Snowy Campion 
Soapwort 
Solomon's Seal 
Sorrel 
Sorrel Tree 
Sow Thistle 
Spanish Needles 
Spear Grass 
Spearmint 
Speedwell 
Spicewood 
Spiderwort 
Spikenard 
Spike-grass 
Spike-rush 
Spindle-tree 
Spring Beauty 

" Cress 
Spruce 
Spurge 
Spurrey 
Squash 
Squaw- root 
Squirrel-corn 
Star-flower 
Star-grass 
Starry Campiofa 
Star-of-Bethlehem 
Starwort 
St. John's-Wort 
St. Peters-Wort 
St. Andrew '-Cross 
Steeple-bush 
Stick- seed 
Stick wort 
S tone-crop 
Strawberry 

X2 



PAGE. 

205 
,133 
142 
308 
: I27 
205 
268 
805 
-403- 
116 
259 

76 

94 
430 
109 

25 
219 

30 
; 60 

20 
290 
259 
340 

92 
.237 
.297 
236 
187 
150 

: 148 

-366 

■367 

47 

48 

•375 

\ 63, 306 

'214 

205 

185 

.418 

-250 

542, 244 

308 

35, 393 



421 

397 

73 

56 

31 

-■340 

315 

54 

125 

231 

23 

227 

367 

47 

378 

162 

44 

45 

45 

100 

269 

51 

126 

434 



.PAGE. 

Strawberry BlUe 299 

Straw Flower -200 

Succory .200 

Sumach 67 

Sundew ,42 

Sundrops 115 

Sunflower .180 

Susan Black=?y ed 235 

Sweet Alyssum 27 

" Brier 106 

" Cicily ,140 

" Fern 327 

" Flag 347 

« Gale Family 326 

" Gum, S. Family 333 

" Pepper haSb. 215 

" -Scented. Shrub 111 

" Sultan 196 

" William -49 

Sycamore 334 

Syringa 130 

Tamarack 342 

Tanzy 189 

Tape-grass 355 

Teasel, T. Family 154, 155 
Thin-grass 411 

Thistle, Th. Tribe 195, 194 
Thorn 108 

Thorough-wax 138 

Thorough-wort 159, 160 
Thread-foot 314 

Thrift 225 

Thyme 258 

Tickseed 132 

Tiger-flower 370 

Timothy ^09, 427 

Toad-flax 236, 310 

Tobacco 280 

Toothwort 28 

Treacle Mustard 82 

Trefoil 90 

Trefoil Shrubby 67 

Trillium Famil ' 373 

Triple-awned-Grass 414 
Trisetum .425 

True Lily Tribe 381 

True Colchicum Family 386 
Trumpet Creeper * 232 
" Flower .232 

Tuberose 381 

Tulip-tree 14 

« Tribe, Tulip 381, 383 
Tupelo, T. Family 809 



PAGE. 

Venus' Looking-glass 209 



Vernal Grass 
Vervain. V. Famil $ r 
Vetch, V. Tribe 
Vetchling 
Vine, V, Family 
Violets 

Virgin's Bower 
Virginia Speedwell 
Viper's Bugloss 



427 

247 

77 

78 

74 

37. 383 

2 

244 

266 



. Fa- 
352. 



314; 



Turtle-head 

Turnip 

T way-blade 

Twig Rush 

Twin-leat 

" Flower 
Twist-stalk 



233 

345 

35C 363 

' 402 

17 

148 

336 



Two-winged Acanthus 234 



L nicorn 
" Root 
" Plant 

Valerian 
Vegetable Oyster 



333 
888 
2S3 



276 
206 



Wake Robin 
Wall Cress 
Wall Flower 
Walnut 
Water Arum 

" Fox-tail 

" Hemlock 

" Hemp 

" Hore-hound 

" Leaf, W. Family 

" Lily 

" Milfoil 

" Oats 

" Parsnip 

<: Pimpernel. W. 
Tribe 

" Plantain, 
mily 

<: Rice 

" Shield 

" Star-gra 

" Starwort 

« Weed 

" WiUow 

" Wort 
Wax 
Wheat 
White Grass 
Whortle-berry 
Wild Oiits 

< ; Rice 

« Rye 
Willow 

" .Herb 
Wind Flower 
Windsor Bean 
Winterberry 

M Cress 
" green 
Wire- grass 
Woll's-bane 
Wood Fern 
Wood Grass 

" Reed-grass 

" Rush 

« Sorrel, W. Eamifr 
Wool-grass 

Xyris 

Yam, Y. Family 
•Yam Root 
Yard Grass 
Yarrow 
Yellow-eyed Grass 

" Root 

" Water-lily 
Yew, Y.. Family 
Yucca 



873 

30 

33 

318 

346 

409 

136 

299 

251 

271 

18 

Isc 

409 

137 

229 

,353 

409 

17 

392 
392 
354 

234 
46 
138 
423 
40b' 
212 
426 

423 
329 
.113 

■ 2 

80 
222 

29 
21<-» 
416 

10 
441 
431 
411 
889 

63 
399 

393 

371 
371 
415 
188 
394 
15 
19 
344 
3 £4 



FLORAL DICTIONARY. 



A : represented "by the Apple lea£ 
Acacia; Platonic or Chaste Love. 
Acadia (Yellow); Concealed Love. 
Aehilea Millefoiia: War. 
African Marygold : Tulgar Minds. 
Atrrimonv : Thankfuln ss. 
Almond-Tree : Indiscretion — Heedless- 
Almond- Laurel : Perfidy. [ness. 
Aloe ; Misplaced Devotion. 
AHhapa Frutex : Persuasion. 
Alyssum (Sweet) : W' orth beyond beauty. 
Amaranth : Immortality. 
Amaryllis ; Haughtiness — Pride. 
Ambrosia: Love returned. 
American Cowslip : Yon are my Divinity. 
American Elm : Patriotism. 
American Linden: Matrimony. 
American Starwort ; We come to a stran- 
Anemone: Your Frown I defy. L= er - : 
Anemone (Field); sickness. 
Anemone (harden"): Forsaken. 
Anemone (Wood): Forsake me not. 
Ansrehca: Inspiration. 
Apocynum ; Falsehood. 
Apple-Blossom : Preference-Fame speaks 

him great and pood. 
Arbor Vitas : While I Live. 
Arrow- H^ad : Calm' repose. 
Arum, or Wake Robin: Ardor. 
A Roseleaf: I will not trouble you. 
Asclepias; Cure for the Heartache. 
Ash ; Grandeur. 

Ash-leaved Trumpet-Flower; seperatibn. 
Aspen-Tree; Lamentation. 
Asphodel ; My regrets follow you to the 
Auricula: Painting. (Grave. 

Azalea ; Your blush has won me. 

B : Beach Leaf. 

Bachelor's Button ; T with the Morning^ 

Love have oft made sport. 
Balloon Yine : You are puffed up. 
Balm of Gilead Fir r Healing — a Cure. 
Balm (Gentle); Pleasantry. 
Balsam : Impatience. 
Balsam Fir; Always smilinar. 
Barberry : sharpness — sourness. 
Basil : Hatred. 
Bay berry: Instruction. 
Bay-Leaf; I change hut, in dying. 
Bay- Wreath ; Reward of Merit. 
Beech: Prosperity. 
Bellfiower (Blue); Constancy. 
Bellflower (Carpatic); I Love my Moun- 

%*m Home. 



Belvidere: I declare astainst you. 
Bfdlwort : Gracefulness. 
Bee-Ophrys; Error. 
Betony : surprise. 
Bilberry: Treachery. 
Birch; Gracefulness. 
Bindweed : Humility.- 
Bird-Chrrry: Hope." 
Bird's-Font Trefoil : Revenge. 
Black Poplar; Courage. 
Black Thorn : Difficulty. 
Bladdcrnut-Tree: Frivolous ivmusementi. 
Blood-Root; Flattery's smile. 
Blue bottle Centaury; Delicacy. 
Blue-flowered Greek Valerian ; Ruptur*. 
Blue Canterbury Bell: Constancy. 
Blue-eyed Grass : meekness. 
Blue Flag: A message. 
i Blue Lobelia: Purity of heart. 
Bonus IFenricus : Goodness. 
Borage : Bluntness or Ruughuese of Man- 
Box; stoicism. [nsTS. 
Bramble : Envy. 

Braneh of Currants; You please all. 
Branch of Thorns: severity— Risor. 
Broken Ptraw : Dissension— -Rupture. 
Broom: Mirth — Neatness-. 
Bryony: Prosperity. 
Bugloss; Falsehood. 
Bud of a White Rose: A heart ignorant 
Burdock; Importunity. [of Lovo. 

Bundle of Reeds with their Panicles: Mr- 
Butter-cups: Ingratitude. [**©• 

Biitterflv-OphTys: Gavety. 
Butterfly- Weed ; Let me go. 

C : Cherrv Leaf. 

Cabbage; Profii 

Calla (^thiopica) : Feminine Modesty. 

Calyeanthus ; benevolence. 

Camellia Japonica; beauty and Elegancw. 

Camomile: Energy in Adversity. 

Campanula; Gratitude. 

Candy-Tuft : Indifference. 

Canterbury Bell (Blue); Constancy. 

Cardamine : Paternal Error. 

Cntesby's Starwort ; Afterthought, 

Cardinal's Flower; Distinction. 

Catal pa-Tree ; beware of the Ooouett*- 

Catchfly: snare. 

Cedar of Lebanon; Incorrupticn. 

Cedar-Tree ; strength. 

Checkered Fri till ary: Persecution. 

Cherry -Tree; Good Education. ' 

Cberrv -Blossom; spiritual bsaaiy. 



448 



FLORAL DICTIONARY. 



Chestnut-Tree ; Do me Justice. 

China- Aster ; Variety, 

China or Indian Pink; Aversion. 

China or Monthly Rose ; beauty ever new, 

Chinese Chrysanthemum; Cheerfulness 
under Adversity. 

Cinquefoil; Parental Love. 

Cistus, or Rook-Rose; Popular faror. 

Gircaeaj fascination. 

Clematis ; fillial Love. 

Clove-Gillyflower ; Dignity, • 

Coboea; Gossip. 

Coek's-Comb ;. singularity. 

Coltsfoot', Justice shall be done you. 

Columbine; Folly. 

Common Cactus, or Indian Fig; I-burn. 

Common Fumitory; spleen. 

O-mmonReed; Complaisance, 

Convolvulus Major; Extinguished Hopes. 

Convolvulus Minor; Night. 

Oorchorus; Impatience of Absence.- 

(Q rn; Riches, 

Cornelian Cherry-Tree ; Durability. 

Coreopsis ; Love at first sight; 

Coriander ; Concealed Merit. 

Coronilia ; success crown yourWishs-s, • 

Cowslip; Pensh enes.?. 

Cowt lip American ; You are my Divinity. 

Cowslip American White ;- Angelic Pu- 

Cran berry ; Hardiness; [vity. 

Cranesbill Geranium; 

Creeping Cereus ; Horror, 

Crocus ; smiles — Cheerfulness* 

(Gross of Jerusalem ; Devotion. k 

Crowfoot'Bulbous; showy but not wel- 
come, 

G own Imperial'; Majesty an&Bower. 

ickoo-Pink ; Ardor, 

elamen; Diffidence,. 

Cypres* ; Mourning. . 

* -ypress and Mary gold ; Despair. 

C> press-Tree; Death and Eternal sorrow. 

Cypress- Yinc ; ;My affections- cling to you. 

D : Dandelion Leaf. 

LatRdil; Deceitful Hope. 

Dahlia; Heartless beauty — Instability. 

Daisy ; Innocen e. 

Dai?y (Gard^; I partake you^ seuti- 

merts. 
Dais> (ft bite); I will think of it.. 
Barua^K 1 ose ; Freshness of Complexion. 
Dandelion ; Oracle. 
Danhne Ot ora; sweets to the swest* 
Darnel, or Ray Grass; Viae. 
Dew-Plant ;-A> serenade. 
Dead Leaves : sadness. 
Dittany ; Birth';. 
Dodder: Baseness, 

Dog's -froth Violet; Youthful* Affection. 
Dragon Plant ; snare. 
Dried F ax ; Utility. 

Dutchman's Breeches; Domestic Happi- 
Dntchman'a Pipe ; singularity. [ness. 

EjBpigea Leaf; 
Blony; Hypocrisy* 
JBlder; Zealousneass 
Mm; Dignity, 



Enchanter's Nightshade; fascination — 

Witchcraft. 
Eudive; frugality. 
Euputorium;' Delay. 
Evergreen ; Poverty. 
Evergreen-Thorn; soiree in Adversity. 
Everlasting; Never-ceasing Remembrane e 
Everlasting Pea; Lasting Pleasure. 

F; Fir Leaf. 

Fennel ; strength. 

Fern; sincerity. 

Fern (Flowering) ; Re-, ery. 

Fig : Argument, 

Fig-Tree : Prolific. 

Filbert ; Reconciliation* 

Fir; Time: 

Fir-Tree; Elevation. 

Flax ; I feel your Kindness. 

Flax-leaved Goldly-Iocks; Tardiness. 

Flora's Bell ; You are without Pretension* 

Flower- of an Hour; Delicate beamy. 

Flowering Reed ; Confidence in Heaven. 

Forget me- not; True Love. 

Fox glove ; I am not changed — they 

wrong me. 
Frankincense; The Incense of a faithful 
Fraxinella; fire. [Heart. 

French Hone} suckle; Rustic beauty. 
French Marygold ; Jealousy. 
Fringed Gentian; A late but welcome 

Guesti 
Fringe-Tree •; beauty in smiLs. 
Frog-Ophrys ; Disgust. 
Full-blown Esrlantine : simplicity. 
Fullers' Teasel-; Austerity. 

0; Grass,' 

Garden Chervil ; sincerity. 

Garden Marygold ; Uneasiness. 

Garden Ranunculus; You are rich in At- 
tractions:, 

Garden Sage; Esteem. 

Garland of Roses ; Reward of Virtue. 

Gentiana Fritiilaria; Virgin Pride. 

Geranium (Sorrowful) ; Melancholy spi- 

Gilly-Fiower; Lasting beauty. [rifc. 

Glory-Flower ; Glorious beauty. 

Goat's Rue ; Reason; 

Golden Cowslip ; Days -of Childhood, 

Golden Rod; Precaution. ^ 

Goosefoot: Goodness. 

Grape (Wild); Reckless Mirth. 

Grass ; Utility. 

Grass Pink (Callopogon); smile on m«- 
stlll. 

Great Bindweed : Dangerous Insinuation, 

Guelder Rose; Winter or Age. 

H ; Hazel branch. 

Harebell; Delicate and lonely as this- 

Flower^ 
Hawkweed ; Quicksigtedness. 
Hawthorn ; Hope. 
Hazel; Reconciliation. 
Heath; solitude. 
Helenia; Tears. 
Heliotrope ; DevotiozLJ 
Hellebore ; Calumsy.- 



FLORAL LICTIONARY. 



44g> 



Hemlock; You will cause my Death. 

Hemlock-Spruce ; Honor. 

Henbane ; Imperfection. 

Hepatica; Confidence. 

Hibiscus ; Delicate beauty. 

Hickory ; Glory. 

Hoarho und ; frozen Kindness. 

Holly ; Am I forgotten ? 

Hoi iy Lock: fecundity. 

Honesty ; Honesty. M; Mint "Leaf. 

Honeysuckle; bond of Lore, Madder ; Calumny. 

Honeysuckle (Chinese) ; Love ungsught. Mad wort (Hock); Tranquility. 

Hup: Injustice. 



Love lies a-Bl ceding; Hopeless, not Heari- 
Lucerne; Life. [lesa. 

Lungwort Blue; Heavenly Aspiration. 
Lupine; Voraciousness. 
Lupine Wild; Oh leave me not to die 

alone. 
Lychnis ; Religious Enthusiasm. 
Ly thrum; Protection^ 



Hornbeam ; Ornament. 
Horse-Chest nut ; Luxuj jr. 
Hortensia ; You are cold. 
Houstonia; Content. 
Hundred-leaved Rose; Graces* 
Hyacinth ; Grief. 
Hydrangea ; boaster. 

I ; Ivy Leaf. 

Iceland Moss ; Health, 

Ice- Plant; Your Looks freeze me, 

Indian Cress ; Resignation. 

Indian Jasmine; I attach myself to you, 

Innocence; Innocence. 

Ipomopsis Painted ; A gay belie, 

J: Jessamine Leaf. 
Jacob's Lauder; Come down to me. 
Japan Rose ; beauty is your only ^Attrac- 
tion. 
Jessamine, or Jasmine; Amiability. 
Jessamine (Virginian); soul of my soul. 
Jonquil ; Desire. 
Judas-Tree ; Unbelief. 
Juniper; Protection 



Maiden-Hair ; Discretion — secrecy. 

Maize : Plenty, 

Mnguolia: Peerless and Proud. 

Mallow; Mild or sweet Disposition, 

Manehineel-Tree ; Falsehood . 

Mandrake; Rarity. 

Maple; Reserve. 

Marj .rain: blu^h'.a. 

MuTiLmallow ; Humanity, 

Mai vel of Peru; Timidity. 

Marygold ; Inquietude. 

Matrimony Vine ; Connubial Ties, 

May Rose ; Precocity. 

Meadow Beauty; beauty in Romance, 

Meadow-Rue; A balm for a broken heart- 

Meadow-Saffron? My best days are past, 

Meadowsweet ; Uselessness. 

Mercury ; Goodness. 

Mesembryanthemum ; Idleness. 

Mtzereon-; Love in a snow-wreath. 

Michaelmas Daisy ; Farewell. 

Migniouette; Your Qualities surpass 

your Charms. 
Milk Vetch ; Your presence softens my 
Mimosa; Sensitiveness. [pain, 

Mint ; Vjrtue. 



Justicia; The Perfection of feinalo Love- Mistletoe; I surmount all Difficulties, 



iiness. 

K : King's Pear. 
Kennedia ; Mental beauty. 
King-Cup ; I wish I was rich. 

L ; Locust Leaf. 

Laburnum; Pensive beauty, 

Lady's Slipper; Winnie and wear zae. 

Larch ; Boldness. 

Latkspur; Levity. 

Laurel ; Glory. 

Laurustinus ; I die ifneglectel. 

Lavender; Distrust. 

Lead Plant; tranquility. 

Leather-flower ; Flexibility. 

Lettuce ; Coldhearted. 

Lichen ; solitude. 

Lilac ; first Emotion of Love. 

Lil ac | White) ; • Yo uth , 



Mock Orange ; Counterfeit. 
Moneywort; Transient Friendship, 
Monk's Hood; Knight-Errantry, 
Moon wort ; Forge tfulness. 
MoscLatel ; Wvak but wmrong 
Moss <Tuft of) ; Maternal Love. 
Moas Pink: Fraternal Love. 
Moss-Lose ; Pleasure without Alloy. 
Mossy* Saxifrage ; Maternal Love. 
Motherwort ; secret Love. 
Mountain- Ash; Prudence. 
Mountain-Fringe; You are my supporter.' 
Mountain Laurel ; my country's glory. 
MoUse-Ear Chick weed ; Ingenious sini- 
Moving Plant; Agitation. [plicity. 

Mulberry-Tree (White); Wisdom. 
Mulberry -Tree (Black) ; L will- not sur- 
vive you-. 
Mushroom ; suspicion. 
Musk-Crowfoot; Weakness. 



Lily of the Valley; Return of Happiness. Musk-Rose; Capricious beauty. 

Lime or Linden-Tree ; Conjugal Love. Myosotis, or Mouse-Ear; Forge t-me not. 

Live Oak ; Liberty. Myrtle; Love. 

Lobelia (Red) ; splendor, 

Locust; Vicissitude. N; Nightshade Black -Flower. 

London-Pride ; Frivolity. Narcissus (False); Delusive Hopes. 

Loose Strile; akin, ;.. Narcissus (Poet's) ; Egotism. 

Lotus-Flower ; silence. Nasturtium ; Patriotism. 

Hove in a Mist ; Perplexity. Nettle ; Cruelty. 

liove in-a Puzzle ; Embarrassment. Night-blooming Jessamine ; Love's Vigil 



450 



FLORAL DICTIONARY. 



Night-bloom ingCereus; Transient beauty 
Nightshade (bitter-sweet) ; truth. 
Nosegay ; gallantry. 

: Oak leaf. 

Oak; hospitality. 

Oats; the witching soul of music — hers. 

Oleander; beware. 

Olive ; peace. 

Orchis; a belle. 

Orchis Pink; seclusion. 

Orchis Yellow ; your aspirations are high. 

Orange Flowers; chastity. 

Orange-Tree; generosity. 

O^ier; frankness* 

Ox-Eye; Obstacle. 

P; Peach leaf. 

Painted Cup ; you are proud. 

Palm; victory. 

Pansey, or Heart's-Ease ; think of me. 

Parsley ; entertainment — feasting. 

Passion-Flower; religious faith. 

Patience Dock ; patience. 

Payque-Flower; you are without prcten- 

Paulonia : a foreigner. [sion. 

Pea ; an appoint- d meeting. 

P/'aeh-Blosson ; I am your captive. 

Pennyroyal ; flee away. 

Peony ; bashful shame. 

Pepper-Plant ; satire. 

Periwinkle : sweet remembrance. 

Persimon ; bury me amid nature's beau- 

Persiearia; restoration. [ties. 

Peruvian Heliotrope ; I trust in thee. 

Pheasant's -Eye. or Flos Adonis; sorrow- 
ful 'remembrance. 

Phlox; unanimity. 

Pimpernel ; assignation. 

Pine; pity, 

Pine-Apple ; you are perfect. 

Pink : lovely ana pure affection. 

Plane-Tree \Wild)y independence. 

Polemonium; a declaration of war. 

Polyanthus; confidence. 

Pomegranate; foolishness. 

Pond Lily White ; eloquence— the fairest 
of the fair. 

Pond Lily Yellow (Nuphar); much infe- 
rior. 

Poppy ; consolation of sleep. 

Potato ; beneficence. 

Prairie Rose ; beauty without excellence, 

Prickly Pear ; satire. 

Pride of China ; discussion. 

Primrose; early youth. 

Primrose (Evening) ; inconstancy. 

Princes' Pine ; my affections are fixed'. 

Privet ; prohibition. 

PulmonariaBlue; heavenly aspiration. 

Purple Clover ; provident. 

Pyramidal Bell-Flower ? gratitude. 

Pyrus Japonica ; fairies fire. 

Q; Quince blossom. 
Quamoclit; busybody. 
Queen's Rocket ; you are Me Qusen of 
coquettes. 



R; Rose leaf. 
Ragged Robin ; wit. 
Ranunculus; you are radiant with 
Red Bay ; love's memory. [charm*. 

Red Mulberry; wisdom. 
Red Shanks ; patienr-e. 
Rest Harrow: obstacle. 
Rhododendron ; danger. 
Rocket ; rivalry. 

Rock Bose ; fading and transitory. 
Rose ; be uty. 
Rose (Wild) ; simplicity. 
Rose (Acacia) ; elegance. 
Rosebud; youthful charms. 
Roses (A Garland of); reward of virtu©. 
Rosebay ; dignity in misfortune. 
Rosebay Willow Herb ; celibacy. 
Rose Campion ; you are without preten- 
sion. 
Rose (White) ; I am worthy of you. 
Rosemary ; remembrance. 
Rose scented Geranium; preference. 
Rudbeckia; justice. 
Rue: grar-e or purification. 
Rush; docility.. 

S : Sage leaf. 

Saffron-Flower ; excess is dangerous, 

Saffron-Crocus ; mirth. 

Sage ; esteem. 

Sardony ; Irony. 

Scabius : unfortunate attachment. 

Scarlet Fuehsia: taste. 

Scarlet Ipomoea. or Indian Jasmine ; I 
attach myself to you. 

Scotch Fir: elevation. 

Sensitive Plant; timidity. 

Serpentine Cactus ; horror; 

Ser vice-Tree ; prudence. 

Shaking Saintfoin ; acritation. 

Siberian Crab-Tree-Blossom ; deeply in- 
teresting. 

Side-saddle Flower Purple); eccentricity. 

Sidesaddle Flower : will you pledge me? 

SiWer Fir; elevation. 

Skull cap : madness. 

Small Bindweed: obstinacy. 

Sn^all White Yiolet; candor and inno- 
cence. 

Snapdragon; You are dazzling, but dan- 
gerous. 

Snowball ; thoughts of heaven. 

Snowdrop : consolation. 

Solomon's Seal (Small) ; mystery. 

Solomon's Seal (Large); let my name be 
en gra ven on your heart. 

Sorrel : wit ill-timed. 

Southern- Wood ; jest or bantering. 

Spanish Jasmine : sensuality. 

Speedwell ; fidelity. 

Spider Ophrys ; skill — adroitness. 

Spider wort ; transient happiness. 

Spindle-Tree ; your image is engraven 
on my heart. 

Spiked Speedwell; resemblance. 

Spirae Hpdericum Frutex : useleseness. 

Spring Beauty ; can you love. 

Squirting Cocumber ; critic. 

St. John's-wort ; superstitious sanotit^ 



SENTIMENTS. 



451 



Star of Bethlehem : the light of our 

Faith — follow me. 
~Stock, or Gillyflower; lasting beauty. 
Stonccrop ; perseverance. 
Stramonium (Common) ; disguise. 
Strawberry ; perfect excellence, 
Striped Pink; refusal. 
Sumach; splendor. 
Sunflower; smile on me still. 
Swallowwort: medicine. 
S .vamp P.nk ; the blush of modesty. 
Sveet- Brier, orElangtine; poetry. 
Sweet Slag; fitness. 
Sw et Pea; delicate pleasure. 
Sweet Sultan : felicity. 
Sweet-scented Tussilage; } t ou shall have 

justice. 
Sweet Violet; modesty. 
Sweet-Wliliam; craftiness, 
Sycamore ; woodland beauty. 
Syringa ; memory. 

T ; Tanzy leaf. 

Tamarisk; crime. 

Tansy ; resistance. 

Teasel : misanthropy. 

!'• .-n-Week's-stoek ; promptitude. 

Tliistle ; austerity. 

Thorn- Apple ; deceitful charms, 

Tarift; sympathy. 

Throutwort; neglected beauty. 

Thyme; activity. 

Trailing Arbutis; you have won my af- 

fectious. 
Tiemeila Nostoc; resolve the riddle. 
Trillium; solitary musings. 
Truffle; surprise. 

Tiger-Flower; for once may pride befriend 
Tree of Life ; old Age. ' [me. 

Tuft of Moss; Maternal Love. 
Tuiip; decleration of ieve. 
Turnip: charity. 
Twin-Flower (Mitchella) ; we are united. 

T; Tiolet leaf. 

Valerian (Red) ; accommodating disposi- 

Various-colored Lantana ; rigor. [tion. 

Verbena; sensibility. 

Vernal Grass ; poor, but happy. 

Vervain ; enchantment. 

Yenus's Car; fly with me. 

"YVnus's Flytrap ; have I caught vou at 

last. 
Yenus's Looking-Glass ; flattery. 
Vine; intoxication. 
Yiok't ; modesty. 



Violet, pedate ; I cannot forget. 
Virgin's Bower; artifice. 
Virginia Spider wort; momentary happi- 
ness, [pv. 
Volkamenica Japonica; may you be hap- 

W ; Willow leaf. 

Wall-Flower; fidelitv in adversity. 

Wall-Speedwell ; fidelity. 

Water-Lily: eloquence. 

Walnut; intellect. 

Walking-Leaf; how came you here ? 

Water Liiy (White; : eloquence — the 

fairest of the fair. 
Watermelon: bulkiness. 
Water- Star; beauty combined with piety- 
Wax-Plant ; susceptibility. 
Wax- Myrtle ; I will enlighten you. 
Wjepitig-Wiilow ; melancholy. 
Wheat; ri.hes. 

White Lily.; purity and mode.-ty. 
White Mullein; good nature. 
White Oak; independence. 
White Pink ; talent. 
White Poplar ; time. 
White Poppy: sleep of the heart. 
White Rose; silence. 
White Ro;?e (Dried) ; death preferable te 

loss of innocence. 
White Rosebud; the heart that knows 

not love. 
White Violet ; candor. 
Wild or Dog Rose : simplicity. 
Wild Indigo : highly colored. 
Willow ; forsaken. 
Willow Herb; pretension. 
Wintergrcen ; send me an answer, 
W inter-Cherry ; deception. 
Witch-Haze] ; a spell. 
Woodbine; fraternal love. 
Wood-Sorrel ; joy. 
Worm-wood; Absence. 

Y ; Yarrow leaf. 

Yarrow ; war. 

Yellow Carnation ; disdain. 

Yellow-Day-Lily : coquetry. 

Yellow Gentian; ingratitude. 

Yellow Iris ; fiaine. 

Y How Phlox (Erysimum) ; false-hearted-. 

Yellow Rose ; infidelity. 

Yew ; infidelity. 

-Z: Zizia flower. 
Zinnia ; Absence. 



SENTIMENTS- 



Rose. — Ivy. — Myrtle. 
To Beauty Friendship, and Love. 

Jusmine. — Strawberry. — Tulip. 

Tear amiability- and the excellence of your character, hate compelled me to &€- 

clare my love, 



£52 SENTIMENTS. 



Pr Cm rose.— Honeysuckle. — Mary gold. 
;Be not too early entangled in the chains of Love, or yours will be a life of inquietude. 

Forget-me-not—Cypress. — Pimpernel. 
Forget me not, for, alas ! we may never meet again. 

Scarlet Geranium. — Scarlet Ipomcea. — Laurustifius. 
In preference, I attach myself to you, but shall die if neglectexi. 

Balsam. — White Daisy. 
Be not impatient, I will think of it. 

Myrtle. — Sweetbr ier . — Lucem. 
Love is the poetry of life. 

Blue Violet. — Daisy. — Apple-Blossom . 
Your modesty and innocence secure you the preference. 

Crown Imperial and Turk's Cap Lilies. — Lily of the Valley. 
You have- the power to restore me to happiness. 

Pansies. — Broom . 
My heart would be at ease, if my solitude were blest with your society. 

Mignionette. — Heliotrope. — Pink. 
Wour qualities surpass your charms ; I love you with a pure and devoted love* 

Purple and Yellow Iris. — Hawthorn. 
J. send you a message, of love on the wings of hope* 



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